Manual de engleza maritima (anul I)

7/27/2019 Manual de engleza maritima (anul I)

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PREFATA

Acest curs este destinat studenilor de anul I, specializarea navigaie, frecven

redus. Avnd in vedere particularitile acestei forme de nvmnt, cursul a fost elaborat

pentru studiul individual. Cursul este alctuit din opt uniti cu urmtoarea structur: tema

unitii, vocabularul de specialitate aferent temei; gramatic-teorie; exerciii de vocabular i

de gramatic cu rspunsuri, test de autoevaluare cu cheie. Exerciiile i testele sunt precedate

de instruciuni clare privind cerinele pentru rezolvarea sarcinilor (tasks).

Obiectivele cursului sunt: dezvoltarea i perfecionarea capacitilor de nelegere i

exprimare oral, citire i scriere n limba englez, dezvoltarea i perfecionarea priceperilor i

deprinderilor de folosire corect, oral i in scris, a limbii engleze, extinderea vocabularului,

nsuirea i aplicarea normelor gramaticale n exprimarea situativ conform tematicii

prezentate n unitatea de studiu; extinderea vocabularului prin nsuirea termenilor tehnico-

marinresti referitor la nomenclatura navei, aparatur. Echipamente i instalaiile de la bord,

nsuirea cuvintelor i expressilor standard recomandate de convenia STCW 98 pentru

traficul maritim.

Vreau s aduc mulumiri colegelor mele Camelia Alibec i Ana Ion, care au

contribuit la partea de gramatic a acestui curs precum i doamnei Daniela Ursea de la

Centrul de Calcul pentru elaborarea n format electronic al acestui curs.


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Contents:

1.Unit.1. Ship Structure;The Noun;Vocabulary Practice;Vocabulary Practice-Answer

Key;GrammarPractice; Grammar Practice Answer-Key;Self-Test; Self-Test Answer-Key

2.Unit.2. Ships Dimensions;Articles and other determiners;Vocabulary Practice;Vocabulary

Practice-Answer Key;Grammar Practice; Grammar Practice-Answer Key; Self-Test; Self-

Test Answer-Key.

3.Unit.3. Directions.Terms Relating to Position in a

Ship;Adjectives:kind,position,comparison;Vocabulary Practice; Vocabulary practice Answer

Key;Grammar Practice;Grammar Practice-Answer Key;Self-Test;Self-Test Answer key.

4.Unit.4. Propulsion, Steering and the Bridge;Adverbs:kind,

position,comparison;Vocabulary Practice;Vocabulary Practice-Answer Key;Grammar

Practice;Grammar Practice-AnswerKey;Self-Test;Self-Test Answer Key

5.Unit.5. NavalEquipment: Ground Tackle;The Simple Present and the Present

Continuous;Vocabulary Practice/Vocabulary Practice Answer-Key;Grammar Practice;Grammar Practice Answer Key;Self-Test;Self-Test Answer Key.

6. Unit.6. Naval Equipment:Signal Lights, Flags and Bells;The Present Perfect Simple and

Continuous;Vocabulary Practice;Vocabulary Practice-Answer Key;Grammar

Practice;Grammar Practice-Answer key;Self-Test;Self-Test;Answer Key

7. Unit.7.Seamanship:Different Types of Rope; The Simple Past Tense and Past Tense

Continuous; Vocabulary Practice; Vocabulary Practice-Answer Key;Grammar

Practice;Grammar practice-Answer Key; Self-Test;Self-Test Answer Key.

8. Unit.8.Manning:The Traditional Organization of a ships Crew;The Simple Past Perfectand The Past Perfect Continuous;Vocabulary Practice; Vocabulary Practice-Answer

Key;Grammar Practice; Grammar Practice-Answer Key;Self-Test;Self-Test Answer Key.


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Unit 1.

SHIP STRUCTURE

Objectives: After studying the topic presented in the course book the learners should be able

to: identify the main parts of a hull on a layout; recognise, match and label the various decksand name their functions; give Romanian equivalents to the English terms relating to the hulland decks.

1. General Structure of the Ship

The main body of the ship is called the hull. The hull consists of an inside frameworkand an outside skin called shell plating. At the base of the hull is a heavy metal plate calledthe keel. When the ship is at sea this part of the ship is under water. To make it easier to referto parts of the ship, the hull is divided into three areas or parts. They are the forward,amidships and after parts. The forward part is nearest the bow. The after part is nearest the

stern. Amidships is in the centre part of the ship.Identify the main parts of the hull in the diagram below:

In the bow, the hull is attached to the stem post. In the stern, the hull is attached to the

sternpost. The hull is divided into a number ofwatertight compartments. Decks divide thehull horizontally and bulkheads divide it vertically. Deck beams support the decks andstanchions support the bulkheads.

Label the deck beams and the stanchions on the diagram below:

Cargoes are stored in cargo holds. Cargo holds are usually situated at the bottom of theship. Within the hull, decks are given a special name,i.e. between decks (often called simplytween decks). There may be upper tween decks and lower tween decks above the holds.


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Bulkheads are partitions that can run either transversely (across the ship) or longitudinally(fore and aft) sometimes bulkheads are built so that they are completely watertight. Thismakes it possible either to carry liquid cargoes, or to seal off the ship if water should break in.The bulkhead nearest the stem must be very strong. If the ship is damaged it must remainwatertight. This bulkhead is called the collision bulkhead.

Besides the space for cargo the hull also contains the engine room, which is situated

at the after end of the ship, and a number of tanks: at the fore end of the ship is the forepeaktank, and at the after end of the ship is the after peak tank. These tanks are used for storingfresh water and ballast water. At the bottom of the ship is the double bottom tank, which isused for storing fuel and water ballast.

If you look at the after part of the ships hull, you can see small round openings in the

ships side. These let light and air into the cabins, the crews quarters. The openings are calledportholes.

Now look at the diagram below:


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The diagram shows you the upper deck, which is the deck covering the top of the hull,and the bulwarks at the fore and after end of the hull. The bulwark is an extension of the hull

plating, which rises above the top of the upper deck. They act as a barrier against the force ofthe waves. Along the edge of the remainder of the upper deck, especially amidships, you willfind a line of guard rails. These are made up of vertical posts called guard stanchions whichare linked together by either wires or tubes. These protect the passengers and crew fromfalling overboard.

1.2. As stated previously, ships are divided off into different levels called decks. Theupper deck is the deck which is level with the top of the hull. Modern ships also have decksforward and aft above the upper deck and these are called the forecastle deckand poop deck.Amidships above the level of the upper deck is the superstructure. On a cargo ship thesuperstructure is usually quite small. The superstructure consists of several decks each with adifferent purpose. In the diagram below the four decks are named.

The lowest of the four decks of the superstructure is called the bridge deck. The crewsquarters and the galley are on this deck. The next deck is the upper bridge deckorsaloondeck. Hare are cabins for the passengers and a lounge and saloon for their use. Above thesaloon deck is the boat deck. On this deck the officers have their accommodation and so doesthe captain. On the boat deck you can also find lifeboats, which are raised and lowered intothe water by davits. The highest deck in the superstructure is called the navigation bridge.This is the nerve centre of the ship. The wheelhouse is here and so is the chart room and the

radio room. The navigation bridge is where the ship is steered or conned from.

Look at the diagram below and name the four decks of the superstructure labelled as A toD. What are the decks E and F called ?

On which deck are the following found?

(a) Lifeboats(b) Wheelhouse(c) Galley(d) Passengers accommodation(e) Crews quarters(f) Captains cabin.


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2. VOCABULARY

Hull = coca, corp de nava; osatura, carcasaKeel= chilaBow= provaStern = pupaForward = partea din fata a navei, inainta, in provaAmidships = la cantrul/mijlocul navei; in axul navei; la cuplul maestruAfter = din(spre) pupa; la/spre pupa; inapoiHold = magazie/hambar (de nava)Deck = punte de nava, covertaBulkhead =perete etans de nava, perete de compartimentare (de regula transversal)Between deck (tween deck) = intrepunte (spatiu)Watertight compartment = compartiment etansCollision bulkhead = perete de coliziune/de forpic; perete de pic prova

Stem post= etravaSternpost =etambouPorthole =iublouBulwark = parapet, falsbord; spargeval de punteGuard stanchion = baston de balustradaUpper deck = punte superioaraForecastle deck = puntea teugaPoop deck =puntea dunataSuperstructure = suprastructuraFore =prova; extremitate prova; // spre prova; in/la prova, dinspre provaAft = pupa// la/spre/dinspre pupa, din pupaBridge deck = punte de comanda/navigatie

Boat deck = punte a barcilor; punte de promenad (la navele de pasageri)Upper bridge deck= punte superioarCrew quarters = cabinele echipajuluiGalley = buctrie (pe nava)Saloon deck= punte de clasa ntia (la navele de pasageri)Lounge = careuAccommodation = cabine, spatiu de locuit pentru ofiteriLifeboats = brci de salvareWheelhouse = camera a timoneiFunnel = co

3. Answer key to questions in unit 1.

I.a) stanchions

b) deck beamsc) bulkheadsd) decks

IIAbridge deckB upper bridge deckCboat deckD navigation deckE forecastleFpoop deck


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III.a) boat deck

b) navigation bridgec) bridge deckd) upper bridge decke) bridge deckf) boat deck

4. THE NOUNWhat is a noun?A noun is a word that names a person, place, or thing. The word noun comes from the Latinword nomen, which means name. Nouns are of different kinds: common nouns, proper nouns,abstract nouns, compound nouns and collective nouns.

Proper nouns name a specific person, place, or thing. They are written with capital letters Bob, Bucharest, Britain, Monday, April, Mars, the War of the Roses, etc.

The days of the week and the months of the year are always written with capital letters (unlikein the Romanian language) and also the names of nationalities and languages, no matter theposition in the sentence.Some proper nouns have become common nouns, therefore they are not written with capitalletters anymore. Here there are examples of: objects named after their place of origin ( china,holland, oxfords) or objects named after those who invented, discovered, inspired them (ahovercraft, a mackintosh, an Oscar, a tommy-private in the army, a volt, a watt).Common nouns name any one of a class of person, place, or thing: boy, city, dog, family,

food, water, happiness. They are divided into the following groups, according to theirmeaning:

Abstract nouns name actions, states, sensations, senses, relations, considered to be notions.They refer to intangible items. Examples: joy, love, friendship, greatness, labour, rest, force,

etc.Concrete nouns name objects, plants, things, phenomena and events, which we are aware ofusing our senses. They refer to tangible items. Examples: moon, lion, tree, John, rain.Collective nouns name groups of people or things: audience, family, team, crowd,council,association, government, crew, congress, the public, etc.Compound nouns are two or more nouns that function as a single unit. A compound noun can

be two individual words (time capsule), hyphenated words (great-uncle), combined words(basketball).Another important criterion in selecting nouns is theircountability. According to this, we candivide nouns into: countable and uncountable nouns.Count nouns refer to things that we can count; they have singular and plural forms and can be

preceded by the definite article a, an. Examples: one (a) cat, two cats, flowers, childrenfamilies, days, birds, crowds, etc.Uncountable nouns name objects that cannot be counted, they do not have plural form anddo not get the definite article. In this category we have: names of sports (football, tennis,rugby), material or concrete mass nouns (steam, smoke, meat, silver), natural products (fat,marmalade, milk, oil), fruit, vegetables and cereals (corn, maize, rice, rye, celery, spinach,cabbage), abstract mass nouns (admiration, applause, age, homework,peace, youth).! Note that nouns that are uncountable in English may be count nouns in other languages(information, advice), or there are nouns used only in the plural form even when we aretalking about one item (trousers, clothes, jeans). We have to use a partitive noun with ofwhenreferring to a single item (a pair of trousers, an item of clothes, a pair of jeans).


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Gender of nounsGender is the grammatical category specific to nouns and it represents the form of nouns toshow sex difference, when speaking about animates, and the absence of gender whenspeaking about inanimates.English grammar has 3 types of gender:Gender of personal nouns: - masculine gender: man, actor, landlord, hero, bull, brother

- feminine gender: woman, actress, landlady, heroine, cow,sister.

This type of gender can be expressed in 3 ways:a) lexically - with the help of different words: brother/ sister, king/ queen, man/ woman,uncle/ aunt.

b) morphologically by adding a suffix to the masculine form (actress, hostess, princess, goddess, waitress, heroine).

- by adding a suffix to the feminine form (widow- widower, bride-bridegroom)

c) common gender one form for both masculine and feminine: artist, cook, doctor,friend, musician, cousin, parent, person, student, teacher, writer.

Gender of animate nouns animate nouns are classified into:a) names of big animals, which are generally of male gender (horse). There can be adistinction male-female: horse (stallion-mare); deer (stag-hind); sheep (ram-ewe), oradding suffixes (lion-lioness, tiger-tigress).

b) names of small animals, which are neuter, being replaced by it. In some cases there arelexical differences: cock-hen, gander-goose, dog-bitch. There are also special genderwords: he goat-she goat, Tom cat-she cat, male frog-female frog.

Gender of inanimate nouns these nouns are neuter: Where is my umbrella?Itis in my bag/The truth will emerge; italways does.

Case of nounsCase is the way in which a noun can be given a change of spelling (an inflection), which

indicates that the noun has a particular function in a clause, Case is used to denote thesyntactical functions of nouns.The nominative case for the nouns which are subjects in a sentence (My boy is waitingforhis friend), or predicates (He is a teacher).The accusative case is the case of the direct object (I ate an ice-cream an hour ago).If there is only one object in the sentence, this is a direct object in the accusative ( Shut thewindow, please); if there are two objects, both could be direct objects in the accusative (Iasked him a question), or one indirect object in the dative and one direct object in theaccusative (I lenther my umbrella).The following verbs are followed by two accusatives: ask, envy, excuse, give, forgive, offer,

save, strike, etc.The dative case is the case of the indirect object. It is marked by the prepositions to and for(She gave some sweets to the children/ I bought a presentfor my mother).The genitive case expresses possession and the syntactical function of attribute. There areseveral types of genitive:

a) The s genitive (synthetic genitive) operates as follows: for singular nouns (girlsdress, Anns bag, teachers book), for irregular plural nouns (mens car, childrenstoys), for plural nouns (boyscars, Dickenslife).

b) Theof genitive is used as an equivalent of the s genitive (the plays ofShakespeare). Itis used with nouns, names of things (the title ofthe book), with geographical places (thecity ofLondon), for emphasizing (the arrival ofhisgrandfather), with names of smallanimals (the tailofthe mouse).

c) The implicit genitive no s: audience participation, student hostel, afternoon tea (thistype of genitive is used in contemporary English, especially in journalism).


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d) The double genitive s genitive + of genitive with names of people ( this joke ofPeters).

The vocative caseBob, hurry up! / Have you got a minute, Mr. Brown?

Number in nounsSingular numberis used when the noun refers to one item. Plural numberis used when thenoun refers to more than one item. Count nouns have both singular and plural forms.Uncountable nouns and mass nouns do not normally have a plural form.The regular plural ending of an English noun iss (cat-cats, ship-ships, sailor-sailors).These are the exceptions to the normal pattern:

Singular noun ending Plural noun ending

-s, -ss, -ch, -x, -zz -es`examples:focus-focuses, princess-princesses, church-churches, box-boxes, buzz-buzzes-o -s or esexamples: hero-heroes, piano-pianos, potato-potatoesconsonant + y -iesexamples: baby-babies, hobby-hobbies, spy-spies

vowel + y -sexamples: boy-boys, key-keys, ray-rays, play-plays-f -s or vesexamples: thief-thieves, wolf-wolves, leaf-leaves, roof-roofs, dwarf-dwarfs/ dwarves-fe -vesexamples: life-lives, knife-knives

Irregular plurals

Some nouns have two plural forms (fish-fish/ fishes). Some of them have the same form in thesingular and plural (a sheep-ten sheep, a deer-ten deer). A few change a vowel to form the

plural (man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, tooth-teeth, mouse-mice, louse-lice).Some nouns form the plural inen (child-children, ox-oxen).Compound nouns normally form the plural by adding s to the last word of the compound (a

girl friend-two girl friends, a bookcase-two bookcases). A compound noun formed from averb and an adverb adds s to the last word (a take-away/ two take-always), but a compoundnoun formed from a noun and an adverb makes the first word plural (a passer-by/ two

passers-by). Compound nouns with man or woman as the first word make both words plural(a manservant-two menservants, a woman doctor- two woman doctors).Some nouns referring to clothes and tools where two equal parts are joined together(trousers,binoculars, scissors) are treated as being plural and are followed by a verb in the plural (Mytrousers are torn/ The scissors are on the table ). To talk about one of these items we use theexpression a pair of(John bought a pair of jeans). To talk about more than one we talkabout however many pairs of(Martina bought five pairs of tights).When used as ordinary numbers, words such as dozen, thousands, million have no plural form(nine million stars/ two dozen glasses). When used to mean an indefinitely large number, they

do have a plural form, which can be used as a partitive (There are thousandsof people here/ Isaw dozens of children in the playground).Foreign plurals

Nouns that have come into English from foreign languages can:- keep the plural form of the language they come from (an axis-two axes, a crisis-two

crises, a thesis-two theses, datum-data)- have plural formed according to the rules for plural in English in preference to the foreign

plurals (a memorandum-two memorandums/ memoranda, a stadium-two stadiums/stadia)

- have two plurals: one from the foreign language and the other formed according to therules for plural in English (an index-indexes/ indices, a formula-formulas/ formulae)

The foreign plural is usually kept for scientific or specialized use.


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5. Vocabulary practice

1. Answer the following questions.

a).What is the large part of a ship below the main deck consisting of an inside framework ?b).What is the main structural part that goes along the bottom of a ship?c). How is the hull divided?d). Where is the cargo stowed?e). What are the spaces contained between decks within the hull called?f). What are the vertical partitions called?g). How do you call the windows of the ship?h). How do you call the deck which is level with the top of the hull?i). What is there amidships above the level of the upper deck?

2. Complete the following statements with one or two words.a. In the bow, the hull is attached to the

b. In the stern, the hull is attached to the.c. The role of the is to seal off the ship if water should break in.d. At the fore end of the ship is the ..e. At the after end of the ship is the .f. At the bottom of the ship is the . tank.g. The. Is an extension of the hull plating , which rises above the top of the upper deck.h. ., which protect the passengers and crew from falling overboard, are linked together

by either wires or tubes.

3. Fill in the blanks. Use the words below.

Poop, forecastle, decks, holds, upper, above, superstructure, cargo, fore, aft

On the cargo ship, the main body of the ship, the hull, is divided intowhichcontain..The deck at the top of the hull is called thedeck. Above the upper deck are thedeck andthe decks. The poop deck isand the forecastle isAmidshipsthe level of the upperdeck is the.On a cargo ship the superstructure is usually quite small. The superstructureconsists of severaleach with a different purpose.

4. Are these statements TRUE (T) or FALSE (F)? Circle the right answer.a. The upperdeck houses the crews quarters. T/F

b. The galley is where the food is prepared. T/Fc. The upper bridge deck contains passengers cabins. T/Fd. The crews quarters are in the holds. T/Fe. The upper bridge deck is sometimes called the saloon deck. T/Ff. The galley is in the upper bridge deck. T/F

6. Vocabulary practice -Answer Key

1.a. the hull

a. the keelb. into watertight compartments


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c. into the holdsd. between decks or tween deckse. bulkheadsf. portholesg. main deck or upper deck

h. the superstructure

2.

a. stempostb. sternpostc. collision bulkheadd. forepeak tank e. afterpeak tank f. double bottom tank g. bulwark

h. guard stanchions

3.Holds; cargo; upper; forecastle; poop; aft; fore; above; superstructure;Decks

4.

a.) F; b.) T; c.) T; d.) F; e) T; f) F

7. Grammar Practice: The Noun

Exercise 1. Use a collective noun for the following:1. father, mother, sonsand daughters;2. the eleven players in a game of football;3. a multitude of persons;4. the group of sailors working on a ship or boat;5. scores of sheep together.

Exercise 2. Use a compound noun to illustrate:1. a desk for writing at;2. an engine driven by steam;3. a wall made of stone;

4. a man who makes a wall by laying bricks one on top of the other;5. a machine for washing clothes;6. a box for holding matches;7. a room in which you sleep;8. a room in which you wash;9. a pen containing ink in it;10.a railway carriage in which people can take their meals.

Exercise3. Give the plural of the following nouns .Use them in sentences.a) bus, town, woman, box, fly, key, bee, Englishman. tooth, wish, goose, city, potato, book,child, leaf, life, foot, apple, toy, ball, wolf, safe, ox.

b) brush, thief, Chinese, German, donkey, shelf, fish, cliff, Swiss, inch, sheep, louse, bamboo,

handkerchief, axe, proof, phenomenon, dynamo, means, piano.


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c) echo, loaf, niece, half, chief, volcano, Japanese, deer,mouse, knife, birth, daughter, buffalo, atlas.

Exercise 4. Fill in the gaps with the most suitable noun:Model: a. . . of cards; a pack of cards:

1. a ... of boots; 2. a of sheep; 3. a of cattle; 4. a of hounds; 5. a of birds; 6. aof mosquitoes; 7. a of fish; 8. a of trousers; 9. aof swine; 10. a of robbers; 11.a of stockings; 12. a of whales; 13. a of footballers; 14. a of wolves; 15. anat a concert; 16. a of flowers; 17. a of lies;

Exercise 5. Give the feminine correspondents of the following masculine nouns:a) man, father, brother, milkman, Englishman, son-in-law,. sportsman, nephew, boy, Mr.,

husband, uncle, chairman.b) widower, wizard, waiter, bachelor, lord, king, bridegroom, hero, dog, bull, horse,

gander, ram, peacock ,drone.

c) duke, prince, actor, god, host, waiter, manager, tzar, sultan, poet, nephew, vixen.

Exercise 6. Form nouns by adding the appropriate noun-forming suffixes to the followingadjectives:

SUFFIX 1 2 3-ness short existential mean-ism cruel foolish childish-th sane social anxious

-dom gay short long-(i)ty/iety free wide strong

Exercise 7. Give the corresponding nouns for the following verbs and adjectives:o To bleed, to bath, to sing, to believe, to breathe, to feed, to lose, to live, to prove, to

choose;o Broad, deep, long, strong, wide, new.

Exercise 8. Use thesaxon genitive (s)in the following sentences:1. He knows nothing about the climate of this country. 2. Do you know the name of the typistof the manager? 3. The new car of the friend of his cousin is a Dacia 1300. 4. Jane doesntknow the time table of her daughter. 5. She does not doubt the good intentions of the parentsof her husband. 6. You can easily notice die first signs of spring. 7. The dresses of the shop-girls are the best advertisment. 8. They all welcomed the protection of the police. 9. These are

the best plays of 0.8. Shaw. 10. He has been studying the folklore of Scotland for severalyears. 11. The parents of all the children are present at the meeting. 12. She wont say a wordabout the purpose of her life. 13. The industry of Romania is in full swing. 14. The high noteof the nightingale can be easily heard.

Exercise 9.Translate into Romanian:1. Weve run out of orange juice; youd better go to the grocers and buy some.2. My husbands new suit is not ready yet; it is still at the tailors.3. When you go to UK dont miss the chance to go to Madame Tussauds.4. They usually buy fresh fruits at the greengrocers every Monday morning.5. Have you ever seen St. Jamess?6. They decided to go to the lawyers tomorrow at noon.

7. On your way home you might stop at the tobacconists and buy some cigarettes forme.


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8. I have been an employee at Fords for twenty years.9. Ill go to the hairdressers later.10 Before my coming back home, I dropped into the bakers where I bought a loaf of

soft bread and these delicious rolls.

Exercise 10. Translate into English paying attention to the genitive case:1. Strzile acestui ora sunt foarte largi.2. Cstoria copiilor prietenilor mei a avut loc acum dou sptmni.3. Acesta este noul profesor de matematic al fiului meu.4. nainte de a ncepe orele, am fcut o plimbare de douzeci de minute.5. Personalul acestei companii este format din treizeci de oameni.6. In intervalul de o lun care urmeaz, terminm toate examenele.7. La vrsta lui, o cltorie de zece ore cu trenul trebuie s fie foarte obositoare.8. Nu trebuie s uitm niciodat de drepturile celor sraci.9. 0 ateptare de cinci minute nu mai conteaz.10. Ziarul de ieri a publicat multe tiri interesante.

Exercise 11. Form derivative nouns from the following Verbs:1. to decide 2.to approve 3. to discuss 4. to refer5. to discover 6. to teach

7. to weigh 8.to grow 9. to pay 10. to perform 11.to limit 12. to betray. Adjectives:1.national 2.wise 3. likely 4. free 5. great 6. weak 7. kind 8. happy 9. true 10. deep

11.high 12.warm Nouns:

1.dictator 2. friend 3. scholar 4. leader5. child 6. piano 7. music 8. mathematics 9.science10. host 11. widow 12. waiter.

Exercise 12. Rewrite in the plural:1. This is a box. 2. Thats a lorry. 3. Wheres the knife? 4. Is it your watch? 5. This is a newhouse.6. Thats an old chimney. 7. That isnt my dress. 8. Thats a shoe. 9. Whos this man?10. Hes a farmer and this is his wife. 11. Thats a row of people. 12. Is it a new bridge?13.There is a match in the box. 14. Theres no child in their family.15. Is there a dictionary onhis

desk? 16. Is there a desk in that room? 17. The face of that woman is attractive. 18.The

house isnt large but its comfortable. 19. Whos that person? 20. Which book is yours?

Exercise 13. Put into the singular:1. Balls are round. 2. Houses have roofs. 3. These are phonemes. 4. Foxes are animals. 5.

Roses are beautiful flowers. 6. Watches are small clocks. 7. Dogs have tails. 8. Those boys

are good friends. 9. These are simple sentences. 10. These arent boxes. 11. The children areat school. 12. These are my notebooks. 13. My friends want to study German. 14.Hisbrothers work hard all day. 15. Housewives have to work very hard. 16. Children receive a lotof pleasure from this game. 17. They live in small houses. 18. The postmen bring letters threetimes a day. 19. The boys wake up at six. 20. There are some pictures on the walls.

Exercise 14. Match A and B in order to obtain compound nouns. Use them in sentences:arm sitter

bottle pagesfast heatingYellow chair

lawn directorytelephone mower


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chewing conditioner central bagair opener tea foodalarm gum

post clockbaby stopheart tale

burglar attackfairy officecredit lenses

bus cardbank alarmcontact account

Exercise 15.Underline the nouns in the texts and put the plural ones in the singular:1. Thieves stole the cameras and videos from two shops in Stapleton Road yesterday. Theyalso took several boxes of video cassettes and hundreds of audio cassettes.

2. Two police officers were injured in a fight last night. One policeman lost four teeth. Threeother people were also injured. The police were called to the Central car park where there wasa fight involving about two dozen young men and women. Dozens of cars and two buses weredamaged.Example: pl. thieves = sg. thief

Exercise 16. Complete the sentences with the plural form of the words in brackets:My hotels a bit primitive. Ive seen (1 mouse)_____ in my room! And there are (2 fly)_____

everywhere during the day and (3 mosquito) _____ at night. But the (4 beach) _____ arebeautiful.There are a lot of old (5 church) _____ on the island and Ive taken lots of (6 photo) _____ ofthem.Every day I buy two small (7 loaf) _____ of bread and some (8 fruit) _____ , usually (9

peach) _____ , (10 orange) _____ and (11 tomato) _____ . but the (12 shelf) _____ in theshops are almost empty, so yesterday I went fishing and caught two (13 fish) _____ for mylunch.There arent any (14 bus) _____ so I walk everywhere. My (15 foot) _____ really hurt. I wantto go into the mountains. They say there are (16 wolf) _____ there.The (17 person) _____ are very friendly. Sometimes (18 family) _____ come out to say hellowhen I walk past. The (19 man) _____ have two or three (20 wife) _____ and dozens of (21

child) _____. I dont think their (22 life) _____ have changed for (23 century) _____. Itscertainly one of the most unspoilt (24 country) _____ Ive ever been to.

Exercise 17.Which are the 15 countable nouns in this news report?Hi! Youre listening to GWR Radio. What a terrible morning! There have been severalaccidents on the roads. A number of people were hurt in an accident on the M 32 motorwaywhen two cars crashed near Junction 4. And there are a few problems for rail travellers. Manytrains between cities in the west and London are running twenty to thirty minutes late.

Exercise 18. What are the eight uncountable nouns in the news report of the explosion atBrislington?

An explosion has destroyed a chemical factory in Brislington. Thanks to the courage of thefirefighters no one was hurt. The air around the factory is still thick with smoke, and for their


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own safety, residents have been told not to drink the water. Residents are worried about theirchildrens health and the damage to the environment caused by the explosion.

Noun + verb agreementExercise 19. Choose the right form of the verbs in brackets:

1. His family (is/ are) in Bucharest now.2. The news (was/ were) a great surprise for all of us.3. People (rush/ rushes) home when the days work is over.4. Our football team (plays/ play) this evening.5. Your group (is/ are) made up of thirty students.6. The audience (is/are) listening to the piano player.7. The cattle (is/are) entering the ranch yard.8. The committee (agrees/agree) with all the changes.9. The furniture in my daughters room (is/are) new and modern.10. The crew of the ship (was/were) gathered on the upper deck.11. The parliament (is/are) voting a new law.

12. The luggage (was/were placed) on the luggage rack.13. Where (is/are) my glasses?14. Mathematics(is/are) his favourite subject at school.15. My cousins trousers (is/are) very expensive.16. Proceedings of the conference (is/are) published within a week.17. The particulars of the witness (is/are) taken down by a young policeman.18. There (is/are) enough money in the drawer.19. Measles (is/are) a very dangerous catching disease.20.The customs (is/are) not far from here.

Exercise 20.. Choose the correct form of the verb:1. Clothes (isnt/ arent) cheap nowadays.

2 People (doesnt/ dont) buy clothes that are too expensive.3 60 pounds (is/ are) a lot of money for a pair of jeans.4. The government (is/ are) trying to keep prices low.

Exercise 21. Choose the correct verb forms:His clothes (1 are/ is) _____ very old. His trousers (2 has got/ have got) _____ holes in themand his glasses (3 are/ is) _____ broken. All his belongings (4 is/ are) _____ in a bag on his

back. The police often (5 stops/ stop) _____ him and (6 asks/ ask) _____ him questions.People (7 avoid/ avoids) _____ him in the streets. His earnings (8 are/ is) _____ very small.He gets 40 pounds a week from social security. For him 40 pounds (9 is/ are) _____ a lot ofmoney. Im not interested in possessions, he says, mathematics (10 are/ is) _____ my

passion.

8.Keys of the exercises

Exercise 1. 1 family, 2 team, 3 crowd, 4 crew, 5 flock.

Exercise 2. writing-desk, steam-engine, stone wall, bricklayer, washing machine, mach-

box, bedroom, bathroom, fountain-pen, dining car.

Exercise 3. a) buses, towns, women, boxes, flies, keys, bees, Englishmen, teeth, wishes,geese, cities, potatoes, books, children, leaves, lives, feet, apples, toys, balls,wolves, safes, oxen.


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b) brushes, thieves, Chinese, Germans, donkeys, shelves, fishes, cliffs,Swiss, inches, sheep, lice, bamboos, handkerchiefs, axes, proofs, phenomena,dynamos, means, pianos.

c) echoes, loaves, nieces, halves, chiefs, volcanoes, Japanese, deer, mice,knives, births, daughters, buffaloes, atlases.

Exercise 4. pair, flock, herd, pack, flight, cloud, shoal, pair, herd, gang, pair, school, team,pack, audience, bunch, pack.

Exercise 5.. a) woman, mother, sister, milkwoman, Englishwoman, daughter-in-law,sportswoman, niece, girl, Mrs., wife, aunt, chairwoman.

b) widow, witch, waitress, spinster, lady, queen, bride, heroine, bitch, cow, mare,goose, sheep, hen, bee.c)duchess, princess, actress, goddess, hostess, waitress, manageress, tzarina,sultana, poetess, niece, fox.

Exercise 6. 1. shortness, cruelty, sanity, gaiety, freedom2. existentialism, foolishness, socialism, shortness, width,3. meanness, childishness, anxiety, length, strength

Exercise 7. blood, bath, song, belief, breath, food, loss, life, proof, choice,Breadth, depth, length, strength, width, novelty.

Exercise 8.1.He knows nothing about this countrys climate. 2. Do you know the name of themanagers typist? 3. The new car of his cousins friend is a Dacia 1300. 4. Janedoesnt know her daughters time table. 5. She does not doubt the good intentionsof her husbands parents. 6. You can easily notice the springs first signs . 7. Theshop-girlsdresses are the best advertisment. 8. They all welcomed the polices

protection. 9. These are G.B. Shaws best plays . 10. He has been studyingScotlands folklore for several years. 11. All the childrens parents are present atthe meeting. 12. She wont say a word about her lifes purpose. 13. Romaniasindustry is in full swing. 14. The nightingales high note can be easily heard.

Exercise 9.1. Nu mai avem suc de portocale; mai bine te-ai duce la bcnie sa cumperi.2. Costumul cel nou al soului meu nu este gata nc; se afla la croitorie.3. Cnd mergi in Regatul Unit, sa nu pierzi ocazia sa mergi la muzeul Tussaud.4. De regul, ei cumpr fructe proaspete de la aprozar in fiecare luni dimineaa.5. Ai vzut vreodata palatul St. James?6. Ei s-au decis sa mearg la biroul de avocatura mine la amiaza.

7. In drumul tu ctre casa, te-ai putea opri la tutungerie sa-mi cumperi nite igri.8. Sunt angajat al firmei Ford de 20 de ani.9. M voi duce la coafor mai trziu.10. nainte de a m ntoarce acas, am trecut pe la brutrie, de unde am cumprat o pine

proaspt i aceste delicioase cornuri.

Exercise 101. The streets of this town are very large.2. The marriage of my friends children took place two weeks ago.3. This is my sons new teacher of mathematics.4. Before starting my classes, I took a twenty minutes walk.5. The staff of this company is made up of thirty people.6. In the next months interval we are going to finish all our exams.7. At this age, a ten hours travel by train must be tiresome.


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8. We must never forget about the poors rights.9. A five minutes wait does not matter any longer.10. The yesterdays newspaper published many interesting news.

Exercise 11.o Decision, approval, discussion, reference, discovery, teacher, weight, growth,

payment, performance, limitation, betrayal,o Nationalism, wisdom, likelihood, freedom, greatness, weakness, kindness, happiness,

truth, depth, height, warmtho dictatorship, friendship, scholarship, leadership, childhood, pianist, musician,

mathematician, scientist, hospitality, widowhood, waiting.

Exercise 12.1. These are boxes. 2. Those are lorries. 3. Where are the knives? 4. Are they your watches?5. These are new houses. 6. Those are old chimneys. 7. Those arent my dresses. 8. Those are

shoes. 9. Who are these men? 10. They are farmers and these are their wives. 11. Those arerows of people. 12. Are they new bridges? 13. There are matches in the boxes. 14. There areno children in their family. 15. Are there dictionaries on his desk? 16. Are there desks in thatroom? 17. The faces of those women are attractive. 18. The houses arent large, but they arecomfortable. 19. Who are those persons? 20. Which are your books?

Exercise 13.1. The ball is round. 2. The house has a roof. 3. This is a phoneme. 4. The fox is an animal. 5.The rose is a beautiful flower. 6.A watch is a small clock. 7. The dog has a tail. 8. That boy isa good friend to the other one. 9. This is a simple sentence. 10. This isnt a box. 11. The childis at school. 12. This is my notebook. 13. My friend wants to study German. 14. His brotherworks hard all day. 15.A housewife has to work very hard. 16. A child receives a lot of

pleasure from this game. 17. He lives in a small house. 18. The postman brings letters threetimes a day. 19. The boy wakes up at six. 20. It is a picture on the wall.

Exercise 14. armchair, bottle- opener, fast-food, yellow pages, lawn mower, telephonedirectory, chewing gum, central heating, air conditioner, tea bag, alarm clock,

post office, babysitter, heart attack, burglar alarm, fairy tale, credit card, busstop, bank account, contact lenses.

Exercise 15.. 1. camera, video, shop, box, cassette, hundred.2. officer, tooth, person, man, woman, dozen, car, bus.

Exercise 16. 1 mice, 2 flies, 3 mosquitoes, 4 beaches, 5 churches, 6 photos, 7 loaves, 8 fruit, 9peaches, 10 oranges, 11 tomatoes, 12 shelves, 13 fish, 14 buses, 15 feet, 16wolves, 17 people, 18 families, 19 men, 20 wives, 21 children, 22 lives, 23centuries, 24 countries

Exercise 19. radio, morning, accidents, roads, people, accident, motorway, cars, junctionproblems, rail, travellers, trains, cities, minutes.

Exercise 20. courage, air, smoke, safety, water, health, damage, environment.

Exercise 21. 1.are, 2.was, 3.rush, 4.play, 5.is made up, 6.are listening to, 7.are entering,8.agree, 9.is, 10.were gathered, 11.are voting, 12.was placed, 13.are, 14.is,

15.are, 16.are published, 17.are taken down, 18. is, 19. is, 20.is.


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Exercise 22. 1 arent, 2 dont, 3 is, 4 is/ are trying,

Exercise 23. 1 are, 2 have got, 3 are, 4 are, 5 stop, 6 ask, 7 avoid, 8 are, 9 is, 10 is.

Unit.1 Self-Test

! You are awarded one point (1p) for each correct answer. If your score is lower than30p youll have to go back to unit 1 and revise the vocabulary or grammar problemsyou were wrong about. After revising the unit, go through the test again. If yourscore is above 30p you may pass on to the next unit. Good luck!

I. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate term(s)

1. The main body of the ship is called2. The hull consists of an inside.3. The forward part is nearest the..4. The after part is nearest the..5. In the bow, the hull is attached to the6. In the stern, the hull is attached to the7. The hull is divided into a number of .8divide the hull horizontally.9. .divide the hull vertically.10..support the bulkheads. 10p

II. Answer the following questions:

1. Where are cargoes stored?2. What are the special names given to the decks within the hull?3. What is the purpose of the collision bulkhead?4. What is the name of the tank at the fore end of the ship?5. What is the name of the tank at the after end of the ship?6. What is the purpose of the double bottom tank?7. How do you call the deck covering the top of the hull?8. What is the bulwark?9. How do you call the decks which are forward and aft above the upper deck?

10. What are guard stanchions?10p

III. Are these statements TRUE(T) or FALSE (F). Circle the correct answer.

1. The lowest of the four decks of the superstructure is called the upper bridge deck T/F2. Above the saloon deck is the boat deck. T/F3. The highest deck in the superstructure is called the navigation bridge. T/F4. The bridge deck is where the ship is steered or conned from. T/F5. The galley is the ships kitchen. T/F6. The crews quarters and the galley are on the boat deck T/F

6p


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IV. Each pair of words contains one countable noun and one uncountable noun.Draw up two columns and put the nouns into the appropriate column.

1. accommodation/flat; 2. desk/ furniture; 3.bag/luggage; 4. work/ ob; 5. travel/trip; 6.trouble/ problem; 7.fact/information 8. chance/ luck; 9. advice /suggestion; 10.knowledge /capability; 11. news /headline; 12. dollar/ money; 13. hour/ time; 14. scenery/landscape

14p

V. Most of these sentences have a mistake in them. Correct them, or if there isno mistake, write RIGHT.

1. I believe its very difficult to find a cheap accommodation in London.to find cheap accommodation

2. Were looking for a place to rent.RIGHT

3. Were late because theyre re-surfacing the motorway and the traffics are terrible.4. He was asked to leave the college because of a bad behaviour at the end of termparty.

5. Im going to phone my brother to wish him good luck for his driving test.6. I think its a pity Rebecca had her hairs cut short because she looked much more

attractive before.7. As an old friend, may I give you an advice?8. Its not a bad room but the furnitures take up too much space.9. If we dont have up-to-date information, how can we make sensible decisions?10. Fortunately, the check-up was less unpleasant experience than I had expected.11. All the luggages are here in the corridor.12. Peter doesnt like milk in his tea.

10p

Unit 1. Self-Test-Answer Key

I.1. the hull2. framework3. the bow4. the stern5. stempost6. sternpost

7. watertight compartments8. decks9. bulkheads10. stanchions

II.

1. in the holds2. between decks or tween decks3. to seal off the ship if water should break in4. forepeak tank5. afterpeak tank6. to store fuel and water ballast


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7. upper deck8. an extension of the hull plating, which rises above the top of the upper

deck9. vertical posts which are linked together by either wires or tubes10. forecastle deck and poop deck

III.

1.F; 2.T; 3.T; 4.F; 5.T; 6.F

IV.

Countable Uncountable nounsFlat accommodationDesk furnitureBag luggageJob work Trip travelProblem troubleFact informationSuggestion adviceDollar moneyLandscape sceneryChance luck Knowledge capabilityHeadline news

V.3the traffic is terrible.4because of bad behaviour5RIGHT6Rebecca had her hair cut short7the furniture takes up too much space.8I give you some advice?/a piece of advice?9.RIGHT10..was a less experience than I had expected11.the luggage12.RIGHT


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UNIT 2

SHIPS DIMENSIONS

Objectives: After studying the unit in the course book, the learner should be able to: definethe ships dimensions; identify the ships dimensions on a diagram; discriminate among thedifferent patterns used for expressing measurements.

A ships size and capacity can be described in two ways-linear dimensions ortonnage. Each is completely different yet interrelated. A ships measurement is expressed infeet and inches-linear dimensions. A ship is a three dimensional structure having length,width and depth.

LENGTHA ships length is measured in different ways for ships officers, for architects and designers,and for registry. Terms used for technical or registry purposes include registered length,tonnage length, floodable length, and length by ABS rules. We mention these terms forfamiliarization only. The more commonly used length measurements-length overall, lengthbetween perpendiculars, and length on load waterline are discussed as follows.

1.1.Length Overall (LOA)

A ships Length Overall is measured in feet and inches from the extreme forward endof the bow to the extreme aft end of the stern. Watercraft operators must be familiar with thisand similar dimensions to safely manoeuvre the ship. The dimension is commonly found inlists of ships data for each vessel.

1.1.2.Length Between Perpendiculars (LBP)

A ships Length Between Perpendiculars is measured in feet and inches from theforward surface of the stem, or main bow perpendicular member, to the after surface of thesternpost, or main stern perpendicular member. On some types of vessels this is, for all

practical purposes, a waterline measurement.

1.13. Length on Load Waterline (LWL)

A ships Length on Load Waterline is an important dimension because length at thewaterline is a key factor in the complex problem of speed, resistance, and friction. On vesselswith a counter stern, the LWL and LBP can be the same or about the same. On a ship with acruiser stern, the LWL is greater than the LBPConsider the diagram below. Can you state which lines show the LOA and the LBP of thisvessel?


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1.2. WIDTH

A ships width or, more properly a ships breadth is expressed in a number of ways and,like length, for a number of reasons.

1.2.1. Maximum/Extreme Breadth

A ships maximum/extreme breadth is measured in feet and inches from the mostoutboard point on one side to the most outboard point on the other at the widest point on theship.

1.2.2. Beam

The beam of a ship is the width of the ship (over the plating) taken at any position alongthe length. When giving a brief summary of ships measurements there is a tendency to usethe term beam for maximum/extreme breadth.

1.3. DEPTHThe depth of a vessel involves several important vertical dimensions. They involve

terms likefreeboard, draft, draft marks, and load lines. The vessels depth is measuredvertically from the lowest point of the hull, ordinarily from the bottom of the keel, to the sideof any deck that you may choose as a reference point.

1.3.1. Freeboard

When a ship floats, a large part of it is below the waterline. The waterline is the lineat which a ship floats in the water, depending on its load. The vertical distance from thewaterline to the edge of the lowest outside deck is the freeboard.

1.3.2. Draft/Draught

The vertical distance form the waterline to the lowest part of the ships bottom is thedraft. The draft is also the least depth of water in which a ship will float. The draft of a shipwill vary according to the weight with which it is loaded. A fully-loaded ship will have adeeper draft than when unloaded. An unloaded ship will have a shallow draft. There may be adifference between the ships draft aft and her draft forward according to the weight of theload carried. Large vessels are usually vessels of deep draft or hampered vessels. They haveto comply with maritime international regulations relating to the maximum draft permitted invarious navigable areas.

1.3.3. Draft marks and load lines

A vessel that was overloaded might become unstable and sink. To stop that fromhappening there are very strict laws governing the loading of ships. On the side of everyvessel there is painted a line (like the one in the drawing) which shows the safe level at whichthe ship floats in water of different densities. The vessel must never be loaded so that this linegoes below the level of the water. This safety line carries the name of the man who advocatedit- Samuel Plimsoll. It is called the Plimsoll Line. A set of marks are painted on the bows, thestern and amidships. These marks show the vertical height of the hull from the underside ofthe keel to just the load line. These marks are called draft marks.

Look at the diagram below and identify the lines which show the freeboard, draft, waterline,

height, and extreme breadth.


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1.3.4.Trim and List

The relation of the length of the draft and the bow and stern is called the trim. Theship in the figure below is horizontal, so we say its in trim. Sometimes either the bow orstern is lower in the water than it should be. Then we say the ship is out of trim. When thishappens we say that the ship is trimmed by the headortrimmed by the stern/down by the heador down by the stern.

If the ship is out of balance from left to right, she is said to have a list. The ship mayhave a list to port/starboard of.degrees. In order to upright the ship you have to transferfuel/ ballast water/ fresh water/oil from one tank to another to correct the list. If cargo is not

properly lashed, it may shift and cause a list of the ship to port or starboard. In this case youhave to move the cargo to correct the list.

Study the diagram below showing some important ship dimensions:

1.4. EXPRESSING GENERAL DIMENSIONS

1.4.1. Study the table below

Noun Adjectivelength longwidth widebreadth broaddepth deep

height high

1.4.2. We can describe the length, breadth, depth and height of an object by using fourdifferent patterns:

1. The beam is three metres in length.2. The beam has a length of three metres.3. The length of the beam is three metres.4. The beam is three metres long.

In order to describe the radius, diameter or the circumference of an object you will haveto use only the patterns 1,2 and 3.

1.4.3. We can describe the dimensions of a ship using the following patterns:

1. The ships overall length (LOA) is 146 metres.2. The overall length (LOA) of the ship is 146 metres.3. The ship has an overall length (LOA) of 146 metres.

1.5. Words and Phrases

Length = lungime

LOA(length overall) = lungime maximaLBP(length between perpendiculars) = lungime a navei ntre perpendiculare


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LWL( length on load waterline) = lungime a navei la linia de plutire de ncrcareWidth = limeBreadth = lime a naveiBeam = lime maxim (a navei); traversul naveiDepth = adncime(a apei);nal]ime a bordului; pescajFreeboard = bordul liberDraught/draft = pescajDraught /draft forward =pescaj provaDraught/draft aft = pescaj pupaDraught/draft marks = scara de pescaj/ncrcareLoad lines = marca de ncarcare, marca de bord liberPlimsoll line/mark = semn Plimsoll, marca de bord liberTrim = asieta, diferena de pescaj; nclinare longitudinalTrimmed by the bow/head/stem = (nava) aprovatTrimmed by the stern = (nava) apupatList = canarisire, nclinare transversal permanent/static, unghi de canarisire/a senclina, a se canarisi

To have/take a list = a (se) canarisi

2. THE ARTICLE AND OTHER DETERMINERS

DETERMINERSDefinite article - the manIndefinite article - a tree, an appleZero article - men, trees, applesDEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES - this newspaper,

- that magazine- these/those ships

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES - my/your/his/her/its

our/their uniformINTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES - what/which/ whosebook do you want?

INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES - each student, every day, some books,

any officer, no rules,either side,neither sailor

PREDETERMINERS preceed the determiners:a) allthe books, bothmy children, both ofthese features, halfthese cadets

b) multiplicative numerals: twicethe amount, three times the sumc) fractions: one-thirdthe time, three quartersthe total

POSTDETERMINERSa) ordinal numerals: the first three important events

b) theother name, thenext duty station, thelast shipmentTHE ARTICLE is the part of speech which induvidualize objects and phenomena in a

linguistic context; it does not have any flexionary forms; it works as a determiner.The definite article: THE

Functions: it is used to express a unique referencea) deictic function: with nouns whose preference is immediately understood by

the speakers within a context- in a room: the door, the window: Close thewindow, will you?; in a forest: The ground is covered with dry leaves; in a city:Can you tell me how to get to the harbour?b) anaphoric function: with nouns which were previously mentioned: I bought a book yesterday; the book is interesting.


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c) cataphoric function: when the definite determination is after the noun, expressed bya relative clause: The man who is commanding the ship is the master of that ship.

d) generic function: the noun is used in a general way, as representing a whole class:The horse is a useful animal.

The definite article used with:proper nouns- the UK, the USA, the University ofBucharest;plural nouns- the Browns, the Alps, the Carpathians;geographicalnames: the Danube, the Olt, the Suez Canal, the Sahara; names of institutions:the Lido (Hotel), the National Theatre, the British Museum; newspapers: the

Times, the Guardian; names of ships: the Transylvania.The indefinite article: A, AN

Functions: a) epiphoric function: to introduce a word which was not mentionedpreviously: There is a young officer waiting for you.

b) numerical function: the indefinite article has the meaning ofone She bought a dress, two blouses, and an umbrella.

A/one hundred people are on this ship. c) generic function: to represent an entire class of objects or beings

An officer is a gentleman.

The zero article: She drinks *tea every day; *Clothes do not make the name;In these situation the absence of the article(*) is equal to the presence of it.Functions: 1) generic function: I like coffee/ literature/long walks.

2) for the unique reference of proper nouns and some common nouns indifferent contexts:PeterandMary will go toschoolin autumn.

Proper nouns used with the zero article:a) names of people: Peter, Dr. Smith, Lord Nelson, father, uncle

b) time divisons: Monday, January, Christmasc) geographical names: Asia, England, Parisd) proper nouns followed by common nouns: Bran Castle, Oxford Street

Other determiners:The demonstrative adjective: this/that/these/thoseIt determines a noun, saying how far or close is from the speaker.

Functions: a) deictic function (space or time orientation in a context) This is my desk./ What are those people doing? b) anaphoric function:I saw an English teacher in his new car. This car is

really something. c) cataphoric function: These little children are very pretty.

d) emotional function: (to highlight the determined noun) This Tom Brown is always playing the piano at night.The possessive adjective replaces the possessor and determines the name of the

possessed object: Peters stamp collection is valuable. His stamp collection is valuable.Possessives are used to specify the ownership of an item or, if the noun refers to somethinganimate, to specify a relationship: Mr. Smith was my teacher when I was a student in theAcademy.The possessive phrase acts just like a possessive word but is a noun or noun phrase ending ins ors. A possessive phrase acts as a possessive determiner but may itself include one of theother determiners: Sallys new job; a good days work; the residents dining room; thevisitors room.*the body parts are always preceded by the possessive adjective ( my hand, his leg, her arm)and clothes items also(his coat, her gloves, my uniform).

3.Vocabulary practice

I. Answer the following questions.

1. How is a ships measurement expressed?2. What does LOA stand for?3. What does LBP stand for?


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4. What does LWL stand for?5. What is the ships maximum breadth?6. What is meant by the beam of a ship?7. How do you measure a vessels depth?8. What is the freeboard?9. What is the draft of a vessel?10. What does in trim mean?

II. Complete the following statements with the appropriate term(s).

1. The painted line which shows the safe level at which the ship floats in water ofdifferent densities is called the..Line.

2. The of a ship is the width of the ship (over the plating) taken at any position alongthe length.

3. When either the bow or stern is lower in the water than it should be, we say the ship

is 4. If the ship is out of balance from left to right, she is said to have a5. Ais the line at which a ship floats in the water.

III. Describe the dimensions of these objects in as many ways as possible:1. CONTAINER : height:2.44m; length:12.2m; width:2.44m2.TANK : depth:3m3. LIFEBUOY : inner circumference:229mm; outer circumference:381mm4. BEAM : thickness: 10mm5. PISTON RING: circumference: 2500m

IV. Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Am pescaj maxim 6m, bord liber 2m si inaltimea 12m.2. Pescajul prova este de 25 picioare, pescajul pupa este de 27 picioare, bordul liber 9

picioare si inaltimea 38 picioare.3. Nava mea este aprovata.4. Nava Osiris este stinjenita de pescaj.5. Am o inclinare de 10 grade spre babord.6. Care este lungimea maxima?7. Care este pescajul maxim actual?8. Pescajul maxim permis este de 20m9. Lungimea maxima a navei este de 146m10. Tancul are o adincime de 3m.

4.Vocabulary Practice-answer key

I. Answer the following questions

1 A ships measurement is expressed in feet and inches.2 LOA stands for length overall.3 LBP stands for length between perpendiculars.4 LWL stands for length on load waterline5 A ships maximum breadth is measured in feet and inches from the most outboard

point on one side to the most outboard point on the other at the widest point on

the ship.6 The beam of a ship is the width of the ship (over the plating0 taken at anyposition along the length.


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7 A vessels depth is measured vertically from the lowest point of the hull,ordinarily from the bottom of the keel, to the side of any deck that you maychoose as reference point.

8 The vertical distance from the waterline to the edge of the lowest outside deck isthe freeboard.

9 The vertical distance from the waterline to the lowest part of the ships bottom isthe draft.

10 The relation of the length of the draft and the bow and stern is called the trim.

II. Fill in the blanks with appropriate term(s).

1. The Plimsoll Line2. beam3. out of trim4. list5. waterline

III. Describe the dimensions of these objects in as many ways as possible.1. The height of the container is 2.44m/The container is 2.44m high2. The length of the container is 12.2m/The container is 12.2m long3. The width of the container is 2.44m/The container is 2.44m wide4. The height of the tank is 3m5. The lifebuoy has an inner circumference of 229mmm/The inner circumference of

the lifebuoy is 229mm6. The outer circumference of the lifebuoy is 381mm/The lifebuoy has an outer

circumference of 381mm7. The beam is 10mm thick/The beam has a thickness of 10mm/The thickness of the

beam is 10mm.

8. The piston ring has a circumference of 2500mm/The circumference of the pistonring is 2500 mm/The piston ring is 2500 mm in circumference.

IV. Translate into English

1. My maximum draft is 6m, freeboard 2m and air draft 12m.2. My draft forward is 25 feet, draft aft is 27 feet, freeboard is 9 feet and air draft is

38 feet.3. My vessel is trimmed by the head.4. Vessel Osiris is a deep draft vessel/a hampered vessel.5. I have a list to port of 10/I have a list of 10 to port.6. What is your LOA?

7. What is your present draft?8. The maximum permitted draft is9. The vessels LOA is 146m.10. The tank is 3m deep/The depth of the tank is 3m/The tank has a depth of 3m/The

tank is 3m in depth.

5. Grammar PracticeThe Article

Exercise 1. Put the following sentences into singular:1. Nouns are words.2. Cities are big towns.3. Horses are animals.4. Roses are beautiful flowers.


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5. Tables are pieces of furniture.

Exercise 2. Fill the blanks with the requested articles and translate the text:

LITTLETOMMY AND ... HORSETommy: Father, . . . teacher does not know what horse is.

Father: Why do you think so, Tommy?Tommy: You know, I drew ... horse yesterday and showed it to ... teacher and he asked

me what it was.

Exercise 3. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate article:1. Would you like ... cup of ... tea and ... cake?2. It is better to tell . . . truth than tell . . . lies.

3. Where is ... hat I bought yesterday?4. Smith, ... man I told you about, is ... very man.5. I like to eat . . . bread and ... butter in . . . morning.6. Little Tommy goes to ... school only in morning.7. He went to . . . bed with . . . bad cold.8. He crossed ... lake in ... record time.9. He collects . . . butterflies, . . . stamps, and matchboxes.10. In ... autumn of ... 2003 we went on ... excursion to . . . Danube Delta.

Exercise 4. Fill the gaps with the appropriate articles:1. Take... little tea; it will do you ... lot of good.2. Out ofsight, out... mind.

3. l like lot of. . . sugar in my tea.4 ... supper is... last meal of... day.5. ... bad drivers are punished by law.6. Take ... chair and make yourself at home; he will be back in ... minute.7. This is . . . answer to ... problem ... teacher gave us.8. There wont be another train for at least hour.9. We had ... dinner together at ... good restaurant yesterday.10. ... Danube, ... Rhine and ... Thames are three important European rivers.Exercise 5. Put the articles a, an, the into the gaps:

1. He came to see me ... last week and brought English handbook with him.2. good dictionary is . . . great help to . . . students.3. ... last night I met Tommy; he said he would come here today if . . . weather were

fine.4. Come to see me on ... Saturday at ... latest.5. He works hard by day and sleeps soundly at night.6. ... help came at ... last and ... swimmer was rescued.7. He works every ... day from . . . early morning till late at . . . night.8. He went into ... inn and asked for ... bread and butter.9. By ... way, he said, where is ... shop you told me about?10. What is matter? Have you had ... accident?

Exercise 6. Put the articles into their correct places:Our sun is enormous body with diameter about 108 times that of earth. It would take

train, moving at 60 miles hour; over five years to travel round its circumference. But thoselittle pinpoints of light we call stars are also suns, and some of them are very much largerand brighter than one which warms our earth. One of them has diameter three hundred times


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greater than that of our sun. Of thousands of millions of stars, which can be seen throughpowerful telescope, only six thousand or so are visible to naked eye, and their distance fromearth is so tremendous that their combined light is only about hundredth of that shed by fullmoon.

(The Childrens New Illustrated Encyclopedia)

Exercise 7. Fill in the blanks with the right articles:When ... sea was not too rough we were often out in little rubber boat ... taking

photographs. I shall not forget ... first time ... sea was so calm that two men felt like putting ... balloon-like little thing into water and ... going for ... row. They had hardly gotclear of raft when they dropped ... little oars and sat ... roaring with ... laughter. And as ...waves lifted them away and they disappeared and reappeared among seas, they laughed soloud ... every time they caught glimpse of us that their voices rang out over ... desolatePacific. We looked round us with ... mixed feelings, and saw ... nothing comic but our own ...

bearded faces; but as ... two in ... boat should be accustomed to those by now; we began tohave ... suspicion that they had suddenly gone mad. Sunstroke, perhaps ... two fellows couldhardly get back on ... board ...Kon-Tiki for sheer laughter, and gasping, with tears in theireyes, begged us just to go and see for ourselves.

Two of us jumped down into ... dancing rubber boat, and were caught by ... sea whichlifted us clear. We sat down at ... once and roared with ... laughter. We had never beforehad ... outside view of ... ourselves in open sea. ... raft looked exactly like old

Norwegian hay-loft lying helpless, drifting about in ... open sea, hay-loft full of ... sunburntbearded ruffians. If anyone had come paddling after us at ... sea in ... bath we should havefelt ... same spontaneous urge to ... laughter.

(Thor Heyerdahl)

Exercise 8. Fill in the spaces with the definite article wherever necessary:1. She is not ... Mrs. Smith I am looking for.2. My parents live on ... upper floor of an old house; when ... wind blows, all ...

windows rattle.

3. ... Carpathians are not so high as ... Alps.4. ... Danube is Romanias longest river.5. ... clock in ... dining room is just striking6. ... room Helen rushes into as soon as she arrives home is ... kitchen.7. Spring is ... first season of ... year.8. Id like to see Mr. Smith, please. Do you mean ... Mr. Smith who works in our

department or ... Mr. Smith ... sales manager?9. ... British Library is one of ... largest libraries all over ... world.10. What is... French for ... boy?11. ... Mike you met at my place yesterday was not ... Mike I was talking about a week

before.12. I have never feared ... death but ... death of my father was ... greatest loss of my life.

13. Ask them to come downstairs when ... breakfast is ready.14. ... Eatons have also been invited to ... diner at ... Ritz.15. She goes to school in ... morning and plays tennis in ... afternoon.16. She has always said that ...English language is difficult.17. On ... Sundays I like to stay in ... bed till ... noon and spend ... time reading ... Sunday

papers and magazines.18. Up to a point, Creang is Mark Twain of ... Romanian literature.19. I have always appreciated ... sublime of ...landscapes in ... Alps.20. If you leave ... home at 7you can reach ... school in ... time.21. My mother comes to ... school sometimes to speak to ... headmaster.

Exercise 9. Put the indefinite article a oran in the blanks wherever necessary:1.We usually have ... lunch at 1 oclock, which, as ... rule, consists of three courses:...salad, ... dish and ... sweet.


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hand; on the one hand; on the other hand; at the best hand; to be on the growing hand.b. to have a free hand; to have an open hand; not to lift a hand; with a heavy hand; a hand for;an old hand at; a good hand at/in; a poor/bad hand at; to have a hand like a foot; a cool hand;to have a hand in smth.; to take a hand at a game; to make a (good/ fine/fair) hand.c. hand in hand; the matter in hand; to take in hand; light in hand; at hand; by hand; tobindhand and foot; supplies on hand; to have a free hand; to have an open hand; to shake hands;clean hands; off hand; hand and glove; hand over; from hand to mouth; out of hand; at firsthand; second hand; from good hands.A. Choose some of them and make sentences of your own.B. Find some more new set expressions and build up sentences of your own.

Exercise 12. Put the definite or the indefinite article into the blank spaces where necessary.Translate the jokes.

A) (1. ...) landlord was sitting with his shephard on (2. ...) hill commanding (3. ...) fine viewof (4. ...) valley. Seeing (5. ...) flock of (6. ...) sheep at (7. ...) rest in (8. ...) shadiest nook, heobserved to his companion, John, if I were (9. ... ) sheep, I would prefer to lie in(10. ...) sun.

Ah, my lord, retorted (11. ...) shepherd, were you (12. ...) sheep, you would have moresense.

B) If (1. ...) earthquake engulfed England, (2. ...) English would manage to meet among(3. ...) ruins and organize (4. ...) dinner just to celebrate (5. ...) painful event. Thats what(6. ... ) people of (7. ... ) other nationalities are apt to say about (8. ...) English. Should (9. ...)English be consulted on (10. ...) subject they would say (11. ...) same thing about (12. ...)French and their love of (13. ...) good dinners.

C) (1. ...) outside temperature being ten degrees below (2. ...) zero, it was unusually cold in(3. ...) school room.

What is (4. ...) Latin for cold? asked (5. ...) school-master addressing one of his boys,

who seemed to be suffering from cold more than (6. ...) others. Oh, sir, answered (7. ...) lad,his hands thrust in his trousers pockets, I cant tell you for (8. ...) moment, although I have itat my fingers ends.

D)Dr. Crisp was invited to (1. ...) party in (2. ...) country place. (3. ...) dinner being late and(4....) company not quite to his taste, (5. ...) doctor strolled out into (6. ...) garden and then to(7. ...) nearby churchyard. When (8. ...) dinner was served at last and (9. ...) doctor had not yetreturned, one of (10. ...) guests wondered where he could have gone. (11. ...) master of (12. ...)house, annoyed by Dr. Crisps (13. ...) absence, explained that (14 ) churchyard being not farfrom there, (15. ...) doctor had gone to visit his former patients.

E)(1. ...) Englishman, driving in (2. ...) hackney-coach through France, was annoyed at (3. ...)

slowness of (4. ...) pace. He tried to make (5. ...) coachman drive faster but all in vain. (6. ...)man couldnt understand either his English or his broken French. Then it occured to (7. ...)Englishman, both his English and his French being Greek to (8. ...) coachman, to use (9. ...)high-sounding words that might frighten (10. ...) fellow. So he roared into his ear.Westmorland, Cumberland, Northumberland, Durham! which had (11. ...) desired effect,(12. ...) coachman taking these words for some terrible threat.

F) In 1870 Mark Twain was walking along (1. ...) streets of Boston when he noticed in (2. ...)shop window (3. ...) machine he had never seen before. He entered (4. ...) shop,asked (5. ...)shop-assistant how (6. ...) ,,monster functioned and bought it for 125 dollars. He broughthome (7. ...) machine he had nicknamed (8. ...) monster and started practising on it at once.(9. ...) machine was (10. ...) typewriter and Mark Twain typed (l1. ...) whole book on it. Whenhe brought his manuscript to (12. ...) editor, (13. ...) latter was delighted. He made MarkTwain promise him to bring everything he would write later on typed, on this wonderful


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machine.(14. ...) Tom Sawyerwas (15. ...) first book Mark Twain had typewritten.

G) You certainly know that (1. ...) waterproof coat is often called (2. ...) mackintosh. Butperhaps you dont know that (3. ...) word is (4. ...) surname.

In (5. ...) year 1823 in (6. ...) Scotland there lived (7. ...) man whose (8. ...)name wasCharles Mackintosh. (9. ...) climate of his country being rainy, he would often get drenchedto (10. ...) skin and heartily disliked it. One day, having some rubber at his disposal, hedecided to rubberize his coat. Now he could walk outdoors in any weather, his rubberizedcoat protecting him from (11. ...) rain. Most of his friends and (12. ...) friends of his friendsadmired (13. ...) waterproof coat and wanted to have their own coats rubberized likewise.Soon (14. ...) tradesmen took up his invention. (15. ...) Waterproof coats became all (16. ...)fashion and (17. ...) staple product of (18. ...) town, (19. ...) name of (2o. ...) inventor, thoughnot (21. ...) inventor himself, getting (22. ...) worldwide popularity.

Exercise 13. Fill in the gaps with the where necessary.I hate 1 ___ November! It doesnt get light till 2 ___ 8 oclock in 3 ___ morning. Then its

dark again as early as 4 ___ 4 oclock in 5 ___ afternoon. After 6 ___ Christmas, 7 ___ daysstart to get a bit longer, but 8 ___ weather starts to get colder. On 9 ___ Friday 10 ___ lastweek, 11 ___ temperature was minus 10 C. 12 ___ next week 13 ___ weather forecast is 14

___ same.

Exercise 14. Put a oran before these words: 1 job, 2 union, 3 unusual name 4 enormous icecream 5 holiday, 6 honest man.

Exercise 15. Put in a/ an where necessary:1. She works in restaurant in street near the station.2. For lunch she only has apple and glass of milk.3. Anys friend works in pub. Shes barmaid. She works three evenings week. She earns

4.50 hour.

Exercise 16. Match the two parts of the sentences.a. I normally go to the dentist once 1. a dozen

b. These roses cost $20 2. a litrec. The car was doing 150 kilometers 3. a year d. Lamb is selling at 7.50 4. a week e. The Sunday Mail is published once 5. a metref. Electric cable costs 50 cents 6. a kilog. How much is the oil? ~ 2.50 7. a dayh. The mail is delivered twice 8. an hour

Exercise 17. Complete the sentences with a/ an or the.1. ___ taxi they phoned for arrived late at their house.2. ___ taxi-driver didn't say he was sorry.3. ___ traffic jam was caused by ___ accident on___ motorway. ___ car had collided with

___ lorry.

Exercise 18. Put in the where necessary:1. We had ___ breakfast at ___ home in London before we left.2. ___ bus station was on 38th Street.3. We went to ___ hotel by ___ taxi.4. We're flying home ___ next Thursday.

Exercise 19. Complete the sentences, using the where necessary.


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Exercise 7. the, the, -, the, the, -, the, the, -, a, the, the, -, -, the, the, -, a, the, -, -, -, the, the, a,the, -, -, the, the, a, -, -, an, -, the, the, an, the, a, -, -, a, the, -.Exercise 8. 1. the 2. the, the, the 3. the, the 4. the 5. the, the 6. the, the 7. -, the, the 8. the, the,the 9. the, the, the 10. the, - 11. the, the 12. -, the, the 13. - 14. the, -, the 15. -, the, the 16. the17. -, -, -, the, the 18. the, the 19. the, the, the 20. -, -, - 21. -, the.Exercise 9. 1 .-, a, a, a, a 2. a, a 3. a, a 4. an, a, a 5. a, a 6. a, a, a 7. a, a, a, a 8. a 9. a 10. a, a11. an, a, a, a, a, a 12. a 13. a, a 14. a, a 15. an, -, a.Exercise 10. 1. -,-,the, a, 2. the, the, -, a, -, a, the 3. the, the,the 4. the, a, the, the, an, -5. -, the,the,the 6. a, -, 7. -, -, -, the 8. the, the,the , the, a, a, the, the 9. the, -, the, -, -10. the, - 11. the/a,the, the 12. the, a, the, a 13. the, the, -, the, the 14 a ,the, the, the/an, the/an 15. -, -,-, an.Exercise 12 :A)1.a, 2.a, 3.a, 4.the, 5.the, 6.-, 7.-, 8.the, 9.a, 10.the, 11.the, 12.a.B)1.an, 2.the, 3.the, 4.a, 5.the, 6.-, 7.-, 8.the, 9.the, 10.the, 11.the, 12.the, 13.-.C)1.the, 2.-, 3.the, 4.the, 5.the, 6.the, 7.the, 8.theD)1.a, 2.a, 3.the, 4.the, 5.the, 6.the, 7.the, 8.the, 9.the, 10.the, 11.the, 12.the, 13.-, 14.the,15.the.E)1.an, 2.a, 3.the, 4.the, 5.the, 6.the, 6.the, 7.the, 8.the, 9.-, 10.the, 11.the, 12.the.

F)1.the, 2.a, 3.a, 4.the, 5.the, 6.the, 7.the, 8.the, 9.the, 10.a, 11.a, 12.the, 13.the, 14.-,15.the.G)1.a, 2.a, 3.the, 4.a, 5.the, 6.-, 7.a, 8.-, 9.the, 10.the, 11.the, 12.the, 13.the, 14.-, 15.-,16.the, 17.a, 18.the, 19.the, 20.the, 21.the, 22.a.Exercise 13. 1 -, 2 -, 3 the, 4 -, 5 the, 6 -, 7 the, 8 the, 9 -, 10 -, 11 the, 12 -, 13 the, 14 the,Exercise 14. 1 a, 2 a, 3 an, 4 an, 5 a, 6 anExercise 15. 1 a restaurant, a street 2 an apple, a glass, 3 a pub, a barmaid, a week, an hourExercise 16. a-3, b-1, c-8, d-6, e-4, f-5, g-2, h-7Exercise 17. 1. The, 2. The, 3. The, an, the, A, a.Exercise 18. 1. -, -, 2. the, -, 3. the, -, 4.-Exercise 19. 1. -, -, 2. the, 3. -, -Exercise 20. d, d, d, c, c, d, bExercise 21. 1. the, a 2. a, the 3. the 4. -, -, 5. the, the, 6. the, the, 7. an, an, 8. -, -, 9. a, 10. the,

-, 11. -, the, 12. the, the, the, 13. a, -, the, 14. a, the, 15. an 16. the, -, 17. the, the, 18.

7.Self-Test

I. Match the terms in column A with their definitions in column B.

A B1. LOA a)The relation of the length of the draft and

the bow and stern2. Trim b) The vertical distance from the waterline to

the lowest part of the ships bottom

3. LBP c) It is measured from the extreme forwardend of the bow to the extreme end of thestern.

4. Beam d) It is measured from the forward surface ofthe stem to the after surface of the sternpost.

5. Draft e) The ship is out of balance from left to right6. List f) The width of the ship(over the plating)

taken at any position along the length.12p

II. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate term(s).


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1. A ships --- --- ---is an important dimension because length at the waterline is a keyfactor in the complex problem of speed, resistance, and friction.

2. The---is the line at which a ship floats in the water, depending on its load.3. A set of marks are painted on the bows, the stern and amidships. These marks are

called--- ----4. Large vessels are usually vessels of deep draft or--- ----

8pIII. Give Romanian equivalents to the following Standard Marine Communication

Phrases

1. What is your draft forward?2. What is your present maximum draft?3. I have a list to starboard of 10 degrees.4. What is your freeboard?5. The vessel is on even keel.6. Maximum permitted draft is 20m.7. The vessel is trimmed by the head.

8. What is your LOA?9. What is your LBP?10. Do you have a list? 20p

IV. Complete the table below to show which quantifiers can be used with thecountable noun vessels and the uncountable noun money.

Quantifier Countable noun Uncountable nounseveral

noA lot of

fewmuch

A littlemany

A large amountsomemost

10p

8.Self-Test-answer key

I. Match the terms in column A with their definitions in column B

1c; 2a; 3d; 4f;5b;6e

II. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate term(s)

1. length on load waterline2. waterline3. draft marks4. hampered vessels

III. Give Romanian equivalents the the following standard Marine CommunicationPhrases


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1. Care este pescajul prova?2. Care este pescajul maxim actual?3. Am o nclinare spre babord4. Care este bordul liber?5. Nava este pe chil dreapt6. Pescajul maxim permis/admis7. Nava este aprovat8. Care este lungimea maxim?9. Care este lungimea ntre perpendiculare?10. Eti canarisit/bandat?

IV. Complete the table below to show which quantifiers can be used with thecountable noun vessels and the uncountable noun money.

Quantifier Countable noun Uncountable nounseveral vesselsno vessels money

A lot of vessels moneyfew vessels

much moneyA little moneymany vessels

A large amount moneysome vessels moneymost vessels money


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Unit 3.

DIRECTIONSTERMS RELATING TO POSITION IN A SHIP

Objectives:After studying the topic in the course book the learner should be able to:identifydirections on a diagram; compare terms used to express direction and position on board shipwith terms used on land; describe a traditional as well as a modern general cargo vessel using

terms relating to position and direction on board ship correctly.1. One way in which the language of the sea and the language used on land are differentis in the terminology of directions. When a sailor gets on a ship he goes aboard. He doesntgo to the back of the ship, he goes aft. If he wants to walk toward the bow of the ship, he goes

forward .If he doesnt find what he wants, he checks fore and aft, which means from the bowto the stern. If that doesnt help, he looks abaftwhich means further to the rear, or astern(behind the stern). He never watches the sea from the right side of the ship, he watches fromthe starboard. The left side is always called the portside. If he sees something directly offeither side of the ship, its located abeam. An object or area which lies across the ship fromthe starboard to the port side is said to be athwartships. Anything in the centre of the ship islocated amidships. A sailor looking to either side of the ship from amidships is facing

outboard. Somebody watching him from either side has to face inboard. Something over himfrom any part of the ship is above. If its very high, such as on a mast, its aloft .If its underhim, its below. Something away from the wind is lee. If its in a lee direction, its leeward.Ifit moves in a lee direction, it goes leeway. If its near the ship, its close aboard.

1.1. Vocabulary

Aft = in spate, spre pupaForward = in fata, spre provaFore and aft = de-a lungulAbaft = la pupa, aproape de pupa; inapoia, spre/catre/inspre pupaAstern = inapoi, in spate, la/in pupa; mers inapoi; cu mers/mars inapoi

Starboard side = tribordPort side = babordAbeam = la travers, de la traversAthwartships = transversal/travers pe nava; la traversul naveiAmidships = la centrul/mijlocul navei; in axul navei; la cuplul maestru; pozitie zero a cirmeiOutboard = peste bord, in exteriorul naveiInboard = interior, in interiorul naveiAbove = deasupra; in amonteAloft = in gabie, in arborada, sus pe vergaBelow = jos, subLee = bord de sub vint, zona de calm ( in bordul de sub vint al navei) ; sub vintLeeward = bord de sub vint; a veni sub vint (despre nava);sub vint, la adapost de vintClose aboard = foarte aproape, la mica distanta (de nava)1.2. Look at the diagram below and identify the following directions:


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( forward, aft, abaft, astern, on the port side, on the starboard side, abeam,athwartships ,amidships)e.g. a is forwarda f

b gc hd e

1.3.Now study this diagram of atraditional general cargoship and read the description below:

A traditional general cargo ship has her engine room and bridge superstructureamidships. She may have three holds forward of the bridge and two holds aft of the bridge.Forward of No.1 hold is the forecastle and right forward is the jackstaff. Derricks aresupported by masts and samson posts. They are stowed fore and aft when the ship is at sea.There are two lifeboats, one on the port side amidships another on the starboard sideamidships, abaft the funnel. The poop is situated aft and there is an ensign right aft.

1.4. Study the diagram below and read the description of a modern general cargo:

A modern general cargo ship has her engine room and bridge superstructure aft. Shemay have four holds forward of the bridge and one hold aft of the bridge. Forward of No.1hold is the forecastle and right forward is the jackstaff. Derricks are supported by masts andSamson posts. They are stowed fore and aft when the ship is at sea. There are two lifeboats,one on the port side aft, another on the starboard side aft, abaft the funnel. The poop and the

bridge superstructure are combined. There is an ensign staff right aft.

1.5. Terms describing position in relation to a shipStudy the diagram below:


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When we compare two notions we use the comparative preceded by the article the,instead of the superlative: She is the younger and the more beautiful of the twosisters.

Comparative and superlative- ways of formation:The synthetic comparison- adjectives formed by one syllable form the comparative and

superlative by adding (e)r or (e)st: small- smaller- the smallestSpelling: double consonants before short vowels (big-bigger-the biggest); adjectives ending iny (dry-drier-the driest); adjectives ending in e, -ee lose the final e (nice-nicer, free-freer)The two-syllable adjectives obey the same synthetic rules: happy-happier, able-ablerThe analytical comparison- the adjectives formed by two or more syllables form theircomparative and superlative using more/the most (careful-more careful-themostcareful)The comparison of equality- the adjective in the positive degree preceded by as andfollowed by as: My cabin is as large as his.The comparison of inferiority- the adjective in the positive degree preceded by not so/as andfollowed by as/less.than: My assignment is not aseasyas yours.The absolute relative- is expressed by the help of: very, too, highly, extremely:It is extremely difficult to reach the top.

The irregular comparison: good-better-the best;ill-worse- the worst;much/many- more- the most;little- less- theleast; late-later- the latest/the latter/the last;old-older/elder- the oldest/the eldest; near- nearer- the nearest/the next;

far-farther/further the farthest/the furthest.Syntactical functions:

Attribute- Tom has a new uniform. Predicate nominative- This uniform is new.

The place of adjectives in the sentence:- the attributes precede the noun they determine (a high mountain)*exceptions: Ambassador Extraordinary, Secretary General, Court Martial, poet laureate- indefinite pronouns ending in body/one/thing are followed by the adjective: She bought

something nice/ He said nothing interesting.- when a noun is determined by two adjectives in the comparative, one short and one long, theshort one precede the long one: She was taller and more beautiful.- when more adjectives determine a noun, these adjectives follow one after the other in thefollowing order:Sequence of adjectives

Article1

Size2

Shape3

Age4

Colours5

Participle6

Nationality7

Material8

Noun9

A large old treeA freezing English day

A black leather jacketA blue knitted hat

2. Vocabulary Practice

! In order to do these tasks successfully youll have to study unit 3 carefully. Afterchecking your achievement against the answer

Manual de engleza maritima (anul I)

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