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_BWMZVI FB MZVC_MB I NCAFCWBM

ZVRFMM

Iamdi Mamdji*

JCDZMFB_IůMM \_MWMDF J_M[IBDB_@BVMJď FMD _CNÏDMI IDMAC_ ”8<

Äd bdbr`btmjĊ, mnpcrtidŪi bxijtmtĊŪmm prc`dczbacr bstb gcirtb nirb. Fmdjiuzi mnpcsmomamtĊŪmm stcjĊrmm, babjtrmjmtitbi trboumb prcfusĊ äd ncnbdtua äd jbstb scamjmtitĊ, ädtrujït prc`dczbm äm bstb supus du dunim vcaunua prcfujŪmbm fbbdbr`mb babjtrmjĊ, jm œm jipijmtitbi fb prcfujŪmb ncnbdtidĊ i bdbr`mbm, putbrbibgbjtmv fmspcdmomaĊ. Istgba, prc`dczi rbiaĊ trboumb sĊ b, äd gipt, ud jcnprcnmsädtrb tbdfmdŪi fb bvmtirb i rmsjuaum fb i du ijcpbrm viacirbi rbiamzitĊ œm tbdfmdŪi

fb i rbstrïd`b pb jït pcsmoma mdtbrviaua äd amnmtbab jĊrumi sb vi i i viacirbi rbiaĊsupusĊ prc`dczbm9. Äd pbrmcifi ai jirb gijbn rbgbrmrb, prc`dczbab œm prcmbjŪmmabpbdtru bdbr`mb fmd idmm idtbrmcrm s-iu fcvbfmt brcditb. \aidm jitcrmm fmd sgbribabjtrmjmtĊŪmm, prcncvïdf äd jcdtmduirb jcdsmfbriŪmmab rbgbrmtcirb ai bjcdcnmmfb sjirĊ œm ritbab nirm fb jrbœtbrb i jbrbrmm œm aujrïdf ju crmzcdturm fb tmnp jbfbpĊœbiu ud fbjbdmu, —s-iu trbzmt fmdtr-c fitĊ oïkoïmdf äd jbiŪĊ„?. Äd prmvmdŪi _cnïdmbm, ädtr-ud ripcrt ia OĊdjmm Ncdfmiab rbiamzit äd 9=0=,idua fbjaidœĊrmm jbabm fb-i fcui jrmzb i pbtrcauaum fupĊ ädaĊturirbi fb ai putbrbi œihuaum Mriduaum, sb irĊti jĊ, äd jizua äd jirb sb mdtbdŪmcdi nbdŪmdbrbi rmtnuaumfb jrbœtbrb i jcdsunurmacr bdbr`btmjb, Ūiri bri äd pbrmjca fb i sb jcdgrudti ju udputbrdmj fbzbjhmamoru bjcdcnmj: . C fbjmzmb mnpcrtidtĊ, fir jirb, nim tïrzmu, ivbi sĊ sb fcvbfbisjĊ tctia dbpc-trmvmtĊ, i rbprbzbdtit-c ifcptirbi, ai Jcd`rbsua ia XMM-abi ia \J_ fmd dcmbnormb9=0=, i\rc`rinuaum-fmrbjtmvĊ fb jbrjbtirb œm fbzvcatirb äd fcnbdmua bdbr`mbm pb pbrmcifi 9=89-9==< œm crmbdtĊrmab prmdjmpiab pïdĊ äd idua ?<<<, jirb pcrdbi fb aidbjbsmtitbi ji, äd fbjbdmua jb ivbi sĊ urnbzb, _cnïdmi sĊ fbvmdĊ mdfbpbdfbdtĊfmd pudjt fb vbfbrb ia jcnoustmomauaum œm bdbr`mbm. Äd ijbst sbds, sb ivbiu äd vbfbrb urnĊtcirbab fmrbjŪmm fb ijŪmudb;- jbrjbtirbi `bcac`mjĊ pbdtru fbzvcatirbi pctbdŪmiauaum bdbr`btmj diŪmcdia,

urnĊrmdfu-sb fbsjcpbrmrbi fb dcm rbzbrvb fb humaĊ, am`dmt œm jcnoustmoma ri-fmcijtmv, ijjbabrirbi bxpacitĊrmm zĊjĊnmdtbacr fb œmsturm jcnoustmomab, prb-

* Iamdi Mamdji, jbrjbtĊtcr ȝtmmdȕm j ai JDZIZ, _cnïdmi.9 Bnma Jcstmd,\rc`dczi fb fmnbdsmcdirb ȝm prc`dczi fb paidm jirb äd mdfustrmi bdbr`mbm babjtrmjb,

äd —Bdbr`btmji„, dr. 99/9=7=, p. 99.? Piat \ittbrscd, Babjtrmjmtitbi ‚ c mdfustrmb äd sjhmnoirb, Bfmturi Ijifbnmbm _cnïdb, Bfmturi

I@M_, Oujurbȝtm, ?<<<, pp. 9<0-9<8.:

I sb vbfbi, pb air`, äd Idfrbis J. sidtms, _cy \bppbr,_cnidmi; thb mdfustrmiamzitmcd cg idi`rirmid bjcdcny udfbr scjmiamst paiddmd`. _bpcrt cg i nmssmcd sbdt tc _cnidmi oy thb PcrafOide , Vb Pcraf Oide, Pishmd`tcd, 9=0=, pp. ::9-:20.

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8=

Iamdi Mamdji

JCDZMFB_IůMM \_MWMDF J_M[I BDB_@BVMJď FMD _CNÏDMI IDMAC_ ”8<

jun œm judciœtbrbi nim iprcgudfitĊ i pctbdŪmiauaum fb pbtrca œm `izb, itït aiifïdjmnm nirm, jït œm pb paitgcrni jcdtmdbdtiaĊ i NĊrmm Db`rb65

- fbzvcatirbi prcfujŪmbm fb bdbr`mb prmd bxtmdfbrbi jcdstrujŪmbm fb hmfrc-jbdtriab, utmamzirbi jcnoustmomamacr scamzm, trbjbrbi ai rbiamzirbi prc`rinuaumfb jcdstrujŪmm fb jbdtriab dujabirb œm gcacsmrbi gcrnbacr dcm fb bdbr`mb, rb-strïd`ïdfu-sb jcdsunua fb hmfrcjirourm25

- änoudĊtĊŪmrbi cr`idmzĊrmm smstbnuaum bdbr`btmj, pbdtru coŪmdbrbi udcr jcsunurm spbjm jb fb jcnoustmoma jït nim rbfusb äd prcfujbrbi fb babjtrmjm-titb œm jĊafurĊ, prbjun œm jrbœtbrbi sm`uridŪbm äd gudjŪmcdirbi ZmstbnuaBdbr`btmj DiŪmcdia75

- ism`urirbi udbm jrbœtbrm suostidŪmiab i b jmbdŪbm bjcdcnmjb äd utmamzijcnoustmomamacr œm i bdbr`mbm babjtrmjb äd mdfustrmb, tridspcrturm, i`rmjuaœm mdfustrmi iamnbdtirĊ, jcdstrujŪmm, ädjĊazmt, maunmdit, utmamzĊrm jisbfmamtirb0.

Äd prmvmdŪi jccpbrĊrmm mdtbrdiŪmcdiab, sb ijcrfi c nirb mnpcrtidŪĊ bxtmdfbrjcaiocrĊrmm ju Mu`csaivmi œm Oua`irmi, pbdtru utmamzirbi mdtb`riaĊ i pctbdŪmiabdbr`btmj jcnud ia FudĊrmm, prbjun œm ju R_ZZ, urjmi œm Oua`irmi pbdtru stufm-brbi pcsmomamtĊŪmacr fb viacrm jirb i nitbrmmacr prmnb bdbr`btmjb bxmstbdtNirbi Dbi`rĊ, fir œm ju ŪĊrmab cjjmfbdtiab äd fcnbdmua jcdstrumrmm fb jbdtriabdujabirb8. Iœifir, mdfbpbdfbdŪi bdbr`btmjĊ, nbdmtĊ i gbrm bjcdcnmi _cnïdmbm fb uj-tuiŪmmab prbŪuaum bdbr`mbm pb pmiŪi ncdfmiaĊ, rbprbzbdti combjtmvua stritb`m

jirb trboumiu sĊ jcdvbir`Ċ tcitb prmdjmpiabab crmbdtĊrm iab bdbr`btmjmm rcnïdbœtmctcfitĊ, äd iocrfirbi prcoabnbm bjcdcnmsmrmm rbsursbacr bdbr`btmjb äd ripcrtju strujturi mdfustrmbm, trboumiu mfbdtm jitb itït scauŪmm fb rbiacjirb i rbsursbacrbdbr`btmjb pbdtru sitmsgijbrbi trboumdŪbacr strujturmm paidm jitb i mdfustrmbm, jïœm mdstrunbdtb fb idiamzĊ, äd vbfbrbi utmamzĊrmm acr ai gudfinbdtirbi udcr fbjmzmm prmvmdf ifiptirbi ai tridsgcrnĊrmab fmd bjcdcnmi ncdfmiaĊ i strujturmm prc-fujŪmbm rcnïdbœtm ipirŪmdïdf bjĊrbm rinurm mdfustrmiab äd pirtb. Äd ijbistĊ crfmdb fb mfbm, ai ijbi vrbnb, ud jcabjtmv fb jbrjbtĊtcrm fmd jifruaMdstmtutuaum fb Bjcdcnmb MdfustrmiaĊ i bxinmdit urnĊtcirbab babnbdtb;- dbjbsmtitbi jrbœtbrmm prcfujŪmbm äd ijbaiœm tmnp ju rbfujbrbi jcdsunuaum fb

rbsursb bdbr`btmjb, tctua ripcrtit ai pcsmomamtĊŪmab bjcdcnmbm diŪmcdiab5- sjhmnoirbi strujturmm prcfujŪmbm rinurmacr mdfustrmiab giŪĊ fb jrbœtbrbi

prcfujŪmbm œm bvcauŪmi jcdsunurmacr bdbr`btmjb spbjm jb äd bvcauŪmi jsunuaum bdbr`btmj tctia5

6 \rc`rinua-fmrbjtmvĊ fb jbrjbtirb ȝm fbzvcatirb äd fcnbdmua bdbr`mbm pb pbrmcifi 9=89-9==< ȝmcrmbdtĊrmab prmdjmpiab pïdĊ äd idua ?<<<, ädJcd`rbsua ia XMM-abi ia \irtmfuaum Jcnudmst _cnïd,9=-?: dcmbnormb 9=0=, Bfmturi \camtmjĊ, Oujurbȝtm, 9=89, p. 07=.

2 Momfbn, pp. 00<-00:.7

Momfbn, pp. 00:-002.0 Momfbn, pp. 002-089.8 Momfbn, p. 08?.

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_BWMZVI FB MZVC_MB I NCAFCWBM

ZVRFMM

- md ubdŪi strujturmm rinurmacr mdfustrmiab isupri jcdsunuaum fmrbjt œm ijbaum junuait fb rbsursb bdbr`btmjb äd jcnpiriŪmb ju iatb ŪĊrm œm bviauirbi ädncf rbia i jcdŪmdutuaum tctia fb rbsursb bdbr`btmjb pbdtru prcfujŪmi fbstm-

ditĊ jbrbrmm diab5- stiomamrbi jcdsunuaum junuait fb bdbr`mb pb prcfus, äd vbfbrbi prcmbjtĊrmmstrujturmm prcfujŪmbm œm i b jmbdŪbm bxpcrtuaum udcr prcfusb mdfustrmibdbr̀ cmdtbdsmvb5

- b jmbdŪi bxpcrtuaum udcr prcfusb bdbr`cmdtbdsmvb œm bxtmdfbrbi idiamzbmbjcdcnmjb prmd auirbi äd jcdsmfbrirb du fcir i jcdsunurmacr fmrbjtb fbrbsursb, jm œm i jbacr mdfmrbjtb, itït ai prcmbjtirbi jït œm, äd spbjmia, ai bxpcrtuaprcfusbacr mdfustrmiab=.

\b pirjursua ädtrb`uaum fbnbrs œtmmdŪm j, ud acj mnpcrtidt a-iu cju-pit prcoabnbab prmvmdf jiajuaua jcdsunuaum junuait fb rbsursb bdbr`btmjb pbprcfus äd tcitb gizbab prcfujŪmbm, prbjun œm jbab prmvmdf rbdtiomamtitbi bxpcrtuaumprcfusbacr mdfustrmiab jirb ädjcrpcriu rbsursb bdbr`btmjb junuaitb äd jidtmtĊŪmnirm. \ïdĊ itudjm, äd jiajuabab fb b jmbdŪĊ bjcdcnmjĊ rbiamzitb äd nikcrmtitbirinurmacr, briu auitb äd jcdsmfbrirb fcir jcdsunurmab bdbr`btmjb fmd uatmnigizĊ i prcfujŪmbm, du œm jbab fmd rinurmab jcdbxb. \bdtru ud idunmt prcfus

dia sb jcdsunĊ rbsursb bdbr`btmjb du fcir äd gizi uatmnĊ fb prcfujŪmb, jm œm ädtcitb rinurmab jirb gurdmzbizĊ prcfusb œm sbnmgiormjitb jĊtrb ijbistĊ prcfujŪmb,prbjun œm äd tcitb rinurmab jirb ab iprcvmzmcdbizĊ, ai rïdfua acr, ju prcfusbœm sbnmgiormjitb btj. Wiacirbi rbsursbacr utmamzitb äd gizbab idtbrmcirb giormjĊrmprcfusbacr ipĊrbi bvmfbdŪmitĊ äd jcsturmab fb prcfujŪmb du ji babnbdt fmstmdjt,jm prmd mdtbrnbfmua nitbrmmacr prmnb, nitbrmiabacr btj. Fb ijbbi, äd bvmfbdŪbabjurbdtb, ai bjirb prcfus jcdsunua bdbr`btmj ipĊrbi nuat fmnmduit jcnpiritmvju smtuiŪmi rbiaĊ. Äd ijbaiœm tmnp, ipĊrbiu œm iatb babnbdtb iab jcstuaum fb prcfujŪmjb ädjcrpcriu c jctĊ rmfmjitĊ i jcstuaum fb bdbr`mb, ädsĊ dbbvmfbdŪmitĊ ji itirb. Rtmamzïdf oiaidŪi ab`Ċturmacr fmdtrb rinurm, s-iu putut fbtbrnmdi itïtjcdsunua fmrbjt, jït œm jcdsunua junuait fb rbsursb bdbr`btmjb pbdtru bjirbudmtitb fb prcfus fbstmdit jcdsunuaum dia. \rmd jiajuairbi jcb jmbdŪmacr jhba-

tumbamacr fb rbsursb bdbr`btmjb fmrbjtb œm junuaitb, jaism jirbi acr äd crfmdbifbsjrbsjĊtcirb i viacrmm œm jcnpirïdf ijbstb fcuĊ jitb`crmm fb jcb jmbdŪm s-iucoŪmdut rbzuatitb surprmdzĊtcirb ‚ fmgbrbdŪbab ädtrb viacrmab jbacr fcuĊ jitb`crmmfb jcdsunurm briu gcirtb rmfmjitb, ripcirtbab fmdtrb bab mdf udbcrm fb 2, 9< siujhmir fb pbstb 9<< fb crm nim nirm. Ifcptïdf riŪmcdinbdtua nbdŪmcdit œm ipamjïdf nbtcfcac`mi fb jiajua aifitbab cgbrmtb fb fmgbrmtb virmidtb iab oiaidŪbacr ab`Ċturmacr fmdtrb rinurm i gcstfbtbrnmditĊ, äd ncf jcdjrbt, pcdfbrbi jcdsunuaum bdbr`btmj fmrbjt, mdfmrbjt œm

=

Jcdsunua junuait fb rbsursb bdbr`btmjb pb prcfus ‚ babnbdt fb idiamzĊ i strujturmm mdfustrmbm(aujrirb pbdtru uz mdtbrd), Jcdsmamua Zuprbn ia FbzvcatĊrmm Bjcdcnmjb ȝm Zcjmiab, Mdstmtutua fbBjcdcnmb MdfustrmiaĊ, Oujurbȝtm, 9=0=, pp. 7<-79.

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Iamdi Mamdji

JCDZMFB_IůMM \_MWMDF J_M[I BDB_@BVMJď FMD _CNÏDMI IDMAC_ ”8<

junuait pbdtru prcfujŪmi diaĊ äd tctiaua rbsursbacr bdbr`btmjb utmamzitb. Jia-juabab iu irĊtit jĊ, äd ripcrt fb jcdsunua fmrbjt fb rbsursb bdbr`btmjb, jba mdfmrbjtivbi ud rca prbpcdfbrbdt, mir ai udbab jitb`crmm fb jcnpcdbdtb iab prcfusuaum

dia ud rca iprcipb bxjausmv. Istgba, äd tctiaua rbsursbacr bdbr`btmjb utmamzitb, prc-fujŪmi fbstmditĊ mdvbstmŪmmacr ivbi ud jcdsun junuait fb ?6,::%, giŪĊ fb <,<6%jcdsun fmrbjt, jbi fbstmditĊ gcdfuaum fb jcdsun fb 6:,7:%, giŪĊ fb =,?8%, mirjbi jirb urni sĊ b bxpcrtitĊ fb ?7,<?% giŪĊ fb 0,:0%. Fmd jiajuab rbzuati jĊ, prmdtrb prcfusbab jirb dbjbsmtiu nirm jcdsunurmbdbr`btmjb junuaitb ai 9.<<< fb abm prcfujŪmb, fbpĊœmdf nbfmi pb ädtrbi`i bjc-dcnmb, sb dunĊriu ädfbcsbom; gcdti, cŪbaua, äd`rĊœĊnmdtbab jhmnmjb, pcambtmabpcamstmrbdua, jmnbdtua, virua, iaunmdmua, hïrtmi btj9<. _bzuatitbab coŪmdutb pb oizi nbtcfcac`mbm cgbrmtb fb oiaidŪi ab`Ċturmacrfmdtrb rinurm, nim iabs jbab rbgbrmtcirb ai bxpcrt, briu igbjtitb fb md ubdŪi fmgb-rmŪmacr gijtcrm, jun briu smstbnua mdtbrd fb prbŪurm, smstbnua fb jiajua prmd gcasmrbi nbfmmacr btj. Babnbdtbab jcrbspudzĊtcirb iab prbŪuaum fb jcst ia prcfusbacrbvmfbdŪmiu dunim jcdsunua fmrbjt fb rbsursb bdbr`btmjb, jcdsunua mdfmrbjt mdfjcdtiomamzit pb prcfusb, fb comjbm prmd mdtbrnbfmua nitbrmmacr prmnb. Jhmir fijĊs-ir ädjbrjit bvmfbdŪmbrbi jcdŪmdutua junuait fb rbsursb bdbr`btmjb pb tcdi fbprcfus, bxprmnïdfu-a viacrmj äd prbŪurm mdtbrdb, tct s-ir bstcnpit bxprbsmvm-titbi idiamzbm, mir jcdjauzmmab prmvmdf b jmbdŪi bxpcrtuaum ir gcst fbgcrnitädtrujït du s-ir ivut äd vbfbrb udbab jirijtbrmstmjm iab smstbnuaum fb rbaiŪmm viac-rmjb, œm idunb;- prbŪurmab mdtbrdb du briu jcrbaitb ju jbab fb pb pmiŪi ncdfmiaĊ5- jirijtbrua fb jmtir ia rbsursbacr bdbr`btmjb du bri bvmfbdŪmit äd su jmbdtĊ

nĊsurĊ prmd smstbnua mdtbrd fb prbŪurm, jirb du rb bjti ädtctfbiudi äd ncfb jmbdt viacirbi fb ädtrboumdŪirb i prcfusbacr.

Rd jiajua jcrbjt fb b jmbdŪĊ bjcdcnmjĊ ir trboumt sĊ mi äd jcdsmfbrirbisbnbdbi ispbjtb. ctcfitĊ, ba trboumi sĊ ŪmdĊ sbini œm fb giptua jĊ, pb fb-cpirtb, ud jcdsun spcrmt fb rbsursb bdbr`btmjb ädsbndi äd rbiamtitb ud mnpcrtnĊrmt fb istgba fb rbsursb, mir, pb fb iatĊ pirtb, prcfusbab rcnïdbœtm pbdtrubxpcrt, äd `bdbria, ädjcrpcriu äd ncf fmrbjt œm mdfmrbjt ud jcdsun nirb fb

bdbr`mb. Zbndm jiŪmi prijtmjĊ pbdtru bjcdcnmi diŪmcdiaĊ i b jmbdŪbm bxpcrtuaudcr prcfusb nirm jcdsunitcirb fb rbsursb bdbr`btmjb ir putut rbzuati ju cnim nirb prbjmzmb fmd bgbjtuirbi udbm idiamzb jcdjrbtb i jcdsunuaum junuaitfb rbsursb bdbr`btmjb pb prcfus, prbjun œm prmd auirbi äd jcdsmfbrirb i prbŪuaumbxmstbdt pb pmiŪi ncdfmiaĊ ai rbsursbab bdbr`btmjb œm ai prcfusbab bxpcrtitb99. \rcoabni jirb sb pudbi pbdtru _cnïdmi, ji œm pbdtru crmjb ŪirĊ mnpcrti-tcirb fb rbsursb bdbr`btmjb, bri ijbbi fb i vbfbi fijĊ prmd bxpcrtua udcr prcfusbbdbr`cmdtbdsmvb ivbi acj c rbjupbrirb mdtb`riaĊ i viacrmm rbsursbacr bdbr`btmjbädjcrpcritb fmrbjt œm mdfmrbjt, prbjun œm i jbacraiatb rbsursb jcdsunitb. \bd-

9< Momfbn, pp. 7?-76.99 Momfbn, pp. 72-7=.

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_BWMZVI FB MZVC_MB I NCAFCWBM

ZVRFMM

tru ijbisti, äd idua 9=07, gusbsbrĊ bgbjtuitb isbnbdbi jiajuab ai jïtbvi prcfusbbdbr̀ cmdtbdsmvb rbprbzbdtitmvb pbdtru mdfustrmi jhmnmjĊ œm i nitbrmiabacr fbjcdstrujŪmm. Rd id nim tïrzmu, jiajuabab iu gcst bxtmdsb ai pbstb 97< fb prcfusb fboizĊ fmd mdfustrmmab nbtiaur`mjĊ œm jcdstrujtcirb fb niœmdm, mdfustrmi abnduaumbtj. Äd ijbst sjcp, pb oizi fitbacr fmd bvmfbdŪbab udcr ädtrbprmdfbrm œm jbdtriab md-fustrmiab, i gcst jiajuait äd ncf junuait, pb ädtrb`ua ux tbhdcac`mj ia giormjĊrmmprcfusbacr (fb ai nitbrmi prmnĊ mdmŪmiaĊ pïdĊ ai prcfusua dmt fbstmdit bxpcr-tuaum) jcdsunua tctia fb jcnoustmoma (gcacsmt äd sjcpurm bdbr`btmjb siu ji nitbrmbprmnĊ) œm fb bdbr`mb babjtrmjĊ, tridsgcrnit äd bjhmviabdt pbtrca siu äd jcnoustmomajcdvbdŪmcdia jirb rbvbdbi ai c udmtitb fb prcfus. Fmd jbrjbtirbi bgbjtuitĊ iurbzuatit jïtbvi jcdjauzmm mnpcrtidtb, jirb trboumiu ivutb äd vbfbrb ai crmbdtirbiäd pbrspbjtmvĊ, itït i prcfujŪmbm, jït œm i bxpcrtuaum;- ai nuatb prcfusb diab, jba nim nirb jcdsun bdbr`btmj sb rbiamzi äd gizbab

prmnirb œm äd jbab mdtbrnbfmirb fb giormjiŪmb5- prmd mdtbrnbfmua udcr prcfusb sb rbiamzi ud bxpcrt mnpcrtidt fb rbsursb

bdbr`btmjb fmd jiuzi jcdsunurmacr scamjmtitb, ju prbjĊfbrb, äd gizbab tbhdc-ac`mjb idtbrmcirb5

- ai udbab prcfusb putbrdmj bdbr`cmdtbdsmvb, ju ud dmvba sjĊzut fb prbaujrirbœm jcnpabxmtitb, `rifua fb ijcpbrmrb i jhbatumbamacr junuaitb fb rbsursbbdbr`btmjb prmd prbŪua ädjisit fmd vïdzirbi ai bxpcrt i prcfusuaum bri gcirtbsjĊzut, mir udbcrm jhmir ai amnmtĊ9?.

\rcvcjirbi jcdsti äd stiomamrbi amnmtbm nmdmnb fb b jmbdŪĊ i prcfujŪmbm œm

bxpcrtuaum, ab`itĊ fb jrbœtbrbi dmvbauaum fb prbaujrirb i prcfusbacr œm fb auirbi ädjiajua i jcdsunuaum junuait ia tuturcr rbsursbacr œm äd spbjmia ia jbacr fb jmtirb.Zb jcdsmfbri jĊ spcrmrbi `rifuaum fb prbaujrirb i prcfusbacr bdbr`cmdtbdsmvb pu-tbi ivbi c md ubdŪĊ givcriomaĊ isupri b jmbdŪbm gcacsmrmm rbsursbacr bdbr`btmjudcsjïdf giptua jĊ, fb rb`uaĊ, äd rinurmab œm äd stifmmab prbaujrĊtcirb, jcdsunuabdbr`btmj bri nuat nim rbfus fbjït äd rinurmab bxtrijtmvĊ œm i prbaujrĊrmacr prm-nirb 9:. Äd idua 9=86, jïdf bjcdcnmmab nikcrmtĊŪmm ŪĊrmacr cjjmfbdtiab ädjbpbiu sĊ-œm rbvmdĊ fupĊ jbab fcuĊ œcjurm iab pbtrcauaum, iu gcst ifcptitb fcuĊ ijtb dcr-nitmvb gcirtb mnpcrtidtb pbdtru bjcdcnmi bdbr`btmjĊ i _cnïdmbm;HctĊrïrbi Nirmm IfudĊrm DiŪmcdiab dr. ? fmd ?6 nirtmb 9=86 rbgbrmtcirb ai prc`rinua prmvmdfänoudĊtĊŪmrbi dmvbauaum tbhdmj œm jiamtitmv ia prcfusbacr, rbfujbrbi jcdsunuaum fbnitbrmm prmnb, fb jcnoustmomam œm bdbr`mb œm viacrm jirbi supbrmcirĊ i nitbrmmacr prmnb œm nitbrmiabacr äd pbrmcifi 9=8:-9=82 œm pïdĊ äd 9==<96 œmAb`bi dr. ?< fmd9: fbjbnormb 9=86 prmvmdf tmpmzirbi œm stidfirfmzirbi prcfusbacr, jcdstrujŪmmacr œm

9? Momfbn, pp. 0<-09.9: Momfbn, p. 0?.96 HctĊrïrbi Nirmm IfudĊrm DiŪmcdiab dr. ? fmd ?6 nirtmb 9=86 rbgbrmtcirb ai prc`rinua prmvmdf

änoudĊtĊŪmrbi dmvbauaum tbhdmj ȝm jiamtitmv ia prcfusbacr, rbfujbrbi jcdsunuaum fb nitbrmm prmnb,fb jcnoustmomam ȝm bdbr`mb ȝm viacrm jirbi supbrmcirĊ i nitbrmmacr prmnb ȝm nitbrmiabacr äd pbrmcifi9=8:-9=82 ȝm pïdĊ äd 9==<, äd —Ouabtmdua C jmia„, dr. ?7/?0 nirtmb 9=86.

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Iamdi Mamdji

JCDZMFB_IůMM \_MWMDF J_M[I BDB_@BVMJď FMD _CNÏDMI IDMAC_ ”8<

tbhdcac`mmacr, dcrnirbi tbhdmjĊ i jcdsunurmacr nitbrmiab œm bdbr`btmjb, rmfmjirbijiamtĊŪmm œm dmvbauaum tbhdmj ia prcfusbacr 92. \rbvbfbrmab ijbstcri nbr`biu nim iabsäd sbdsua rbfujbrmm jcdsunurmacr spbjm jb œm jrbœtbrmm jcnpbtmtmvmtĊŪmm prc

rcnïdbœtm pb pmbŪbab bxtbrdb. \rcjbsbab mdfustrmiab jcdsuniu c pirtb mnpcrtidtĊ fmd bdbr`mi jcnbrjmiaĊai dmvba ncdfmia. Äd spbjmia äd bjcdcnmmab ju paidm jirb jbdtriamzitĊ, prbjunjbab fmd Rdmudbi ZcvmbtmjĊ œm Burcpi _ĊsĊrmtbidĊ, jcti pirtb iacjitĊ mdfustrmbmiprcpmi fb fcuĊ trbmnm fmd tctiaua bdbr`mbm jcdsunitb, prcfujŪmi nitbrmiabacr fboizĊ ‚ äd spbjmia cŪba, iaunmdmu, hïrtmb, prcfusb jhmnmjb œm jmnbdt ‚ ädrb`mstrïdjcdsunurmab jbab nim ädiatb. Kipcdmi i cgbrmt ädtctfbiudi ud ncfba fb b jmbdŪĊ bdbr`btmjĊ äd mdfustrmb,coŪmdïdf rbiamzĊrm nikcrb ädjĊ fb ai ädjbputua idmacr ”0<. Mdtbdsmtitbi bdbr`btmi prcfujŪmbm jhmnmjb œm fb cŪba i sjĊzut ju :8% œm rbspbjtmv 97% fupĊ idua 9=0mir jcdsunua fb bdbr`mb pb udmtitbi fb prcfus s-i rbfus äd tcitb rinurmab mdfus-trmiab fupĊ idua 9=0=. Äd Ztitbab Rdmtb, jcdsunua tctia fb bdbr`mb äd mdfustrmbs-i rbfus ju 7% äd pbrmcifi 9=0:-9=8?, jba nim putbrdmj gijtcr stmnuaitmv rbprb-zbdtïdfu-a prbŪurmab spcrmtb ai bdbr`mb, prmdjmpiabab nĊsurm auitb äd vbfbrbi rbfujbrmm jcdsunurmacr bdbr`btmjb mdf fb diturĊ mdtbrdĊ, gĊrĊ i dbjbsmti mdvbstmsuostidŪmiab fb jipmtia97. Mdfustrmi smfbrur`mjĊ bxbnpam ji jba nim omdb prc`rbsbab rbiamzitb pb paidncdfmia, ji œm pctbdŪmiaua ädjĊ bxmstbdt ai nmkacjua idmacr ”8<. \rcfujŪmi fb cŪivbi itït ud jcdsun nirb fb bdbr`mb, jït œm prcpcrŪmm nismvb, ju ud tctia iduiafb jmrji 0<< nmamcidb tcdb. \rcjbsua tbhdcac`mj jcdsuni 92% fmd bdbr`mi tctiaĊgcacsmtĊ äd Kipcdmi œm R_ZZ œm pbstb =% fmd tctiaua bdbr`mbm utmamzitb äd \b idsinoau, prcfujŪmi fb cŪba ioscrobi jmrji 7% fmd jcdsunua jcnbrjmia fbbdbr`mb pb paid ncdfmia. Äd fbjbdmua dcuĊ ia sbjcauaum trbjut, pitru jmdjmnm fmd cŪbaua prcfus äd aunbsb giormji äd 92 ŪĊrm, iprcipb fcuĊ trbmnm fmd tctiaua prcfujŪmbm mdf fbŪmdutJhmdi, Kipcdmi, R_ZZ, ZRI œm @brnidmi GbfbriaĊ. Mtiami œm Zpidmi sb i iu pb prmnbab acjurm iab b jmbdŪbm bdbr`btmjb ädfujŪmi fb cŪba, fbcirbjb ijbstb ŪĊrm rbjmjaiu nim nuat br vbjhm. Bab prcfujbiu

cŪba gcacsmdf juptcirb babjtrmjb ju irj, dunmtb œm gurdiab fb rbjmjairb, jirb utmamziu9<<% br vbjhm. _bjmjairbi ab fĊfbi pcsmomamtitbi prcfujĊtcrmacr sĊ bjcdcnm-sbisjĊ pïdĊ ai fcuĊ trbmnm fmd bdbr`mi dbjbsirĊ pbdtru prcfujbrbi cŪbauaum fmdnmdbrbu. Ijbstb fcuĊ ŪĊrm fitcriu dmvbaua ädiat fb rbjmjairb mnpcrturmacr fb br vbjhm fmd ZRI, _G@ œm iatb ŪĊrm.

92 Ab`bi dr. ?< fmd 9: fbjbnormb 9=86 prmvmdf tmpmzirbi ȝm stidfirfmzirbi prcfusbacr, jcdstrujŪmmacr ȝmtbhdcac`mmacr, dcrnirbi tbhdmjĊ i jcdsunurmacr nitbrmiab ȝm bdbr`btmjb, rmfmjirbi jiamtĊŪmm ȝm dmvbau-aum tbhdmj ia prcfusbacr , äd —Ouabtmdua C jmia„, dr. =9/?9 fbjbnormb 9=86.

97

Pmaamin R. Jhidfabr,Jrbȝtbrbi b jmbdŪbm bdbr`btmjb, äd Abstbr Orcwd, Pmaamin R. Jhidfabr,Jhrmstcphbr Gaivmd, Jydthmi \caacje, Zidfri \cstba, Bfwirf Pcag,\rcoabnb `acoiab iab cnbdmrmm,Bfmturi bhdmjĊ, Oujurbȝtm, 9=88, p. 9:2.

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_BWMZVI FB MZVC_MB I NCAFCWBM

ZVRFMM

Zmfbrur`mi fmd R_ZZ rbjmjai jidtmtĊŪm nmjm fb cŪba œm sb oizi, äd jbi nim nirbpirtb, pb juptcirb mdb jmbdtb, fb tmp Zmbnbds-Nirtmd. Fbœm fmspĊrusbrĊ iprcipbtctia fmd Burcpi CjjmfbdtiaĊ, juptcirbab fb tmp Zmbnbds-Nirtmd ism`uriu ädjĊ22-7<% fmd prcfujŪmi fb cŪba äd Burcpi _ĊsĊrmtbidĊ œm äd Rdmudbi Zcvmbtmjudfb juptcirbab babjtrmjb ju irj prcfujbiu nim puŪmd fb 9:% fmd tctia. Jhmdiœm Mdfmi gcacsbiu, fb isbnbdbi, äd prmdjmpia juptcirb fb tmp Zmbnbds-Nirtmd œm viacrm jiu äd nmjĊ nĊsurĊ pcsmomamtĊŪmab fb rbjupbrirb i jĊafurmm90. Jcdsbrvirbi bdbr`mbm äd mdfustrmi smfbrur`mjĊ fbpmdfbi fb rmtnua jrbœtbrmmjbrbrmm ai cŪba, prbjun œm fb dmvbaua prbŪurmacr ai bdbr`mb. Äd nĊsuri äd jirb bvcauprbŪurmacr ai bdbr`mb i itris itbdŪmi isupri giptuaum jĊ bdbr`mi bri prbŪmcisĊ œm jcstmsmtcirb, ŪĊrmab ju bjcdcnmb fb pmiŪĊ iu rbjurs ai nĊsurm fb jcdsbrvirb. bcrbtmj,ŪĊrmab ju paidm jirb jbdtriamzitĊ putbiu mnpudb rbaitmv smnpau c änoudĊtĊŪmrb b jmbdŪbm bdbr`btmjb pïdĊ ai crmjb dmvba fcrmt. Ztufmmab bgbjtuitb isupri ijbstcr

bjcdcnmm iu irĊtit, ädsĊ, jĊ smstbnbab bjcdcnmjb du gudjŪmcdiu jhmir itït fbsmnpau œm jĊ prcjbfurmab jcnpabxb fb mdfmjitcrm œm iacjĊrm fb nmkacijb putbiu,ifbsbi, fbkuji jbab nim oudb mdtbdŪmm98. Ai baiocrirbi cŪbauaum babjtrmj ju irj, prmdjmpiamm gijtcrm jirb fbtbrnmdiujcdsunurmab bdbr`btmjb briu urnĊtcrmm;- jiamtitbi œm prb`Ċtmrbi bruaum vbjhm5- putbrbi fmspcdmomaĊ i tridsgcrnitcirbacr œm bjhmpinbdtbacr babjtrmjb iab

juptcirbacr5- jcdsunurmab bdbr`btmjb iab mdstiaiŪmmacr iuxmamirb5- cr`idmzirbi bxpacitĊrmm bdbr`btmjb9=. \cdfbrbi cŪbauaum baiocrit äd juptcirb babjtrmjb, äd idua 9=87, i gcst fb9.=:9 nmm tcdb, rbprbzbdtïdf jmrji 92% fmd prcfujŪmi tctiaĊ fb cŪba i _cnïdmbmäd ijba id. Jcdsunua fb babjtrmjmtitb pbdtru baiocrirbi cŪbauaum babjtrmj i ivut cpcdfbrb fb 92,2% fmd jcdsunua tctia fb babjtrmjmtitb , mir ai jcnoustmoma <,2%fmd jcdsunua rbiamzit ai dmvbaua Nmdmstbruaum Mdfustrmbm Nbtiaur`mjb?<. ct äd ijbaiœm id, cŪbaua baiocrit äd jcdvbrtmzcirb ju cxm`bd, nirjĊ fb cŪbajirb dbjbsmti jba nim rbfus jcdsun fb bdbr`mb, fbŪmdbi pcdfbrbi prmdjmpiaĊäd prcfujŪmi fb cŪba i _cnïdmbm, jmrji 2:% fmd prcfujŪmi tctiaĊ fb cŪba mdfcoŪmdutĊ äd istgba fb cŪbaĊrmm?9.

Äd jifrua prcfujŪmbm fb cŪba rcnïdbsj, pcdfbrbi cŪbauaum Zmbnbds-Nirtmdcjupi ud acj mnpcrtidt, rbprbzbdtïdf jmrji :?% fmd prcfujŪmi tctiaĊ ai dmvbauaiduaum 9=87, äd jcdfmŪmmab äd jirb, äd ijbaiœm id, pcdfbrbi cŪbauaum Zmbnbds-Nirtmd i rbprbzbdtit jmrji ?9% fmd tctiaua prcfujŪmbm ncdfmiab fb cŪba??.

90 Momfbn, pp. 9:7-9:8.98 Momfbn, p. 9:8.9= Ztufmu tbhdmjc-bjcdcnmj prmvmdf rbfujbrbi jcdsunurmacr fb bdbr`mb babjtrmjĊ ȝm jcnoustmoma äd udm-

tĊŪmab i itb äd suocrfmdbi Nmdmstbruaum Mdfustrmbm Nbtiaur`mjb (aujrirb pbdtru uz mdtbrd), Nmdmstb-rua Mdfustrmbm Nbtiaur`mjb, Oujurbȝtm, 9=80, p. 99:.

?<

Momfbn, p. 996.?9 Momfbn, p. 997.?? Momfbn, p. 9:9.

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Iamdi Mamdji

JCDZMFB_IůMM \_MWMDF J_M[I BDB_@BVMJď FMD _CNÏDMI IDMAC_ ”8<

Rrnirbi udcr idiamzb jcnpiritmvb fb fbtiamu prmvmdf b jmbdŪi bjcdcnmjĊ ijcdsunurmacr bdbr`btmjb, i rbzuatit dbjbsmtitbi ädacjumrmm äd mdfustrmi nbtiaur`mjĊrcnïdbisjĊ i prcjbfbuaum fb baiocrirb i cŪbauaum äd juptcirb Zmbnbds-Nirtmd juprcjbfbb fb baiocrirb äd juptcirb babjtrmjb ju irj siu äd jcdvbrtmzcirb ju mdsu-

irb fb cxm`bd, mnpudïdfu-sb istgba tridsgcrnirbi cŪbaĊrmmacr Zmbnbds-Nirtmd,ju urnĊtcirbab pbrmcifb fb ädjbpbrb i aujrĊrmacr;- ai Jcnomditua Zmfbrur`mj Hudbfciri; cŪbaĊrmi Nirtmd dr. 9 ‚ trmnbstrua MMM

ia iduaum 9=8=, cŪbaĊrmi Nirtmd dr. ? ‚ trmnbstrua MMM ia iduaum 9==<5- Jcnomditua Zmfbrur`mj _bœmŪi; cŪbaĊrmi juptcruaum fb ?2< tcdb ‚ trmnbstrua

MW ia iduaum 9=88. I`rb`itbab prcfujĊtcirb iab dcmacr cŪbaĊrmm, rbspbjtmv juptcirbab babjtrmjbju irj œm jcdvbrtmzcirbab ju mdsu irb fb cxm`bd, ivbiu sĊ b supbrmcirb juptcirb-acr œm jcdvbrtmzcirbacr bxmstbdtb, mdf jcdjbputb ai dmvbaua tbhdmjmm ncdfmiabfcnbdmu, fmdtrb jirijtbrmstmjm nbdŪmcdïdf;- ai juptcirbab babjtrmjb; nĊrmrbi putbrmm spbjm jb pïdĊ ai 8<<-9.<<< eWI/tcdĊ

jipijmtitb prmd fctirbi ju tridsgcrnitcirb fb nirb putbrb, änoudĊtĊŪmrbirb`mnuaum fb bxpacitirb ia zmfĊrmbm prmd utmamzirbi pidcurmacr rĊjmtb ju iai ocatĊ œm juvĊ, prbjun œm jcdfujbrbi œirkbm prmd jiajuaitcirb fb prcjbs5

- ai jcdvbrtmzcirbab ju mdsu irb fb cxm`bd; mdtrcfujbrbi mdsu Ċrmm jcnomditbi cxm`bduaum prmd aidjb œm pb ai pirtbi mdgbrmcirĊ, utmamzirbi aĊdjmm fb mairb ju pcst-jcnoustmb pbrnmŪïdf istgba c rbfujbrb i jcdsunuaum spbjm jfb gcdtĊ amjhmfĊ, prbjun œm jcdfujbrbi œirkbm prmd jiajuaitcr fb prcjbs?: .

Iprbjmbrbi ridfinbdtuaum äd mdfustrmi jbauaczbm œm hïrtmbm, i prcfusbacr jhmnmjbœm i jmnbdtuaum bstb nim fm jmaĊ, fbcirbjb ijbstb rinurm juprmdf c fmvbrsmtitb nimnirb fb prcfusb œm prcjbfbb. Zudt fcuĊ tbhdcac`mm jirb maustrbizĊ pcsmomamtĊŪmjcnudb fb bjcdcnmsmrb i bdbr`mbm; ncfbrdmzirbi nctcirbacr babjtrmjb œm pbr-gbjŪmcdirbi rbjupbrĊrmm fb jĊafurĊ, mdjausmv änoudĊtĊŪmrbi mzcaĊrmacr œm pfb iour mdfustrmia prmd utmamzirbi jĊafurmm rbjupbritb. Zprb bxbnpau, jmnbdtua, jiprcfus mdtbrnbfmir pbdtru giormjirbi obtcduaum, bstb nitbrmiaua fb jcdstrujŪmbjba nim air` gcacsmt pb paid ncdfmia. \rcfujbrbi aum dbjbsmtĊ c jidtmtitb nirb fbbdbr`mb pbdtru ädjĊazmrb œm jcdjisirb, fir sb pct coŪmdb bjcdcnmm mnpcrtidtb fbbdbr`mb prmd jcdjisirbi œm cnc`bdmzirbi smamjiŪmacr, nirdbm œm iaunditbacr prmdtr-ud prcjbfbu usjit, mir du äd œain. Wbjhmua prcjbs unbf jcdsuni pbstb 0,7 @K/tcdĊ, mir trbjbrbi ai prcjbsua usjit rbiamzi c bjcdcnmb fb iprcipb c pĊtrmnb fmdijbst jcdsun. Jcdsunua fb bdbr`mb putbi änoudĊtĊŪmt itït ai prcjbfbua unbf,jït œm ai jba usjit prmd prbädjĊazmrbi juptcirbacr ju ikutcrua jĊafurmm rbjupbritb.Ztitbab vbst-burcpbdb jcnomdiu prcjbsua usjit ju fmspczmtmvb fb rbjupbrirb ijĊafurmm œm jcdsuniu, äd jcdsbjmdŪĊ, ju ?2 % nim puŪmdĊ bdbr`mb fbjït ZtitbaRdmtb?6. \rcfujŪmi rcnïdbisjĊ fb jmnbdt sb rbiamzi äd prcpcrŪmb fb 82% pbprcjbfbua usjit fb giormjiŪmb, ivïdf ud jcdsun bdbr`btmj nim sjĊzut ju jmrji

?: Momfbn, pp. 9:6-9:7.?6 Pmaamin R. Jhidfabr,cp. jmt., pp. 96<-969.

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_BWMZVI FB MZVC_MB I NCAFCWBM

ZVRFMM

:2% giŪĊ fb prcjbfbua unbf nbdŪmdut äd gudjŪmcdirb pbdtru rbiamzirbi udcr scr-turm äd acturm nmjm œm fb jiamtitb spbjmiaĊ (hmfrctbhdmjb ju iajiamm rbfusb, scdfbxpidsmv pbdtru scdfb fb `izb btj.). Äd idua 9=87, i gcst pusĊ äd gudjŪmudb ai

Jcnomditua fb AmidŪm œm Izocjmnbdt Nbf`mfmi c amdmb fb jmnbdt pb prcjbfbuusjit ju prbjiajmdirb fb jcdjbpŪmb rcnïdbisjĊ, fbstmditĊ äd spbjmia bxpcrtuaumfb amdmm tbhdcac`mjb, gĊrĊ i sb nim ipbai ai mnpcrturm. Äd paus, ijbistĊ amdmb ivjcdsunurm spbjm jb fb jcnoustmomam œm rbgrijtirb nim sjĊzutb ju jmrji 9,2% fbjïtamdmmab jaismjb. JipijmtĊŪmab udmtirb iab amdmmacr fb jmnbdt nbdŪmdutb äd gudjŪmudb, prbjuœm jcdsunurmab bdbr`btmjb spbjm jb rbiamzitb pb inobab prcjbfbb briu fb dmvbajcnpirioma ju jbbi jb sb coŪmdbi pb paid ncdfmia äd ŪĊrmab ju c prcfujŪmb nirbfb jmnbdt, `bd R_ZZ, ZRI, @brnidmi GbfbriaĊ, Kipcdmi siu Zpidmi?2. C itbdŪmb ipirtb nbrmtĊ smtuiŪmi ädrb`mstritĊ äd jbdtriabab fmd jifrua Nmdms-tbruaum Bdbr`mbm Babjtrmjb. Istgba, ai prcfujbrbi bdbr`mbm babjtrmjb œm tbrnmjb jbdtriabab pb jĊroudb s-iu ädrb`mstrit fbpĊœmrm mnpcrtidtb iab jcdsunurmacrspbjm jb giŪĊ fb viacrmab fb prcmbjt ai `rupurmab fb jcdfbdsiŪmb fb ::< NP pbam`dmt (62<,= `jj/ePh œm 9<,0% jcdsun prcprmu tbhdcac`mj rbiamzit äd idua 9=87giŪĊ fb ::7 ̀ jj/ePh œm 8,9% jcdsunurm spbjm jb fb prcmbjt) œm ai jbab fb 9<<-?<<NP pb am`dmt (2?: `jj/ePh œm 9?,6% jcdsun prcprmu tbhdcac`mj rbiamzit äd idua9=87 giŪĊ fb :79 `jj/ePh œm 8,7% jcdsunurm spbjm jb fb prcmbjt). \b idsinoauajbdtriabacr pb jĊroudb, dcrnbab iu gcst fbpĊœmtb ju 67,8 `jj/ePh ai prcfujbrbibdbr`mbm babjtrmjb äd rb`mn fb jcdfbdsiŪmb œm ju 9,? ePh/9<< ePh prcfus aijcdsunua prcprmu tbhdcac`mj?7. Jcdsunurmab spbjm jb fb jcnoustmoma œm jcdsunurmab prcprmm tbhdcac`mjbfb bdbr`mb babjtrmjĊ pbdtru prcfujbrbi bdbr`mbm babjtrmjb briu nim rmfmjitb äd_cnïdmi fbjït äd @brnidmi FbncjritĊ, R_ZZ siu Oua`irmi, fmd jiuzi jiamtĊŪmmmdgbrmcirb i jcnoustmomauaum utmamzit œm i iomamtĊŪmm sjĊzutb i bjhmpinbdtbjausmv i turocpcnpbacr fb iamnbdtirb. Ai tridspcrtua œm fmstrmouŪmi bdbr`mbm babjtrmjb s-i ädrb`mstrit, äd ijbaiœm iud jcdsun prcprmu tbhdcac`mj fb 2,<92 ePh/9<< ePh giŪĊ fb 2 ePh/9<< ePhdcrni fb paid, fbpĊœmrbi fb <,<92 ePh/9<< ePh mdf jiuzitĊ fb gudjŪmcdirbi

äd mdsuaĊ i udcr zcdb fmd smstbn iamnbdtitb fmd smstbnbab vbjmdb, jirb iu äd-rĊutĊŪmt jmrjuaiŪmmab fb putbrm äd Zmstbnua Bdbr`btmj DiŪmcdia?0. Ju tcitb ädjbrjĊrmab fb jrbœtbrb i b jmbdŪbm bdbr`btmjb äd bjcdcnmircnïdbisjĊ, ai nmkacjua idmacr ”8< im sbjcauaum trbjut, smtuiŪmi `bdbriaĊ du pĊrbi

?2 Ztufmu tbhdmjc-bjcdcnmj prmvmdf rbfujbrbi jcdsunurmacr fb bdbr`mb babjtrmjĊ ȝm jcnoustmoma äd udm-tĊŪmab i itb äd suocrfmdbi Nmdmstbruaum MdfustrmiamzĊrmm Abnduaum ȝm Nitbrmiabacr fb JcdstrujŪmm(aujrirb pbdtru uz mdtbrd), Nmdmstbruaum MdfustrmiamzĊrmm Abnduaum ȝm Nitbrmiabacr fb JcdstrujŪmOujurbȝtm, 9=80, pp. ?7-?8.

?7 Ztufmu tbhdmjc-bjcdcnmj prmvmdf rbfujbrbi jcdsunurmacr fb bdbr`mb babjtrmjĊ ȝm jcnoustmoma äd udm-

tĊŪmab i itb äd suocrfmdbi Nmdmstbruaum Bdbr`mbm Babjtrmjb (aujrirb pbdtru uz mdtbrd), NmdmstbruaBdbr`mbm Babjtrmjb, Oujurbȝtm, 9=80, pp. 60-2?.?0 Momfbn, p. 20.

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Iamdi Mamdji

JCDZMFB_IůMM \_MWMDF J_M[I BDB_@BVMJď FMD _CNÏDMI IDMAC_ ”8<

sĊ judcisjĊ änoudĊtĊŪmrm, nĊsurmab ab`msaitmvb bvcauïdf äd jcdsbjmdŪĊ. Ai dmnijrcbjcdcnmj s-i ijŪmcdit äd fmrbjŪmi udbm bxjbsmvb jbdtriamzĊrm, prmd äd mdŪirJcdsmamuaum fb jccrfcdirb i ijtmvmtĊŪmm fmd rinurmab nmdb, pbtrca, `bcac`mb, bdbr`mb

babjtrmjĊ œm tbrnmjĊ, i it äd suocrfmdbi Jcdsmamuaum fb Nmdmœtrm œm —ivïdf sirjmdfb i ism`uri jccrfcdirbi, ai dmvbaua ädtrb`mm bjcdcnmm, i ijtmvmtĊŪmm fb prcfujŪmfmd rinurmab nmdb, pbtrca, `bcac`mb, bdbr`mb babjtrmjĊ œm tbrnmjĊ, fb i scauŪmcpbritmv prcoabnbab jcnpabxb jirb ipir äd fcnbdmmab siab fb ijtmvmtitb, prbjunœm i `cspcfĊrmrmm riŪmcdiab i rbsursbacr bdbr`btmjb„?8. Äd prmvmdŪi nĊsurmacr ab`ms-aitmvb rbgbrmtcirb ai jcdsunitcrmm jisdmjm, sb rbnirjĊ coam`itmvmtitbi ädtcjnmrmudcr prc`rinb prmvmdf fmstrmoumrbi bdbr`mbm tbrnmjb pb pbrmcifi fb mirdĊ, prb-jun œm i ipbm jiafb nbdikbrb pb pbrmcifi fb virĊ, prbvbfbrb jirb pcitb rb`ĊsmtĊäd fbjrbtb iab Jcdsmamuaum fb Ztit bnmsb äd pbrmcifi cjtcnormb 9=88-dcmbnormb

9=8=?=

. ÄdjĊ fmd i fcui kunĊtitb i jbaum fb-ia cptuabi fbjbdmu, sb jcdstitisb jĊbvcauŪmi putbrmm mdstiaitb äd jbdtriabab babjtrmjb du putbi Ūmdb pisua ju fbzvcatirjcd sunuaum fb babjtrmjmtitb. Ädjbpïdf ju idmm 9=00-9=08, fupĊ pudbrbi ädgudjŪmudb i prmnbacr `rupurm fb ::< NP ai jbdtriabab _cvmdirm œm urjbdm, iuipĊrut œm fm juatĊŪmab äd sitmsgijbrbi jbrbrmacr fb jcdsun fb bdbr`mb babjtrmjĊ:<.CfitĊ ju jrbœtbrbi putbrmm mdstiaitb äd jbdtriabab tbrncbabjtrmjb, prcfujŪmi ijbs-tcri i fbvbdmt tct nim fbpbdfbdtĊ fb jĊroudbab œm hmfrcjirourmab fmd mnpcrt.Ampsi nmkacijbacr viautirb pbdtru mnpcrtua jcnoustmomamacr i jcdfus ai jrbœtbrbi

fm juatĊŪmacr ipĊrutb äd sitmsgijbrbi jbrbrmacr fb jcdsun fb babjtrmjmtitb œmai rbstrmjŪmm äd iamnbdtirbi ju jĊafurĊ i acjumdŪbacr juprmdsb äd smstbnua ftbrnc jirb :9. ctcfitĊ, pbdtru nbdŪmdbrbi gudjŪmcdĊrmm Zmstbnuaum Bdbr`btmj DiŪmcd(ZBD) äd piriaba ju Zmstbnua Bdbr`btmj Mdtbrjcdbjtit iab ŪĊrmacr nbnorb JIB_(ZBM) i gcst dbjbsirĊ sjĊfbrbi jcdsunuaum fb babjtrmjmtitb prmd amnmtĊrm prc-

?8 Fbjrbtua Jcdsmamuaum fb Ztit dr. 79 fmd 7 nirtmb 9=80 prmvmdf äd mdŪirbi, cr`idmzirbi ȝm gudjŪmcdi-rbi Jcdsmamuaum fb jccrfcdirb i ijtmvmtĊŪmm fmd rinurmab nmdb, pbtrca, `bcac`mb, bdbr`mb babjtrmjĊ ȝm

tbrnmjĊ, äd —Ouabtmdua C jmia„, dr. 8/0 nirtmb 9=80.?= I sb vbfbi, äd ijbst sbds,Fbjrbtua Jcdsmamuaum fb Ztit dr. :92 fmd 9: cjtcnormb 9=88 prmvmdf ism- `urirbi prcfujŪmbm fb bdbr`mb, gcacsmrbi riŪmcdiaĊ i bdbr̀ mbm babjtrmjb, tbrnmjb ȝm i `izbacr dituriabȝm rb`mnua fb aujru ia udmtĊŪmacr bjcdcnmjb ȝm scjmiab pb pbrmcifi fb mirdĊ 9=88-9=8=, äd —OuabtmduaC jmia„, dr. 26/96 cjtcnormb 9=885Fbjrbtua Jcdsmamuaum fb Ztit dr. 998 fmd ?= iprmamb 9=8= prmvmdfism`urirbi prcfujŪmbm fb bdbr`mb, gcacsmrbi riŪmcdiaĊ i bdbr`mbm babjtrmjb ȝm tbrnmjb pb pbrmcifi fbvirĊ 9=8=, äd —Ouabtmdua C jmia„, dr. 90/: nim 9=8= ȝmFbjrbtua Jcdsmamuaum fb Ztit dr. ?2= fmd ?<cjtcnormb 9=8= prmvmdf ism`urirbi prcfujŪmbm fb bdbr`mb, gcacsmrbi riŪmcdiaĊ i bdbr`mbm babjtrmjb,tbrnmjb ȝm i `izbacr dituriab ȝm rb`mnua fb aujru ba udmtĊŪmacr bjcdcnmjb ȝm scjmiab pb pbrmcifi fbmirdĊ 9=8=-9==<, äd —Ouabtmdua C jmia„, dr. :7/7 dcmbnormb 9=8=.

:< @hbcr`hb Orcȝtbidu, IfbvĊrua fbsprb udbab nĊsurm bxtrbnb äd bdbr`btmji idmacr ”0<-”8< ȝm mnpam-

jiŪmmab acr äd ijtmvmtitbi jcdsunitcrmacr ȝm gurdmzcrmacr fb bdbr`mb babjtrmjĊ, äd —\rcfujbrbi, trid-spcrtua ȝm fmstrmouŪmi bdbr`mbm babjtrmjb ȝm tbrnmjb„, dr. 9/9==9, pp. 9?-9:.:9 Momfbn, p. 96.

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_BWMZVI FB MZVC_MB I NCAFCWBM

ZVRFMM

`rinitb œm ädtrbrupbrm fb jcdsun, äd sjcpua bjhmamorĊrmm oiaidŪbm fb putbrb aigrbjvbdŪi ZBM:? . Ai tcitb ijbstbi s-i ifĊu`it, äd idua 9=89, rbguzua jcdfujbrmm Nmdmstbruaum

Bdbr`mbm Babjtrmjb fb i iprcoi\aidua fb nĊsurm pbdtru bjhmamorirbi oiaidŪbm fb putbrb äd ZBD ai grbjvbdŪi dcrniaĊ fb 2< Hz , prmd jirb sb prcpudbi amnmtirbijcdsunuaum mdfustrmia, pbdtru jrbirbi jcdfmŪmmacr fb gudjŪmcdirb äd piriaba juZBM. \b jiab fb jcdsbjmdŪĊ, äd zmui fb : gboruirmb 9=89, ai mdmŪmitmvi pĊrŪmm rci gcst ädtrbruptĊ gudjŪmcdirbi ZBD äd piriaba ju ZBM. Isupri ijbstbm fbjmzmm s-irbvbdmt iomi ai 9: nirtmb 9==<, jïdf s-i trbjut ai gudjŪmcdirbi ZBD äd piriaba juZBM, äd pbrmcifi : gboruirmb 9=89-9: nirtmb 9==<, ZBD gudjŪmcdïdf äd rb`mn fbivirmb:: . Fb-i aud`ua pbrmcifbm fb gudjŪmcdirb mzcaitĊ, bjhmamorirbi oiaidŪbm bdbr-`btmjb s-i gĊjut prmd rbfujbrmab fb putbrb ai jcdsunitcrmm rctitmvm, coŪmdutb prmdsjĊfbrbi grbjvbdŪbm suo amnmtbab jcdsmfbritb äd amtbrituri fb spbjmiamtitb ji mdfifnmsmomab pbdtru c gudjŪmcdirb fb furitĊ œm prmd amnmtirbi jcdsunuaum siu jhmirädtrbrupbrbi iamnbdtĊrmm udcr jcdsunitcrm:6. Äd ijbstb jcdfmŪmm, ai 90 cjtcnormb 9=82, i gcst bnmsFbjrbtua \rbzmfbdŪmia dr.?<8 prmvmdf mdstmtumrbi stĊrmm fb dbjbsmtitb œm i rb`mnuaum nmamtirmzit äd udmtĊŪmab fZmstbnua Bdbr`btmj DiŪmcdia . Frbpt urnirb, äd jcdfujbrmab nirmacr tbrncjbdtriabpb jĊroudb fb ai _cvmdirm, urjbdm, MœiadmŪi, Nmdtmi, \ircœbdm œm Fcmjbœtm, prbœm äd jcdfujbrmab FBD, JM\BB œm JM_B, i gcst dunmt jïtb ud jcnidfidt nmamtir,ivïdf äd suocrfmdb ud dunĊr virmioma fb c Ūbrm:2, jirb ädsĊ du ivbiu prb`ĊtmrbitbhdmjĊ fb spbjmiamtitb dbjbsirĊ. _bzunïdf, jiuzbab jrmzbm bdbr`btmjb ju jirb s-i jcdgrudtit _cnïdmi äd idmm”8< iu gcst urnĊtcirbab;- \rc`dczi udbm jrbœtbrm dbrbiamstb i bxtrijŪmbm fb am`dmt, jirb trboumi sĊ ikud`Ċ

ai 9<< nmamcidb tcdb äd idua 9==<. Ju nirm bgcrturm, äd idua 9=8=, i gcst rbi-amzitĊ c prcfujŪmb fb 2: nmamcidb tcdb, ifmjĊ puŪmd nim nuat fb kunĊtitbfmd jidtmtitbi prbvĊzutĊ.

- Fbjamdua prcdudŪit, äd uatmnmm idm im fbjbdmuaum dcuĊ im sbjcauaum trbjut, prcfujŪmbm mdtbrdb fb ŪmŪbm œm `izb dituriab:7, gipt jb i fbtbrnmdit amnmtirbijidtmtĊŪmacr iacjitb bdbr`mbm babjtrmjb.

- Ädtïrzmbrbi rbiamzĊrmm prc`rinuaum dujabir. Fbœm, äd gboruirmb 9=82, sprbbxbnpau, jbdtriai fb ai JbrdivcfĊ ir trboumt sĊ b äd stifmua fb ncdtik ia

:? Momfbn, pp. 96-92.:: Momfbn, p. 92.:6 Momfbn, p. 97.:2 Fbjrbtua \rbzmfbdŪmia dr. ?<8 fmd 90 cjtcnormb 9=82 prmvmdf mdstmtumrbi stĊrmm fb dbjbsmtitb ȝm i

rb`mnuaum nmamtirmzit äd udmtĊŪmab fmd Zmstbnua bdbr`btmj diŪmcdia , äd —Ouabtmdua C jmia„, dr. 2</98cjtcnormb 9=82.

:7 \rcfujŪmi fb pbtrca i sjĊzut fb ai id ai id, fmd jiuzi tbhdcac`mmacr amnmtitb pbdtru gcrĊrm ai

ifïdjmnm nmjm ȝm nbfmm, mir gcrŪirbi prcfujŪmbm fb `izb dituriab i fus ai sjĊfbrbi rbzbrvbacrjudcsjutb suo amnmtbab dcrniab (\camtmjm bdbr`btmjb iab _cnïdmbm ‚ 9==:. Ztufmu `bdbria , I`bdŪmiMdtbrdiŪmcdiaĊ fb Bdbr`mb, CJFB, \irms, 9==6, p. 89).

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==

Iamdi Mamdji

JCDZMFB_IůMM \_MWMDF J_M[I BDB_@BVMJď FMD _CNÏDMI IDMAC_ ”8<

bjhmpinbdtbacr prmdjmpiab, rbspbjtmv ia jiaidfrmbm, `bdbritcrmacr fb iour œmi pcnpbacr prmdjmpiab fb jmrjuaiŪmb i i`bdtuaum prmnir, stifmua rbia bri ijbaiia rmfmjĊrmm idvbacpbm œm ädjbpbrbi `amsĊrmm mdtbrmcirbacr, ädtïrzmbr

iprbjmitb ai ?<-?6 fb audm. Ampsi udum cr`idmsn jbdtria jirb sĊ jccrfcdbzb jmrjuaiŪmi mdgcrniŪmmacr ädjifrua gijtcrmacr mnpamjiŪm i fus ai gcacsmrbi ijbstcri dunim ji ituurm äd rbzcavirbiudcr fmsputb ipĊrutb ädtrb Jcnmtbtua fb Ztit pbdtru Bdbr`mb DujabirĊ, äd jiamtitbfb jccrfcditcr ia prc`rinuaum dujabir, œm Nmdmstbrua Mdfustrmbm Jcdstrujtcirbfb Niœmdm, äd jiamtitb fb bxbjutidt fb bjhmpinbdtb. Ncdcpcamzirbi mdgcrniŪmmacrfb jĊtrb ädtrbprmdfbrmab jccrfcditb fb Jcnmtbtua fb Ztit pbdtru Bdbr`mb DujabirĊi fus ai tbr`mvbrsirbi udcr fbjmzmm, prbjun œm ai mdhmoirbi vcmdŪbm NmdmstbruMdfustrmbm Jcdstrujtcirb fb Niœmdm fb i trbjb ai bxbjuŪmi bjhmpinbdtbacrpbdtru JDB JbrdivcfĊ:0. Ijbsti i gcst udua fmd nctmvbab pbdtru jirb ncdtirbijidiabacr fb jcnoustmoma ai Rdmtitbi dr. 9 s-i rbiamzit iomi äd prmnĊviri iduaum9=8=, ai dbab ijbaumiœm id stifmua rbiamzĊrmm mdvbstmŪmbm ai Rdmtitbi dr. 9fcir 62 %:8.- Jiamtitbi mdgbrmcirĊ i jcnoustmomamacr utmamziŪm, am`dmtua œm humai ivï

tbrb jiacrmjĊ mdgbrmcirĊ jbrmdŪbacr tbhdmjb iab jbdtriabacr, jbbi jb i fmnmduitprcfujŪmi fb bdbr`mb babjtrmjĊ. \Ċjuri amvritĊ bri vïsjcisĊ œm ju ud jcdŪmdutrmfmjit fb suag, jbbi jb i ivut bgbjtb db`itmvb isupri nbfmuaum œm i jcdfus aiuzuri prbniturĊ i bjhmpinbdtbacr fmd jbdtriabab babjtrmjb.

- Gmiomamtitbi sjĊzutĊ i jbdtriabacr pb am`dmt i jcdfus ai c fmspcdmomamtitb rbfuäd bdbr`mb i idunmtcr udmtĊŪm. Jhmir äd ijbstb jcdfmŪmm, i gcst jcdsunitĊädtrbi`i jidtmtitb fb am`dmt fmspcdmomaĊ. Istgba, äd idua 9=80, jbdtriabab fbai _cvmdirm œm urjbdm iu prcfus dunim ?0 % fmd tctiaua bdbr`mbm babjtrmjbrbiamzitb pb oizĊ fb jĊroudm, fbœm putbrbi acr junuaitĊ rbprbzbdti jmrji2< % fmd putbrbi tctiaĊ i jbdtriabacr pb jĊroudm. Äd ijbaiœm tmnp, jbdtriaifb ai MœiadmŪi, i jĊrbm putbrb mdstiaitĊ bri fb suo 9: % fmd putbrbi tctiaĊ ijbdtriabacr pb jĊroudm, i prcfus iprcipb ?7 % fmd bdbr`mi babjtrmjĊ rbi-amzitĊ fb ijbst tmp fb jbdtriab. \rcoabnbab fb ai prmnbab fcuĊ tbrncjbdtriabnbdŪmcditb iu gcst fbzoĊtutb pbrnidbdt, ädjbpïdf fb aiJcdgbrmdŪi DiŪmc-diaĊ i \J_ fmd 97-98 fbjbnormb 9=8? :=.

- Bœbjua mdtrcfujbrmm œmsturmacr omtunmdcisb äd bdbr`btmji rcnïdbisjĊ prmrbiamzirbi tbrncjbdtriabm fb ai Idmdi. Fmd idua 9=86 œm pïdĊ äd idua9=88, jït tmnp i gcst äd prcob, Oacjua dr. 9 ia jbdtriabm i gudjŪmcdit ju udjcdsun prcprmu tbhdcac`mj fb :2-2< % fmd bdbr`mi babjtrmjĊ prcfusĊ ai

:0 IJDZIZ, gcdf Fcjunbdtir, fcsir dr. :202, vca. 97, g. 90:.:8 \camtmjm bdbr`btmjb iab _cnïdmbm…, p. 98=.:= I sb vbfbi, pbdtru sbndiairbi fb jĊtrb iutcrmtĊŪm i fb jmbdŪbacr fmd Zmstbnua Bdbr`btmj DiŪmcdia,

ädJcdgbrmdŪi DiŪmcdiaĊ i \irtmfuaum Jcnudmst _cnïd, 97-98 fbjbnormb 9=8?, Bfmturi \camtmjĊ,Oujurbȝtm, 9=8:, p. ??? ȝm ädJcdgbrmdŪi DiŪmcdiaĊ i \irtmfuaum Jcnudmst _cnïd, 96-97 fbjbnormb9=80 , Bfmturi \camtmjĊ, Oujurbȝtm, 9=88, p. 98=.

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_BWMZVI FB MZVC_MB I NCAFCWBM

ZVRFMM

ocrdb, mir ipcrtua nbfmu iduia fb hmfrcjirourm i gcst juprmds ädtrb 20 % œm02 %, putbrbi jiacrmjĊ nbfmb i œmsturmacr fb`rifïdfu-sb giŪĊ fb prcmbjt œmikud`ïdf pïdĊ ai :.6<< NK/t6<. Fmd jiuzi gudjŪmcdĊrmm fbgbjtucisb, ijbsti

i gcst cprmt äd idua 9=88, jbdtriai mdf trbjutĊ äd jcdsbrvirb. AujrĊrmab fbmdvbstmŪmm rbiamzitb pïdĊ itudjm iu gcst uatbrmcr bstmnitb ai suni 8 nmamirfbfb abm69.

- \rcfujŪmi sjĊzutĊ i jbdtriabab hmfrcbabjtrmjb, jiuzitĊ fb sujjbsmudbi idmacrsbjbtcœm, pb aïd`Ċ db diamzirbi aujrĊrmacr prbvĊzutb ai c sbrmb fb inbdikĊrm,äd spbjmia i ifujŪmudmacr sbjudfirb, jbbi jb du ab pbrnmtbi itmd`brbi piri-nbtrmacr prcmbjtiŪm6?.

Zunniry

Bdbr`y ms thb gcrjb obhmdf mdfustry, tridspcrt idf hbitmd`. Vhbrb ms hirfayid ispbjt cg fimay amgb thit ms dct cdb wiy cr idcthbr ijjcnpidmbf oy thb usb cgbdbr`y. Iasc, mt”s i jacsb rbaitmcdshmp obtwbbd thb mdfustrmia strujturb idf bdbr`yjcdsunptmcd fbtbrnmdbf oy thb gijt thit mdfustry ms thb nikcr bdbr`y jcdsunbr. It thb ob`mddmd` cg thb ”8< thb prmjbs cg virmcus dia idf mdtbrnbfmiry prcfujtsfmf dct rb bjt thb fydinmjs cg junuaitmvb bdbr`y jcdsunptmcd. Jiajuaitmcd prcvbfthit pbr udmt junuaitmvb bdbr`y jcdsunptmcd wbrb cgtbd 9<-?< tmnbs hm`hbr thidfmrbjt cdbs, scnbtmnbs bvbd 9<< tmnbs hm`hbr. Vhbrbgcrb, thb nimd prcoabn wis thbrbfujtmcd cg udmt bdbr`y jcdsunptmcd.

It thb sinb tmnb, thb paiddbf shmgt grcn pbtrcabun-oisbf gubas tc am`dmtb mdthb _cnidmid bjcdcny hif id mnpcrtidt bdvmrcdnbdtia mnpijt. Vhb usb cg thb sc-jiaabf omtunmdcus shiab md id babjtrmjia paidt wis i om` gimaurb, tcc, objiusb cg thbmracw jiacrmj viaub. Gmdiaay, wmth iaa thbsb b crts, thb bdbr`btmj jrmsms md thb _cnidmi cg thb ‘8<s jcuafdct ob ivcmfbf.

Ebywcrfs; bdbr`btmj jrmsms, bdbr`y fbnidf, bdbr`y jcdsunptmcd.

6< Ztufmu tbhdmjc-bjcdcnmj prmvmdf jbdtriai tbrncbabjtrmjĊ Idmdi (aujrirb pbdtru uz mdtbrd), Mdstmtu-tua fb Ztufmm ȝm \rcmbjtĊrm Bdbr`btmjb, Oujurbȝtm, g. i., p. 98:.

69 Jcdstidtmd Mcdbtb,Jrmzi fb smstbn i bjcdcnmbm fb jcnidfĊ ȝm btipi si bxpaczmvĊ, Bfmturi Bxpbrt,

Oujurbȝtm, 9==:, p. 6:.6? I sb vbfbi, pb air`, ȝm tritirbi prcoabnbm äd Wmjtcr Midjcvmjm,Jrmzi bdbr`btmjĊ ‚ udbab jiuzb prmd-jmpiab ȝm jïtbvi jcdsmfbriŪmm pbdtru amjhmfirbi bm, äd —Bdbr`btmji„, dr. 7-0/9==<, pp. ?76-?0<.