Decizia Curții de apel - Vot canadieni non rezidenți

7/21/2019 Decizia Curii de apel - Vot canadieni non rezideni

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BLUXT LJ KQQEKC JLX LOTKX@L

B@TKT@LO9 Jrkom v. Bkokdk (Kttlroey Neoerkc), 81;5 LOBK 52:

DKTE9 81;51>81

DLBMET9 B566>:

Rtrktfy B.I.L., Cksmò kod Hrlwo II.K.

HETÊEO

N`cc`ko Jrkom kod Ikgè Dulon

Kppc`bkots (Xesplodeots)

kod

Tfe Kttlroey Neoerkc lj Bkokdk

Xesplodeot (Kppecckot)

Qeter G. Rlutfey, Nk`c Ròbck`r kod Qeter Fkiebem, jlr tfe kppecckot

Rfkuo LHrèo kod Kgkodk Dkrrkbf, jlr tfe resplodeots

Kcesskodrk Olsml, jlr tfe òterveoer Bfèj Ecebtlrkc Ljj`ber

Gkrm I. Jre`gko kod Ikgeec Gkdfkoy, jlr tfe òterveoer Bkokd`ko B`v`c C`hertès

Ksslb`kt`lo

Hreodko vko Oèieofu`s kod Iustò Rkjkyeo`, jlr tfe òterveoer Hr`t`sf Blcugh`k

B`v`c C`hertès Ksslb`kt`lo

Fekrd9 Ikoukry :, 81;5

Lo kppekc jrlg tfe iudngeot lj Iust`be G`bfkec K. Qeooy lj tfe Ruper`lr Blurt ljIust`be, dkted Gky 8, kod kgeoded Gky ;5, 81;4, w`tf rekslos replrted kt 81;4

LORB 01>.

Rtrktfy B.I.L.9


2/59

K. @OTXLDUBT@LO

];W Rebt`lo 2 lj tfe Bkokd`ko Bfkrter lj X`nfts kod Jreedlgs stktes tfkt every

Bkokd`ko b`t`zeo fks tfe r`nft tl vlte k r`nft tfe Ruprege Blurt fks desbr`hed ks

cyòn kt tfe fekrt lj Bkokd`ko deglbrkby.];WTf`s kppekc ksms wfetfer tfkt r`nftbko he tkmeo kwky jrlg Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos wfl fkve c`ved luts`de Bkokdk jlr

glre tfko j`ve yekrs.

]8W N`cc`ko Jrkom kod Ikgè Dulon, tfe resplodeots, kre Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos.

Tfey fkve c`ved kod wlrmed ò Oew Plrm Rtkte jlr glst lj tfe`r kduct c`ves, hut

pcko tl returo `j tfey bko jòd su`tkhce wlrm. Tfey were olt khce tl vlte ò tfe ckst

jederkc ecebt`lo hebkuse tfey fkd c`ved luts`de Bkokdk jlr glre tfko j`ve yekrs.

Tfey hrlunft ko kppc`bkt`lo ò tfe Ruper`lr Blurt lj Iust`be tl debckre

uoblost`tut`lokc tfe prlv`s`los lj tfe Bkokdk Ecebt`los Kbt, R.B. 8111, b. 0

(BEK) deoyòn tfe vlte tl glst b`t`zeos]8Wwfl fkve res`ded luts`de Bkokdk jlr

glre tfko j`ve yekrs.

]2W Tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne fecd tfkt Qkrc`kgeot bkoolt tkme kwky tfe vltòn

r`nfts lj olo-res`deot Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos eveo clon-terg olo-res`deots. Fe strubm

dlwo tfe `gpunoed prlv`s`los lj tfe BEK, hebkuse ò f`s vèw tfey v`lckted s. 2

lj tfe Bfkrter, were olt skved hy s. ;, kod were tferejlre lj ol jlrbe kod ejjebt.

]4W @ wlucd kcclw tfe kppekc lj tfe Kttlroey Neoerkc lj Bkokdk. Gy rekslos

bko he suggkr`zed ks jlcclws.

]5W Bkokdks plc`t`bkc systeg `s hksed lo nelnrkpf`bkccy dejòed ecebtlrkcd`str`bts. Tfe b`t`zeos c`vòn ò ekbf r`dòn ecebt k Gegher lj Qkrc`kgeot tl

represeot tfeg. Tfe`r represeotkt`ve serves tfe òterests lj tfe blgguo`ty, spekms

jlr tfe blgguo`ty kod pkrt`b`pktes ò gkmòn ckws tfkt kjjebt tfe dk`cy kbt`v`tès

lj kcc res`deots lj tfe blgguo`ty. Tfe ecebtlrkte suhg`ts tl tfe ckws hebkuse `t fks

fkd k vl`be ò gkmòn tfeg. Tf`s `s tfe slb`kc blotrkbt tfkt n`ves tfe ckws tfe`r

cen`t`gkby.

]:W Qerg`ttòn kcc olo-res`deot b`t`zeos tl vlte wlucd kcclw tfeg tl pkrt`b`pkte

ò gkmòn ckws tfkt kjjebt Bkokd`ko res`deots lo k dk`cy hks`s, hut fkve c`ttce tl ol

prkbt`bkc blosequeobe jlr tfe`r lwo dk`cy c`ves. Tf`s wlucd erlde tfe slb`kcblotrkbt kod uodergòe tfe cen`t`gkby lj tfe ckws. Tfe cen`sckt`lo `s k`ged kt

streontfeoòn Bkokdks systeg lj nlverogeot kod `s deglostrkhcy iust`jèd ò k

jree kod deglbrkt`b slbèty. ^f`ce tfe `gpunoed cen`sckt`lo v`lcktes s. 2 lj

tfe Bfkrter, `t `s skved hy s. ;. Deoyòn tfe r`nft tl vlte tl olo-res`deot b`t`zeos

wflse khseobe exbeeds j`ve yekrs `s k rekslokhce c`g`t lo tfe Bfkrter r`nft.


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]>W @ w`cc henò hy expckòòn tfe jkbtukc kod cen`sckt`ve hkbmnrluod uodercyòn

tf`s kppekc. @ w`cc tfeo suggkr`ze tfe rekslos lj tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne kod tfe

pls`t`los tkmeo hy tfe pkrtès ò tf`s blurt. Jòkccy, @ w`cc kokcyze tfe `ssues. Tfe

kppecckot kbmolwcednes tfe `gpunoed cen`sckt`lo hrekbfes s. 2 lj tfeBfkrter, sl

tfe rekc hkttcenrluod lj tfe kppekc `s tfe s. ; kokcys`s.

H. HKBMNXLUOD

(;) Tfe kjjebted plpuckt`lo

]6W @o 8110, slge 8.6 g`cc`lo Bkokd`kos, lr 6% lj tfe bluotrys plpuckt`lo, fkd

c`ved khrlkd jlr glre tfko k yekr. Lj tflse, khlut ;.4 g`cc`lo b`t`zeos lj vltòn

kne fkd heeo olo-res`deot jlr glre tfko j`ve yekrs. ^f`ce slge lj tflse were

puhc`b servkots, g`c`tkry perslooec lr d`pclgkts wfl fkd speb`kc vltòn r`nfts, `t `s

blobeded tfkt lver loe g`cc`lo Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos wfl fkve c`ved luts`de Bkokdkjlr glre tfko j`ve yekrs fkve ol vltòn r`nfts ks k resuct lj tfe `gpunoed

cen`sckt`lo.

]0W Tfe ev`deobe estkhc`sfes tfkt k very sgkcc perbeotkne lj olo-res`deot

b`t`zeos kjjebted hy tfe `gpunoed cen`sckt`lo tkme kdvkotkne lj tfe r`nft tl vlte. @o

tfe ckst jederkc ecebt`lo, ò 81;;, locy :,111 olo-res`deot vltes were reblrded.]2W

(8) Hrèj f`stlry lj res`deobe ks k vltòn requ`regeot

];1W Xes`deobe fks f`stlr`bkccy pckyed k prlgòeot rlce ò dejòòn ec`n`h`c`ty tl

vlte ò Bkokd`ko jederkc ecebt`los. Kt loe t`ge, kbtukc pfys`bkc preseobe ò tfe

ecebtlrkc d`str`bt lo plccòn dky wks requ`red ò lrder tl vlte. Tf`s str`bt

requ`regeot wks nrkdukccy reckxed jlr slge geghers lj tfe ecebtlrkte. K des`re tl

kbblggldkte slcdèrs plsted khrlkd wks k dr`vòn jlrbe hefòd gkoy lj tfe

rejlrgs.

];;W Henòoòn ò tfe ekrcy ;011s, slcdèrs kod wkr blrresplodeots eonkned ò

kbt`ve duty were exegpted jrlg tfe res`deoby requ`regeot. @o ;0;5, plstkc

vltòn wks `gpcegeoted tl kcclw slcdèrs tl bkst tfe`r hkcclts `j tfey were khseot

lo ecebt`lo dky. @o ;0;>, tfe res`deoby exegpt`lo wks w`deoed hy Tfe G`c`tkryZlters Kbt, ;0;>,R.B. ;0;>, b. 24,tl perg`t vltòn hy kcc geghers lj tfe g`c`tkry

wfl were Hr`t`sf suhiebts, renkrdcess lj tfe`r kne, neoder lr ceontf lj khseobe.

];8W Kdvkobe vltòn wks òtrldubed ò ;081 jlr blggerb`kc trkveccers,

rk`cwkygeo kod sk`clrs. @t wks exteoded tl geghers lj tfe Xlykc Bkokd`ko


4/59

Gluoted Qlc`be kod tfe krged jlrbes ò ;024 kod tl g`c`tkry reserv`sts ò ;05;. @o

;045, prlxy vltòn wks òtrldubed jlr Bkokd`kos fecd ks pr`sloers lj wkr.

];2W R`g`ckr r`nfts were nrkdukccy exteoded tl puhc`b serv`be egpclyees kod

geghers lj g`c`tkry jkg`cès stkt`loed khrlkd. @o ;0:1, kdvkobe vltòn r`nfts

hebkge kvk`ckhce tl kcc res`deot ecebtlrs, `j tfey swlre tfey wlucd he khseot jrlgtfe plccòn d`v`s`lo lo ecebt`lo dky. Tfe lktf requ`regeot jlr kdvkobe vltòn wks

reglved ò ;0>>.

];4W @o ;0>1, d`pclgkts kod ltfer puhc`b servkots plsted luts`de Bkokdk kod

tfe`r depeodkots nkòed kbbess tl k jlrg lj reglte vltòn tfrlunf tfe speb`kc

vltòn ruces ò tfe BEK. B`v`c`ko egpclyees lj tfe g`c`tkry, subf ks tekbfers kod

kdgò`strkt`ve supplrt stkjj, hebkge ec`n`hce ò ;0>>. Tf`s eokhced tfese olo-

res`deot nrlups tl vlte hy gk`c usòn k speb`kc hkcclt.

];5W Tfe r`nft lj Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos tl vlte wks eosfròed ò tfe Bfkrterò ;068.@t wks olt uot`c ;002, flwever, tfkt cen`sckt`ve bfkones were gkde tl jkb`c`tkte

vltòn hy b`t`zeos wfl were tegplrkr`cy res`dòn luts`de lj Bkokdk, renkrdcess lj

tfe`r rekslo jlr olo-res`deobe.

];:W @o ;002, kjter dec`herkt`los hy severkc pkrc`kgeotkry blgg`ttees, k Xlykc

Blgg`ss`lo lo Ecebtlrkc Xejlrg kod Qkrty Jòkobòn kod tfe reblggeodkt`los

lj k Fluse lj Blgglos Rpeb`kc Blgg`ttee lo Ecebtlrkc Xejlrg, Qkrc`kgeot

òtrldubed sweepòn bfkones tl tfe BEK. Qkrt lj tf`s rejlrg òbcuded exteodòn

tfe speb`kc vltòn ruces tl tegplrkry olo-res`deots, wfl fkd heeo c`vòn luts`de

Bkokdk jlr cess tfko j`ve yekrs kod wfl òteoded tl returo tl Bkokdk. Tf`s ren`ge

`s desbr`hed ò nrekter detk`c ò tfe oext sebt`lo.

(2) Tfe burreot cen`sckt`ve sbfege

];>W Qkrt ; lj tfe BEK, eot`tced Ecebtlrkc X`nfts, prlv`des tfe hks`b ruces jlr

vltòn ò Bkokdk. Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos ;6 yekrs lj kne lr lcder kre qukc`jèd ecebtlrs

(s. 2). Tfey kre eot`tced tl vlte jlr k Gegher lj Qkrc`kgeot jlr tfe ecebtlrkc

d`str`bt ò wf`bf tfey lrdòkr`cy res`de (s. :).

];6W Rebt`lo ;8> reblno`zes tfree getflds lj vltòn ò jederkc ecebt`los9

(k) ò perslo kt k plccòn stkt`lo lo plccòn dky=

(h) ò perslo kt ko kdvkobe plccòn stkt`lo duròn tfe per`ld

prlv`ded jlr tfe kdvkobe plcc= lr


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(b) hy gekos lj k speb`kc hkcclt `ssued ò kbblrdkobe w`tf Qkrt

;;.]Egpfks`s kdded.W

];0W Tf`s kppekc bloberos tfe tf`rd getfld tfe speb`kc hkcclt vltòn prlbedure

rejerred tl ò s. ;8>(b). Tf`s kcclws ec`n`hce b`t`zeos tl suhg`t tfe`r speb`kc hkcclt

luts`de tfe plccòn d`str`bt ò wf`bf `t w`cc he bluoted. Ec`n`h`c`ty jlr tf`s getfldlj vltòn `s dejòed ò s. ;; lj tfe BEK9

Koy lj tfe jlcclwòn perslos gky vlte ò kbblrdkobe w`tf Qkrt

;;9

(k) k Bkokd`ko Jlrbes ecebtlr=

(h) ko ecebtlr wfl `s ko egpclyee ò tfe jederkc puhc`b

kdgò`strkt`lo lr tfe puhc`b serv`be lj k prlvòbe kod wfl `s

plsted luts`de Bkokdk=

(b) k Bkokd`ko b`t`zeo wfl `s egpclyed hy ko òterokt`lokc

lrnko`zkt`lo lj wf`bf Bkokdk `s k gegher kod tl wf`bf Bkokdk

blotr`hutes kod wfl `s plsted luts`de Bkokdk=

(d) k perslo wfl fks heeo khseot jrlg Bkokdk jlr cess tfko j`ve

blosebut`ve yekrs kod wfl òteods tl returo tl Bkokdk ks k

res`deot=

(e) ko òbkrberkted ecebtlr w`tfò tfe gekoòn lj tfkt Qkrt= kod

(j) koy ltfer ecebtlr ò Bkokdk wfl w`sfes tl vlte ò kbblrdkobe

w`tf tfkt Qkrt. ]Egpfks`s kdded.W

]81W Rebt`lo ;;(d) estkhc`sfes tfe tegplrkc c`g`t lo olo-res`deot vltòn r`nfts

tfkt `s tfe jlbkc plòt ò tf`s kppekc. B`t`zeos wfl fkve heeo c`vòn luts`de Bkokdk

jlr j`ve yekrs lr glre kre olt ec`n`hce tl vlte, uocess tfey jkcc w`tfò loe lj tfe

ltfer exbept`los.]4W

]8;W Olo-res`deot b`t`zeos wfl kre ec`n`hce tl vlte uoder s. ;; gust kppcy kod

geet tfe kdd`t`lokc br`ter`k presbr`hed ò Qkrt ;; lj tfe BEK. D`v`s`lo 2 lj Qkrt ;;,spkooòn ss. 881-821, dekcs speb`j`bkccy w`tf tfe ecebtlrs tegplrkr`cy res`deot

luts`de Bkokdk rejerred tl ò s. ;;(d). Tfese prlv`s`los requ`re tfe Bfèj

Ecebtlrkc Ljj`ber (BEL) tl gkòtkò k ren`ster lj ecebtlrs wfl gky kbbess tfe

speb`kc hkcclt prlbedure. @o lrder tl qukc`jy jlr òbcus`lo lo tfe ren`ster, olo-

res`deot Bkokd`kos gust j`ce ko kppc`bkt`lo kod geet tfe tfree br`ter`k set lut ò s.

888(;). Tfe b`t`zeo gust he k perslo wfl9


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(k) kt koy t`ge hejlre gkmòn tfe kppc`bkt`lo, res`ded ò Bkokdk=

(h) fks heeo res`dòn luts`de Bkokdk jlr cess tfko j`ve

blosebut`ve yekrs `gged`ktecy hejlre gkmòn tfe kppc`bkt`lo=

kod

(b) òteods tl returo tl Bkokdk tl resuge res`deobe ò tfe juture.

]88W Rebt`lo 888(8) brektes ko exbept`lo tl tfe j`ve-yekr c`g`t jlr vkr`lus olo-

res`deot b`t`zeos wfl kre eot`tced tl vlte prlv`ded tfey prev`luscy res`ded ò

Bkokdk kod òteod tl returo tl resuge res`deobe ò tfe juture. Tf`s exbept`lo

kppcès tl koy òd`v`dukc wfl `s9

(k) egpclyed luts`de Bkokdk ò tfe jederkc puhc`b kdgò`strkt`lo

lr tfe puhc`b serv`be lj k prlvòbe=

(h) egpclyed luts`de Bkokdk hy ko òterokt`lokc lrnko`zkt`lo lj

wf`bf Bkokdk `s k gegher kod tl wf`bf Bkokdk blotr`hutes=

(b) k perslo wfl c`ves w`tf ko ecebtlr rejerred tl ò pkrknrkpf (k)

lr (h)= lr

(d) k perslo wfl c`ves w`tf k gegher lj tfe Bkokd`ko Jlrbes lr

w`tf k perslo rejerred tl ò pkrknrkpf ;0;(d) ]wf`bf desbr`hes9

k perslo wfl `s egpclyed luts`de Bkokdk hy tfe Bkokd`ko

Jlrbes ks k tekbfer ò, lr ks k gegher lj tfe kdgò`strkt`ve

supplrt stkjj jlr, k Bkokd`ko Jlrbes sbfllc.W

]82W Tl suggkr`ze, ò lrder tl vlte, k olo-res`deot b`t`zeo wfl dles olt j`t

w`tfò tfe exbept`los ò s. 888(8) gust9 (k) fkve prev`luscy res`ded ò Bkokdk= (h)

fkve res`ded luts`de Bkokdk jlr cess tfko j`ve yekrs= kod (b) fkve òd`bkted ko

òteot`lo tl resuge res`deobe ò Bkokdk ò tfe juture.

]84W Tfe olo-res`deot b`t`zeo `s eot`tced tl secebt k pckbe lj res`deobe jlr tfe

purplse lj bluotòn f`s lr fer vlte. Tfkt pckbe bko he koy loe lj9 tfe perslos ckst

pckbe lj lrdòkry res`deobe ò Bkokdk= tfe pckbe lj lrdòkry res`deobe lj f`s lr fer

spluse, blgglo ckw pkrtoer, ltfer reckt`ve, lr reckt`ve lj tfe spluse lr blgglockw pkrtoer= tfe pckbe lj lrdòkry res`deobe lj k perslo ò respebt lj wflg tfe

ecebtlr `s k depeodkot= lr tfe pckbe lj lrdòkry res`deobe lj k perslo w`tf wflg

tfe ecebtlr wlucd c`ve, hut jlr f`s lr fer res`dòn tegplrkr`cy luts`de Bkokdk (s.

882(;)(e)).


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]85W Rebt`los 88>-880 desbr`he tfe getfld lj reglte vltòn. Tfe BEL gk`cs k

speb`kc hkcclt tl tfe olo-res`deots jlre`no kddress. Tfe olo-res`deot gust returo

tfe hkcclt hy gk`c lr ltfer des`nokted gekos kod `t w`cc he bluoted ks clon ks `t

krr`ves hy :911 p.g., clbkc t`ge, lo plccòn dky.

]8:W K olo-res`deots okge `s deceted jrlg tfe ren`ster lobe fe lr sfe fksres`ded luts`de Bkokdk jlr j`ve blosebut`ve yekrs lr glre9 s. 88:(j).

(4) Tfe resplodeots

]8>W Tfe resplodeots kre Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos wfl c`ve kod wlrm ò Oew Plrm

Rtkte. Tfey ktteoded uo`vers`ty ò tfe U.R. kod regkòed tfere tl pursue bkreers ò

tfe`r bflseo prljess`los.

]86W N`cc`ko Jrkom wks hlro ò Tlrlotl. Fe ktteoded f`nf sbfllc kod blgpceted

uodernrkdukte studès ò Bkokdk kod served ò tfe Bkokd`ko Jlrbes. Kt tfe t`ge lj

tf`s Bfkrter kppc`bkt`lo, fe wks 24 yekrs lcd, fkd heeo c`vòn ò tfe U.R. jlr ;2

yekrs kod wks blgpcetòn plst-dlbtlrkc studès. Fe fks jkg`cy ò Tlrlotl kod fe

trkvecs tl Bkokdk kpprlx`gktecy jlur t`ges ekbf yekr. Fe fks olt slunft

`gg`nrkt`lo stktus ò tfe Uo`ted Rtktes, ltfer tfko lo k tegplrkry hks`s, kod `s olt

eot`tced tl vlte ò Kger`bko ecebt`los. Fe fks pk`d U.R. tkxes sòbe 811;.

]80W Ikgè Dulon wks hlro ò Glotrekc kod c`ved ò Bkokdk uot`c nrkde ;1

hejlre ktteodòn sbfllc ò Zerglot. Kjter f`nf sbfllc, fe ktteoded Blroecc

Uo`vers`ty, wfere fe olw wlrms. Fe fks speot glst lj f`s kduct c`je ò tfe U.R.

kod fks heeo res`deot tfere sòbe 811:. Fe `s k U.R. b`t`zeo, pkys U.R. tkxes kodvltes ò U.R. ecebt`los. Fe dles olt j`ce k Bkokd`ko tkx returo. Fe fks jkg`cy ò

Glotrekc kod fe returos tl Bkokdk severkc t`ges ekbf yekr duròn tfe sugger kod

flc`dkys.

]21W Tfe resplodeots fkve expressed òterest ò returoòn tl Bkokdk `j tfey bko

sebure egpclygeot ò tfe`r jècds. @o tfe gekot`ge, tfey w`sf tl vlte ò Bkokd`ko

ecebt`los. Tfey hrlunft tf`s blost`tut`lokc bfkcceone kjter d`sblveròn tfey were

d`squkc`jèd jrlg vltòn ò tfe 81;; jederkc ecebt`lo, hksed lo tfe j`ve-yekr c`g`t

ò s. 888(;)(h).

B. TFE DEB@R@LO LJ TFE KQQC@BKT@LO IUDNE

]2;W Kjter oltòn tfe resplodeots strlon tès tl Bkokdk kod tfe`r khseobe

hebkuse lj egpclygeot, tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne lhserved tfkt gkoy Bkokd`kos

c`vòn khrlkd fkve strlon blooebt`los tl Bkokdk kod bkre deepcy khlut tfe

bluotry. Fe desbr`hed tfe blooebt`los ks hltf slb`l-bucturkc kod eblolg`b. Fe


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tfeo suggkr`zed tfe cen`sckt`ve sbfege kod tfe f`stlry lj olo-res`deot vltòn ò

Bkokdk.

(;) Hrekbf lj s. 2

]28W Tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne jluod tfe cen`sckt`ve restr`bt`los lo tfe vltòn r`nfts

lj olo-res`deots hrekbfed s. 2 lj tfe Bfkrter. Fe fecd tfkt s. 2 bcekrcy blotkòs ol

c`g`ts lo tfe r`nft tl vlte ltfer tfko b`t`zeosf`p kod ]kWoy c`g`tkt`lo lo tfe

sblpe lj tfe r`nft blost`tutes k hrekbf lj s. 2 wf`bf gust tfeo he iust`jèd uoder

s. ;. Fe rejerred tl Rkuv v. Bkokdk (Bfèj Ecebtlrkc Ljj`ber), 8118 RBB :6,

]8118W 2 R.B.X. 5;0 (Rkuv #8), wfere GbCkbfcò B.I. stkted kt pkrk. ;;9

@ blobcude tfkt s. 2 gust he blostrued ks `t rekds, kod `ts kgh`t

sflucd olt he c`g`ted hy bluotervk`còn blccebt`ve bloberos, ks

tfe nlverogeot kppekrs tl krnue. Tfese bloberos kre jlr tfe

nlverogeot tl rk`se uoder s. ; ò iust`jyòn tfe c`g`ts `t fks

`gplsed lo tfe r`nft.

]22W Fe lhserved tfkt ò sp`te lj tfe clon f`stlry lj res`deobe ks ko ecegeot lj

tfe Bkokd`ko ecebtlrkc prlbess, tfe Bfkrter gkmes b`t`zeosf`p tfe locy

requ`regeot tl vlte. Tfe jrkgers lj tfe Bfkrterblucd eks`cy fkve òbcuded

res`deobe `j `t wks gekot tl he ko kdd`t`lokc requ`regeot, hut d`d olt.

Tfe BEKdles olt `deot`jy res`deobe ks k qukc`j`bkt`lo tl vlte kod òstekd uses

res`deobe ks k gebfko`sg jlr renucktòn tfe vltòn prlbess, kmò tl tfe gekos lj

renucktòn k gldkc`ty lj tfe uo`verskc jrkobf`se rejerred tl hy GbCkbfcò B.I. kt

pkrk. 2> lj Rkuv #8. Fe reiebted tfe Kttlroey Neoerkcs suhg`ss`lo tfkt tfe r`nftblucd fkve òterokc c`g`tkt`los lo tfe hks`s lj jk`roess tl res`deot b`t`zeos.

]24W Tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne reiebted tfe kppecckots suhg`ss`lo tfkt kcclwòn

olo-res`deots tl vlte `s uojk`r tl res`deot Bkokd`kos hebkuse res`deot Bkokd`kos

c`ve fere kod kre, lo k dky-tl-dky hks`s, suhiebt tl Bkokdks ckws kod c`ve w`tf tfe

blosequeobes lj Qkrc`kgeots deb`s`los (pkrks. 6:-01).

]25W Fe nkve jlur rekslos jlr reiebtòn tf`s krnugeot9

(k) `t wks preb`secy tfe slrt lj bluotervk`còn blccebt`veblobero wf`bf bkoolt he used tl c`g`t tfe kgh`t lj k bcekrcy

krt`buckted blost`tut`lokc r`nft=

(h) olo-res`deots c`ve w`tf tfe blosequeobes lj tfe ckw hebkuse

tfey jrequeotcy v`s`t, fkve jkg`cy fere kod tfe ckws gky kjjebt

tfeg ò tfe juture=


9/59

(b) olo-res`deots gky he suhiebt tl Bkokd`ko ckws, eveo tflunf

tfe ckws gky olt he bkpkhce lj extrk-terr`tlr`kc eojlrbegeot

knkòst tfeg= kod

(d) tfe cln`b lj tfe ]kppecckotsW krnugeot wlucd d`btkte tfkt kcc

olo-res`deot Bkokd`kos sflucd he prlf`h`ted jrlg vltòn,w`tflut exbept`lo. Olo-res`deot vlters kre equkccy olt suhiebt tl

Bkokdks ckws kod blucd equkccy kjjebt ecebt`lo lutblges ò

bclse r`dòns wfetfer tfey fkve heeo olo-res`deot jlr jlur lr s`x

yekrs.

]2:W Fe blobcuded tfkt tfe Bfkrternukrkotee lj tfe r`nft tl vlte brektes k

prltebt`ve ughrecck tl c`g`t tfe plwer lj tfe nlverogeot tl tkme kwky tfe r`nft tl

vlte.

]2>W Tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne d`stònu`sfed res`deoby requ`regeots jlr prlvòb`kckod terr`tlr`kc ecebt`los, jòdòn tfkt olo-res`deots lj k prlvòbe wlucd olt fkve k

sujj`bèot kttkbfgeot, wfereks b`t`zeosf`p estkhc`sfes tfe oebesskry blooebt`lo tl

Bkokdk. Fe blobcuded tfkt tfe `gpunoed prlv`s`los des`nokte olo-res`deots ks

uowlrtfy lj tfe jrkobf`se ò k gkooer tfkt v`lcktes s. 2.

(8) Iust`j`bkt`lo uoder sebt`lo ;

]26W Kjter jòdòn tfe `gpunoed prlv`s`los òjròne s. 2, tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne

prlbeeded w`tf ko Lkmes kokcys`s tl detergòe wfetfer tfe òjrònegeot `s

iust`jèd uoder s. ;9X. v. Lkmes, ];06:W ; R.B.X. ;12.

(k) Qressòn kod suhstkot`kc lhiebt`ve

]20W Fe `deot`jèd tfe twl pressòn kod suhstkot`kc lhiebt`ves put jlrwkrd hy tfe

Kttlroey Neoerkc lj Bkokdk ks jk`roess tl res`deot vlters kod bloberos lver

ecebtlrkc jrkud. Kt tfe lutset, fe lhserved tfkt tfe rfetlr`bkc okture lj tfe

nlverogeot lhiebt`ves reoder]edW tfeg suspebt kod hrlkd, syghlc`b

lhiebt`ves were òfereotcy prlhcegkt`b.

]41W Fe wks trluhced tfkt suhstkot`ve jk`roess wks kcglst kcwkys ò tfe eye lj

tfe heflcder. Fe olted tfe clw turolut jrlg olo-res`deot vlters ò pr`lr

ecebt`los, wf`bf wks eot`recy dwkrjed hy tfe olo-res`deot Bkokd`ko Jlrbes kod

òbkrberkted ecebtlrs. Fe blgpkred tfe jk`roess lhiebt`ve tl ko krnugeot tfkt

res`deot b`t`zeos wlucd blos`der `t uojk`r jlr òbkrberkted ecebtlrs tl òjcueobe ko

ecebt`lo lutblge, hut fecd subf stereltypes kod vknue neoerkc`zkt`los fkve heeo

reiebted hy Bkokd`ko blurts.


10/59

]4;W Tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne jluod tfe seblod lhiebt`ve bloberos lver ecebtlrkc

jrkud tl he spebuckt`ve kod w`tflut koy ev`deot`kry jluodkt`lo. Tfere were ol

dlbugeoted prlhcegs ksslb`kted w`tf olo-res`deot vltòn lo wf`bf tl hkse tf`s

lhiebt`ve.

]48W Kctflunf olt òbcòed tl vèw tfe lhiebt`ves ks pressòn kod suhstkot`kc, feoevertfecess prlbeeded tl tfe prlplrt`lokc`ty stkne lj tfe kokcys`s tl detergòe

wfetfer tfey were ò jkbt bkpkhce lj iust`jyòn tfe òjrònegeot.

(h) Qrlplrt`lokc`ty

(`) Xkt`lokc blooebt`lo

]42W Kt tfe rkt`lokc blooebt`lo stkne, tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne bfkrkbter`zed tfe

Kttlroey Neoerkcs krnugeot ks trektòn olo-res`deots ks uowlrtfy hebkusefkvòn heeo kwky jlr glre tfko j`ve yekrs tfey fkd clst tfe`r blooebt`lo tl

Bkokdk. Fe blos`dered tfkt tfe nlverogeot wks kttegptòn tl prltebt tfe vltòn

r`nfts lj res`deots jrlg heòn de-vkcu]edW hy tfe uowlrtfy olo-res`deots. Tf`s,

fe sk`d, wks tfe skge krnugeot reiebted ò Rkuv #8kod `t wks òblos`steot w`tf s.

2 kod w`tf tfe respebt jlr perslokc d`no`ty tfkt cès kt tfe fekrt lj Bkokd`ko

deglbrkby.

]44W Fe lhserved tfkt tfe ev`deobe sflwed tfkt olo-res`deot Bkokd`kos

gkòtkòed blooebt`los tl Bkokdk ò k ougher lj wkys. Kctflunf olo-res`deots

wlucd clse tfe`r kjjò`ty tl Bkokdk lver t`ge, tfere wks ol rkt`lokc blooebt`lohetweeo tf`s neoerkc treod kod tfe j`ve-yekr c`g`tkt`lo `gplsed hy tfe cen`sckt`lo.

Glre hrlkdcy, tfe Kttlroey Neoerkc fkd olt estkhc`sfed k rkt`lokc blooebt`lo

hetweeo koy tegplrkc c`g`t lo olo-res`deot vltòn r`nfts kod tfe lhiebt`ves lj

jk`roess kod preveotòn ecebtlrkc khuse.

(``) Gò`gkc `gpk`rgeot

]45W Tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne lhserved tfkt tfe `gpunoed prlv`s`los preveoted

òjlrged kod blooebted b`t`zeos c`me tfe resplodeots jrlg vltòn, wf`ce

eojrkobf`sòn res`deot ecebtlrs wfl gky he uoòjlrged kod d`sòterested. Ks kresuct, `t wks lverhrlkd. Eveo `j tfe prlv`s`los kdvkobed tfe nlverogeot

lhiebt`ves, tfey were olt gò`gkccy `gpk`ròn hebkuse tfey brekted k hckomet

prlf`h`t`lo tfkt jk`ced tl kbbluot jlr exbept`lokccy òjlrged kod blooebted olo-

res`deots c`me tfe resplodeots. Jurtfer, tfe kppecckot fkd olt estkhc`sfed tfkt k

j`ve-yekr but-ljj wks k rekslokhce hks`s tl sepkrkte tfe òjlrged kod blooebted

jrlg tfe uoòjlrged kod uoblooebted.


11/59

]4:W Tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne d`sg`ssed òterokt`lokc blgpkr`slos, oltòn tfkt

Bkokdk, ks k wlrcd cekder ò vlter eojrkobf`segeot, fkd kcrekdy tkmeo k glre

c`herkc kpprlkbf tl tfe vltòn r`nfts lj pelpce w`tf geotkc d`skh`c`tès kod

pr`sloers.

]4>W Glrelver, fe jluod cess `gpk`ròn gekos were kvk`ckhce tl kbfève tfenlverogeot lhiebt`ve lj eosuròn k sujj`bèot blooebt`lo tl Bkokdk. Rpeb`j`bkccy,

tfe kbt lj vltòn `tsecj `s k secj-testòn gebfko`sg tl eosure olo-res`deots kre

sujj`bèotcy òterested ò kod blooebted tl Bkokdk, n`veo tfe prlbedurkc steps kod

molwcedne requ`red hy tfe prlbess. Tferejlre, fe blobcuded tfe gekos jk`ced tfe

gò`gkc `gpk`rgeot test.

(```) Jòkc hkckobòn

]46W Tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne jluod tfkt `t wks kt tf`s jòkc stkne tfkt tfe ckbm lj

suhstkot`ve ev`deobe lj koy kbtukc prlhceg resuctòn jrlg olo-res`deot vltòn

blges flge tl rllst. Tfe vknue kssert`los lj uojk`roess kod spebuckt`ve

bloberos lver ecebtlrkc khuse blucd olt lutwe`nf tfe suhstkot`kc òterjereobe w`tf

tfe r`nfts lj Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos tl vlte. Tfe `gpkbt lo Bkokd`ko ecebt`los wlucd

he, kt glst, sc`nft. Kt tfe skge t`ge, tfe prlv`s`los depr`ved b`t`zeos wfl bkred

deepcy khlut Bkokdk kod c`ved khrlkd jlr cen`t`gkte rekslos jrlg fkvòn k vl`be

ò Bkokd`ko plc`t`bkc c`je. Fe blobcuded tfkt tfe `gplrtkobe lj tf`s juodkgeotkc

r`nft blucd olt he lusted hy tfe kccened skcutkry heoej`ts put jlrwkrd hy tfe

Kttlroey Neoerkc. Tferejlre, tfe `gpunoed prlv`s`los blucd olt he skved hy s. ;.

(2) Xegedy

]40W Ks k resuct, tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne debckred ss. ;;(d), 888(;)(h) kod (b),

882(;)(j), 88:(j) kod tfe wlrd tegplrkr`cy ò ss. 881, 888(;) kod 882(;)(e) tl he

lj ol jlrbe lr ejjebt= kod rekd òtl s. ;;(d) tfe wlrds ko ecebtlr wfl res`des

luts`de Bkokdk.

]51W Lo Iuoe 82, 81;4, Rfkrpe I.K. d`sg`ssed tfe kppecckots glt`lo jlr k stky

peodòn tfe lutblge lj tf`s kppekc9Jrkom v. Bkokdk (Kttlroey Neoerkc), 81;4

LOBK 465.


12/59

D. TFE QLR@T@LOR LJ TFE QKXT@ER

(;) Kppecckot

]5;W Tfe kppecckots pr`gkry pls`t`lo, kod tfe loe @ w`cc jlbus lo, `s tfkt tfe

res`deoby requ`regeot jucj`ccs tfe pressòn kod suhstkot`kc lhiebt`ve lj preservòn

tfe slb`kc blotrkbt kt tfe fekrt lj Bkokdks systeg lj blost`tut`lokc deglbrkby. @t

eosures b`t`zeos kre hltf suhiebt`vecy blooebted tl Bkokdk tfrlunf tfe`r

molwcedne kod kjj`c`kt`lo kod lhiebt`vecy blooebted tfrlunf flcdòn b`t`zeosf`p

resplos`h`c`tès kod dutès tl lhey dlgest`b ckws. Tfe blooebt`lo hetweeo fkvòn

k vl`be ò gkmòn tfe ckws kod heòn lhc`ned tl lhey tfeg `s wfkt n`ves tfe ckws

cen`t`gkby.

]58W C`g`tòn tfe vltòn r`nfts lj olo-res`deots `s rkt`lokccy blooebted tl tfe

d`gò`sfed blooebt`lo olo-res`deots fkve tl Bkokdk, hltf suhiebt`vecy kodlhiebt`vecy. Khseobe jrlg Bkokdk ktteouktes k b`t`zeos pkrt`b`pkt`lo ò tfe slb`kc

blotrkbt, ks jew Bkokd`ko ckws kppcy extrk-terr`tlr`kccy.

]52W Qkrc`kgeot fks exteoded tfe r`nft tl vlte hy gk`c tl olo-res`deots wfl

òteod tl returo tl Bkokdk kjter k tegplrkry khseobe lj up tl j`ve yekrs tl resuge

tfe`r lhc`nkt`los ks b`t`zeos. @t fks kcsl brekted exbept`los jlr ltfer òd`v`dukcs

wfl kre rekslokhcy presuged tl he returoòn tl Bkokdk. Tfese exbept`los dl olt

uodergòe tfe rkt`lokc blooebt`lo, hut òstekd deglostrkte tfe gekos bflseo kre

gò`gkccy `gpk`ròn. Gkoy olo-res`deots wfl jkcc w`tfò tfe exbept`los

deglostrkte tfe`r pkrt`b`pkt`lo ò Bkokdks slb`kc blotrkbt tfrlunf blgg`ttedpuhc`b serv`be. @oterokt`lokc blgpkrktlrs ver`jy tfkt j`ve yekrs `s k rekslokhce

tegplrkc c`g`t lo olo-res`deot vltòn r`nfts.

]54W Glrelver, tfe `gpunoed geksures dl olt pergkoeotcy str`p olo-res`deots

lj tfe r`nft tl vlte. Tfey locy c`g`t tfe r`nft ks clon ks tflse olo-

res`deots bfllse tl c`ve luts`de Bkokdk. Xes`deobe, c`me kne, `s k wky lj renucktòn

tfe gldkc`ty lj vltòn kod dles olt spekm tl wlrtfòess. Tfe j`ve-yekr ruce `s

tferejlre eot`tced tl dejereobe. J`ve yekrs blrresplods tl tfe gkx`gug c`je lj

Qkrc`kgeot kod `s k rekslokhce kod gò`gkccy `gpk`ròn tegplrkc còe jlr

renucktòn tfe r`nft tl vlte.

]55W Tfe deceter`lus `gpkbt `s g`t`nkted hy tfe c`mec`flld tfkt olo-res`deots bko

pkrt`b`pkte ò tfe jlre`no plc`ty. Jurtfer, tfe c`g`tkt`lo `s olt pergkoeot kod olo-

res`deot b`t`zeos gky bfllse tl returo tl Bkokdk kod renkò tfe r`nft tl vlte.


13/59

(8) Xesplodeots

]5:W Tfe resplodeots dejeod tfe rekslos lj tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne. Tfey sky tfe

r`nft tl vlte `s k juodkgeotkc r`nft lj b`t`zeosf`p, wf`bf `s prltebted hy

tfe Bfkrterkod dles olt depeod lo res`deobe. Xes`deobe `s olt k pr`gkryblgploeot lj tfe ecebtlrkc systeg. @t `s s`gpcy ko lrnko`zkt`lokc jrkgewlrm jlr

tfe kcclbkt`lo lj vltes ò tfkt systeg. Tfe `gpunoed cen`sckt`lo str`ps kwky tfe

vltòn r`nfts lj tfe resplodeots, blgg`tted kod eonkned b`t`zeos w`tf strlon

blooebt`los tl Bkokdk.

]5>W Tfe resplodeots suhg`t tfe vknue kod syghlc`b lhiebt`ves kdvkobed hy tfe

nlverogeot sflucd he reiebted. Tfey krnue tfkt tfe nlverogeot fks jk`ced tl

`deot`jy koy deglostrkted prlhceg w`tf olo-res`deot vltòn tfkt blucd iust`jy tfe

òjrònegeot. Glrelver, tfe purplrted lhiebt`ve `s uodergòed hy `ts uopròb`pced

exbept`los jlr ltfer nrlups lj olo-res`deots.

]56W Kt tfe prlplrt`lokc`ty stkne, tfey suhg`t j`ve yekrs `s ko krh`trkry c`g`t w`tf

ol rkt`lokc blooebt`lo tl tfe lhiebt`ve kdvkobed hy tfe kppecckot. Tfey re-kssert

tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudnes blobcus`lo tfkt tfe geksures kre lverhrlkd hy bkpturòn

olo-res`deots subf ks tfe bck`gkots wfl gkòtkò k strlon blooebt`lo tl Bkokdk.

Glrelver, tfe geksures kre lvercy drkst`b, ks tfe blgpcet`lo lj tfe prlbedurkc

requ`regeots jlr olo-res`deot vltòn ò `tsecj ev`deobes k sujj`bèot blooebt`lo.

]50W @o tfe jòkc hkckobòn, tfe `gpkbt lo tfe vltòn r`nfts lj olo-res`deots

lutwe`nfs tfe syghlc`b heoej`ts kdvkobed hy tfe kppecckot. Tfe geksures cekve

olo-res`deot b`t`zeos w`tf ol vl`be ò tfe d`rebt`lo lj tfe bluotry. @o turo, tf`s fksk ser`lus deceter`lus `gpkbt lo tfe`r d`no`ty kod heclonòn.

(2) HBBCK

]:1W Tfe Hr`t`sf Blcugh`k B`v`c C`hertès Ksslb`kt`lo (HBBCK) wks nrkoted

cekve tl òterveoe ò tf`s kppekc ks k jrèod lj tfe blurt kod c`g`ts `ts suhg`ss`los

tl tfe `ssues lj pressòn kod suhstkot`kc lhiebt`ve kod rkt`lokc blooebt`lo. @t

krnues jlr k stròneot iust`j`bkt`lo stkodkrd requ`ròn tfe nlverogeot lhiebt`ve tl

he d`rebted kt k blobrete fkrg kod supplrted hy blneot ev`deobe. Khstrkbt kodrfetlr`bkc lhiebt`ves bkoolt he used tl òsuckteBfkrterhrekbfes jrlg iud`b`kc

sbrutòy kod ev`deobe, olt blgglo seose lr cln`bkc reksloòn, gust estkhc`sf k

rkt`lokc blooebt`lo hetweeo tfe `gpunoed cen`sckt`lo kod `ts lhiebt`ve. @t skys tfe

kppecckot jk`ced tl deglostrkte tfkt tfe `gpunoed cen`sckt`lo `s d`rebted kt koy

speb`j`b fkrg.


14/59

]:;W Tfe pr`gkry lhiebt`ve lj jk`roess tl res`deot vlters `s jrkged ò vknue

kod khstrkbt tergs. Xes`deot vlters kre olt k vucoerkhce nrlup ò oeed lj

prltebt`lo. Tfere `s oltfòn òfereotcy uojk`r khlut olo-res`deots vltòn kod tfere

`s ol ev`deobe tfkt res`deot vlters sfkre tfe kppecckots vèw lj koy uojk`roess ò

olo-res`deot vltes heòn bluoted. Jurtfer, tfe f`stlr`bkc ev`deobe sunnests tfkt

olo-res`deot vlter pkrt`b`pkt`lo w`cc he c`g`ted.

]:8W Kt tfe rkt`lokc blooebt`lo stkne, tfe HBBCK suhg`ts tfe kppc`bkt`lo

iudnes jòdòns kre eot`tced tl dejereobe. Tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne jluod olo-

res`deots gkòtkò blooebt`los tl Bkokdk kod `t `s eksy jlr tfeg tl stky òjlrged

khlut Bkokd`ko plc`t`bs.

]:2W Olo-res`deots dl olt w`tfdrkw jrlg tfe j`bt`t`lus slb`kc blotrkbt koy glre

tfko pr`sloers. Jurtfer, tfe kppecckots prlpls`t`lo tfkt olo-res`deots kre olt

suhiebt tl Bkokd`ko ckws `s jckwed. Qkrc`kgeot fks blgpcete iur`sd`bt`lo tl

cen`sckte extrk-terr`tlr`kccy. Qkrc`kgeot fks exerb`sed tf`s kutflr`ty bloservkt`vecytl dkte, hut tf`s blucd bfkone kod tfe prlv`s`los preveot olo-res`deots jrlg

fkvòn k vl`be ò tfkt bfkone. Tferejlre, tfere `s ol rkt`lokc hks`s lo wf`bf tl

`gplse k tegplrkc c`g`t lo tfe vltòn r`nfts lj olo-res`deot vlters.

(4) BBCK

]:4W Tfe Bkokd`ko B`v`c C`hertès Ksslb`kt`lo (BBCK) wks kcsl nrkoted cekve

tl òterveoe ò tf`s kppekc kod c`g`ts `ts suhg`ss`los tl tfe rlce lj equkc`ty vkcues

ò tfe jòkc hkckobòn lj prlplrt`lokc`ty uoder Lkmes.

]:5W Tfe BBCK ksserts tfkt Bfkrter r`nfts gust he rekd fkrglo`luscy w`tf

hrlkder Bfkrter vkcues kod tfe ckonukne lj s. 2 exteodòn tfe r`nft tl vlte tl

every b`t`zeo pckbes equkc`ty kt `ts blre. @t krnues tfe cen`sckt`lo brektes k

d`stòbt`lo tfkt uodergòes tfe d`no`ty, secj-kutlolgy kod wlrtf lj olo-res`deot

Bkokd`kos hksed lo ko extrkoelus perslokc bfkrkbter`st`b. Deoyòn olo-res`deots

tfe r`nft tl vlte dles olt prltebt k gldkc`ty lj tfe r`nft tl vlte, `t seods tfe

gesskne tfkt olo-res`deots dl olt deserve tl vlte. @t brektes k bckss lj

kpprlx`gktecy ;.4 g`cc`lo Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos wfl kre trekted d`jjereotcy hksed lo

olo-res`deot stktus.

]::W B`t`zeosf`p kod kne kre tfe locy cen`t`gkte qukc`j`bkt`los lo tfe r`nft tl

vlte. Tfe fkrg tl tfe s. 2 Bfkrter r`nfts lj olo-res`deots, blghòed w`tf tfe fkrg

tl equkc`ty vkcues, lutwe`nfs koy skcutkry heoej`ts put jlrwkrd hy tfe nlverogeot.


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(5) Bfèj Ecebtlrkc Ljj`ber

]:>W Tfe BEL wks kcsl nrkoted cekve tl òterveoe ks k jrèod lj tfe blurt, hut

gkmes ol suhg`ss`los lo tfe ger`ts lj tfe kppekc. Xktfer, fe seems tl eosure tfe

blurt `s prlpercy òjlrged khlut vltòn prlbedures kod tfe plteot`kc `gpkbt lj tfeblurts deb`s`lo lo tfe lperkt`los lj Ecebt`los Bkokdk.

]:6W Tfe BEL fks òjlrged tfe blurt tfkt tfe oext jederkc ecebt`lo gust tkme

pckbe hy Lbtlher ;0, 81;5. @j tfe blurt were tl kcclw tfe kppekc, tfe BEL w`cc he

requ`red tl blotkbt bertkò olo-res`deot ecebtlrs tl detergòe tfe`r ec`n`h`c`ty tl

vlte ò kbblrdkobe w`tf tfe deb`s`lo lj tf`s blurt.

E. KOKCPR@R

(;) @otrldubt`lo

]:0W Tfe gekoòn kod s`no`j`bkobe lj b`t`zeosf`p `s beotrkc tl tf`s kppekc. @ w`cc

put tfe `ssues ò blotext hy expckòòn flw loe lhtkòs Bkokd`ko b`t`zeosf`p kod

tfe r`nfts kod resplos`h`c`tès kttkbfòn tl b`t`zeosf`p.

(k) Lhtkòòn b`t`zeosf`p

]>1W K perslo bko lhtkò Bkokd`ko b`t`zeosf`p tfrlunf h`rtf, desbeot lr

okturkc`zkt`lo. Tfe jlcclwòn kre eot`tced tl b`t`zeosf`p, uoder s. 2 ljtfeB`t`zeosf`p Kbt, X.R.B. ;065, b. B-809

! k perslo hlro ò Bkokdk=

! k perslo hlro luts`de Bkokdk wfl fks kt tfe t`ge lj h`rtf kt cekst loe

Bkokd`ko pkreot wfl wks e`tfer hlro ò Bkokdk lr okturkc`zed ò

Bkokdk=]5Wlr

! k perslo wfl rebe`ves k nrkot lj Bkokd`ko b`t`zeosf`p.

]>;W @o lrder tl lhtkò k nrkot lj b`t`zeosf`p tfrlunf okturkc`zkt`lo uoder s. 5 lj

tfe B`t`zeosf`p Kbt,]:Wko kppc`bkot lver ;6 yekrs lj kne gust9

! fkve pergkoeot res`deot stktus ò Bkokdk=


16/59

! fkve c`ved ò Bkokdk kod blgpcèd w`tf òblge tkx requ`regeots jlr kt

cekst jlur lj tfe prev`lus s`x yekrs sòbe heblgòn k pergkoeot res`deot=

! òteod tl blotòue tl res`de ò Bkokdk, wlrm luts`de Bkokdk ò tfe

g`c`tkry lr puhc`b serv`be, lr res`de luts`de Bkokdk w`tf k spluse, blgglo-

ckw pkrtoer lr pkreot wfl `s k Bkokd`ko b`t`zeo ò tfe g`c`tkry lr puhc`b

serv`be=

! `j uoder :5 yekrs lj kne, fkve ko kdequkte molwcedne lj loe lj tfe twl

ljj`b`kc ckonuknes=

!

`j uoder :5 yekrs lj kne, deglostrkte ko kdequkte molwcedne lj tferesplos`h`c`tès kod pr`v`cenes lj b`t`zeosf`p, subf ks vltòn ò ecebt`los kod

lheyòn tfe ckw, kod ko uoderstkodòn lj Bkokd`ko f`stlry, vkcues,

òst`tut`los kod syghlcs= kod

! olt, kglon ltfer tfòns, he uoder k reglvkc lrder, ò pr`slo, uoder k

prlhkt`lo lrder, lo pkrlce, bfkrned w`tf lr kwk`tòn tr`kc lo ko òd`btkhce

ljjeobe, lr blov`bted lj ko òd`btkhce ljjeobe ò tfe prev`lus tfree yekrs.

]>8W @t `s s`no`j`bkot tl tf`s kppekc tfkt kppc`bkots jlr Bkokd`ko b`t`zeosf`p

tfrlunf okturkc`zkt`lo gust estkhc`sf ko lhiebt`ve blooebt`lo tl Bkokdk tfrlunf k

gò`gug per`ld lj res`deobe kod, `j uoder :5 yekrs lj kne, gust deglostrkte k

suhiebt`ve kwkreoess lj tfe r`nfts kod resplos`h`c`tès lj b`t`zeosf`p.

(h) B`t`zeosf`p r`nfts kod resplos`h`c`tès

]>2W Lobe kbqu`red, Bkokd`ko b`t`zeosf`p prlv`des exbcus`ve kbbess tl severkc

juodkgeotkc plc`t`bkc r`nfts. B`t`zeos fkve tfe r`nft tl vlte kod ruo jlr ljj`be, tfer`nft tl rebe`ve k pkssplrt, kod ko uoqukc`jèd r`nft tl eoter kod regkò ò Bkokdk.

Tfe Bfkrter eotreobfes tfe oexus hetweeo b`t`zeosf`p kod r`nfts hy nukrkoteeòn

locy tl b`t`zeos tfe r`nft tl vlte (s. 2), tfe glh`c`ty r`nfts ò s. :(;) kod gòlr`ty

ckonukne edubkt`lo r`nfts (s. 82).


17/59

]>4W Kddòn k ckyer tl b`t`zeosf`p, res`deobe kod pfys`bkc preseobe bko fkve ko

`gplrtkot òjcueobe lo tfe r`nfts kod lhc`nkt`los lj Bkokd`kos. Jlr òstkobe,

res`deobe `s k requ`regeot jlr eot`tcegeot tl jucc fekctf blverkne kod slb`kc

kss`stkobe ò Lotkr`l. R`g`ckrcy, locy res`deot b`t`zeos bko he blgpecced tl serve

lo k iury. Xes`deots, wfetfer b`t`zeos lr olt, pky tfe jucc krrky lj tkxes tfkt

supplrt nlverogeot prlnrkgs. Glst `gplrtkot, locy res`deots kre renuckrcyrequ`red tl lhey dlgest`b Bkokd`ko ckws. ^`tf c`g`ted exbept`los, tfe ckws

eokbted hy Qkrc`kgeot dl olt rekbf luts`de Bkokd`ko hlrders.

]>5W ^fkt tf`s gekos, lo k prkbt`bkc cevec, `s tfkt wf`ce res`deot b`t`zeos gky

eoily nrekter pr`v`cenes tfko olo-res`deot b`t`zeos, tfey kcsl hekr nrekter

resplos`h`c`tès kod hurdeos.

(8) Hrekbf lj s. 2 lj tfe Bfkrter

]>:W Kctflunf tfe hrekbf lj s. 2 lj tfe Bfkrter wks blobeded hy tfe kppecckot, @

w`cc hrèjcy kddress `t tl cky tfe jluodkt`lo jlr tfe s. ; kokcys`s. Rebt`lo 2

prlv`des9

Every b`t`zeo lj Bkokdk fks tfe r`nft tl vlte ò ko ecebt`lo lj geghers lj tfe

Fluse lj Blgglos lr lj k cen`sckt`ve ksseghcy kod tl he qukc`jèd jlr

geghersf`p tfereò.

]>>W Ks @ olted kt tfe henòoòn lj tfese rekslos, ò Rkuv #8, GbCkbfcò B.I.

desbr`hed tfe r`nft lj Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos tl vlte ks cyòn kt tfe fekrt lj Bkokd`ko

deglbrkby. @t `s k r`nft tfkt gust he òterpreted c`herkccy kod bko locy he tkmeokwky jlr nlld rekslo.

]>6W @oJ`nuerlk v. Bkokdk (Kttlroey Neoerkc), 8112 RBB 2>, ]8112W ; R.B.X.

0;8, @kblhubb` I. spekmòn jlr tfe gkilr`ty sk`d, kt pkrk. 21, tfkt tfe purplse lj s.

2 `s tl prlglte kod prltebt tfe r`nft lj ekbf b`t`zeo tl pcky k gekoònjuc rlce ò

tfe plc`t`bkc c`je lj tfe bluotry. Khseot subf k r`nft, lurs wlucd olt he k true

deglbrkby.

]>0W Tfese pròb`pces jòd express`lo ò s. : lj tfe BEK, wf`bf prlv`des tfkt k

Bkokd`ko b`t`zeo ;6 yekrs lj kne lr lcder `s eot`tced tl fkve f`s lr fer okgeòbcuded ò tfe c`st lj ecebtlrs jlr tfe plccòn d`v`s`lo ò wf`bf fe lr sfe `s

lrdòkr`cy res`deot kod tl vlte kt tfe plccòn stkt`lo jlr tfkt plccòn d`v`s`lo.

]61W Rlge Bkokd`ko blurts fkve sunnested tfkt tfe r`nft tl vlte oevertfecess

blotkòs òterokc c`g`ts. Jlr òstkobe, tfe Pumlo Blurt lj Kppekc blobcuded tfkt

res`deobe requ`regeots jlr tfe r`nft tl vlte ò k terr`tlr`kc ecebt`lo d`d olt v`lckte

s. 29Xe Pumlo Ecebt`lo Xes`deoby Xequ`regeots(;06:), ; P.X. 82 (B.K.). Tf`s


18/59

vèw kppekrs tl fkve heeo superseded hy tfe flcdòn lj GbCkbfcò B.I. ò Rkuv

#8, kt pkrk. ;;, tfkt s. 2 gust he blostrued ks `t rekds, kod `ts kgh`t sflucd olt he

c`g`ted hy bluotervk`còn blccebt`ve bloberos.

]6;W Ks k resuct, tfe hrekbf lj s. 2 `s strk`nftjlrwkrd. Tfe cen`sckt`lo preveots k

pkrt`buckr nrlup lj Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos jrlg vltòn ò jederkc ecebt`los, tferehyv`lcktòn tfe`r s. 2 r`nfts. Bluotervk`còn òterests kod koy iust`j`khce c`g`tkt`los

kre tl he blos`dered uoder s. ;9 see Rkuv #8=J`nuerlk.

(2) Rebt`lo ; lj tfe Bfkrter

]68W Rebt`lo ; nukrkotees tfe r`nfts kod jreedlgs set lut ò tfe Bfkrter, suhiebt

locy tl subf rekslokhce c`g`ts presbr`hed hy ckw ks bko he deglostrkhcy iust`jèd

ò k jree kod deglbrkt`b slbèty.

]62W Fkvòn jluod k hrekbf lj s. 2, tfe quest`lo `s wfetfer tfe c`g`t lo vltòn

r`nfts lj olo-res`deot b`t`zeos `s rekslokhce kod bko he deglostrkhcy iust`jèd ò k

jree kod deglbrkt`b slbèty.

]64W Tfe kokcys`s requ`res tfkt9 (k) tfe lhiebt`ve lj tfe cen`sckt`lo he pressòn

kod suhstkot`kc= kod (h) tfe gekos used tl jurtfer tfkt lhiebt`ve kre prlplrt`lokte,

okgecy, (`) rkt`lokccy blooebted tl tfe lhiebt`ve lj tfe ckw, (``) gò`gkccy

`gpk`ròn lj tfe Bfkrter r`nft, kod (```) prlplrt`lokte ò ejjebt. Ree9Gluoted

Qlc`be Ksslb`kt`lo lj Lotkr`l v. Bkokdk (Kttlroey Neoerkc), 81;5 RBB ;,kt pkrk.

;20=X. v. Lkmes=Fekctf Rerv`bes kod Rupplrt Jkb`c`tès Ruhsebtlr Hkrnkòòn

Ksso. v. Hr`t`sf Blcugh`k, 811> RBB 8>, ]811>W 8 R.B.X. 20;, kt pkrks. ;2>-20.

]65W Tfe lous cès lo tfe pkrty seemòn tl iust`jy tfe c`g`tkt`lo lj

tfe Bfkrter r`nft tl prlve tfese requ`regeots lo k hkckobe lj prlhkh`c`tès9XIX-

GkbDlokcd v. Bkokdk, ];005W 2 R.B.X. ;00, kt pkrks. ;2>-26.

(k) Qressòn kod suhstkot`kc lhiebt`ve

(`) @otrldubt`lo

]6:W Tfe j`rst step ò tfe Lkmes kokcys`s ksms wfetfer tfe lhiebt`ve lj tfe

òjrònòn geksure `s sujj`bèotcy `gplrtkot tl he bkpkhce ò pròb`pce lj iust`jyòn

k c`g`tkt`lo lo Bfkrter r`nfts kod jreedlgs9XIX-GkbDlokcd,kt pkrks. ;48-

44=Gluoted Qlc`be Ksslb`kt`lo lj Lotkr`l,kt pkrk. ;48. Tfe lhiebt`ve gust

blrresplod tl Qkrc`kgeots òteot kt tfe t`ge tfe ckw wks eokbted9X. v. H`n G

Drun Gkrt Ctd., ];065W ; R.B.X. 805, kt p. 225. Tfe lhiebt`ve gust kcsl he


19/59

d`rebtcy blooebted tl iust`jyòn tfe kspebt lj tfe cen`sckt`lo tfkt òjrònes tfe

r`nft9 Zrèod v. Kchertk, ];006W ; R.B.X. 402, kt pkrks. ;;2-;;:.@t gust he

blos`steot w`tf tfe vkcues lj k jree kod deglbrkt`b slbèty kod sflucd he d`rebted

kt tfe rekc`zkt`lo lj blccebt`ve nlkcs lj juodkgeotkc `gplrtkobe9 Lkmes, kt p. ;2:.

]6>W @o Lkmes, Bfèj Iust`be D`bmslo plòted lut tfkt tfe s. ; iust`j`bkt`lostkodkrd requ`res tfe blurt tl fkve renkrd tl tfe purplse jlr wf`bf tfe Bfkrterwks

eotreobfed ò tfe Blost`tut`lo tl eosure tfkt Bkokd`ko slbèty `s jree kod

deglbrkt`b. Fe kdded, kt p. ;2:9

Tfe Blurt gust he nu`ded hy tfe vkcues kod pròb`pces esseot`kc tl k jree kod

deglbrkt`b slbèty wf`bf @ hecève eghldy, tl okge hut k jew, respebt jlr tfe

òfereot d`no`ty lj tfe fugko perslo, blgg`tgeot tl slb`kc iust`be kod equkc`ty,

kbblggldkt`lo lj k w`de vkrèty lj hecèjs, respebt jlr bucturkc kod nrlup

`deot`ty, kod jk`tf ò slb`kc kod plc`t`bkc òst`tut`los wf`bf eofkobe tfe

pkrt`b`pkt`lo lj òd`v`dukcs kod nrlups ò slbèty.Tfe uodercyòn vkcues kodpròb`pces lj k jree kod deglbrkt`b slbèty kre tfe neoes`s lj tfe r`nfts kod

jreedlgs nukrkoteed hy tfe Bfkrterkod tfe uct`gkte stkodkrd knkòst wf`bf k

c`g`t lo k r`nft lr jreedlg gust he sflwo, desp`te `ts ejjebt, tl he rekslokhce kod

deglostrkhcy iust`jèd. ]Egpfks`s kdded.W

]66W @ w`cc returo tl tfe wlrds ò `tkc`bs ò tfe oext sebt`lo.

(``) Lhiebt`ves lj tfe cen`sckt`lo

]60W Tfe lhiebt`ves lj tfe cen`sckt`lo bko he detergòed tfrlunf reksloòn kodblgglo seose, hy rejereobe tl tfe vkcues kod pròb`pces esseot`kc tl k jree kod

deglbrkt`b slbèty9X. v. Hryko, 811> RBB ;8, ]811>W ; R.B.X. 58>, kt pkrk. 88.

]01W Tfe kppecckot skys twl gkò lhiebt`ves lj tfe ckw kre pressòn kod

suhstkot`kc. J`rst, `t suhg`ts tfkt tfe ren`ge prlgltes tfe jk`roess lj tfe ecebtlrkc

prlbess hy prltebtòn tfe slb`kc blotrkbt cyòn kt tfe fekrt lj Bkokdks

blost`tut`lokc deglbrkby. Reblod, `t gkòtkòs tfe pr`gkby lj res`deobe ò

Bkokdks systeg lj pkrc`kgeotkry represeotkt`lo, rllted ks `t `s ò nelnrkpf`bkccy

detergòed, ecebtlrkc d`str`bt-hksed represeotkt`lo w`tfò Bkokdk.

]0;W @o lrkc krnugeot, tfe kppecckot jlbused pr`gkr`cy lo tfe slb`kc blotrkbt

lhiebt`ve. Tfe kppecckot desbr`hed tfe slb`kc blotrkbt hetweeo b`t`zeos kod tfe

nlverogeot ks fkvòn hltf suhiebt`ve kod lhiebt`ve d`geos`los. Ruhiebt`vecy, tfe

r`nft tl vlte `s preg`sed lo tfe ecebtlrs molwcedne kod kjj`c`kt`lo w`tf tfe`r

bluotry kod ecebtlrkc d`str`bt. Lhiebt`vecy, `t `s rllted ò b`t`zeos lhc`nkt`los tl

lhey tfe ckws eokbted hy tfe Qkrc`kgeot tfey pkrt`b`pkte ò ecebtòn.


20/59

]08W @o jk`roess tl tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne, `t kppekrs tfkt tfe kppecckot d`d olt

expresscy òvlme tfe slb`kc blotrkbt ò `ts suhg`ss`los hejlre f`g. @ostekd, `t

jrkged `ts suhg`ss`lo ks jk`roess tl res`deot vlters, wfl c`ve w`tf tfe

blosequeobes lj tfe ckws jlr wf`bf tfey vlte.

]02W Jlr tfe rekslos tfkt jlcclw, flwever, @ kg skt`sjèd tfkt preservòn tfeblooebt`lo hetweeo b`t`zeos lhc`nkt`lo tl lhey tfe ckw kod tfe`r r`nft tl ecebt tfe

ckwgkmers streontfeoòn tfe slb`kc blotrkbt `s k pressòn kod suhstkot`kc

lhiebt`ve tfkt iust`jès tfe s. 2 Bfkrter òjrònegeot. Ks k resuct, @ w`cc blos`der

tfe ltfer prlplsed lhiebt`ves locy òsljkr ks tfey reckte tl tfe slb`kc blotrkbt

lhiebt`ve.

]04W Kt k neoerkc cevec, tfe slb`kc blotrkbt `s khlut reb`prlb`ty hetweeo b`v`b

r`nfts kod resplos`h`c`tès. @o tfe blotext lj tf`s bkse, `t `s jluoded lo k

gutukc`ty hetweeo tfe jrkobf`se kod tfe b`t`zeos lhc`nkt`lo tl lhey tfe ckw

hetweeo plc`t`bkc r`nfts kod plc`t`bkc lhc`nkt`los. Tf`s olt`lo jòds strlon supplrtò hltf plc`t`bkc tfelry kod Ruprege Blurt iur`sprudeobe.

]05W @o Rkuv #8, hltf tfe gkilr`ty kod tfe gòlr`ty reblno`zed tfe s`no`j`bkobe

lj tfe blooebt`lo hetweeo tfe r`nft tl vlte fkvòn k sky ò tfe gkmòn lj tfe ckw

kod tfe lhc`nkt`lo tl lhey tfe ckw. Tf`s slb`kc blotrkbt wks eodlrsed hy tfe

gkilr`ty kt pkrk. 2;9

@o k deglbrkby subf ks lurs, tfe plwer lj ckwgkmers jclws jrlg

tfe vltòn b`t`zeos, kod ckwgkmers kbt ks tfe b`t`zeos prlxès.

Tf`s decenkt`lo jrlg vlters tl cen`scktlrs n`ves tfe ckw `ts

cen`t`gkby lr jlrbe. Blrreckt`vecy, tfe lhc`nkt`lo tl lhey tfe ckw

jclws jrlg tfe jkbt tfkt tfe ckw `s gkde hy kod lo hefkcj lj tfe

b`t`zeos. @o sug, tfe cen`t`gkby lj tfe ckw kod tfe lhc`nkt`lo tl

lhey tfe ckw jclw d`rebtcy jrlg tfe r`nft lj every b`t`zeo tl vlte.

Ks k prkbt`bkc gktter, we requ`re kcc w`tfò lur bluotrys

hluodkrès tl lhey `ts ckw, wfetfer lr olt tfey vlte. Hut tf`s

dles olt oenkte tfe v`tkc syghlc`b, tfelret`bkc kod prkbt`bkc

blooebt`lo hetweeo fkvòn k vl`be ò gkmòn tfe ckw kod heòn

lhc`ned tl lhey `t. Tf`s blooebt`lo, òfer`ted jrlg slb`kc blotrkbt

tfelry kod eosfròed ò tfe Bfkrter, stkods kt tfe fekrt lj lur

systeg lj blost`tut`lokc deglbrkby.

]0:W Tfe Bfèj Iust`be syotfes`zed tf`s, kt pkrk. 44, w`tf tfe lhservkt`lo tfkt

ckws blggkod lhedèobe hebkuse tfey kre gkde hy tflse wflse blodubt tfey

nlvero. Tfe blooebt`lo hetweeo ecebtòn tfe ckwgkmers kod heòn suhiebt tl tfe

ckws n`ves tfe ckws tfe`r cen`t`gkby.


21/59

]0>W Tfe gòlr`ty iudngeot ò Rkuv #8d`sknreed w`tf tfe gkilr`ty khlut tfe

okture kod `gpc`bkt`los lj pr`sloers pkrt`b`pkt`lo ò tfe slb`kc blotrkbt.

Oevertfecess, `t tll eodlrsed k s`g`ckr blobept lj tfe slb`kc blotrkbt, kt pkrk. ;;59

Tfe slb`kc blotrkbt `s tfe tfelret`bkc hks`s uplo wf`bf tfe

exerb`se lj r`nfts kod pkrt`b`pkt`lo ò tfe deglbrkt`b prlbessrests. @o gy vèw, tfe slb`kc blotrkbt oebesskr`cy recès uplo tfe

kbbeptkobe lj tfe ruce lj ckw kod b`v`b resplos`h`c`ty kod lo

slbètys oeed tl prlglte tfe skge.

]06W @odeed, tfe gòlr`ty tllm tfe slb`kc blotrkbt k step jkrtfer, reblno`zòn `ts

plteot`kc tl iust`jy res`deoby ks k qukc`j`bkt`lo jlr vltòn, kt pkrk. ;;69

@t `s jlr tf`s skge rekslo, tfe `gplrtkobe lj tfe oexus hetweeo

vlters kod tfe`r blgguo`ty, tfkt gkoy iur`sd`bt`los qukc`jy tfe

r`nft tl vlte w`tf res`deoby requ`regeots. Tf`s Blurt, òFk`n v.Bkokdk, ];002W 8 R.B.X. 005, upfecd res`deoby requ`regeots ks k

rekslokhce qukc`j`bkt`lo tl tfe ec`n`h`c`ty tl vlte ò k rejereodug.

^f`ce `t `s bcekr tfkt tfere wks ol hrekbf lj s. 2 lj tfe Bfkrter ò

tfkt bkse sòbe s. 2 dles olt kppcy tl rejereodk,Fk`n, suprk,

neoerkccy seegs tl `gpcy tfkt res`deoby requ`regeots gky he

bkpkhce lj heòn rekslokhce qukc`j`bkt`los uplo tfe r`nft tl

vlte. Tf`s rekslokhceoess kr`ses olt locy jrlg prkbt`bkc

bloberos, hut kcsl jrlg tfe oexus hetweeo k pkrt`buckr

òd`v`dukcs ec`n`h`c`ty tl vlte ò ko ecebt`lo, tfe`r reckt`losf`p tl

tfe blgguo`ty, kod tfe jkbt tfkt `t `s tfkt blgguo`ty wf`bf w`cc

he suhiebted tl tfe resucts lj tfe ecebt`lo. ]Egpfks`s kdded.W

]00W N`veo tfe Ruprege Blurts reblno`t`lo lj tfe `gplrtkobe lj tfe slb`kc

blotrkbt, kod tfe gkilr`tys reblno`t`lo tfkt `t stkods kt tfe fekrt lj lur systeg lj

blost`tut`lokc deglbrkby, @ kg skt`sjèd tfkt streontfeoòn tfe slb`kc blotrkbt

qukc`jès ks k pressòn kod suhstkot`kc lhiebt`ve. Xeturoòn tl tfe wlrds lj

D`bmslo B.I. ò Lkmes, `t prlgltes jk`tf ò plc`t`bkc òst`tut`los tfkt eofkobe tfe

pkrt`b`pkt`lo lj òd`v`dukcs kod nrlups ò lur slbèty.

(```) Qkrc`kgeots òteot

];11W @t regkòs oebesskry tl ksm wfetfer Qkrc`kgeots òteot`lo wks tl prltebt

tfe slb`kc blotrkbt wfeo H`cc B-;;4 wks pkssed ò ;002. Tfe lverkcc òteot`lo lj

tfe speb`kc hkcclt prlv`s`los wks tl exteodtfe jrkobf`se tl bertkò olo-res`deot

b`t`zeos wfl were prev`luscy uokhce tl vlte. @t d`d sl hy prlv`dòn k getfld lj

reglte vltòn tl qukc`jèd olo-res`deot b`t`zeos. Tfe quest`lo `s wfetfer


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Qkrc`kgeots òteot`lo ò olt exteodòn tfe jrkobf`se tl kcc olo-res`deot b`t`zeos

wks tl prltebt tfe slb`kc blotrkbt.

];1;W Kctflunf olt expresscy stkted ò tflse tergs, tfe

uodercyòn Fkoskrd ev`deobe revekcs k blobero tfkt tfe vlte sflucd he c`g`ted tl

olo-res`deots fkvòn k sujj`bèot blooebt`lo tl Bkokdk. Jlr òstkobe, duròn tfeReokte Rtkodòn Blgg`ttee, Gs. Gkrnkret Hclldwlrtf regkrmed9

Tfe jeecòn lj tfe speb`kc blgg`ttee, kod `t wks k jeecòn tfkt tfe

nlverogeot knreed w`tf, wks tfkt `t `s olt uorekslokhce jlr k

deglbrkt`b slbèty tl eosure tfkt tflse vltòn ò tfe ecebt`lo fkve

slge denree lj blooebt`lo w`tf tfe bluotry.

@s j`ve yekrs sure tl subbeed ò k blurt bfkcceone< @ bkoolt n`ve

ylu tfkt mòd lj nukrkotee. @ bko sky tfere `s k rekslo hefòd tfe

j`ve yekrs, ò tfe seose tfkt `t eosures tfkt tfere `s slge denree ljblooebt`lo w`tf tfe bluotry. J`ve yekrs `s kcsl tfe gkx`gug

per`ld lj k pkrc`kgeot, sl `t `s olt k ougher p`bmed blgpcetecy

lut lj tfe k`r. @t `s k gktter lj iudngeot ò tfe eod.

@ perslokccy dl olt tfòm `t `s uorekslokhce tfkt pelpce fkve slge

perslokc blooebt`lo w`tf tfe bluotry. Tfere fkve heeo slge

exbept`los put ò jlr pelpce wfl fkve ko lhv`lus blooebt`lo=

puhc`b servkots, e`tfer jederkc lr prlvòb`kc, wfl fkppeo tl he lut

glre tfko j`ve yekrs kod kcsl Bkokd`kos wfl kre wlrmòn jlr

òterokt`lokc lrnko`zkt`los tfkt Bkokdk `s k pkrt lj hebkuse

olrgkccy, Bkokdk fks k d`rebt òterest ò gkmòn sure Bkokd`kos

wlrm jlr tflse lrnko`zkt`los. ê fkve trèd tl hu`cd ò lhv`lus

exbept`los wfere pelpce dl fkve k d`rebt lonlòn blooebt`lo

w`tf tfe bluotry, hut `t w`cc olt n`ve tfe vlte tl pelpce wfl fkve

c`ved luts`de tfe bluotry jlr 81 lr 85 yekrs. Tflse mòds lj

pelpce w`cc olt he khce tl vlte.

];18W @o tfe Rpeb`kc Blgg`ttee lo Ecebtlrkc Xejlrg, G.Q. I`g Fkwmes expressed

k s`g`ckr vèw9

Qelpce wfl fkve heeo olo-res`deot ò Bkokdk jlr j`ve yekrs lrcess, lr slgetfòn lj tfkt mòd, gkmes ge glre blgjlrtkhce.

Rlgehldy wfls olt c`ved ò tf`s bluotry jlr 41 yekrs @g olt

sure @ wkot tfeg vltòn, kod @g olt sure tfey fkve k bclse

eolunf blooebt`lo tl skt`sjy ge tfeyre st`cc Bkokd`ko. Tfey gky

fkve k pkssplrt tfkt skys tfey kre, hut `j tfeyre lut lj tfe

bluotry lo k twl- lr tfree-yekr blotrkbt dlòn slgetfòn, tfeo @


23/59

tfòm tfey kre ò k d`jjereot pls`t`lo. @ts tfe tegplrkry khseobe

jrlg Bkokdk tfkt pcekses ge tfe glst.

];12W Kdg`ttedcy, tfese bloberos were pr`gkr`cy d`rebted kt tfe suhiebt`ve

blooebt`los lj olo-res`deots hksed lo tfe`r molwcedne kod tès tl Bkokdk.

Flwever, tfe lhiebt`ve blgploeot `s ko equkccy `gplrtkot pkrt lj tf`s blooebt`lokod wks `gpc`b`t ò tfe rkt`lokce uodercyòn tfe ckw. Tfe jlbus lo tf`s lhiebt`ve

blgploeot ò tf`s kppekc blucd he jk`rcy desbr`hed ks k perg`ss`hce sf`jt ò

egpfks`s9X. v. Hutcer, ];008W ; R.B.X. 458, kt p. 40:.

(`v) Tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudnes bfkrkbter`zkt`lo lj tfe lhiebt`ve

];14W Tfe slb`kc blotrkbt lhiebt`ve lj prltebtòn k blrresplodeobe hetweeo tfe

r`nft tl ecebt ckwgkmers kod heòn requ`red tl lhey tfe ckw `s wecc supplrted hy

iur`sprudeobe. Tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne kbmolwcedned tf`s krnugeot, wf`bf fe

desbr`hed ks tfe krnugeot tfkt res`deot Bkokd`kos c`ve fere kod kre, lo k dky-tl-

dky hks`s, suhiebt tl Bkokdks ckws kod c`ve w`tf tfe blosequeobes lj Qkrc`kgeots

deb`s`los. Fe d`d olt, flwever, ò gy respebtjuc vèw, n`ve sujj`bèot

blos`derkt`lo tl tfe okture lj Bkokd`ko pkrc`kgeotkry deglbrkby, tfe slb`kc

blotrkbt kod tfe rlce pckyed hy res`deobe ò hltf. Tf`s bkused f`g tl redube

res`deobe tl ko lrnko`zòn blobept kod tl lvercllm tfe cen`t`g`zòn ejjebt lj tfe

slb`kc blotrkbt.

];15W Blubfed ks `t wks ò tergs lj uojk`roess tl res`deot vlters, `t `s

uoderstkodkhce tfkt tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne d`sbluoted tfe krnugeot. Fe jlbused lo

jk`roess tl res`deot vlters kod tfe r`sms lj ecebtlrkc jrkud. @ostekd, fe g`nft fkvereblno`zed tfkt olo-res`deots kre neoerkccy olt suhiebt tl Bkokd`ko ckws kod dl

olt sfkre tfe skge b`t`zeosf`p lhc`nkt`los.

];1:W Tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne ject tfkt olo-res`deots c`ve w`tf tfe blosequeobes lj

tfe ckw hebkuse tfey v`s`t Bkokdk, fkve jkg`cy fere kod gky ò tfe juture he

kjjebted hy tfe ckws. Fe kcsl sk`d tfkt olo-res`deots gky he suhiebt tl Bkokdks

ckws eveo tflunf tfey gky olt he eojlrbed knkòst tfeg. @o gy vèw, tfese

blooebt`los kre teoulus. Ks k prkbt`bkc gktter, Bkokdk dles olt purplrt tl

cen`sckte extrk-terr`tlr`kccy ò glst bkses. Olr dles `t kttegpt tl eojlrbe `ts ckws

luts`de tfe bluotry. ^f`ce tfe resplodeots w`cc he suhiebt tl Bkokd`ko ckws wfeotfey blge tl Bkokdk, tfe skge `s true lj koy v`s`tlr. Lo k dky-tl-dky hks`s, tfe

resplodeots kre suhiebt tl ko krrky lj U.R. guo`b`pkc, stkte kod jederkc ckws tfkt

kjjebt every kspebt lj tfe`r c`ves. Tfe`r tkx dlcckrs kre d`rebted tl tfe supplrt lj

U.R. plc`bès, prlnrkgs kod òst`tut`los, olt Bkokd`ko loes. Tfey gky wecc fkve

ko òterest ò Bkokd`ko plc`t`bs, hut tfe`r tkxes nl tl ^ksfòntlo, olt Lttkwk.


24/59

];1>W Tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne sunnested tfkt tfe cln`b lj tfe kppecckots krnugeot

wlucd d`btkte tfkt kcc olo-res`deots sflucd he prlf`h`ted jrlg vltòn. Tf`s

lvercllms tfe suhiebt`ve ecegeot lj tfe cen`sckt`lo. K sflrt-terg olo-res`deot wfl

deglostrktes ko òteot tl returo tl Bkokdk kod tl tferehy vlcuotkr`cy suhiebt

f`g/fersecj tl tfe ckws `s eot`tced tl vlte.

(v) Blos`steot w`tf tfe nlkcs lj k jree kod deglbrkt`b slbèty

];16W Hy streontfeoòn puhc`b bloj`deobe ò tfe ckws eokbted hy Qkrc`kgeot, tfe

cen`sckt`lo `s blos`steot w`tf tfe pròb`pces kod vkcues lj k jree kod deglbrkt`b

slbèty.

];10W Tfe resplodeots sky tfkt tfe `gpunoed cen`sckt`lo `s k renress`ve step ò

c`nft lj Bkokdks f`stlry lj cekdersf`p ò tfe exteos`lo lj tfe jrkobf`se, henòoòn

w`tf tfe eojrkobf`segeot lj wlgeo, kod blotòuòn w`tf tfe redubt`lo lj tfe

vltòn kne jrlg 8; tl ;6, kod tfe reglvkc lj c`g`tkt`los lo tfe vltòn r`nfts lj

iudnes, pr`sloers kod pelpce w`tf geotkc d`skh`c`tès. Tfey sky tfe nlverogeot fks

`deot`jèd ol prlhceg kddressed hy tfe cen`sckt`lo.

];;1W N`veo tfe f`stlry lj exteos`lo lj tfe jrkobf`se ò Bkokdk, kod tfe

eotreobfgeot lj tfe r`nft lj b`t`zeos tl vlte ò tfe Bfkrter, koy restr`bt`lo lj tfkt

r`nft gust he bkrejuccy sbrutò`zed. Bkokdk fks evlcved kwky jrlg uoiust c`g`ts

lo tfe r`nft tl vlte hksed lo wekctf, neoder, lr rkbe. @t `s, flwever, blos`steot

w`tf tfe vkcues lj k jree kod deglbrkt`b slbèty tl requ`re clon-terg res`deoby

ks k pre-blod`t`lo tl eoilyòn tfe jucc plc`t`bkc r`nfts jclwòn jrlg b`t`zeosf`p. Ks

loe prljesslr lj plc`t`bkc sbèobe olted (Bckud`l Cpez-Nuerrk, RflucdExpktr`ktes Zlte


25/59

(h) Qrlplrt`lokc`ty

];;8W Tf`s seblod stkne lj tfe Lkmestest, tfe prlplrt`lokc`ty kokcys`s, òvlcves

tfree blos`derkt`los9 (`) wfetfer tfere `s k rkt`lokc blooebt`lo hetweeo tfe

`gpunoed cen`sckt`lo kod k blost`tut`lokccy vkc`d lhiebt`ve= (``) `j sl, wfetfer tfer`nft `s gò`gkccy `gpk`red= kod (```) kt tfe jòkc hkckobòn stkne, wfetfer tfe

ckws skcutkry heoej`ts lutwe`nf `ts deceter`lus ejjebts.

];;2W @o gy vèw, tfe prlplrt`lokc`ty kokcys`s turos lo wfetfer Qkrc`kgeot wks

eot`tced tl `gplse k gkx`gug per`ld lj olo-res`deoby ks k blod`t`lo lj

eot`tcegeot tl vlte. Cess `gplrtkot `s tfe pkrt`buckr per`ld lj t`ge `t bflse.

^fetfer j`ve yekrs `s ko kbbeptkhce per`ld lj khseobe kt wf`bf tl drkw tfe còe

jkccs tl he blos`dered kt tfe gò`gkc `gpk`rgeot stkne kod olt tfe rkt`lokc

blooebt`lo stkne lj tfe kokcys`s.

(`) Xkt`lokc blooebt`lo

];;4W @oGluoted Qlc`be Ksslb`kt`lo, tfe gkilr`ty (per GbCkbfcò B.I.

kod CeHec I.) lhserved kt pkrk. ;429

Tfe nlverogeot gust deglostrkte tfkt tfe òjrònòn geksure `s

rkt`lokccy blooebted tl `ts lhiebt`ve. Tf`s test `s "olt pkrt`buckrcy

loerlus" (C`ttce R`sters Hllm kod Krt Egplrùg v. Bkokdk

(Gò`ster lj Iust`be), 8111 RBB :0, ]8111W 8 R.B.X. ;;81, kt

pkrk. 886=Fekctf Rerv`bes, kt pkrk. ;46). @t `s olt oebesskry tlestkhc`sf tfkt tfe geksure w`cc òev`tkhcykbfève tfe

nlverogeot's lhiebt`ve. K rekslokhce òjereobe tfkt tfe gekos

kdlpted hy tfe nlverogeot w`cc fecp hròn khlut tfe lhiebt`ve

sujj`bes (Bkokdk (Kttlroey Neoerkc) v. IT@-Gkbdlokcd

Blrp.,811> RBB 21, ]811>W 8 R.B.X. :;1, kt pkrk. 41=Fekctf

Rerv`bes, kt pkrk. ;40). Tfe kssessgeot `s k gktter lj bkuskc

reckt`losf`p.

];;5W Tfe rkt`lokc blooebt`lo gust he estkhc`sfed hy ev`deobe lr hy rekslo kod

cln`b9XIX-GkbDlokcd, kt pkrks. ;52-;54. Ks @ w`cc expckò heclw, @ jòd tfktBkokd`ko b`t`zeos wfl fkve heeo olo-res`deot jlr j`ve yekrs lr glre kre ckrnecy

olt nlveroed hy tfe Bkokd`ko cenkc systeg= tferejlre, exbcudòn tfeg jrlg tfe

jrkobf`se fecps tl streontfeo tfe slb`kc blotrkbt kod eofkobe tfe cen`t`gkby lj tfe

ckws.

];;:W Tfe kppecckot supplrts tfe rkt`lokc blooebt`lo hetweeo tfe cen`sckt`ve

lhiebt`ve kod tfe cen`sckt`lo hy jlur krnugeots9


26/59

! tfe slb`kc blotrkbt tfelry d`sbussed ò Rkuv #8=

! prlvòb`kc kod terr`tlr`kc ecebtlrkc cen`sckt`lo=

! tfe ecebtlrkc ckws lj ltfer êstgòster deglbrkbès= kod

! òterokt`lokc iur`sprudeobe.

];;>W @ w`cc exkgòe ekbf lj tfese.

Rkuv #8 kod tfe slb`kc blotrkbt

];;6W Ks @ fkve olted khlve, ò Rkuv #8, tfe Bfèj Iust`be kjj`rged tfe v`tkc

syghlc`b, tfelret`bkc kod prkbt`bkc blooebt`lo hetweeo fkvòn k vl`be ò gkmòn

tfe ckw kod heòn lhc`ned tl lhey `t.

];;0W Tfe jluodkt`lo lj tfe nlverogeots lhiebt`ve `s oe`tfer oew olr

revlcut`lokry. @o Rkuv #8tfe Ruprege Blurt lj Bkokdk rejerred tl tfe wr`tònslj Ilfo Rtukrt G`cc ks loe lj tfe slurbes lj deglbrkt`b tfelry. Rl tll were tfe

wlrms lj Ieko-Ikbques Xlusseku. @o Tfe Rlb`kc Blotrkbt, Xlusseku lhserved9

Tfe Qelpce, suhiebt tl tfe eokbtgeots lj ckw, gust he `ts kutflrs,

jlr `t heclons locy tl tflse wfl fkve blghòed tlnetfer tl lrder

tfe blod`t`los lj tfe`r slbèty.]>W

];81W Blotegplrkry sbflckrs lo tfe suhiebt lj b`t`zeosf`p, res`deobe kod tfe r`nft

tl vlte fkve expressed s`g`ckr vèws. Jlr exkgpce, Qrljesslr Qktt` Tkgkrk Ceokrd,

ò ko krt`bce eot`tced Xes`deobe kod tfe X`nft tl Zlte (81;5) ;:9; Ilurokc lj

@oterokt`lokc G`nrkt`lo kod @otenrkt`lo ;;0, gkmes tfe jlcclwòn lhservkt`lo ktpp. ;81 kod ;859

Kbblrdòn tl `dekc kbbluots lj deglbrkt`b tfelry, deglbrkt`b

stktes kre iust`jèd hy tfe`r blgg`tgeot tl tfe equkc`ty lj kcc

tflse wfl kre suhiebt tl tfe`r ruce. Tf`s equkc`ty jòds `ts beotrkc

express`lo ò b`t`zeos prltebted, equkc kbbess tl `ts blccebt`ve

deb`s`lo-gkmòn prlbedures.

]KWhseot k blgpeccòn expckokt`lotflse wfl kre lhc`nkted tl

kh`de hy stkte ckws, kod tflse wflse dk`cy c`ves kre sfkped hy

tfeg, fkve tfe r`nft tl pkrt`b`pkte ò secebtòn tflse wfl brekte

tfeg.


27/59

];8;W Tfe rkt`lokc blooebt`lo hetweeo tfe lhiebt`ve kod tfe cen`t`gkby lj tfe

ckws `s eclqueotcy bkptured ò tfe wlrds lj jlrger Bfèj Iust`be lj tfe Lotkr`l

F`nf Blurt lj Iust`be Ikges B. GbXuer, jluod ò tfe Jlrewlrd tl I. Qktr`bm

Hlyer,Qlc`t`bkc X`nfts9 Tfe Cenkc Jrkgewlrm lj Ecebt`los ò Bkokdk,

(Tlrlotl9 Hutterwlrtfs, ;06;)9

Ròbe pr`g`t`ve tr`hkc t`ges tfere fks heeo k sclw hut pers`steot

strunnce tl dejòe kod renuckte tfe exerb`se lj plwer oebesskry

jlr tfe prltebt`lo kod wecjkre lj tflse wfl ò tfe`r lwo òterest

gust c`ve ò slge jlrg lj ksslb`kt`lo. Tfe reblno`t`lo tfkt tfe

slurbe lj tfe plwer exerb`sed gust rest ò tflse kjjebted hy `ts

exerb`se fks heeo ko `dek lj blgpkrkt`vecy rebeot deveclpgeot ò

fugko f`stlry. @t `s k deglbrkt`b `dek.

Tfe nrlwtf lj deglbrkt`b `deks fks heeo sclw kod spksgld`b

kod eveo olw kjter elos lj f`stlry locy ò k blgpkrkt`vecy sgkccsengeot lj tfe wlrcds plpuckt`lo dl tfey prevk`c ò tfe blotrlc

lj tfe òterokc kjjk`rs lj okt`los.

@t `s juodkgeotkc tl tfe deglbrkt`b `dek tfkt tfere he k slb`kc

kbmolwcednegeot tfkt olt locy gust tfe slurbe lj tfe plwer tl

nlvero cè w`tf tflse suhiebt tl tfe plwer, hut tfey gust fkve k

r`nft tl dejòe kod c`g`t `ts exerb`se.]Egpfks`s kdded.W

Ree kcsl Cpez-Nuerrk, kt 8249 Qkrt`b`pkt`lo ò k deglbrkt`b prlbess sflucd he

restr`bted tl tflse wfl w`cc he suhiebt tl tfe rucòns lj tfkt nlverogeot.

];88W @o Rkuv, k gkilr`ty lj tfe Ruprege Blurt jluod tfkt deoyòn peo`teot`kry

pr`sloers tfe r`nft tl vlte wks olt rkt`lokccy blooebted tl tfe stkted lhiebt`ves lj

eofkobòn respebt jlr tfe ckw kod `gplsòn cen`t`gkte puo`sfgeot. Tfe blurt fecd,

kt pkrks. 48-52, tfkt tfe jlrger wks k vkr`kot lo tfe uowlrtfòess rkt`lokce kod

tfe cktter wks olt kbfèved hy reglvòn tfe vlte. @ogktes regkò suhiebt tl tfe

ckw eveo `j tfey bfllse olt tl lhey `t. Olo-res`deot b`t`zeos, lo tfe ltfer fkod, kre

neoerkccy ol cloner suhiebt tl Bkokd`ko ckw. Tfey fkve lpted lut lj tfe slb`kc

blotrkbt ò k wky tfkt ògktes fkve olt. @t `s tfe lhc`nkt`lo tl lhey tfe ckw, olt

lhedèobe tl tfe ckw, wf`bf ko`gktes tfe slb`kc blotrkbt.

Qrlvòb`kc kod terr`tlr`kc cen`sckt`lo

];82W Xes`deobe `s k detergòkot lj vlter ec`n`h`c`ty ò kcc prlvòbes kod

terr`tlrès, w`tf glst requ`ròn k gò`gug per`ld lj res`deobe. Tfe Rksmktbfewko

Blurt lj Kppekc, tfe Pumlo Terr`tlry Blurt lj Kppekc kod tfe Ouokvut Blurt lj

Iust`be fkve jluod k rkt`lokc blooebt`lo hetweeo tfese res`deobe requ`regeots kod


28/59

tfe jk`roess kod òtenr`ty lj tfe ecebtlrkc prlbess9 Rtlrey

v. Ykzeceobfum(;064), 2: Rksm.X. ;12 (B.K.)=Kokwkm v. Ouokvut (Bfèj

Ecebtlrkc Ljj`ber), 8116 OUBI 8:, ;>8 K.B.^.R. (2d) 20;=Xe Pumlo Ecebt`lo

Xes`deoby Xequ`regeots(;06:), ; P.X. 82 (B.K.).

êstgòster Deglbrkbès

];84W Xes`deobe `s k requ`regeot lj tfe ecebtlrkc ckws lj tfe ltfer êstgòster

deglbrkbès. Tfe U.M., Kustrkc`k kod Oew Yekckod c`g`t tfe vltòn r`nfts lj olo-

res`deot b`t`zeos tl tflse tegplrkr`cy res`deot khrlkd, kche`t w`tf d`jjereot t`ge

c`g`ts ;5 yekrs ò tfe U.M., s`x yekrs ò Kustrkc`k kod tfree yekrs ò Oew

Yekckod9 seeXepreseotkt`lo lj tfe Qelpce Kbt ;065, (U.M.) ;065, b. 51, s. ;, ks

kgeoded hy s. ;4;(k) ljQlc`t`bkc Qkrtès, Ecebt`los kod Xejereodugs Kbt 8111,

(U.M) 8111, b.4;= Blgglowekctf Ecebtlrkc Kbt ;0;6(Kus) Ol. 8>, ;0;6, ks

kgeoded, s. 04=Ecebtlrkc Kbt ;002, (O.Y.) ;002 Ol. 6>, s. 61. Tfe Oew Yekckod

t`ge c`g`t `s re-set `j tfe olo-res`deot returos tl tfe bluotry hetweeo khseobes.

@oterokt`lokc iur`sprudeobe

];85W Tfe kppecckot kcsl rejers tl òterokt`lokc iur`sprudeobe, òbcudòn tfe

deb`s`los lj tfe Eurlpeko Blurt lj Fugko X`nfts ò Rfòdcer v. tfe Uo`ted

Mòndlg, Ol. ;0641/10, > Gky 81;2, kt p. 8>= kod F`che v. Cèbfteosteò(deb.),

Ol. 2;06;/0:, ];000W Z@ E.B.F.X. 452, kt p. 450, hltf lj wf`bf kjj`rged tfe

`gplrtkobe lj c`g`tòn tfe r`nft tl vlte tl tflse wfl wlucd he glst d`rebtcy

kjjebted hy tfe ckw.

];8:W @oF`che, tfe blurt sk`d kt p. 4509

@o tfe preseot bkse tfe blurt blos`ders tfkt tfe res`deobe

requ`regeot wf`bf prlgpted tfe kppc`bkt`lo `s iust`jèd lo

kbbluot lj tfe jlcclwòn jkbtlrs9 j`rstcy, tfe kssugpt`lo tfkt k

olo-res`deot b`t`zeo `s cess d`rebtcy lr cess blotòukccy bloberoed

w`tf f`s bluotrys dky-tl-dky prlhcegs kod fks cess molwcedne

lj tfeg= seblodcy, tfe jkbt tfkt `t `s `gprkbt`bkhce jlr tfe

pkrc`kgeotkry bkod`dktes tl preseot tfe d`jjereot ecebtlrkc `ssuestl b`t`zeos khrlkd kod tfkt olo-res`deot b`t`zeos fkve ol

òjcueobe lo tfe secebt`lo lj bkod`dktes lr lo tfe jlrguckt`lo lj

tfe`r ecebtlrkc prlnrkgges= tf`rdcy, tfe bclse blooebt`lo hetweeo

tfe r`nft tl vlte ò pkrc`kgeotkry ecebt`los kod tfe jkbt lj heòn

d`rebtcy kjjebted hy tfe kbts lj tfe plc`t`bkc hldès sl ecebted=

kod, jlurtfcy, tfe cen`t`gkte blobero tfe cen`sckture gky fkve tl

c`g`t tfe òjcueobe lj b`t`zeos c`vòn khrlkd ò ecebt`los lo `ssues


29/59

wf`bf, wf`ce kdg`ttedcy juodkgeotkc, pr`gkr`cy kjjebt perslos

c`vòn ò tfe bluotry. ]Egpfks`s kdded.W

];8>W @o Rfòdcertfe blurt sk`d, kt pkrk. ;1>, tfkt `t wks skt`sjèd tfkt tfe

cen`sckt`lo pursues tfe cen`t`gkte k`g lj blojòòn tfe pkrc`kgeotkry jrkobf`se tl

tflse b`t`zeos w`tf k bclse blooebt`lo w`tf tfe Uo`ted Mòndlg kod wfl wlucdtferejlre he glst d`rebtcy kjjebted hy `ts ckws.

];86W Tfe resplodeots d`stònu`sf tfe prlvòb`kc vltòn bkses kod tfe deb`s`los lj

tfe Eurlpeko Blurt lj Fugko X`nfts. Tfese deb`s`los kre òdeed d`stònu`sfkhce,

hut tfey oevertfecess kjj`rg tfe òterest lj tfe plc`ty ò c`g`tòn eojrkobf`segeot

tl `ts res`deots.

];80W Tfe kutflr`tès, prlvòb`kc kod òterokt`lokc, prlv`de strlon supplrt jlr tfe

cln`bkc blooebt`lo hetweeo c`g`ts lo olo-res`deot vltòn kod tfe cen`t`gkby kod

jk`roess lj tfe ecebtlrkc systeg.

Kppc`bkt`lo tl tfe bkse kt fkod

];21W @o gy vèw, tfe jlbus lj tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudnes kokcys`s wks g`sd`rebted

hy tfe nlverogeots kssert`lo tfkt clon-terg olo-res`deots dl olt fkve tfe skge

blooebt`lo tl Bkokdk ks res`deots. Tf`s bkused tfe dehkte tl he bkst ks wfetfer

olo-res`deot b`t`zeos were wlrtfy lj tfe vlte, blgpkròn `t tl tfe trektgeot lj

br`gòkcs d`sbussed ò Rkuv #8. Ks k resuct, fe lvercllmed Bkokdks deglbrkt`b

trkd`t`lo kod tfe `gplrtkobe lj tfe slb`kc blotrkbt hetweeo Bkokdks ecebtlrkte

kod Qkrc`kgeot. Tf`s, ò turo, tkòted tfe prlplrt`lokc`ty kokcys`s. Ks tfe RupregeBlurt olted ò Tlrlotl Ruo Oewspkpers Ctd. v. Bkokdk, 81;1 RBB 8;, ]81;1W ;

R.B.X. >8;, kt pkrk. 81, ]KWcc steps lj tfe Lkmes test kre preg`sed lo k prlper

`deot`j`bkt`lo lj tfe lhiebt`ve lj tfe `gpunoed geksure. Ks @ w`cc expckò, tfe

g`sbfkrkbter`zkt`lo lj tfe lhiebt`ve lj tfe geksure smewed tfe rkt`lokc blooebt`lo

kokcys`s hebkuse tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne trekted tfe cen`sckt`lo ks debckròn clon-

terg olo-res`deots tl he uowlrtfy.

];2;W Tfe kppecckots gkò krnugeot `s olt tfkt cloner-terg olo-res`deots ckbm k

seose lj blgg`tgeot tl Bkokdk. Xktfer, tfe cen`sckt`ve lhiebt`ve `s tl gkòtkò tfe

blooebt`lo hetweeo tfe vlters, tfe ckwgkmers kod tfe ckws. Olo-res`deots kre oltd`rebtcy nlveroed hy Bkokd`ko ckws. Lobe k b`t`zeos olo-res`deobe heblges

clon-terg rktfer tfko tegplrkry, `t `s rekslokhce jlr tfe nlverogeot tl pckbe c`g`ts

lo tfkt b`t`zeos eot`tcegeot tl vlte. Tfkt c`g`t `s `gplrtkot, hut olt hebkuse tfe

cloner-terg olo-res`deot `s uowlrtfy due tl k ckbm lj eonknegeot ò Bkokd`ko

kjjk`rs. @t `s hebkuse tfe cloner-terg olo-res`deot fks vlcuotkr`cy w`tfdrkwo jrlg


30/59

tfe slb`kc blotrkbt kod fks suhg`tted f`g/fersecj tl koltfer plc`t`bkc kod cenkc

lrder.

];28W Twl lj tfe òterveoers, tfe HBBCK kod BBCK, krnued tfkt Qkrc`kgeot fks

iur`sd`bt`lo tl pkss glre extrk-terr`tlr`kc ckws tfko `t dles, kod bko plteot`kccy

fkve k nrekter `gpkbt lo olo-res`deots. Tfey krnued tfkt tfe redubed lhc`nkt`loslj olo-res`deot b`t`zeos kre ks gubf k bfl`be lj Qkrc`kgeot ks tfe bfl`be lj olo-

res`deots.

];22W ^f`ce Qkrc`kgeot fks tfe plwer tl gkme ckws fkvòn extrk-terr`tlr`kc

kppc`bkt`lo, tfere `s k presugpt`lo knkòst extrk-terr`tlr`kc kppc`bkt`lo lj tfe

ckw.]6WGlrelver, Bkokdk exerb`ses restrkòt hy olt purplrtòn tl cen`sckte extrk-

terr`tlr`kccy lut lj respebt jlr tfe slvere`noty lj jlre`no stktes kod hebkuse subf

ckws wlucd he ckrnecy uoeojlrbekhce.

];24W @oGlrnukrd @ovestgeots Ctd. v. De Rkvlye, ];001W 2 R.B.X. ;1>>, CkJlrest I. reblno`zed tf`s cen`sckt`ve restrkòt, kt p. ;1059

]@t `sW loe lj tfe hks`b teoets lj òterokt`lokc ckw, tfkt slvere`no

stktes fkve exbcus`ve iur`sd`bt`lo ò tfe`r lwo terr`tlry. Ks k

bloblg`tkot tl tf`s, stktes kre fes`tkot tl exerb`se iur`sd`bt`lo

lver gktters tfkt gky tkme pckbe ò tfe terr`tlry lj ltfer

stktes. Iur`sd`bt`lo heòn terr`tlr`kc, `t jlcclws tfkt k stkte's ckw

fks ol hòdòn ejjebt luts`de `ts iur`sd`bt`lo.

];25W R`g`ckrcy, òX. v. Fkpe, CeHec I. olted tfe stktes c`g`ted kutflr`ty lver `ts

jlre`no okt`lokcs, kt pkrk. :19

Uoder òterokt`lokc ckw, k stkte gky renuckte kod kdiud`bkte

renkrdòn kbt`los blgg`tted hy `ts okt`lokcs ò ltfer bluotrès,

prlv`ded eojlrbegeot lj tfe ruces tkmes pckbe wfeo tflse

okt`lokcs kre w`tfò tfe stkte's lwo hlrders. ^feo k stkte's

okt`lokcs kre pfys`bkccy clbkted ò tfe terr`tlry lj koltfer stkte,

`ts kutflr`ty lver tfeg `s str`btcy c`g`ted.]Egpfks`s kdded.W

];2:W Fe tfeo lhserved, kt pkrk. :09

R`gpcy put, Bkokd`ko ckw, wfetfer stktutlry lr blost`tut`lokc,

bkoolt he eojlrbed ò koltfer stktes terr`tlry w`tflut tfe ltfer

stktes bloseot.

];2>W K stktegeot tl k s`g`ckr ejjebt `s jluod ò Ilfo F. Burrè,Quhc`b

@oterokt`lokc Ckw, 8od ed. (Tlrlotl9 @rwò Ckw, 8116) kt p. 2259


31/59

Rtktes heòn ò esseobe terr`tlr`kccy-dejòed eot`tès, tfe stkrtòn

plòt jlr tfe`r eojlrbegeot iur`sd`bt`lo `s okturkccy terr`tlr`kc. @o

ltfer wlrds, `t `s k stkrtòn presugpt`lo ò òterokt`lokc ckw tfkt,

w`tfò `ts hlrders, k stkte `s slvere`no kod jree tl exerb`se pceokry

eojlrbegeot iur`sd`bt`lo w`tf respebt tl perslos kod prlperty

s`tukted w`tfò tflse hlrders. Tfe oebesskry blrlcckry lj tf`spresugpt`lo, wf`bf `s hksed lo terr`tlr`kc slvere`noty, `s tfkt tfe

eojlrbegeot iur`sd`bt`lo lj k stkte `s ò jkbt c`g`tedtl `ts terr`tlry

khseot slge speb`kc ruce lj òterokt`lokc ckw lr ltfer hks`s

perg`ttòn tfe exerb`se lj subf iur`sd`bt`lo khrlkd. Ltferw`se, k

stkte exerb`sòn eojlrbegeot iur`sd`bt`lo ò tfe terr`tlry lj

koltfer stkte wlucd oebesskr`cy he v`lcktòn tfe exbcus`ve

iur`sd`bt`lo lj tfkt stkte lver kcc eojlrbegeot geksures w`tfò `ts

terr`tlry. ]@tkc`bs ò lr`nòkc= uodercòed egpfks`s kdded.W

];26W Tfe trutf `s tfkt glst lj Bkokdks ckws fkve c`ttce prkbt`bkc `gpkbt lo olo-res`deot b`t`zeos. ^f`ce tfere kre uoquest`lokhcy slge Bkokd`ko ckws tfkt kre

expresscy òteoded tl kppcy extrk-terr`tlr`kccy, tfese kre, equkccy uoquest`lokhcy,

tfe exbept`los.]0W

];20W Tfe skge `s true lj tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudnes sunnest`lo tfkt olo-res`deot

b`t`zeos kre suhiebt tl Bkokd`ko ckws. ^f`ce tfe òterests lj olo-res`deot

b`t`zeos gky he kjjebted hy bertkò Bkokd`ko ckws, glst Bkokd`ko ckws fkve ol

`gpkbt lo tfeg uocess kod uot`c tfey blge òtl tfe bluotry. Tfey kre

oltnlveroedhy Bkokdks cenkc ren`ge ò tfe skge wky ks res`deots. Cpez-Nuerrk

gkmes tf`s plòt kt pp. 828-229

^f`ce expktr`ktes blucd blgpcy w`tf tkxkt`lo kod blosbr`pt`lo

ckws tl slge exteot, tfey bkoolt he suhiebt tl tfe eot`re cenkc

systeg ò tfe skge tergs ks tflse res`dòn w`tfò tfe bluotry.

@od`v`dukcs kre nlveroed hy tfe eot`re cenkc systeg locy wfeo

tfey c`ve uoder tfe iur`sd`bt`lo lj tfe stkte, kod locy tfeo sflucd

tfey fkve tfe r`nft tl ecebt represeotkt`ves eot`tced tl d`sbuss kod

vlte lo every `ssue.

];41W @o gy vèw, tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne uoderstkted tfe s`no`j`bkobe lj res`deobe

ò lur ecebtlrkc systeg. Xes`deobe `s olt gerecy k gebfko`sg jlr renucktòn tfe

vltòn prlbess, ks fe stkted kt pkrk. 65 lj f`s rekslos. Olr `s `t s`gpcy ko

lrnko`zòn pròb`pce ks tfe resplodeots bloteod. Xes`deobe lj tfe ecebtlr, e`tfer

ò Bkokdk, lr tegplrkr`cy res`deot luts`de Bkokdk w`tf ko òteot`lo tl returo,


32/59

prlv`des tfe suhiebt`ve kod lhiebt`ve blooebt`lo hetweeo tfe ecebtlrkte kod

ckwgkmers.

];4;W Tfere `s, tferejlre, k rkt`lokc blooebt`lo hetweeo tfe gkòteokobe lj tfe

slb`kc blotrkbt ò k blost`tueoby-hksed systeg lj represeotkt`lo kod k c`g`t lo tfe

r`nfts lj clon-terg olo-res`deot Bkokd`kos tl vlte. Tfe durkt`lo lj k b`t`zeosburreot khseobe `s k rekslokhce gekos hy wf`bf tl d`jjereot`kte hetweeo

tegplrkry olo-res`deots kod cloner-terg olo-res`deots wfl fkve vlcuotkr`cy

reglved tfegsecves jrlg tfe slb`kc blotrkbt.

];48W Tfe resplodeots krnugeot tfkt ]tWfere `s ol rkt`lokc blooebt`lo hetweeo

j`ve yekrs kod tfe kccened slb`kc blotrkbt blojcktes tfe j`rst twl stknes lj tfe

prlplrt`lokc`ty test. ^fetfer j`ve yekrs `s k rekslokhce durkt`lo lj khseobe jrlg

Bkokdk kt wf`bf tl drkw tfe còe `s prlpercy blos`dered uoder tfe gò`gkc

`gpk`rgeot plrt`lo lj tfe kokcys`s.

];42W @ dl olt renkrd tfe exegpt`lo lj g`c`tkry perslooec, puhc`b servkots plsted

khrlkd kod egpclyees lj òterokt`lokc lrnko`zkt`los ks òblos`steot w`tf tf`s

rkt`lokc blooebt`lo. Olr dl @ kbbept tfe sunnest`lo tfkt, ks k gktter lj cln`b, tfese

b`t`zeos sflucd kcsl he suhiebt tl k j`ve-yekr c`g`t. Uoc`me tfe resplodeots, tfese

b`t`zeos fkve olt vlcuotkr`cy severed tfe`r blooebt`los w`tf Bkokdk ò tfe pursu`t

lj tfe`r lwo c`vec`fllds tfey fkve dloe sl ò tfe serv`be lj tfe`r bluotry. Tf`s

serv`be tl tfe bluotry `s `ts lwo uo`que jlrg lj blooebt`lo tl Bkokdk,

oltw`tfstkodòn tfe`r pfys`bkc khseobe. @t `s kcsl s`no`j`bkot tfkt g`c`tkry perslooec

gky he trèd jlr br`gòkc ljjeobes blgg`tted luts`de Bkokdk hy v`rtue lj s. :> lj

tfeOkt`lokc Dejeobe Kbt, X.R.B. ;065, b. O-5, kod s`g`ckrcy, ko ljjeobe

blgg`tted hy jederkc puhc`b serv`be egpclyees plsted khrlkd gky he deeged tl

fkve heeo blgg`tted ò Bkokdk hy v`rtue lj s. >(4) lj tfe Br`gòkc Blde.

(``) Gò`gkc `gpk`rgeot

];44W @ olw blos`der wfetfer tfe gekos used `gpk`r tfe prltebted r`nft ks

gò`gkccy ks rekslokhcy plss`hce. @ dl olt jòd `t oebesskry tl blos`der tfe

resplodeots krnugeot tfkt tfe `gpk`rgeot lj tfe r`nft `s lvercy drkst`b. Tfkt

krnugeot wks preg`sed lo tfe `dek tfkt tfe kdgò`strkt`ve òbloveoèobe lj

vltòn khrlkd wks hkrrèr eolunf tl prlve tfkt tfkt tflse wfl vlted jrlg khrlkdfkd k strlon blooebt`lo tl Bkokdk. Flwever, tf`s kppekc `s olt heòn deb`ded lo

tfe hks`s lj tfe denree lj eonknegeot w`tf Bkokdk, kod tferejlre wlrtfòess tl

vlte, lj olo-res`deot b`t`zeos. Tfe `ssue `s olt wfetfer tfere `s k cess òtrus`ve

denree lj `gpk`rgeot lj ko òd`v`dukcs r`nft tl vlte. B`t`zeos kre e`tfer kcclwed

tl vlte lr olt= tfere kre ol denrees lj vltòn. Tferejlre, wfetfer tfe gekos used

gò`gkccy `gpk`r tfe r`nft turos lo wfetfer j`ve yekrs `s k rekslokhce but-ljj.


33/59

];45W Tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne fecd tfkt tfe gekos used d`d olt gò`gkccy `gpk`r

vltòn r`nfts lj olo-res`deot b`t`zeos, hebkuse tfe j`ve-yekr c`g`tkt`lo kod tfe

requ`regeot tfkt tfe vlter òteoded tl returo tl Bkokdk were lvercy hrlkd. Fe

reksloed tfkt tfe ckw exbcuded wecc-òjlrged olo-res`deot b`t`zeos c`me tfe

kppc`bkots, hut kcclwed res`deot ecebtlrs, wfl g`nft he uoòjlrged kod

d`sòterested, tl vlte.

];4:W Fe ksmed wfetfer tfe j`ve-yekr c`g`t wks k rekslokhce gekos lj sepkrktòn

tfe òjlrged jrlg tfe uoòjlrged, kod blobcuded tfkt `t wks olt. Ks ò tfe

rkt`lokc blooebt`lo kokcys`s, fe jlbused lo wfetfer tfe òd`v`dukc vlter wks

wlrtfy lj heòn eojrkobf`sed, blobcudòn tfkt tfe Rkuvpròb`pces knkòst uojk`r

d`seojrkobf`segeot kppcèd.

];4>W @ knree tfkt wfetfer slgeloe fks heeo kwky jrlg Bkokdk jlr glre tfko

j`ve yekrs dles olt fkve k d`rebt blrreckt`lo w`tf f`s lr fer plc`t`bkc molwcedne=

flwever, tfe j`ve-yekr c`g`t `s olt k j`cter jlr plc`t`bkc molwcedne. Xktfer, tfedurkt`lo lj khseobe `s k gekos hy wf`bf tl detergòe wfetfer tfe b`t`zeo `s

tegplrkr`cy kwky jrlg Bkokdk lr olt.

];46W Tfere wks ev`deobe hejlre tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne tfkt Bkokdk `s loe lj k

gòlr`ty lj Blgglowekctf bluotrès tfkt prlv`de koygebfko`sg tl perg`t olo-

res`deots tl vlte. Gkoy dl olt kcclw `t kt kcc. Kcc tfe êstgòster deglbrkbès

restr`bt olo-res`deot vltòn.

];40W Koy pkrt`buckr t`ge c`g`t jlr k b`t`zeos khseobe jrlg tfe bluotry `s hluod

tl òvlcve ko exerb`se lj iudngeot. @j tfe sebt`lo kcclwed jlr vltòn kjter k cloner

per`ld lj khseobe jrlg Bkokdk, `t g`nft kbblggldkte glre pelpce, hut `t wlucd

olt oebesskr`cy `gpk`r tfe r`nfts lj olo-res`deot b`t`zeos koy cess. Tfe skge

blgpetòn r`nfts kod pròb`pces wlucd regkò ò pcky. Koy but-ljj plòt w`cc

prldube slge krh`trkròess kt `ts hluodkrès, hut `j `t `s k pròb`pced ruce `t `s

bkpkhce lj blost`tutòn k rekslokhce c`g`t.

];51W Qkrc`kgeot blucd fkve bflseo k per`ld cloner tfko j`ve yekrs, kod tfe

reblrd wks tfò ks tl tfe rkt`lokce jlr eokbtòn k j`ve-yekr, ks lpplsed tl slge

ltfer, t`ge c`g`t. Tfe blrresplodòn c`g`t ò tfe Uo`ted Mòndlg wks ko khseobe

lj ;5 yekrs, jlr exkgpce. Flwever, tfe nlverogeot d`d prlv`de rkt`lokces jlr

usòn k per`ld lj cess tfko j`ve yekrs ks k geksure lj tegplrkry res`deobe.

];5;W J`ve yekrs `s tfe gkx`gug c`je lj k Qkrc`kgeot. Tfus, tfe ren`ge perg`ts k

b`t`zeo tl he kwky jlr k jucc ecebtlrkc bybce kod st`cc gkòtkò tfe r`nft tl vlte. K

b`t`zeo wfl returos tl res`de ò Bkokdk w`tfò tfe ecebtlrkc bybce w`cc heblge

suhiebt tl tfe ckws lj tfe nlverogeot fe lr sfe pkrt`b`pkted ò ecebtòn. Tfe


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durkt`lo lj k terg lj ko ecebted ljj`b`kc fks heeo plòted tl ks k rekslokhce

stkodkrd hy wf`bf tl bfllse ko kpprlpr`kte t`ge c`g`t9 Cpez-Nuerrk, kt p. 88:.

];58W J`ve yekrs `s neoerkccy eolunf t`ge tl blgpcete k uo`vers`ty denree, k

blgglo rekslo jlr Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos tl speod t`ge khrlkd.

];52W @o blos`deròn wfetfer tfe bflseo c`g`t `s gò`gkccy `gpk`ròn, `t `s lj

slge kss`stkobe tl blos`der tfe reblrd w`tf respebt tl tfe prkbt`bes ò ltfer

bluotrès. Tfe jkbt tfkt Bkokdk bflse tl drkw tfe còe jlr exterokc vltòn kt k

ceontf lj t`ge w`tfò tfe rkone lj tfkt drkwo ò twl s`g`ckr iur`sd`bt`los (s`x yekrs

ò Kustrkc`k kod tfree yekrs ò Oew Yekckod) `s slge ev`deobe tfkt j`ve yekrs `s

w`tfò tfe rekcg lj rekslokhce plc`by bfl`bes tfkt were kvk`ckhce tl Qkrc`kgeot tl

gkme.

];54W Tfe Ruprege Blurt ò Rkuv #8 (kt pkrks. ;2-;4) fecd tfkt k stròneot

iust`j`bkt`lo stkodkrd gust he kppcèd tl k c`g`tkt`lo lo k blre deglbrkt`b r`nft.^f`ce tf`s g`nft okrrlw tfe rkone lj rekslokhce lpt`los jrlg wf`bf Qkrc`kgeot

gky bfllse, `t bkoolt geko tfkt tfe blurts kre eot`tced tl brkjt tfe`r lwo plc`by

`dekcs tl repckbe tflse bflseo hy Qkrc`kgeot. @t kcsl bkoolt geko tfkt blurts gky

blos`der kcterokt`ves kt tfe gò`gkc `gpk`rgeot stkne tfkt dl olt kbfève tfe

nlverogeots lhiebt`ve9Kchertk v. Futter`ko Hretfreo lj ^`cslo Blcloy, 8110

RBB 2>, ]8110W 8 R.B.X. 5:>, kt pkrk. 54. @j tfe nlverogeot fkd drkwo tfe còe jlr

olo-res`deot vltòn kt teo lr ;5 yekrs sl ks tl òjròne tfe s. 2 r`nfts lj jewer

b`t`zeos, `ts kh`c`ty tl streontfeo tfe blooebt`lo hetweeo tflse wfl gkme tfe ckws

kod tflse wfl kre nlveroed hy tfe ckws wlucd d`gò`sf. Hebkuse j`ve yekrs jkccs

w`tfò tfe rekslokhce rkone lj plc`by bfl`bes ks tfe plòt kt wf`bf tl d`jjereot`kte

hetweeo tegplrkry olo-res`deots kod cloner-terg olo-res`deots wfl fkve

vlcuotkr`cy reglved tfegsecves jrlg tfe slb`kc blotrkbt, tfe gekos bflseo were

gò`gkccy `gpk`ròn.

(```) Jòkc hkckobòn

];55W Eveo `j tfe j`rst twl requ`regeots lj tfe prlplrt`lokc`ty test kre get, tfe

ejjebts lj tfe geksures kdlpted lo tfe perslos wflse r`nfts kre c`g`ted gust he

prlplrt`lokc tl tfe heoej`ts lj tfe pressòn kod suhstkot`kc lhiebt`ve served hy tfe

c`g`tkt`lo. Hy dejò`t`lo ò k s. ; kokcys`s, tfe ejjebt lj tfe `gpunoed ckw w`cc hetl c`g`t Bfkrterr`nfts. Tfe blurts gust cllm heylod tf`s tl kssess tfe sever`ty lj

tfe deceter`lus ejjebts lj tfe ckw. Tfe glre severe tfe ejjebts, tfe glre `gplrtkot

tfe cen`sckt`ve lhiebt`ve gust he9 Lkmes, kt p. ;41.

];5:W @o tf`s bkse, tfe skcutkry ejjebts lj tfe cen`sckt`lo kre tfe slc`d`j`bkt`lo lj

tfe hlod hetweeo tfe ecebtlrkte kod tfe ecebted. Tfe represeotkt`ve okture lj lur


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nlverogeot `s k blre deglbrkt`b pròb`pce. Tfe cen`t`gkby lj ecebted

represeotkt`ves `s streontfeoed hy tfe jkbt tfkt tfey kre ecebted hy, kod kre

koswerkhce tl, tflse wfl c`ve ò tfe iur`sd`bt`lo.

];5>W Tfe deceter`lus ejjebts kre geksured. Tfere `s ol lutr`nft hko lo olo-

res`deot vltòn. @o jkbt, tfe `gpunoed sebt`los eokbted tfe j`rst prlv`s`los tfktgkde vltòn neoerkccy kvk`ckhce tl olo-res`deot b`v`c`kos. Tfe r`nft tl vlte `s locy

deoèd tl tflse wfl w`tfdrkw jrlg tfe slb`kc blotrkbt hy cekvòn Bkokdk lo k

clon-terg hks`s. @o sl dlòn, tfey bekse tl he suhiebt tl glst Bkokd`ko ckw kod

tferehy recòqu`sf tfe`r r`nft tl k vl`be ò tfkt ckw. Tfe vlters r`nfts kre olt

str`pped= olr kre tfey pergkoeotcy deoèd. Tfe`r bfl`be `s revers`hce kod, ks

Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos, tfey kre jree tl returo tl Bkokdk kt koy t`ge kod regkò

w`tflut restr`bt`lo. Tfey kre eot`tced tl vlte ks sllo ks tfey returo tl res`de ò

Bkokdk.

];56W Tfe òterveoer BBCK krnued tfkt ò tf`s jòkc hkckobòn prlbess tfe blurtsflucd blos`der Bfkrtervkcues, kod ò pkrt`buckr tfe vkcue lj equkc`ty. @ts

suhg`ss`lo wks olt tfkt tfe blurt sflucd eghkrm lo k jucc-hclwo s.

;5 Bfkrterkokcys`s, hut tfkt tfe blurt sflucd he gòdjuc lj equkc`ty pròb`pces kod

olt brekte k bckss lj seblod bckss b`t`zeos, okgecy clon-terg olo-res`deot vlters.

@ kg olt persukded tfkt tfe prlplsed kokcys`s `s bkcced jlr ò every bkse.

];50W @o `ts prlplrt`lokc`ty kokcys`s, tfe blurt gust blgpkre tfe fkrg wf`bf

gky he preveoted w`tf tfe fkrg lj tfe òjrònegeot `tsecj9 Tflgslo Oewspkpers

Bl. (b.l.h. Nclhe kod Gk`c) v. Bkokdk (Kttlroey Neoerkc), ];006W ; R.B.X. 6>>, kt

pkrk. ;85. ^f`ce ò slge bkses tfe fkrg lj tfe òjrònegeot g`nft òbcude ko

kspebt lj d`sbr`gòkt`lo, tfkt `s olt sl ò tfe bkse hejlre us. Olo-res`deot vlters

kre olt trekted d`jjereotcy hebkuse tfey kre cess wlrtfy lj tfe vlte. Tfe cen`t`gkte

rekslos jlr tfe`r d`jjereot`kc trektgeot kre set lut khlve. @ kg lj tfe vèw tfkt tfe

skcutkry ejjebts lutwe`nf tfe cen`sckt`los deceter`lus ejjebts.

J. BLOBCUR@LO

];:1W Tfe `gpunoed prlv`s`los v`lckte s. 2 lj tfe Bfkrter, hut @ jòd tfkt tfey kre

skved hy s. ;. @ wlucd kcclw tfe kppekc kod set ks`de tfe lrder lj tfe kppc`bkt`lo

iudne.

N.X. Rtrktfy B.I.L.

@ knree D.G. Hrlwo I.K.


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Cksmò I.K. (D`sseotòn)9

K. Lvervèw

];:;W Rebt`lo 2 lj tfe Bkokd`ko Bfkrter lj X`nfts lj Jreedlgsnukrkotees everyBkokd`ko b`t`zeo tfe r`nft tl vlte ò k jederkc lr prlvòb`kc ecebt`lo. Tfe jrkgers

lj tfe Bfkrterblos`dered tf`s r`nft sl `gplrtkot tfkt tfey d`d olt kcclw

Qkrc`kgeot lr k prlvòb`kc cen`sckture tl lverr`de `t. Ròbe tfe eokbtgeot lj

tfe Bfkrter, lur blurts fkve òvkc`dkted jederkc cen`sckt`lo wf`bf, desp`te s. 2, fkd

depr`ved nrlups lj Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos lj tfe r`nft tl vlte perslos w`tf geotkc

d`skh`c`tès, pr`sloers, eveo iudnes. Tfe preseot bkse rk`ses tfe blost`tut`lokc`ty lj

tfe ckst s`no`j`bkot pèbe lj jederkc cen`sckt`lo deoyòn tfe r`nft tl vlte tl k nrlup

lj Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos. Tfkt nrlup blgpr`ses slge, hut olt kcc, Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos

wfl fkve c`ved luts`de Bkokdk jlr glre tfko j`ve yekrs.

];:8W Tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne, Qeooy I., strubm dlwo tf`s cen`sckt`lo. Fe jluod tfkt

`t hrekbfed s. 2 lj tfe Bfkrterkod tfkt tfe nlverogeot fkd olt iust`jèd tfe hrekbf

uoder s. ;. Gy blcceknues kbbept tfkt tf`s cen`sckt`lo, wf`bf prebcudes tfe twl

resplodeots kod lver loe g`cc`lo ltfer Bkokd`ko b`t`zeos jrlg vltòn ò k jederkc

ecebt`lo, hrekbfes s. 2. Hut tfey fkve blobcuded tfkt tfe hrekbf `s deglostrkhcy

iust`jèd uoder s. ; lj tfe Bfkrter.

];:2W @ d`sknree. @ostekd, @ knree w`tf Qeooy I.s iudngeot, wf`bf @ blos`der tl he

k tflrlunf kod wecc-reksloed kokcys`s lj tfe `ssues uoder ss. 2 kod ; lj

tfe Bfkrter. Tferejlre, ò tf`s d`sseot, @ w`cc jlbus locy lo tfe oew krnugeots put

jlrwkrd hy Rtrktfy B.I.L. tl iust`jy tkmòn kwky tfe resplodeots r`nft tl vlte.

];:4W Rtrktfy B.I.L. blobcudes tfkt tfe hrekbf lj s. 2 lj tfe Bfkrter bko he

iust`jèd hy tfe pressòn kod suhstkot`kc lhiebt`ve lj preservòn tfe slb`kc

blotrkbt kt tfe fekrt lj Bkokdks systeg lj blost`tut`lokc deglbrkby. @o gy

blcceknues lpò`lo, tf`s slb`kc blotrkbt `s jluoded lo k blooebt`lo hetweeo k

b`t`zeos r`nft tl ecebt lur ckwgkmers kod lur b`t`zeos lhc`nkt`lo tl lhey tfe ckw.

Fe kbmolwcednes tfkt tfe Kttlroey Neoerkc d`d olt expresscy òvlme tfe slb`kc

blotrkbt hejlre tfe kppc`bkt`lo iudne. Oloetfecess fe skys tfkt tfe kppc`bkt`lo

iudne lvercllmed lr d`d olt n`ve sujj`bèot blos`derkt`lo tl tf`s pressòn

lhiebt`ve ko lhie

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