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    Vejbmthm D`mstemthm`v

    D@MFWRM[WH Q@JH[HD@KHQJ@IE[HDB Q@J@M@@[@IEMB M QW@GJBIEWBVBMHWHH I@VHJB[HJ@W M TDERMRJ I@JK@VBH JE MDBQR[RJ EMRJRH 5656

    Vejbmthm D`mstemthm`v*

    D@MFWRM[WH Q@JH[HD@KHQJ@IE[HDB

    Q@J@M@@[@IEMB M QW@GJBIE WBVBMHWHHI@VHJB[HJ@W M TDERMRJ I@JK@VBH

    JE MDBQR[RJ EMRJRH 5656

    Je sfrhtuj emujuh 5652, ohmbrhh juh Hbrbihe I`vhj, Ihdne _hmh`whbdlhh Teiubj L`rbdlh, eu `roemhzet um eipju pr`hbdt kb rbekudbrb e I`vhjbthj`r msdeumuj k`imbsd ej rhh I`jk`vbh5. Tuddbsuj hmhhej mu bre ms umuj kbstmhthv.

    Judrurhjb breu eorevetb ett kb hmtbmhe `t`iemhj`r kb e-j rbsteghjh pb tbfem HH[ ie m sdeum, dt h kb kbzevuerbe edbst`r edhumh kb dtrb pbrs`embjb mthst-tt`erb khm Wzbdzyp`sp`jhte. Wbobjb Thohsiumk HHH _eze bre hmtbrbset kb deipe-mhe khm Wushe, her um rzg`h m I`jk`ve mu er st fdut kbdt s khsj`db f`rbjbihjhterb p`j`mbzb dbbe, db er st sdzut emsbjb kb hzgmk ejb umbh esbibmbehmtbmhh. Ttemhsew lhbwslh, netiemuj pjhm ej Q`j`mhbh, evbe um ejt prbtbmkbmtje sdeumuj I`jk`vbh, Oegrhbj I`vhj, stuj juh Thib`m I`vhj. Estfbj, je mdbputujemujuh 5656, t`iemhh eu trbdut je pjemuj rbsteghjhrhh juh tbfem HH [`ie m sdeum.Deipemhe kb rbekudbrb e juh tbfem HH [`ie trbguhe s mdbep je mdbputujjumhh hemuerhb 56567. Je 2 hemuerhb 5656, sbdrbteruj Qbtru G`br sdrhe juh Fremdhsd

    Wbkby kbsprb s`shrbe juh Weku Ihnmbe je Grhj h prbothrbe juh pbmtru e pjbde mere I`jk`vbh4. Kbsprb pr`gjbibjb khm I`jk`ve h sdrhe Nerjey juh Quhsyjhbujx;.m [remshjvemhe, ked b s drbkbi spusbj`r juh Emkrbh K`dzy, m`utetbe mr`jrhhm eriete derb trbguhe s-j rbekud pb tbfem HH [`ie m sdeum e pr`v`det mb-

    * Vejbmthm D`mstemthm`v, k`dt`r m hst`rhb, dbrdbtt`r thhmhstd d``rk`met`r je Hmsthtutuj kb Hst`rhbej EI.

    5 Kbsprb d`mcumdture hmtbrm h bxtbrm esupre edbstuh i`ibmt vbzh erthd`juj m`stru3 ere I`jk`-vbh m dekruj rbjehhj`r hmtbrmeh`mejb m thipuj prhibh k`imhh e juh tbfem HH [`ie (kup Gtjhekb je D`rmuj juh Tes h pm je mdbputuj deipemhbh kb rbsteghjhrb e I`vhjbthj`r m sdeum 5654-5652), m Wbvhste kb Hst`rhb e I`jk`vbh.

    7 Je ; hemuerhb 5656, k`imuj rhh W`imbth Weku Ihnmbe sb ee m tegr je Guzu h sdrhe juhFremdhsd Wbkby kbsprb um dej pb derb h j-e pr`ihs. (K`duibmtb prhvht`erb je hst`rhe Erkbejujuh,I`jk`vbh h rhh W`imbth,v`j. H^ (5654-5646), Edtb h sdrhs`rh, pugjhdetb kb Emkrbh Vbrbss,Gudurbth, Bkhture Dertbe W`imbesd, 5846, (m d`mthmuerb3 Vbrbss, H^), p.6;-62, mr.22.

    4 m jumbe vhht`erb Irhe Te v`hbv`kuj pjbed du t`etb `thjb sejb m I`jk`ve, ee thi d h khmErkbej h p`rmbtb Irhe Te `thjb, ddh muieh m`h mu sumtbi kb ecums ip`trhve jbhj`r. Qutbr-mhduj ipret e p`rumdht h fretbjuh ieh ihd ej nemujuh tterhj`r s pjbdb muiehkbdt m ecut`rujm`stru. Je fbj h turdhj`r kb jmo Kumrb, muieh d bh vhm f`ertb mdbt. Irhe se v`hbv`kuj bmbv`ht s ibero, mu p`etb fedb ejtfbj, pbmtru d edbj v`hbv`k tbfem fr kb ihmtb Mbr`mb, mumdbtbez e pr pb Irhe Te. (Vbrbss, H^, p.62-6>, mr.26).

    ;

    K`duibmtb prhvht`erb je hst`rhe r`imhj`r, urierb je d`jbdhumbe juh Buk`xhu Nuriuzelh, supjh-ibmt H, v`j. H (525>-5?21), k`duibmtb dujbsb kb Or. O. [`dhjbsdu h E. H. @k`gbsdu, Gudurbth,5>>6. (m d`mthmuerb3 Nuriuzelh, Tupjhibmt H, v`j. H), mr.DDJVHH-DDJVHHH, p.566-56?.

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    WBVHT[E KB HT[@WHB E I@JK@VBH

    T[RKHH

    iujuihrh m rmkuj j`duht`rhj`r, ieh ejbs d `thjb trbguheu s juptb ip`trhvep`j`mbzhj`r2. Dbrdurhjb khpj`iethdb kb je D`mstemthm`p`j rep`rteu kbsprb gemhhpb derb Ejbxemkru I`vhj h pr`pumbe mejhj`r kbimhterh `t`iemh pbmtru e jb`ghmb sushmbrbe, ker fr rbzujtetuj sd`mtet6. Deipemhe kb rbhmstejerb e juh tbfem HH [ ie m sdeum e evut, kb esbibmbe,um suddbs pr`vhz`rhu. Ieomehh p`j`mbzh s-eu rbtres je N`thm?, n`trh s sb epbrbed`j`. L`rbdlh e ieh mtrbprhms mhtb rehkurh m hmtbrh`ruj I`jk`vbh, prhdhmuhmkphbrkbrh erietbh derb j sushmbe pb tbfem HH [ ie, ker ee h mu e rbuht s-j ejumobkhm dbtetbe kb sdeum. Wbtreh ieh epr`epb kb oremhe Q`j`mhbh, je N`thm, ohmbrhhjuh Bjhsegbte I`vhj evbeu `dezhe s sb rbdujbeo h s f`ribzb ` m`u erietderb er st rbvbmht esupre pjemujuh kb rbk`gmkhrb e sdeumujuh k`imbsd kb dtrbI`vhjbth. Eerbe j`r ed`j` rbprbzbmte um pbrhd`j pbmtru tbrht`rhhjb kb ierohmbe Q`j`mhbh, m spbdhej Q`duhe du Tmhethmuj>. Eriete juh tbfem HH [`ie e ecums

    je N`thm, mdbrdmk s rbdepbtb vbdnbe dbtetb e I`jk`vbh. iprbum du bj breuTdnbmkbr pee kb Thjhstre h Weku Ihnmbe, k`imuj rhh W`imbth. [`t etumdheu evut j`d, pr`geghj, h tretethvbjb sbdrbtb khmtrb ` pertb khm g`hbrhh iumtbmh,sushmt`rh m d`mthmuerb eh juh Weku brgem, h p`j`mbzh. Ihze ed`rkujuh rbzhkem sushmbrbe kb dtrb p`j`mbzh e rbekudbrhh juh Weku brgem m sdeumuj rhhW`imbth. m edbbeh pbrh`ek, Weku brgem sb ekrbse eut`rhthj`r eustrhbdbs-h kbe gemh pbmtru ` bxpbkhhb m ere W`imbesd, ed`j` umkb h-eu riesiujh sushmt`rh h derb muieh etbept mt`erdbrbe juh8. Je 7 ierthb 5656, Weku

    2

    Vbrbss, H^, p.?1, mr.2>.6 H`roe, K`eime juh Hbrbihe V`k, m Emejbjb Edekbihbh W`imb. Ibi`rhhjb Tbdhumhh Hst`rh-db, sbrhe HH, t`iuj ^^^HH, 5851, p.5158-516?, p.5164, mr.^^V.

    ? N`thmuj dbket I`jk vbh je sfrhtuj emujuh 565;, kup spusbjb ibrdbmerujuh fremdbz C ppbd`urts-e prbket kb gumv`hb juh Ejbxemkru, dnher je mdbputuj deipemhbh edbstuhe. ([bseur kb i`mu-ibmtb hst`rhdb pbmtru W`imhe, ekumetb, pugjhdetb kb E. Qephu Hjerhem, t`iuj HH, Gudurbth, 5>64(m d`mthmuerb [bseur, HH), p.76.

    > Kbsprb t`etb edbstbe h sdrhe sugst`jmhduj kb Tmhethm juh Ttemhsew lhbwslh je 56 fbgruerhb5656 (K`duibmtb prhvht`erb je hst`rhe r`imhj`r urierb je d`jbdhumbe juh Buk`xhu kb Nuriuze-lh, supjhibmtuj HH, v`juiuj HH (5615-56;1), k`duibmtb dujbsb khm ernhvbjb p`j`mb, d``rk`metb,ekm`tetb h pugjhdetb kb H`em G`okem du trekudbrbe fremdbz e k`duibmtbj`r kb H.Tluphbwslh ,Gudurbth, 5>82 (m d`mthmuerb3 Nuriuzelh, supjhibmt HH, v`j. HH),p.48;, mr.DDH).

    8

    Vbrbss, H^, p.?5-?7, mr.65. Vbmbrumt khvbrsh n`ihmbs bt jhtbreb e t`te m`ghjhtetb ed dbtbre obmtbt`thus pr`vhmdheb Vejednheb [remsejphmeb `fibrbmtbs stkbjhtetbi Vreb Ith bt ihnh kbv`th`mbipr`ihttbmtbs. Eeker m edbest pbrh`ek pr`geghj sb k`rbe de, pr`sttmk kb shtuehe khm I`j-k`ve, m sdeumuj rhh W`imbth s sb mt`erd Weku brgem. Mu mtipjt`r sdrhs`erbe bstbsdrhs m muibjb g`hbrhihh h e tutur`r strhj`r khm ere W`imbesd, her dephh edbstbh edhumhtrbguheu s st f`st dbh k`h g`hbrh `i`rh kb dtrb Weku Ihnmbe je mdbputuj emujuh 56563 Jupuierb j`o`ft h Jbde spter. mtr-um ejt j`d, rbfbrhmku-sb je hmdhkbmtuj kb je Guzu, kbsprb derb vest v`rge m d`mthmuerb, ibrdbmeruj fremdbz, C`ppbd`urt, ibmh`me kb s`jhb e g`hbrhj`r iumtbmhderb j-e ruoet pb Ejbxemkru s jb stb k`im m, seu p`etb h m ere j`r, her ked mu k`rbe edbstjudru s-h pbriht juh Weku brgem s rbvhm m er prhm I`jk`ve, je derb kb ejtfbj, er st prhihtum rspums estriethv3 h-eu kbdjeret d ked rbfuz bj, bh f`ertb er k`rh de prhmdhpbjb brgem, derbfusbsb v`hbv`kuj j`r mehmtbe juh Ihnmbe, her kup edbbe sd`s khm er kb Get`ry Oeg`r sb rbtresb

    je ipretuj m Obriemhe, s sb rbmt`erd edui m er sprb e jue herh k`imhb< h pbmtru e-h fe-dhjjhte mt`erdbrbe s-h kbe v`hb Ejbxemkru s trbed prhm I`jk`ve, ked er dbrb, dbbe db prmdhpbjbEjbxemkru jb mduvhhme khm t`et hmhie ([bseur, HH, p.28).

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    Vejbmthm D`mstemthm`v

    D@MFWRM[WH Q@JH[HD@KHQJ@IE[HDB Q@J@M@@[@IEMB M QW@GJBIEWBVBMHWHH I@VHJB[HJ@W M TDERMRJ I@JK@VBH JE MDBQR[RJ EMRJRH 5656

    brgem h sdrhe ernhkudbjuh Iexhihjhem, her sdrhs`erbe se bre pjhm kb spbremerbvbmhrhh dt ieh oregmhdb m sdeum51. Du t`etb edbstbe, Weku Ihnmbe e eet kbpjemurhjb urzhtb. Jbde spter55h Jupu ierb j`o`ft57eu f`st i`rh sug eduzerbekb trkerb. Edbstb thrh jb mtjmhi h je ibrdbmeruj fremdbz derb kbsdrhe dhve emhieh trzhu bvbmhibmtbjb kbrujetb m edbest pbrh`ek m curuj I`jk`vbh54. Dbh k`hsumt prbzbmh m Tfetuj k`imbsd ej juh Weku Ihnmbe khm 7; fbgruerhb 56565;, kerkbce jhpsbsd m dbj khm > ierthb 565652. @ket pjbdet khm sdeumuj k`imbsd kb je Heh, Ejbxemkru e trhihs ` sdrhs`erbierbjuh vhzhr m derb eihmtbe kbsprb pr`ihushumbe fdut du dtbve kbdbmhh muri tetjuh su, kb e sb `fbrh pbmtru t`tkbeume sdeumuj k`imbsd juh HbrbiheI`vhj h kbsdbmkbmhj`r juh pb jhmhb iesdujhm56. Gehjuj Vbmbhbh je D`mstemth-m`p`j sdrhe je 6 ierthb 5656 kbsprb mhtb pbrs`emb derb sttbeu m dese eigese-k`rujuh Frembh h derb evbeu ` sdrhs`erb kb je Ejbxemkru I`vhj, ekrbset ierb-

    juh vhzhr. tbfem HH [`ie rb`dupesb je edbj i`ibmt Hehh. Weku Ihnmbe, derb j-eed`ipemhet m edbe bxpbkhhb, h-er st jset m cur kb 5111 kb pbrs`emb m sbrvhdhujjuh, mt`rdmku-sb mep`h m ere W`imbesd5?. m obmbrej, mdbpmk du stmbjb emujuh 5652 h mdbputuj dbjuh urit`r,emturecuj juh Ejbxemkru I`vhj kbsfure ` hmtbms edthvhtetb khpj`iethd,pbmtru rbdum`etbrbe krbpturhj`r je tr`m. Khm deuze hiprbdhzhbh dr`m`j`ohdbkhm p`vbsthrhjb furmhzetb kb ibrdbmeruj fremdbz C`ppbd`urt, mb bstb orbu ssteghjhi d`msbduthvhtetbe h thipuj bxedt ej edbst`r s`jhh, ker feptuj d bjb euevut j`d mu prbzhmt mk`hej. Rm s`j p`j`mbz khm pertbe emturecujuh tmrujuh

    k`im i`jk`vbem ecums m ere W`imbesd umkb bre h Hgrehi pee e f`st prhms,hmtbr`oet du prhvhrb je bfbdthvbjb erietb pb derb jb evbeu dbh k`h prhmdhph p`j`mbzhm I`jk`ve, trhihs je D`mstemthm`p`j, hmtbr`oet md `ket, h ep`h vmkut jeoejbrb5>. m p`vbsthrbe se sb mtjmbtb rbjeterbe h kbsprb s`jhe kb rspums e juh

    51M. H`roe, Ttukhh h k`duibmtb prhvht`erb je hst`rhe r`imhj`r, v`j. HV, Gudurbth, 5817, p.5?1-5?5,mr.^^VH.

    55 Kbsprb edbst krbot`r vbzh judrerbe m`estr ere W`imbesd h ere I`jk`vbh m thipuj k`imh-hj`r juh Weku Ihnmbe, Heh, 711?, p.84-8;

    57 Hghkbi, p.87-84.54Kbh kbsdrhb bvbmhibmtbjb dei d`mfuz h sushmb d prhmdhpeje deuz e furhbh juh Weku Ihnmbe

    e f`st d`mshjhbrbe pr`est pb derb h-eu ket-`, h k`er de ` e k`ue deuz hiputmku-jb d evbembjbobrh sbdrbtb du p`j`mhh [bseur HH, p.27), hmf`riehe pb derb ` furmhzbez bstb hip`rtemt hp`etb st d`r`g`ret du ejtb ibmhumh khm edbest pbrh`ek.

    5; KHW, G, vbeduj ^VHH, v`j.HHH(5652-5671), p.5-4, mr.752 Hghkbi, p.;-2, mr.;. Dbbe db d`mstri feptuj d Weku Ihnmbe e eet kb jboturhjb derb s-eu fdut

    mtrb `p`zhhe khm er du Weku brgem eet etumdh je hipbrhejh.56 Hmf`riehe mb pervhmb kb je 71 fbgruerhb 5656, ekhd m pbrh`ek dmk, pr`geghj, Ejbxemkru mu

    sb ieh ee je Heh (K`duibmtb prhvht`erb je hst`rhe r`imhj`r, dujbsb kb Buk`xhu Nuriuzelh,v`j. HV, pertbe e HH-e (5611-5621), Gudurbth, 5>>;, (m d`mthmuerb3 Nuriuzelh, HV/7), p.42;,mr.DDDJ^^VHHH).

    5?

    Nuriuzelh, HV/7, p.422, mr.DDDJ^^H^.5> Muibjb edbstuh s`j bre G`cerslh. E mdbrdet s `ghm eukhbm je Weku Ihnmbe, derb j-e trhihs,d`mf`ri ibrdbmerujuh fremdbz, je pee ([bseur, HH, p.;5-;7).

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    WBVHT[E KB HT[@WHB E I@JK@VBH

    T[RKHH

    Weku Ihnmbe. Kup pjbderbe juh Hgrehi pee je D`mstemthm`p`j, Weku Ihnmbe etrhihs m I`jk`ve s`jhb prhm derb estrie d rborbt dbbe db s-e mtipjet du s`jujp`j`mbz, ker d bj ve ihcj`dh sdperbe edbjuh s`j khm prhz`mhbret. Bj, Ejbxemkru

    dum`etb putbrbe db erb sujtemuj esupre se, putbrb drbhe kmsuj mu sb p`etb`pumb, prhm urierb mhdh pehj`r juh, d mu erb rhkhdet mhdh ` `estb prbdui ru ef`st mthhmet h d pjemuj su mu bre mhdhkbdui e rhkhde erib ip`trhve juh, sprbe ecute pb tbfem, ked mu bre f`ret je edbeste prhm `rkhmuj sujtemujuh58.

    @ s`jhb khm I`jk`ve e f`st trhihs h m [remshjvemhe je prhmdhpbjb OegrhbjGbtnjbm derb prhih s`juj du ierb uiemhtetb. T`juj khm pertbe juh EjbxemkruI`vhj e spus d prhmdhpbjb Ejbxemkru, k`imuj su, prhihsb thrb d bj, Gbtnjbm,er st rhkhdmk `estb sprb e sb mtrumh du Ihnmbe k`imuj rhh W`imbth h e-hfedb rzg`h, derb judru mu u`r p`etb s-j duprhmk, kb`erbdb bj, Gbtjbm, md kbkbiujt trhe m eihdhhb du rp`setuj su prhmtb h mu drbkb s-h st ket kmsuj

    `dezhb kb e rupb edbe eihdhhb, ruomku-j s mu sb eibstbdb m trbghjb sejb duIhnmbe v`k h krbpt rbd`ipbms ve mdbrde khm t`etb putbrhjb s-h sbrvbesdprbzbmtmku-h-sb `dezhe. Je edbeste Oegrhbj Gbtnjbm h-er st rspums d bj mhdh`-ket m-e duobtet s rhkhdb eribjb mhdh s mtrbprhmk dbve ip`trhve prhmdhpb-juh Ejbxemkru ej druh prhmtb h bre mtr-ekbvr eihd h d khm pertbe juh mu veke `dezhb mhdh`ket pbmtru de edbest eihdhhb s mu d`mthmuhb kb-e pururbe71.Kup perthdhperbe d`mthmobmtbj`r juh Oegrhbj Gbtnjbm m rbsteghjhrbe f`stujuhk`im m sdeum, prhmdhpbjb tremshjvmbem evbe s trhiht ` sdrhs`erb je Q`ert mderb sushmbe d mu-h ve ieh trhihtb ecut`erb tbfem HH [`ie75.

    Ethtukhmbe fe kb edhumhjb prhmdhphj`r m msh Q`j`mhe, ker h m I`jk`vemu bre kbj`d umemhi. Kbh strbtb sb osbeu kbstuh sushmt`rh eh edbst`r edhumh,t`tuh, feptbjb erietbj`r kb ibrdbmerh fdbeu de ip`trhve j`r s sb rhkhdb v`dhm Q`j`mhe. Ieh ejbs bre v`rge kb rbohumhjb kb ierohmb ed`j` umkb sb ekumeuerietbjb ibmhtb s hmtrb m I`jk`ve h umkb mu sb cbmeu s cbfuhesd h pr`prhep`pujehb. Q`zhhe j`r evbe s stb bxprhiet prhm Ttemhsew Jemdl`r`slh,v`hbv`kuj Q`k`jhbh derb sdrhe juh Sghombw @ss`jhslh, v`hbv`kuj kb Temk`ihr, deje sbcihduj derb evbe s stb `roemhzet ed`j` s sb rhkhdb pr`gjbie de khm deuzehmkhobmehj`r i`jk`vbmh h e duimehj`r j`r s mu s sb pherk vbdnbe jent77,

    de urierb e pusthhrhj`r fdutb kb dtrb dezedhh derb urieu s pjbdb m I`jk`ve.m I`jk`ve, kb esbibmbe, ethtukhmbe p`pujehbh mu bre ume bdnhv`d. Edbjehibrdbmer fremdbz, kb derb ei eihmtht ieh sus, mb k hmf`riehh du prhvhrb je

    58 [bseur, HH, p.;4-;;.71 Hghkbi, p.;4.75 Kbsprb p`zhhe prhmdhpbjuh [remshjvemhbh sdrhe je 58 ierthb 5656, Eji`r` Memh dtrb k`objb

    Vbmbhbh3 N` hmtbs` emd` ke gu`me pertb dnb s`m` vbmutb jbttbrb kh [remshjvemhe kh GbttnbjbiOeg`r pur ej Dehibdem mbjjb quejh sdrhvb dnb dbssemk` j`ddesh`mb m`m emkbre ph hm ehut` khTtbfiem` Vehv`ke (Nuriuzelh, HV/7, p.426, mr.DDDJ^^^).

    77

    Qr`sz redz _.I. i`y idzhwy pem me sbhihlu teityi t pr`p`m`wed sprew, mhbdneh iy ste-r`zytme sjednte kje hmkhobmet w w`j`slhdn y sweor`w hdn mhb mhszdzbhbiy (Nuriuzelh, supjh-ibmt HH, v`j.HH, p.486-48?, mr.DDHHH).

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    Vejbmthm D`mstemthm`v

    D@MFWRM[WH Q@JH[HD@KHQJ@IE[HDB Q@J@M@@[@IEMB M QW@GJBIEWBVBMHWHH I@VHJB[HJ@W M TDERMRJ I@JK@VBH JE MDBQR[RJ EMRJRH 5656

    rsd`ejbjb rnbhbmhj`r ip`trhve juh Ejbxemkru I`vhj. Wimmk je Heh, ejturhkb Ejbxemkru, _hmh`whbdlh e mtjmht eriete rsdujehj`r, evmk h tterh du bh,je k`u jbonb kb `re. m urie umuh eted furhgumk, eriete rsdujehj`r e f`st

    mvhms

    74

    . @ e k`ue rsd`ej e `rnbhbmhj`r, ibmh`met kb C`ppbd`urt, s-e pr`kuskb`erbdb edbthe mu k`rbeu s pjtbed hip`zhtbjb dtrb k`im, pm dmk stuj juhHbrbihe I`vhj m-er prhih d`mstrierb kb je Q`ert7;. mtr-` dbtetb shtuet je esbjbonb kb [bdudh e f`st jset ` oermhz`em f`riet khm >11 kb s`jkeh. mtr-`m`eptb edbest oermhz`em fusbsb mhihdht72. Je N`thm eu ieh evut j`d dtbve gtjhh pb derb p`j`mbzhh jb-eu dthoet. Je >eprhjhb 5656, Ttemhsjev [erm`vslh sdrhe v`hbv`kujuh kb Temk`ihr kbsprb vhdt`rhb`ghmut kb L`rbdlh ip`trhve umuh kbteeibmt turdbsd76. Je sdurt thip kupedbeste j v`i osh pb Ejbxemkru I`vhj khm m`u m sdeum. Je 57 eprhjhb 5656,Dnrhst`f`r Vejhbr sdrhe k`objuh d tbfem HH [`ie e f`st khm m`u ejumoet khm

    sdeum, her kbteeibmtbjb p`j`mbzb eu hmtret m ere W`imbesd7?. Je 72 eprhjhb5656, Oegrhbj Gbtnjbm sdrhe dphtemujuh Emkrbh K`dzy d tbfem HH [`ie e f`stkhm m`u ejumoet khm I`jk`ve. [terhh derb breu jmo bj eu etedet Q`j`mhe h eupjbdet sprb ere j`r du przh g`oetb. Wies shmour, f`stuj k`im e f`st o`mht kbp`j`mbzh derb eu h hmtret m ere W`imbesd7>. Wbvbmht m sdeum, Ejbxemkru, je7? eprhjhb 5656, p`rumdbe prdjeghj`r kb W`iem s jesb m pedb setbjb Gbrhmkbhbthh Tg`emh ejb imsthrhh Tbdu78. Je 57 ieh 5656, tmruj k`im bihtbe k`u edtbpbmtru imsthrbe N`i r41h Tudbvhe45. Je ihcj`duj jumhh eprhjhb, o`mhmku-j pb tbfem HH [ ie, eriete p`j`mbz

    e hmtret m ere W`imbesd. Hmf`riehhjb du prhvhrb je edbest hmdurshumb mhjb `fbr edbjeh, C`ppbd`urt. O`mhmku-j pb tbfem HH [`ie khm Heh, p`j`mbzhheu mdbput urirhrbe juh. Ecumomk je oremhe du ere W`imbesd, ed`j` euetedet oermhz`eme derb epre oremhe rhh h derb muire, d`mf`ri ibrdbmerujuhfremdbz, m cur kb ;11 kb ihjhterh, derb eu f`st supuh m durmk h theh m

    74 [bseurHH, p.4>.7; Hghkbi, p.67. Edbest hmf`riehb trbguhb pus ms m jbotur du edbe kb je mdbputuj emujuh

    5656, dmk m`uj k`im, vrmk s-h igumbzb pb turdh, e n`trt s trhiht trhgutuj je Q`ert h kb

    dmk kb esbibmbe evbi hmf`riehh d`mf`ri dr`re j`duht`rhh I`jk`vbh rbfuzeu pjete trhgutujuhpm dmk m`uj k`im er prhih d`mstrierb kb je Q`ert.

    72 Edbth `pt sutb db breu m zhsuj guro m j`d s prhvbonbzb bh mu fdbeu ejtdbve kbdt sb igteuh esuprbe pb `espbhh j`r prhm t`t fbjuj kb hms`jbmb.... @eibmhh mb ieh putmk sufbrh sb kbtbrih-mer e sb rzgume ... ([bseur, HH, p.;8).

    76 Gtjhe s-e ket m epr`phbrb kb N`thm (Nuriuzelh, supjhibmt HH, v`j. HH, p.48>, mr.DDHV).7? jh Q`jednh m`m s`j` nemm` sdeddhet` Ttbfiem` Vehv`ke kejje G`okemhe, ie dnb shem` emd` pbmb-

    treth mbjje Vejednhe K`duibmtb prhvht`erb je hst`rhe r`imhj`r, dujbsb kb Buk`xhu Nuriuzelh,v`j. HV, pertbe e HH-e (5611-5621), Gudurbth, 5>>; (Nuriuzelh, HV/7), p.426, mr.DDDJ^^^H).

    7>Vbrbss, H^, p.?8->1, mr.68.78 KHW, Tbrhe E. I`jk`ve, vbeduj ^VHH, v`juiuj ; (5656-5671), mr.6< M.H`roe, K`eime juh Hbrbihe

    V`k, EEW, ITH, sbrhe HH, v`j.^^^HH, p.51??, mr.^^^VHHH.41 KHW, Tbrhe E. I`jk`ve, vbeduj ^VHH, v`juiuj ; (5656-5671), mr.>.45 Hghkbi, mr.8.

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    WBVHT[E KB HT[@WHB E I@JK@VBH

    T[RKHH

    gudh47. E uriet ep`h Guzuj pb derb p`j`mbzhh j-eu dudbrht h kbvestet44. WekuIhnmbe, emk kbsprb mdjderbe oremhbj`r rhh, e trhihs ` s`jhb je prhmdhphhp`j`mbzh h h-e s`iet s prsbesd ere. @ s`jhb khm pertbe juh Ejbxemkru h-e

    mt`rs t`etb gumurhjb cbfuhtb je Guzu4;

    . Hmdhkbmtuj kb je Guzu e rhkhdet iujtbsbimb kb mtrbgerb m fee tutur`r edt`rhj`r hipjhdeh m edbstb bvbmhibmtb. Tbdrbe um prbdbkbmt derb sb putbe rbpbte `rhdmk. m pjus, dbjb dtbve d`mfrumtrhkb je oremh mtrb eriete p`j`mbz h peze kb je oremh e juh Weku Ihnmbe,dthoetb kb p`j`mbzh, eu ket metbrb je t`t fbjuj kb hmtbrprbtrh derb, kb esbibmbe,mu ekudbeu jhmhtb m rbohumb42. [`t`ket, hmmk d`mt kb etbptrhjb md vhh ejbbjhtbj`r p`jhthdb ejb rhh W`imbth kb e-j vbkbe rbvbmht m sdeum pb fev`rhtujj`r, Weku brgem, khibmshumhjb umbh bvbmtuejb egetbrh putbeu erumde spehujr`imbsd mtr-` m`u d`mfrumterb kb pr`p`rhh. Q`shghjhtetbe de Weku brgems sb f`j`sbesd kb i`ibmt h s rbvhm m sdeum prhm ere I`jk`vbh kbvbmbem edbjb d`mkhhh rbej46 seu, dbj puhm, trbguhe s sb he m dejduj h ` estfbj kbp`shghjhtetb. Qm m i`ibmtuj m derb `pbrehumhjb ihjhterb sb kbsfureu pbtbrht`rhuj I`jk`vbh, shtuehe putbe st d`mtr`jet. Kbphrbe dekrujuh p`jhthd ejrhh I`jk`vbh ekudbe m`h d`ipjhdehh m khsputbjb p`jhthdb hmtbrmeh`mejb. Kbedbst judru h kkbe sbeie pbrfbdt h d`mkudt`ruj erietbh p`j`mbzb, TeiubjL`rbdlh, ette thip, dt dbjjejt ohmbrb ej Bjhsegbtbh I`vhj iurhsb sught, bxhstmkdnher prbsupumbrbe kb e st `trvht4?. Kb edbbe, mu mtipjt`r, rbvbmht je Heh, Teiubj L`rbdlh e mdbput s sdrhbsdrhs`rh m`ghjhihh p`j`mbzb, prhm derb h i`thve edhumbe, ker h dbrbe sprhchm hsushmbrb m edhumhjb juh. Kb je 6 ieh 5656, dum`etbi k`u sdrhs`rh ume ekrbsetjentbh p`j`mbzb4>h dbejejt juh Cemusz Wekzhwh48. m sdrhs`erbe ekrbset jentbh

    47[bseur, HH, p.2?.44 Hghkbi, p.2?-2>.4; Hghkbi, p.61.42 Je 51 ieh 5656, je sdurt thip kup hmdhkbmtuj kb je Guzu dphtemuj Emkrbh K`dzy sdrhee ip-

    retujuh Iethe HH d p`j`mbzhh h-eu mvhms ett pb tbfem HH [`ie dt h pb Weku Ihnmbe h d medbe pbrh`ek eu ecums je putbrb m eigbjb rh. Ejbxemkru I`vhj j-er st eibmhmet pb Oegrhbj

    Gbtnjbm d ked erb s-h ed`rkb sprhchm ekvbrserujuh su, eriete juh ` s hmtrb m [remshjvemhe(Vbrbss, H^, p.>6, mr.?;). Qr`geghj bstb v`rge kb s`jhb trhihs je prhmdhpbjb [remshjvemhbh kb derbeihmtbe h C`ppbd`urt ([bseur, HH, p.;4).

    46 Ibrdbmeruj fremdbz mb irturhsbe d m thipuj erhh erietbj`r p`j`mbz je Guzu, ` kbjboehb eg`hbrhj`r khm ere W`imbesd e vbmht je Ejbxemkru s-j r`eob s jb stb k`im, her ked mu etumdhs-h pbriht juh brgem s sb mt`erd m er prhm I`jk`ve ([bseur, HH, p.28).

    4?Q`vbsthrbe kbsprb phmbe `trvht derb e juet-` kb je um prb`t orbd prhmdhpbjb _hmh`whbdlh,`rt`k`dx, m thipuj sjucgbh rbjhoh`esb vbzh je C`ppbd`urt, ([bseur, HH, p.;2). Mu thi ms kedjudrurhjb eu stet dnher ee. m edbjb vrbiurh sb putbe iurh sught khm deuze ieh iujt`r g`jh, herrbdum`etbrbe um`r feptb derb kb fept mu eu f`st fdutb sb putbe jbsmb `ghmb prhm t`rturh.

    4> H. D`rfus, K`duibmtb prhvht`erb je Hst`rhe W`imhbh dujbsb khm ernhvbjb p`j`mb, sbd. ^VH -^VHH,

    bkhhb morhcht kb Veshjb Ietbh, Gudurbth, Bkhture Edekbihbh, 7115 (D`rfus, ^VH-^VHH), p.741-744, mr.551.48 Ghgjh`tble Lrmhl, Is.52;1, l.7>-78.

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    D@MFWRM[WH Q@JH[HD@KHQJ@IE[HDB Q@J@M@@[@IEMB M QW@GJBIEWBVBMHWHH I@VHJB[HJ@W M TDERMRJ I@JK@VBH JE MDBQR[RJ EMRJRH 5656

    p`j`mbzb L`rbdlh p`vbstbe kbsprb hzgmke `ghmut ip`trhve erietbh juh tbfemHH [`ie. Edhumhjb mtrbprhmsb mu breu fdutb kbdt pbmtru e epre Wzbdzp`sp`-jhte kb um ee ierb kuiem h pbmtru e-h eshoure jhmhtbe je fr`mthbrb. Dui eshoure

    prhmdhpbjb m`ghjhibe p`j`mbz, sthmk `dupeh du pr`gjbibjb khm Qbrshe, t`iemhhmu ` s mtrbprhmk mhihd hip`rtemt m edbst spehu;1. Tdrhs`erbe ekrbset juhCemusz Wekzhwh, pb jmo feptuj d kbsdrhe juptbjb pb derb jb-e evut du erietbjbderb j sushmbeu pb tbfem HH [`ie h derb evbeu ibmhrbe s epbrb Wzbdzp`sp`jhteh oremhbjb bh, d`mhmbe h um ibsec jboet kb sbciuj derb evbe s sb kbsdnhk kbdurmk. L`rbdlh j ruoe pb kbimhteruj jhtuembem;5s-h epbrb je sbci deuze, du ettieh iujt d bj mu putbe s vhm ed`j`;7.

    Tbciuj khm emuj 5656 Tbciuj khm emuj 5656 e f`st kbsdnhs je 7? eprhjhb. Kbce m edbe pbrh`ek sb

    d`mturesb k`u durbmtb kb `phmhb m dbbe db prhvbtb perthdhperbe d`mthmobmtbj`rp`j`mbzb m deipemhe khm I`jk`ve. Qrhie bre dbe derb sushmbe hipjhderbe edthve Q`j`mhbh m trbgurhjb I`jk`vbh h mu ett de sushmt`rh eh I`vhjbthj`r h ejbesphrehhj`r edbst`re kb e-h mt`erdb sdeumuj k`imbsd, dnher ked um esbibmbekbzhkbret mu `dupe ujthiuj j`d, dh ieh ejbs pbmtru e evbe m I`jk`ve, de h mthipuj juh Hbrbihe I`vhj, um k`im stkbj p`jhthdhh Wzbdzyp`sp`jhtbh h derb mu erpbrihtb pusthhrbe Q`j`mhbh khm I`jk`ve seu rbtreobrbe kbteeibmtbj`r ttrbthm I`jk`ve, kup bxbipjuj ujthibj`r hmdurshumh, dmk pjhmh kb prek s-eu rbpjhetpb tbrht`rhuj I`jk`vbh, pjbdmk ieh ep`h stbderb pb je j`durhjb j`r kb khsj`derb.

    Du t`etb edbstbe Hipbrhuj @t`iem evbe bxbipjuj mu dnher kbprtet ej rz-g`hujuh `t`iem`-negsgurohd khmtrb emhh 5284-5616, ker h e kborhmo`jekbh derbe duprhms mtrbouj spehuj r`imbsd m emuj 5655, dmk turdhh s-eu p`ibmht mshtuehe kb e phbrkb hmubme m mtrbo edbst spehu. Qrhm urierb, feptuj d turdhhv`r rbedh`me pr it, mu jse mk`hej. Qr`gjbie prhmdhpej derb trbguhe s stb khsdutet je sbciuj khm Ver`vhe, dbmdbpbe je 7? eprhjhb, bre steghjhrbe um`r m`h hip`zhtb pbmtru roemhzerbe umbh m`hdeipemhh ip`trhve I`sd`vbh. mehmtbe d`mv`drhh sbciujuh, m khfbrhtb rbohumhejb D`r`embh breu d`mv`detb sbcihdurhjb. M`ghjhibe p`j`mbz j`dej mtrumht

    m edbstb sbcihdurh ejbobe kbputehh j`r je sbci. h m rmkurhjb j`r bre ` `erbderbhbrernhb, her dbjb ieh rbprbzbmtethvb breu d`mshkbretb sbcihdurhjb kb je Qr`sz`whdb,

    ;1D`rfus, ^VH-^VHH, p.741-744, mr.5513 @ thrb shour pb derb ` ekud je dum`thme K`imhhj`rv`estrb, k`imhj`r ibh ihj`sthvh, bstb d m edbst thip [urdhe e evut mfrmobrb, m urie drbhe jhs-e p`rumdht h tterhj`r s pjbdb du t`hh m Qbrshe, jsmk je oremh muieh pb Ejh Irze du dtbveihh.

    ;5 Dum`sdut de `p`zemt ej rbobjuh md khm thipuj r`l`sz-ujuh :rsd`ejbh m.ms.= juh Sbgrzyk`wslh,prbdui h e hmtbmhbh juh Thohsiumk HHH _eze kb e `dupe tr`muj I`sd`vbh.

    ;7[brez kje usp`l`cbmhe przyjboydn sshekw mhb i`od sh me tbm sbci tbremhbcszy stewh, t

    sl`dz`m w`cm p`k gr`m _^I ibo` Ipeme p`kewei (Edui pbmtru jhmhthrbe vbdhmhj`rkhm prbeci mbputmk je edbst sbci kb edui s vhm, edbst rzg`h tbrihmet sug eprerbe IVQ ejibu K`im j `fbr). (Ghgjh`tble Lrmhl, Is. 52;1, l.78).

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    T[RKHH

    pbmtru v`hbv`ketuj Dred`vhbh, h dbj khm r`ke, pbmtru v`hbv`ketbjb Q`zmemujuhh Lejhsz-ujuh. mehmtbe d`mv`drhh sbcihdurhj`r, sprb edbstbe bre kbjboet um rbprb-zbmtemt ej rbobjuh derb vbmbe du hmstrudhumhjb sejb h derb steghjbe dnbsthumhjb derb

    urieu s stb kbzgtutb ett je sbcihd, dt h je sbciuj obmbrej;4

    . Khm edbst pumdtkb vbkbrb, kbce sprb epr`phbrbe judrrhj`r sbciujuh, rbobjb h emturecuj su, khmderb fdbe pertb h Ttemhsew lhbwslh, ekvbrser d`mvhms ej deipemhbh ohmbrhj`rBjhzegbtbh I`vhj m I`jk`ve;;, eu prbotht tbrbmuj mbdbser pbmtru d`mkeimerbeedhumhh juh Ihne _hmh`whbdlh h Teiubj L`rbdlh m I`jk`ve. Tbcihduj kb jer`ke, umuj khm dbjb k`u sbcihdurh hip`rtemtb;2, e eduzet edhumbe dbj`r k`h,steghjhmk de pb vhht`r esbibmbe edhumh s p`et st d`mtrederetb;6. Tbcihluj kbje _hm`, d`mshkbret obmbrej ej pimturhj`r rusb;?, je 57 ierthb 5656 steghjbemhvbjuj hip`zhtbj`r h hmstrudhumbe ket s`jhj`r;>khm pertbe sbcihdujuh je sbciuj

    obmbrej. T`jhh evbeu s kbdjerb drbkhm rbobjuh h s-h iujuibesd pbmtru orhcepb derb jb-` p`ert prhm muibr`esbjb evbrthsibmtb pb derb bj jb-e ket m ujthievrbib. Du ett ieh iujt du dt bh kb umhh shmourh mu er st f`st m sterb s hm phbptedbjuh ierb pbrhd`j derb sb egtbe esupre j`r. T`jhh urieu s pr`iht strmobrbeum`r hip`zhtb bxtre`rkhmerb. T`jkehh khm lwert derb eu f`st kbi`ghjhzehtrbguheu s stb urobmt rbdnbieh. D`mf`ri dbrbrhh j`r, trbguhe s stb mtrhtdbtetbe kb je Deibmhe h epr`vhzh`met du t`etb dbjb mbdbserb. Edbjeh judru evbes stb fdut m prhvhme ejt`r dbth kb je Qrzbiyj, Tem`l, ykedzw. [terhj`rtrbguheu s jb stb trhihsb urobmt dek`urh de s-h jhmhtbesd. @ d`ihshb seu um s`j

    ;4 Kbsprb prhmdhphhjb jurhh kbdhzhhj`r hip`rtemtb m Wzbdzp`sp`jhte je mdbputuj sbd`jujuh ej ^VH-H-jbe vbzh3 Kerhusz Ihjbwslh, Tbcihlh l`r`mmb w`gbd zeor`bmhe turbdlhbo` w 567> r. (Tbcihdurhjbrboejb m fee eibmhmrhh turdbth m emuj 567>), m Ietbrhejbjb d`mfbrhmbh thhmhstdb hmtbrmeh-`mejb3 711 kb emh kb je obmbze pr`gjbibh Gesereghbh. Espbdtb s`dhej-p`jhthdb, bd`m`ihdb h dujtu-rejb, Dnhhmu, 7157, p.67-?> (tbxt p`j`mbz h trekudbrb r`im kb Vejbmthm D`mstemthm`v)

    ;; Sghombw @ss`jhslh, d`mtbip`rem du edbjb bvbmhibmtb, sdrhe3 J-e supret putbrmhd pb netie-muj m`stru :Ttemhsew lhbwslh m.ms.= khm k`u i`thvb h muieh pbrs`mejb, ddh pugjhdb breugumb h Wzbdzyp`sp`jhtbh m`estrb iujt sbrvbeu, ked m edbe efedbrb rbobjb er st pus ime hpuhmb bf`rturh je Q`ert ... ker ieh iujt evbe pbrs`mejuj rujuh netiem< sb strkuhe msuh mb-putmk pb rbob je mhihd gum s-j ekud, muieh de d`mmhvbrbt, kb`erbdb ejhs fevbgetkb efedbrhjb

    prhmdhphj`r m`trh h e suddbsujuh surprhmzt`r ej j`r. K`u etumdh i`thvb jb evbe netiemuj ddheibstbde putbrmhd prhmdhphj r3 prhie sb tbibe putbrmhd kb suddbsuj j`r, e k`ue de um `i k`rmhdkb pr`prhuj evut pb derb jb evbe khm I`jk`ve strkuhe iujt h ieh iujt k`rbe de j`vhmku-h pbprhmdhph pb Oegrhbj, mbp`tuj I`vhjbthj`r, pb derb jmo shmb j hmbe, m edbj stet s-j ebzb. Khmedbjb prhdhmh iujtb predthdh je Q`ert fdbe dui edbbe er putbe rbejhze :trekudbrbe m`estr=.(Sghombw @ss`jhslh, Qeihtmhl, `pred`we h wstpbi p`przbkzh Czbf Kuo`sz, _esrszewe,Qestw`wy Hmstytut _ykewmhdzy, 58>4, p.6>-68).

    ;2Kerhusz Ihjbwslh, Tbcihlh l`r`mmb, p.?5.;6 D`rfus, ^VH-^VHH, p.77>, mr.51>.;? Elte Or`kzlhb h Shbislhb, t`i ^^. Jeuke sbcihl`wb, t`i H. Jeuke whszbslhb (52?7-56;>) (m

    d`mthmuerb3 EOS, ^^), `predwe Emt`mh Qr`dnesle, Jh`v, 5818, p.VH.;>

    Je sbciuj obmbrej kb je Ver`vhe eu f`st ejbh3 Ttemhsew Imhszl` ster`stbjb Jh`vujuh, C`zbf Mere-c`wslh cukbdt`r khm Jh`v, Ierdhm Lreshmslh, Cem Fbjhx Nbrgujt, Cem Ihbjbdlh h Lrzyszt`f Kr`n`-c`wslh.

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    Vejbmthm D`mstemthm`v

    D@MFWRM[WH Q@JH[HD@KHQJ@IE[HDB Q@J@M@@[@IEMB M QW@GJBIEWBVBMHWHH I@VHJB[HJ@W M TDERMRJ I@JK@VBH JE MDBQR[RJ EMRJRH 5656

    urie s stb trhihs je Q`ert de s epbrb Wzbdzyp`sp`jhte h s mbo`dhbzb pedbe hsbdurhtetbe, d`mf`ri tretetbj`r vbdnh;8. Kb hip`zhtb s mu stb mhibmh sdutht. DuI`sd`ve s mu s sb ecumo je s`juhe bxtrbi rzg`huj, her d`ihshe derb m-e

    s`juh`met pr`gjbibjb bxhstbmtb s stb mj`duht du ejte, s`jhh i`sd`vhh s stbbjhgbreh pbmtru de esupre Wzbdzyp`sp`jhtbc i`jjbi gbjjhs mu-j etreo. Dezedhh s stb jhmhthh, d`mf`ri prbvbkbrhj`r d`ihshbh trbdutb. Hmtrmk m I`jk`ve,ebzmk m sdeum pb edbj k`imh`r :Ejbxemkru I`vhj m.ms.= h prhm edbesteetromk esupre Wzbdzyp`sp`jhtbc ierh pbrhd`jb, rbobjb trbguhb s steghjbesd eeisurh de mhibmh s mu ieh mdbrdb s pr`dbkbzb estfbj pb vhht`r21. Kbshour d hmtbmhe rbobjuh p`j`m kb e rbz`jve m fev`erbe se d`ipjhdetepr`gjbi e tr`mujuh i`sd`vht, trbguhe s stb s`juh`met mu mehmtb kb e jhmhthjudrurhjb m I`jk`ve. Jupte pb dtbve fr`mturh mu bre m pjemuj rbobjuh, her pbmtru

    suddbsuj khm Wushe bj bre oete s-h cbrtfbesd pb dbh derb eu hmtret m ere vesejHipbrhujuh @t`iem. m khsdursuj kb kbsdnhkbrb e sbciujuh demdbjeruj d`r`embh Fbjhx Lryslh,prhmtrb pr`gjbibjb eg`rketb, ve pumb m khsduhb h dnbsthumbe I`jk`vbh, prhmprhsie rbjehhj`r p`j`m`-`t`iemb3 esupre Q`j`mhbh pjembez kb ieh iujtvrbib pbrhd`juj turdbsd, hmdjushv khm deuze sei`v`jmhdhhj`r p`j`mbzhj`r. Tujte-muj turd e ket kb mbjbs s`jujuh p`j`mbz je Q`ert d k`rbe dnher rupbrbe pdhh.Bj kbiujt etbpte `dezhe, her, mdnbhmk pedbe du pbrhh putbe d`mdbmtre eriete jeoremhe Wzbdzyp`sp`jhtbc. Tdnhmkbr pee evbe 511 111 kb `eibmh, her prhmdhpbjb[remshjvemhbh h k`imhh I`jk`vbh h rhh W`imbth eu prhiht `rkhm s sb ejturb.Vk d thipurh rbjb vhm khm deuze hmtrrhh sei`v`jmhdb ej`r m`trh m I`jk`ve.K`rbsd turdhh de pb dezedh mhihdhmku-h s stpmbesd pimturhjb d`r`embh horemhbjb ierh ejb stetujuh su dt ieh kbpertb s jb bxthmk... Wbobjb j-e trhihsje Q`ert pb sbdrbteruj su, L`dnemslh25, de s eibjh`rbzb shtuehe, ker mu sb thbdui j v`r prhih ed`j` ... h ee juh h sb k `dezhe esupre m`estr, drbkhm h deuzkb je edbe m I`jk`ve hmdurshumb, pb derb mtr-um emuiht i`k s ` pbkbpsbesd,her b mbv`hb mtr-ekbvr, e jset-` ITWbobjuh sug d`mshkbrehumbe tutur`r strhj`r.Q`etb duhve h sb ve prbe drbkhghj k`rhme j`r d eu k`rht s-j sd`et pb k`imujmbk`rht p`p`rujuh m`stru, d eu k`rht s vhmkbdb sjeve phbrkut, ker s edh`mbzbkhm hmhhethv pr`prhb mu sb duvhmbe. Mu sumt `ihh mhdh dezedhh3 ... m stbderb zhtrbguhb vbonbet de esupre j`r khm efer, seu kb je bh mhh pbrhd`jb hmtbrmb. T-euekumet m muir kb 41 kb ihh, eu p`rmht umhh du vesb pb Ierbe Mbeor, ejhhdu ierb h putbrmhd hmdurshumb s khstruo @dbed`v-uj, dui er fedb-` seu duf`j`s seu du peoug pbmtru bh, pb m`h h m orbuthjb m`estrb t`etb edbstbe sb v`r

    ;8 Eeker, s`juj mu trbguhe s dber Q`rhh mtrhrbe juh Ejbxemkru I vhj m sdeum, dh k`er steghjhrbeh d`ms`jhkerbe pdhh.

    21

    EOS, ^^, p.527-52>, mr.512.25 Tupjhibmtuj hmstrudhumhj`r dtrb Orho`rb L`neslh s`j je Q`ert, derb prhvbeu pr`gjbibjb i`j-k`vbmbth, eu f`st rbkedtetb je 55 ierthb 5656 (D`rfus, ^VH-^VHH, p.777-774, mr.516).

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    WBVHT[E KB HT[@WHB E I@JK@VBH

    T[RKHH

    tremsf`rie.... Je stbderb sbci bstb v`rge de s stvhjhi sei`v`jmhdhe hmtbrm, derbbvhkbmt kudb Wzbdzp`sp`jhte sprb phbrzemhb. Edbbe mb-e msdut rzg`huj i`s-d`vht, edbbe mb ekudb putbrbe turdbesd. .... m W`ie, Durthus e iurht pbmtru t`h,

    je m`h pbmtru umuj t`h v`i iurh27

    . Tbciuj obmbrej, je fbj de h sbcihlurhjb j`dejb mu s-eu pr`mumet pbmtru sush-mbrbe edhumhh kb rbsteghjhrb e I`vhjbthj`r m sdeum. T`juj, derb d`mf`ri `phmhbhm`ghjhj`r p`j`mbzh, trbguhe trhihs je D`mstemthm`p`j, trbguhe s jhmhtbesd ed`j`epbjb, s-h d`mvhmo pb `t`iemh kb gumbjb hmtbmhh ejb p`j`mbzhj`r h, t`t`ket, skbzevuhbzb edhumbe prhmdhphj`r khm I`jk`ve. Wbobjb h emturecuj su mu evbeukb omk s fed kbibrsurh pbmtru d`mstrierbe juh Ejbxemkru I`vhj m sdeum.Kb ehdh md`j`, dbh derb eu hmtret m I`jk`ve breu s`rthh je phbrzerb. @t`iemhh,je rmkuj j`r, eu tbstet tbrbmuj mehmtb kb prbothrbe umbh deipemhh kb emvbrour

    m I`jk`ve. Kbdhzhe rbobjuh p`j`m kb e i`ghjhze ` m`u eriet pbmtru deipe-mhe ip`trhve I`sd`vbh msbime d I`jk`ve evbe s stb sedrhstdet hmtbrbsbj`rkb `ghmbrb e d`r`embh Ttetujuh I`sd`vht24. Kb pertbe dbejejt, prh`rhthjb p`j`-mbzhj`r kbzjboeu ihmhjb `t`iemhj`r m edhumhjb j`r khm I`jk`ve. Bh v`r `ptepbmtru edbbeh tedthd uthjhzet kb-e jumouj ujthiujuh sbd`j h ieh ghmb bre bx-pbkhet ` p`rumd ekrbset vesejhj`r j`r khm rbohumb pbmtru e pumb je khsp`zhheumuh d`iemkemt kb `th j`dej d`mthmobmtb ihjhterb. I`jk`vbmhh, iumtbmhh, t-terhh h kbteeibmtbjb ihjhterb `t`iemb eetb m sug`rkhmbe pehj`r kb je ier-ohmb rbprbzbmteu ` putbrb ihjhter hip`rtemt, her `t`iemhh theu f`ertb ghmb si`ghjhzbzb h s d``rk`mbzb edbest putbrb. I`ghjhzerbe m`ghjhihh kbdrbtet kbsbciuj khm emuj 5656 evbe de sd`p eprerbe oremhbj`r Q`j`mhbh m fee pbrhd`jujuhturdbsd, kbh m edbjeh thip sbciuj sugsbime roemhzerbe umbh deipemhh ihjhterbip`trhve I`sd`vbh2;. Jupte pb k`u fr`mturh trbguhe s sb mdnbhb du sedrhst-derbe umbhe khmtrb deuzb. m dezuj ket dbe sedrhstdet e f`st deuze ohmbrhj`r juhHbrbihe I`vhj h e eighh`esbh k`eimb e dbjuh khm uri. m jumhjb urit`erbje D`mstemthm`p`j evbe s stb trhihs s`juj p`j`mbz derb ve rbestrie d edhumbeprhmdhphj`r khm I`jk`ve bstb fdut pb d`mt pr`prhu. Ihze d`ipr`ihsujuh bre de

    27

    Nuriuzelh, supjhibmt HH, v`j. HH, p.488-;5;, mr.DDV.24 Je 2 humhb v`hbv`kuj kb M`w`or`kzl sdrhe rbobjuh d e f`st epr`get hip`zhtuj pbmtru trhihtbrbeprhmujuh Vjekhsjev sprb I`sd`ve (Erdnhwui Owmb Elt Kewmydn (m d`mthmuerb EOEK),Erdnhwui Wekzhwhjj, kz.HH, tble 6, Mr.6;8). Ejtb ibmhumh pbmtru hip`zhtb khm v`hbv`ketbjbM`w`or`kzl, Jugjhm seu p`whetuj Jhke prbvzutb pbmtru bdnhperbe erietbh derb evbe s-jms`besd pb Vjekhsjev pbmtru urderbe m sdeumuj I`sd`vbh, m EOEK, Erdnhwui Wekzhwhjj,kz.HH, tble 6, Mr. 421-627.

    2;Vbzh depht`jbjb khm D`msthtuhe sbciujuh khm emuj 5656. Q`sp`jhtb ruszbmhb. H mhbgbzphbdzb-stw` hewmb mestpuhb me Qestwe meszb L`r`mmb `k p`oem ... (I`ghjhzerbe m`ghjhihh. D umpbrhd`j bvhkbmt vhmb esupre rhj`r m`estrb ejb D`r`embh kb je pomhh kb je oremh), mu prbvbkbeeprerbe deuzbh ohmbrhj`r juh Hbrbihe I`vhj m I`jk`ve. m dbbe db prhvbtb rbjehhjb du I`sd`ve

    d`msthtuhe prbdhze d s-e mdbrdet rbz`jverbe pb dejb pemhd e khfbrbmkuiurhj`r, ker d ruhh euesbkhet Ti`jbmsduj estfbj kmk i`thv pbmtru rzg`h (V`juihme Jboui, v`j. HHH, Qbtbrguro, 5>28,p.547).

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    Vejbmthm D`mstemthm`v

    D@MFWRM[WH Q@JH[HD@KHQJ@IE[HDB Q@J@M@@[@IEMB M QW@GJBIEWBVBMHWHH I@VHJB[HJ@W M TDERMRJ I@JK@VBH JE MDBQR[RJ EMRJRH 5656

    `t`iemhh s rbmumb je sushmbrbe juh tbfem HH [`ie, her p`j`mbzhh s pjbdb khmI`jk`ve. m dezuj m derb dbh khm uri v`r rbfuze s sb d`mf`ribzb dbrbrhh, bhevbeu s stb sd`h khm I`jk`ve pb dejbe eribj`r.

    Tuiiery

    Hm jetb 5652, tnb Q`jhsn ieometbs, Ihnehj _hmh`whbdlh emk Teiubj L`rbdlbstegjhsnbk Ejbxemkbr I`vhj `m I`jk`ves tnr`mb. Eftbr tnb `ustbr `f Ttbpnbm[`ie HH, _hmh`whbdlh steybk whtn Ejbxemkbr hm Heh. Nb nek eg`ut bhont tn`usemkpb`pjb whtn nhi, Teiubj L`rbdlh nek eg`ut tw` tn`usemk pb`pjb. Ejbxemkbrsettbipt t` d`jbdt texbs bmd`umtbk khffldujthbs. Hm ekkhth`m, m`t ejj rbd`omhzbk nhi ese rujbr gbdeusb nb nek m`t rbdbhvbk tnb rbhomhmo eo. [nb [urlhsn Tujtem s` khk m`twemt t` rbd`omhzb Ejbxemkbr es e rujbr.