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Economy Transdisciplinarity Cognition

www.ugb.ro/etc 

Vol. XV,

Issue 1/2012

2!"2##

 Rural Tourism and Ecotourism –

t he Main Priorities in Sustainable Development Orientations of Rural

 Local Communities in Romania

 Maria Roxana DORO!"T#$ Puiu "%STORE!"#  !cadem& of Economic Studies$ ucharest$ ROM!"%!

 rx_ana@yahoo.com

puiu.nistoreanu@com.ase.ro

 !bstract' At this moment, both in our country and in the European Union, rural tourism and

ecotourism are among the most dynamic forms of tourism, a result of the advantages which it

offers bouth tourists and host communities.

 Rural areas are rich in ecological and rural diversity. For a long time in their existence, rural

communities have relied on the abundance of natural resources.

 But in the !th century, ma"or changes in technology, political or economic reasons have

brought a profound transformation in agriculture, as well as other industrial resources wererenewerable, which has led rural communities to be dependent on their face.

 For rural areas, the fast pace of change has brought with it not only opportunities but also

 favourable challenges.

#ustainable development of Romanian local communities through ecotourism and rural

tourism represents a re$uirement and at the same time a tendency of contemporary evolution.

%his process includes a suite of particularities of nature followed from tourist activity, specify

in its complexity and interacting with the environment and other sectors of the economy, the

magnitude and variety of social relations which they generate, on the one hand, and the

characteristics of sustainable development, in general, on the other hand.

%he purpose of this paper is to analy&e the existing relationship between rural tourism and

ecotourism, between the need for sustainable development and the need to preserve the local

traditions, and to observe if such e$uilibrium is feasible between these two terms.

 (e&)ords' ecotourism, communities, rural tourism, sustainable development 

Introduction

Tourism is an important economic acti$ity in t%e European &nion. It comprises a wide $ariety o'

 product and destinations and many di''erent sta(e%olders are in$ol$ed. Tourism %as great potential as

regards its contribution to ac%ie$ement o' se$eral ma)or E& ob)ecti$es, suc% as sustainable

de$elopment, economic growt%, enployment and economic and social co%esion. T%e strategic

approac% process is to create t%e conditions and pro$ide t%e basis 'or sustainable, %ig%"*uality tourism

and competiti$e +omanian tourism !-.

ustainable tourism de$elopment meets t%e needs o' tourists and %ost regions, protecting and

epanding t%e possibilities 'or t%e 'uture. Tourism can bring bot% ad$antages and disad$antages in t%e

area. It can stimulate t%e de$elopment o' ot%er economic acti$ities suc% as agriculture, local

 production o' 'ood and cra'ts, and %elp increase re$enue.

+ural tourism and ecotourism %a$e a signi'icant role in t%e economic de$elopment o' t%ose areas or

regions as touristic attractions. T%e most important positi$e contributions re'er to t%e state re$enue

generated by tourist spending and eport / import o' goods complementary 'or recei$ing countries, and

t%e boost o' in$estment in $arious sectors, so t%e multiplier e''ect o' tourism by contribute to t%e

economic prosperity o' t%e country.

+ural tourism started 'rom t%e o' idea gat%ering toget%er t%e traditional acti$ities related to %ospitality

and rest and 'rom t%e 'ollowing basic premise agriculture ta(es place a natural and unpolluted

en$ironment, 'ramed in natural resources nutrition organic, trend t%at %as so s%arply di$ided t%eEuropean 'ood mar(ets in recent years and, 'inally, in an area potentially ric% in traditions and

ancestral customs, w%ic%, at least 'or 'oreign tourists, pro$iding t%at t%e necessary dose t%e eotic and

un(nown to attract and con$ince t%e decision o' leisure.

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Ecotourism is a 'orm o' tourism w%ere t%e main moti$ation o' t%e tourists is t%e obser$ation and

appreciation o' nature and local traditions related to t%e nature and must meet t%e 'ollowing

conditions

o  preser$ing and protecting nature

o use local %uman resources

o educational c%aracter, respect 'or nature " awareness o' tourists and local communities

o minimum negati$e impact on t%e natural en$ironment and socio"culturalestablis%ed

de'inition o' t%e 3orld Tourism 4rgani5ation6.

ome eperts o' tourism pre'er to spea( about sustainable tourism de$elopment rat%er t%an about

sustainable tourism, t%e 'irst re'erring to all aspects o' de$elopment, and t%e second in some aspects

and components o' tourism " suc% as long distance air transport t%at can easily simply is not

sustainable under current tec%nologies, e$en wit% t%e use o' best practices.

T%e main priorities 'or %a$ing a sustainable de$elopment regarding t%e ecotourism concept means

 promoting t%e concept and de$elopment o' ecotourism 'or t%e support o' nature conser$ation,

 promoting t%e ecotourism concept and principles at t%e local, regional and national, promoting

ecotourism as a tool 'or nature conser$ation, promoting t%e natural and traditional $alues t%at respectnature, as tourism attract and in$ol$es local communities in ecotourism ser$ices and in'rastructure

de$elopment, promoting t%e ecotourism as a tool to generate income 'or local communities,

encouraging tour operators to use local resources, de$eloping and maintaining a *uality ser$ice system

in ecotourism 10-.

1. Needs for a Sustainable Tourism

T%e place o' sustainable tourism is gi$en by t%e role o' t%is acti$ity. Tourism is one o' t%e industries

t%at must be in$ol$ed in sustainable de$elopment as an industry o' resources, dependent on t%e natural

and %uman potential, cultural %eritage o' a society. It is essential 'or tourism to be acti$e in sustainable

de$elopment issues and to cooperate wit% ot%er industries in pro$iding *uality resources 'or all

tourism acti$ities. Tourism %as become one o' t%e p%enomena in t%e contemporary era, and it is an

important $ector in t%e de$elopment o' local communities, s%owing its impact on many le$els,eerting positi$e in'luence on many socio"economic en$ironment, gi$en t%e negati$e aspects,

especially on t%e natural. o, in t%is meaning, it must be ensured t%e sustainable de$elopment o'

tourism t%at %a$e role balance preser$ation o' natural %eritage, socio"cultural and meeting t%e

demands o' tourists and local population in %ost communities 17-.

4$er t%e past decades, tourism %as become t%e largest industry worldwide in terms o' employment and

s%are o' global gross domestic products. T%e tourism industry %as been $ery dynamic and 'ast growing

o$er t%e past t%ree decades. T%is sector %as so 'ar created opportunities in areas c%aracteri5ed by

natural attractions, wildli'e and wilderness %abitats 1-.

ustainable de$elopment and its deri$ati$e, alt%oug% intuiti$ely appealing, widely adopted by

international organi5ations and many go$ernments, and ens%rined in legislation, are concepts t%at %a$e

 been muc% critici5ed because o' t%eir lac( o' precision and because o' t%e di''iculties t%at %a$e been

eperienced wit% t%eir implementation 27-.

T%e need to conser$e natural resources, cultural %eritage and social e*uilibrium o' t%e tourism

destinations was understood by e$eryone, bot% internationally and nationally. International

organi5ations and European institutions %a$e addressed t%e issue and support t%e e''orts made in t%is

regard by t%e regional and local aut%orities, national and tourist industry. 4' a great importance is also

t%e 'act t%at national policies 'or sustainable tourism de$elopment and t%e initiati$es o' local and

regional aut%orities nowadays %a$e a support 'rom t%e part o' t%e public and may be rein'orced by t%e

action o' eac% tourist. In addition, tourism pro'essionals, eit%er in %otels or transport industry, %a$e

recogni5ed t%at t%eir acti$ity a''ects t%e en$ironment and t%e necessary in'rastructure 'rom multiple points o' $iew and is t%ere'ore in t%eir interest increase sustainable tourism de$elopment 1!-.

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ustainable de$elopment o' tourism impro$es itsel' li(e a necessity t%at t%e aut%orities, communities,

 business and tra$el agents must respect based upon some guidelines principles 8-

" t%e en$ironment %as intrinsic $alue, especially great 'or tra$el,

" tourism must be seen as a positi$e, comple tas(, w%ic% s%ould bene'it t%e en$ironment,

local communities and, o' course, tourists,

" t%e relations%ip between en$ironment and tourism can be de$eloped so t%at t%e en$ironment

can support t%e tourist acti$ity and long"term de$elopment o' tourism, in turn, it must not lead to

en$ironmental degradation, but on t%e contrary, to t%e protection, preser$ation and impro$ement o' it," de$elopment o' tourism acti$ity must comply wit% t%e c%aracteristics o' t%e place w%ere it is

ta(ing place ecological, social, economic, cultural, arc%itectural,

" t%e de$elopment o' tourism must always balance t%e needs o' tourists and t%ose o' t%eir %osts

and destinations,

" t%e tourist industry, t%e 9o$ernment, t%e aut%orities responsible 'or en$ironmental protection

and international agencies must comply wit% t%ese principles and wor( toget%er to implement t%em in

 practice.

Figure no. 1 Sustainable development model

ource 22 p. 2-

4ne o' t%e most important ob)ecti$es o' sustainable tourism de$elopment s%ould be to minimi5e t%e

negati$e e''ects. T%is aim cannot be ac%ie$ed only by up%olding procedures 'or transport :'riendly:

wit% t%e en$ironment and by trans'orming t%e eisting means o' transport w%ic% a''ects t%e

en$ironment as little as possible. Tourists must be aware o' t%e problems and constraints o' tourist

destination and concerned. T%ere'ore, t%ey must re*uest t%e in'ormation tour operators to adopt

appropriate be%a$iour and to minimise any possible impact o' t%eir acti$ities on t%e en$ironment

during your stay.

To truly protect t%e en$ironment, tourists s%ould meet t%e 'ollowing re*uirements 1!-

" s%owing goodwill towards some degree o' com'ort, its destination recei$ed w%ic% means t%at

eisting resources are used only, indigenous cultures and economies are supported and natural

resources are protected,

" agreeing to use public transport because transport wit% own car is one o' t%e ma)or sources

o' negati$e implications it %as on tourism en$ironment,

" proceeding to relaation and a''ord your own 'ree time, w%ereas (nowledge o' a culture ando' a stranger en$ironment ta(es time,

" s%owing interest and respect 'or local traditions and in general 'or t%e way o' li'e o' t%e

locals,

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" demonstrating ent%usiasm 'or acti$ely protecting t%e en$ironment, i.e. to minimi5e t%e

negati$e e''ects o' recreational acti$ities,

" being sensiti$e to t%e eisting problems,

" reduceing t%e 're*uency o' )ourneys, by increasing t%e lengt% o' stay o' eac% %oliday, t%us

t%e number o' tra$el and tra''ic caused by transport,

" promoting local products t%at gi$e $alue to t%e region concerned, w%ic% means t%at t%e

 purc%ase o' local products bene'it t%e local economy and reduce tra''ic generated by transport.

Trying to conclude we can say t%at t%e ac%ie$ement o' sustainable tourism at any tourist area rural,

mountain or seaside6 in$ol$es close cooperation between all t%e parties in$ol$ed 9o$ernments, local

aut%orities, t%e regional o''ices, t%e %otel industry and transport, tour operators and tourists. ;ll o'

w%om %a$e responsibilities in t%e reali5ation o' sustainable tourism and implicitly in t%e protection o'

t%e en$ironment.

. !ural Tourism and "co#Tourism # Theirs $laces in Sustainable %evelopment of Tourism

T%e term rural de$elopment %as appeared 'or t%e 'irst time in t%e latter part o' t%e 20t% century, a

 process based on t%e 'ollowing principles t%e need to ensure consistency between economic

globali5ation and en$ironment, sustainable de$elopment and analyses o' t%e economic appraisal o' t%e

mondo process o' sustainable de$elopment on a time %ori5on as long. +ural de$elopment aims toincrease indi$idual producti$ity, sustainable community and institutional, w%ic% can result in %ig%er

income 'or indi$iduals. +ural areas s%ould be so organi5ed and directed as to allow impro$ement o'

t%e le$el o' de$elopment o' t%e national economy, by eploiting its potential and well"being o'

residents o' rural areas.

+ural areas still retain unspoiled traditional and spiritual $alues, especially t%e et%nograp%ic, t%e socio"

economic li'e and its en$ironment, t%us enabling t%e de$elopment o' rural tourism, wit% a great 'uture,

 being in a direct relations%ip wit% ot%er 'orms o' tourism 18-.

In se$eral European countries rural tourism is a relati$ely important sector o' t%e tourism industry.

+ural tourism can be de'ined as, at least, one o$ernig%t leisure trip to a place situated in a rural setting

or in a setting outside cities and tourist centres, aiming to participate especially in ot%er t%an urbanacti$ities e.g. s%opping6. T%e clientele 'or rural tourism is o'ten mostly domestic, alt%oug% lots o'

e''orts are targeted to impro$e rural tourism internationali5ation 1<-. 

Tourism in rural areas, in addition to ot%er 'orms o' tourism, contribute to its support, pro$iding t%e

conditions necessary 'or processing tra$el tourism circuit in subsistence. +ural areas, respond not only

to t%e cultural tourism moti$ation and (nowledge, but also t%e ot%er modern re*uirements t%at o'

leisure in nature, w%ic% incidentally 'ound in ot%er countries.

+ural tourism is a 'orm o' tourism t%at ta(es place in rural areas and in$ol$e eploitation o' natural

and ant%ropogenic tourist resources o' t%e rural area, and t%e conduct o' social and economic acti$ities

t%at generate bene'its 'or local communities 20-.

In t%e net table we present t%e main di''erences between classic/standard tourism and rural tourism,

sources adapted 'rom =egan =. 20116 and >istoreanu ?.20106.

Tabel no.1 %ifferences bet&een clasic'standard tourism and rural tourism

(lassification criteria (lassic'standard tourism !ural tourism

@ain acti$ities c%aracteristics ;cti$ities de$eloped at national orinternational le$el

Aamily acti$ities de$eloped locally

Bocation o' space built ig% density commercial space built in, 'aced wit% an acute

s%ortage o' space

Bow density in commercial space,%as built itsel' into an open space

+esident population &rban settlements in$ol$ed in

tourism acti$ity %a$e o$er 10,000in%abitants

+ural settlements in practice rural

tourism %a$e under 10,000in%abitants

In'rastructure In'rastructure well s%aped T%e least de$eloped in'rastructure

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(lassification criteria (lassic'standard tourism !ural tourism

;r%itecture Duilding wit% modern arc%itecture,

and in general new

Constructions wit% local

arc%itecture, being generally old

tructure o' tourist acti$ities Towns people acti$ity is in its own

rig%t t%e employment is 'ull"time6

Complementary tourist acti$ity o'

'arming acti$ities )obs are mostly

 part"time6

T%e distance to t%e place o' wor( Considerable distances between

residence and wor( 

;pproimation o' t%e place o'

residence and acti$ities o' dailyli$ing

Tourist mo$ement Intense mo$ement by attracting

tourism by $arious segments o'tourists

Bow tourist mo$ement by attracting

certain segments o' tourists

easonality Classic tourism, being less a''ected by it

%arp, rural tourism is in'luenced by departures and agricultural

wor(s

+elations%ip between %ost and

tourists

Aormal, impersonal relations%ips

wit% tourists

Indi$iduali5ed, personal

relations%ips wit% tourists

Tourist acti$ities management pro'essional management +ig @anagement

ource 1, p.0-

Dy simply interposing carried out 'or us to state t%at, w%ile tourism %as classic, decreasing trends o'

industrialisation and %olding tig%t warmt% %ospitality and stress city, rural tourism, t%e en$ironment

 pro$ides a relaing, *uiet. 3e can say t%at t%e en$ironment in'luences t%e local color and atmosp%ere

1-.

T%e concept o' eco'tourism permits man to still com'ort on t%e many bene'its o' nature, as well as to

arrange, reconstitute, and re$i$e w%at %ad been destroyed in t%e past 8-.

ince its inception, eco"tourism %as been applied only in protected natural areas, its action gradually

epanded and on ot%er 'orms o' tourism. Dy its c%aracteristics and propagated, eco"tourism di''ers

'rom ot%er 'orms o' tourism by t%e proimity to nature, t%roug% a rational use o' tourist resources 11-.

In response to increased interest 'or t%e (nowledge o' nature, but also to t%e alarm signals coming

'rom t%e most distant corners o' t%e world, it %as gradually outlined a new et%ics o' t%e )ourney called

eco"tourism 17-.

; 'orm o' materialisation and deli$ering sustainable tourism, t%e eco"tourism is de'ined by t%e most

 prestigious organi5ation t%at deals wit% ecotourism -, " T.I.E.. International Eco"tourism

ociety6F a responsible tra$el in natural areas, preser$ing t%e en$ironment and sustain t%e well"being

o' t%e local populationF 2#-. 

Eco"tourism is a 'orm o' tourism in w%ic% t%e main moti$ation o' t%e tourist and obser$ation o' nature

and local traditions connected wit% nature and t%at must satis'y t%e 'ollowing conditions contribute to

t%e conser$ation and protection o' nature use local %uman resources to %a$e educational c%aracter,culti$ate respect 'or nature G awareness o' tourists and local communities %a$e minimum negati$e

impact on t%e natural and socio"cultural en$ironment 1-.

T%e number o' t%ose see(ing %olidays in nature, in rural areas, is on t%e rise across t%e globe. Tourism

to t%e country, or in 'ull nature, is e$er desired a many money, but stressed, eager 'or return to t%e wild

li'e in t%e rural communities. ;ll t%ese 'orms o' tourism are called eco"tourism, and t%eir de$elopment

in +omania %as )ust started 1#-.

3%ile t%e details $ary, most de'initions o'  eco"tourism boil down to a special 'orm o' tourism t%at

meets t%ree criteria

a6 it pro$ides 'or en$ironmental conser$ation

 b6 it includes meaning'ul community participation  c6 it is pro'itable and can be sel'"sustained 2-.

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Table no. %istinct characteristics bet&een mass tourism and ecotourism

(haracteristics of mass tourism (haracteristics of ecotourism

Barge groups o' $isitors. mall groups o' $isitors

&rban +ural

Touristic general mar(eting acti$ities Eco"mar(eting acti$ities.

;$erage prices 'or purposes o' mar(et

 penetration.

ig% price wit% purpose o' 'iltering t%e mar(et.

Impact on natural en$ironment. Bittle impact on t%e natural en$ironment;d$anced control options Bimited possibilities o' control

@anagement based on macroeconomic principles @anagement based on local economic principles

;nonymous relations%ip between $isitors and

local community

?ersonali5ed relations%ips between $isitors and

local community

9eneral de$elopment goals Bocal de$elopment ob)ecti$es

De%a$ior"oriented leisure acti$ities /

entertainment, opponents to education andtraining actions

Boyalty in t%e process o' training and education

'or appropriate conduct 'or t%e naturalen$ironment

Intensi$e de$elopment o' tourism 'acilities +educed de$elopment o' tourism 'acilities

ource 2 p. 80-

ustainable de$elopment o' ecotourism can be ac%ie$ed t%roug% e''ecti$e management, in order tosatis'y, nowadays increasingly larger and more demanding touristH needs or re*uirements 12-.

). !ural Tourism and "co#Tourism * +uidelines for a Sustainable %evelopment

T%e principles w%ic% underlie t%e de$elopment o' a sustainable rural tourism are

" sustainable use o' touristic resources,

" maintaining t%e di$ersity o' natural, cultural and social de$elopment o' t%e

countryside,

" agro tourism integration in t%e planning and de$elopment strategy 'or national,

regional and local,

" sustaining t%e local councils in socio"economic de$elopment o' t%e community, but

also in t%e protection o' nature and cultural $alues,

" t%e in$ol$ement o' local communities in tourism sector by sustaining t%e initiati$egroups 'or t%e de$elopment and promotion o' local tourism o''er, to protect t%e en$ironment and

cultural assets,

" sustainable de$elopment o' agro tourism must be supported by pro'essional training,

continuously %ig%"per'ormance, training o' trainers 'rom among t%e locals,

" mar(eting promotion among wit% agro tourism,

" researc% and monitoring t%e wor( o' tourism acti$ities and actions to protect and

conser$e t%e natural en$ironment, as well as rural tourism resources.

@ain reason 'or c%oosing rural tourist destinations is t%at t%e tourists want to en)oy t%e *uality o' t%e

natural countryside, but also man"made. @aintaining t%e *uality o' t%e en$ironment is a prere*uisite

'or t%e 5one to be attracti$e 21-.

T%e guidelines o' eco"tourism as t%ey were laid down by t%e Tourism Baboratory w%o %osteda ustainable Tourism ummit in +%ode Island G &;, are 7-

#Airst, does no %armF. It is basic to good destination stewards%ip. =o not abuse t%e product

 J t%e destination. ee( to a$oid t%e Klo$ed to deat%L syndrome,

" ;nticipate de$elopment pressures and apply limits and management tec%ni*ues t%at sustain

natural %abitats, %eritage sites, scenic appeal, and local culture,

" Conser$e resources. @inimise pollution, waste, energy consumption, water usage,

landscaping c%emicals, and ecessi$e nig%ttime lig%ting,

" +espect local culture and tradition. Visitors learn about and obser$e local eti*uette.

+esidents learn %ow to deal wit% $isitor epectations t%at may di''er 'rom t%eir own,

" ;im 'or *uality, not *uantity. @easure tourism success not by s%eer numbers o' $isitors, but

 by lengt% o' stay, distribution o' money spent, and *uality o' eperience.

T%ese principles s%ould be en$isaged bot% 'or lo$ers o' t%is 'orm o' tourism and ser$ice pro$iders o'

suc% eco"touristic products.

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T%ose presented are accompanied by a more and more accentuated tendency o' t%e ci$ilised world o'

li$ing in good terms wit% t%e en$ironment, o' spending more time in nature, o' being closer to all

w%ic% is clean, ali$e and *uiet 1#-.

3%o are t%e eco tourists and w%at do t%ey epectM

• t%ey are between 70 and ! years old

• t%ey are %ig%ly educated people wit% a good social position

• t%ey %a$e abo$e a$erage incomes

Eco tourists usually epect %ig% *uality ser$ices pro'essional local guides small group tours 1

 people maimum6 educational programs good and %ig% *uality 'ood, prepared wit% local ingredients

*uiet areas, 'ar away 'rom tra''ic *uality lodging, not necessarily delue, but clean and proper

en$ironment conser$ation t%ey li(e to (now t%at a part o' t%e money t%ey spent goes bac( into

en$ironment protection6 #-.

(onclusions

Tourism is a social acti$ity w%ic% in$ol$es an indi$idual or group aiming tra$el to stay outside t%eir

usual en$ironment wit%in not too long period, 'or t%e purpose o' satis'ying leisure, business or ot%er

needs. Tourism %as become a popular global acti$ity. It brings in large amounts o' income in payment'or goods and ser$ices and creates opportunities 'or employment in t%e ser$ice industries associated

wit% tourism &>3T4, 20106.

ustainable and responsible rural tourism de$elopment is unac%ie$able wit%out t%e application o'

ecological t%in(ing. Conse*uently, tourism ecology naturally %elps de$elop t%e tourism o' rural areas

 based on local natural, social and cultural resources. >e$ert%eless, it is also an epectation t%at actors

o' t%e system, i.e. tourists must continue an acti$e and responsibly sustainable practice 2-.

T%e latter is rele$ant to a large etent to ecotourism. &n'ortunately, 'or t%e last decade, t%e emp%asis

in tourism industry especially in terms o' sea and mountain tourism in our country re$eals an

o$ereploitation o' t%e natural resources. In suc% conditions an essential part o' +omanian biodi$ersity

is t%reatened 'or disappearance. T%is, in turn, could cause serious damages in ecotourism and ot%eralternati$e tourism 'orms.

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