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1

UNIVERSITATEA SPIRU HARET

SERIA ARHITECTUR

Anul 2, nr. 2, 2010

Volumul 1

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2

Editura Fundaiei Romnia de MineBucureti

COLEGIUL DE REDACIE

Editor sef: lector drd. arh. Georgeta Gabrea

Editor: asist. drd. arh. Raluca Niculae

COMITET TIINIFIC

prof. dr. arh. Emil Creang, Universitatea Spiru Haret, Facultatea de Arhitectur

prof. dr. arh. Mihail Caffe, Universitatea Spiru Haret, Facultatea de Arhitectur

conf. dr. arh. Iuliana Ciotoiu, Universitatea Spiru Haret, Facultatea de Arhitectur

conf. dr. arh. Sorin Minghiat, Universitatea Spiru Haret, Facultatea de Arhitectur

prof. dr. arh. Radu Tnsoiu, Institutul de Arhitectur Ion Mincu, Facultatea de Arhitectur

prof. dr. arh. Constantin Dobre, Institutul de Arhitectur Ion Mincu, Facultatea de Arhitectur

prof. dr. arh. Toma Olteanu, Institutul de Arhitectur Ion Mincu, Facultatea de Arhitectur

conf. dr. arh. Ileana Buditeanu, Universitatea Spiru Haret, Facultatea de Arhitectur

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5

BUCURETI 550

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CUPRINSCONTENT

ARHITECTUR I PATRIMONIUARCHITECTURE AND PATRIMONY

Emil Creang, Ioana Maria Petrescu, Compatibilitatea interveniilor propuse prin lucrrile de restaurare irefuncionalizare a colii Centrale de Fete (Liceul Central)Emil Creang, Ioana Maria Petrescu, The compatibility of the interventions proposed through the works ofrehabilitation and refunctionalizing of the Women Central School (The Central High School)

Ana Maria Hariton, Prioriti n protecia patrimoniului construit decizii i responsabiliti privind centrulistoric al BucuretiuluiAna Maria Hariton, Built heritage priorities decisions and responsibilities concerning the historic centre ofBucharest

Iulius Rdulescu,Faur- Uzinele Malaxa un sit industrial de interes european. Trecut, prezent si viitorIulius Rdulescu, Faur-Malaxa plants an industrial site of European interest. Past, present and future

Corina Lucescu,Marketingul cultural, instrument modern al valorificrii spaiilor istoriceCorina Lucescu,Cultural marketing, a modern tool for enhancing the value of historical spaces

Corina Lucescu,Conacul Constantin Angelescu. Studiu istorico-arhitecturalCorina Lucescu, Constantin Angelescu Manor. Historical and architectural study

Alexandra Teac, Consideraiuni asupra arhitecturii romneti interbelice

Alexandra Teac, Opinions on the inter-war Romanian architecture

Ioana Maria Petrescu, Bucuretiul arhitecturii eclectice- cteva direcii de cercetare-Ioana Maria Petrescu, Eclectic architecture in Bucharest- several research directions-

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LOCUIREHABITATION

Anca Gabriela Stncioiu, Problema locuinelor sociale din Romnia (1989 2007)

Anca Gabriela Stncioiu, Social housing in Romania (1989 2007)

Anca Gabriela Stncioiu, rile din Europa de Est, influena modelului sovietic de locuireAnca Gabriela Stncioiu, Model of the eastern European countries, the influence of the soviet inhabitation

CONSERVAREA ENERGIEI I PROTECIA MEDIULUIENERGY CONSERVATION AND ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION

Teodorescu Nicoleta Doina, Oraul ca ecosistemTeodorescu Nicoleta Doina, The city as an ecosystem

Gheorghe Ionacu,Protecia mediului i amenajarea teritoriului, o cauz comun. Situaia RomnieiGheorghe Ionacu, Environment protection and land settlement, a common cause. Romania`saccomplishments

ESEURIESSAYS

Doina Marilena Ciocnea, Spaiul publico- privat- un eseu pe baza lucrrii Condiia uman, de HannahArendt-Doina Marilena Ciocnea, The public and private space - an essay based on Hannah Arendts HumanCondition -

Doina Marilena Ciocnea, Graffiti reprezint o form de art necesar n spaiul urban romnesc?Doina Marilena Ciocnea, Is Graffiti a necessary form of art in the Romanian urban space?

Drago Horia Buhociu,Zone urbane nvecinate cu apa. Apa i oraul contemporanDrago Horia Buhociu,Urban waterfront. Water in the contemporary city

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ARHITECTUR I PATRIMONIU

COMPATIBILITATEA INTERVENIILOR PROPUSE PRIN LUCRRILE DE RESTAURARE IREFUNCIONALIZARE A COLII CENTRALE DE FETE(LICEUL CENTRAL)

Prof. univ. dr. arh. Emil CREANG*Lector univ. drd. arh. Ioana Maria PETRESCU*

Rezumat: coala Central de Fete, conceput de Ion Mincu n spiritual arhitecturii neoromneti, s-aimpus n epoc prin inovaii funcionale i stilistice, depind tiparele rigide ale programului arhitectural

destinat colilor- internat din acea perioad.Bun cunosctor al patrimoniului artistic medieval, al repertoriilor ornamentale i a soluionrilor

tehnico-stilistice, autorul a creat o sintez original ce pune n valoare proporia i volumul cldirilor,raportul plin-gol i ntreaga suprastructur decorativ.

Compoziia avnd proporii ce i confer monumentalitate, este grupat n jurul unei curiinterioare a crei valoare este dat att de configuraia spaial-volumetric specific unui astfel deprogram arhitectural ct si de original decoraie.

Amplasat n Bucureti, la intersecia strzilor Icoanei i J.L.Calderon, proiectul, ntocmit de IonMincu, a fost finalizat n luna august 1887, lucrrile de execuie derulndu-se pe parcursul a trei ani, sub

atenta supraveghere a autorului.Ansamblul a suferit n timp o serie de intervenii care i-au alterat configuraia iniial i care s-ausuprapus problemelor structurale cauzate de micrile seismice i degradrile fireti aprute pe parcurs,degradri ce au afectat funcionalitatea i parametrii conceptuali ce definesc acest monument dearhitectur.

Aceste intervenii succesive n principal, au fost marcate de grija pentru conservarea ansamblului,ndeosebi a acelor elemente ce confer valoarea unanim acceptat a acestuia, evideniind totui iaspecte discutabile, pe fondul lipsei unei concepii unitare n abordarea acestui gen de lucrri.

Dei marcate de bune intenii, acestea au alterat calitatea ansamblului, ridicnd probleme legatede compatibilitatea acestor demersuri, n contextul n care derularea procesului de nvmnt ntr-un

cadru construit dat, a ridicat mereu problema adaptrii acestuia la necesitile funcionale specifice unuiastfel de program de arhitectur la momentul respectiv.

Lucrrile de restaurare i refuncionalizare a colii Centrale de Fete au reprezentat pentruproiectani o provocare, n demersul acestora de a pstra calitile ereditare ale ansamblului (promovatede concepia iniial a proiectului ntocmit de Ion Mincu), utiliznd n plan conceptual elemente reperpentru un demers profesionist.

- principiul interveniei prin ntreinere;- principiul interveniei profesionale;- principiul interveniei tiinifice;

- principiul interveniilor minime;- principiul interveniei invizibile;

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- principiul interveniei verificate;- principiul interveniei originale;

Proiectul ntocmit a avut n vedere:- remedierea degradrilor structurale;

- descongestionarea cldirii de acele intervenii succesive care au alterat concepia iniiala aansamblului;- adaptarea spaiului arhitectural la cerinele procesului de nvmnt contemporan;- refacerea finisajelor i a elementelor constructive reprezentative, pstrnd calitile spaial-

volumetrice i atmosfera cu totul specific a ansamblului, inclusiv a decoraiilor cu caracter de unicat;Propunerile de refacere a tmplriei prin preluarea elementelor de detaliu i a configuraiei iniiale

a acestora, de restaurare sau nlocuire a componentelor arhitecturale deteriorate (elemente de ceramicsmluit, profile decorative, etc.) utilizarea unor finisaje n spiritul respectrii principiului autenticitii,suprapuse unei remodelri funcionale i unor intervenii la nivelul structurii de rezisten n acord cuprevederile legislaiei n vigoare, s-au constituit n tot attea provocri la care s-a ncercat un posibil

rspuns care s evite interveniile neavenite, incompatibile apartenenei acestui monument dearhitectur la patrimoniul naional, asigurnd astfel o continuitate a organic a procesului conceptual ce astat la baza edificrii acestui obiectiv.

Prin lucrrile propuse, ce au avut n vedere restaurarea i refuncionalizarea ansamblului, cuutilizarea unor tehnologii sau a unor materialelor de construcii adecvate, s-a ncercat o compatibilizare aacestui demers de punere n valoare a acestei cldiri reprezentative, n acord cu solicitrile arhitecturiicontemporane i a unui programului arhitectural cu un astfel de profil.

Aprobat de autoritile de resort, inclusiv de Comisia Monumentelor Istorice din cadrul MinisterulCulturii, proiectul ateapt de ani buni a fi pus in oper, aceasta ntrziere fiind mereu motivat de

argumente de natura financiar, aspect ce se ncadreaz la rndul lui n cea ce specialitii definesc a fi oincompatibilitate financiar.

Cuvinte cheie: coala Central de Fete, restaurare, refuncionalizare, Ion Mincu, arhitecturneoromneasc

Prezentam n urm cu ceva vreme n publicaii de specialitate1, un proiect elaborat de arh.Creang Emil mpreun cu un grup de colaboratori, avnd ca subiect restaurarea i refuncionalizarea

unui monument de arhitectur din Bucuretiul sfritului de secol XIX : coala Central de Fete (LiceulCentral).

Ansamblul conceput de Ion Mincu n spiritul arhitecturii neoromneti, s-a impus n epoc prininovaii funcionale i stilistice, depind tiparele rigide ale programului arhitectural destinat colilor-internat din acea perioad.

Bun cunosctor al patrimoniului artistic medieval, al repertoriilor ornamentale i a soluionrilortehnico-stilistice, autorul a creat o sintez original ce pune n valoare proporia i volumul cldirilor,raportul plin-gol i ntreaga suprastructur decorativ.

Compoziia avnd proporii ce i confer monumentalitate, este grupat n jurul unei curi

interioare a crei valoare este dat att de configuraia spaial-volumetric specific unui astfel deprogram arhitectural ct i de originala decoraie.

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Amplasat n Bucureti, la intersecia strzilor Icoanei i J.L.Calderon, proiectul, ntocmit de IonMincu, a fost finalizat n luna august 1887, lucrrile de execuie derulndu-se pe parcursul a trei ani, subatenta supraveghere a autorului.

Ansamblul cuprindea iniial cinci cldiri:

- Corpul principal, n care funciona gimnaziul propriu zis (demisol+parter+etaj);- Sala de festiviti, cldire n care n prezent funcioneaz Sala Studio a Teatrului Lucia SturzaBulandra (demisol+parter+etaj)

- Locuina directoarei, cldire n care funcioneaz biblioteca i o parte din birourile administrative;- Corpul anex, cldire legat funcional la nivelul etajului de corpul principal

(demisol+parter+etaj);- Spltoria, cldire n prezent degradat i neutilizat(parter)Ulterior, n anul 1929, ansamblul a mai inclus i o cldire avnd funciunea locuin, cldire care

astzi adpostete anexe administrative (parter).Marcat de trecerea timpului, ansamblul a cunoscut un firesc proces de degradare, amplificat i de

efectele micrilor seismice, fr a consemna nsa degradri structurale majore.Din informaiile evideniate pe parcursul unei amnunite analize a istorie acestui aezmnt,

corpul principal a suferit lucrri succesive de reparaii, cele mai semnificative fiind realizate n 1929,1956, 1966, 1969 i 1977. Acestea, n principal, au fost marcate de grija pentru conservarea ansambluluimonumental, ndeosebi a acelor elemente ce confer valoarea unanim acceptat a acestuia, evideniindtotui intervenii discutabile, pe fondul lipsei unei concepii unitare n abordarea acestui gen de lucrri.

Dei marcate de bune intenii, acestea au alterat calitatea ansamblului, ridicnd probleme legatede compatibilitatea acestor demersuri, n contextul n care derularea procesului de nvmnt ntr-uncadru construit dat, a ridicat mereu problema adaptrii acestuia la necesitile funcionale specifice unui

astfel de program de arhitectur la momentul respectiv.Lucrrile de restaurare i refuncionalizare a colii Centrale de Fete au reprezentat pentruproiectani o provocare, n demersul acestora de a pstra calitile ereditareale ansamblului (promovatede concepia iniial a proiectului ntocmit de Ion Mincu), utiliznd n plan conceptual elemente reperpentru un demers profesionist2.

-principiul interveniei prin ntreinere;-principiul interveniei profesionale;-principiul interveniei tiinifice;-principiul interveniilor minime;-principiul interveniei invizibile;

-principiul interveniei verificate;-principiul interveniei originale;

Proiectul ntocmit a avut n vedere:- remedierea degradrilor structurale;- descongestionarea cldirii de acele intervenii succesive care au alterat concepia iniiala aansamblului;- adaptarea spaiului arhitectural la cerinele procesului de nvmnt contemporan;- refacerea finisajelor i a elementelor constructive reprezentative, pstrnd calitile spaial-volumetrice i atmosfera cu totul specific a ansamblului, inclusiv a decoraiilor cu caracter deunicat;

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Cldirea cu o vechime de peste 100 de ani, dei nu prezint degradri majore, pune in evidendeficiene de conformare antiseismic i alctuire structurala, lipsa pereilor structurali pe lungimi maimari n unele cazuri de 20 metri, folosirea planeelor de lemn, care nu formeaz aibe antiseismice, lipsacenturilor i o serie de alte aspecte ce se cer a fi soluionate n acord cu prevederile legale n vigoare.

Pornind de la deficienele mai sus semnalate, de la rezultatele expertizelor tehnice elaborate, de lacerinele actuale ale procesului de nvmnt reflectate n spaiile funcionale necesare, prin proiectulelaborat s-au soluionat aspectele mai sus amintite, n condiiile impuse de apartenena acestui ansamblula patrimonial arhitectural romnesc, n spiritul redrii pe ct posibil a specificului iniial al ansamblului.

Necesiti funcionale specifice procesului de nvmnt actual au determinat n plan arhitecturalnecesitatea amenajrii unor noi spaii de nvmnt amplasate la demisolul cldirii principale, ncondiiile n care n prezent aceste ncperi nu corespund gradului de confort necesar, evideniind:

- lipsa unei iluminri corespunztoare;- degradarea elementelor constructive pe fondul unei igrasii accentuate cauzat de o puternicpresiune a apelor freatice;

- deficiene de ordin funcional i accese necorespunztoare;Aceste aspecte negative s-au acumulat pe parcursul timpului, n condiiile n care curile de lumin

dispuse iniial adiacent cldirii principale, au fost desfiinate pe parcursul interveniilor succesive pe careaceasta le-a suferit n timp.

Totodat, s-au propus reamenajri ale spaiilor interioare n acord cu solicitrile proiectanilor dindomeniul structurii, asigurndu-se astfel o repoziionare a anumitor elemente structurale n conformitatecu prevederile legislaiei n vigoare, legtura fluent ntre etaje, asigurarea unor accese directe dinexterior pentru spaiile anex amplasate la demisol, n condiiile n care n prezent acest traseu esteastzi comun cu cel al spaiilor destinate nvmntului, dispuse la nivelul parterului.

Propunerile spaial-volumetrice la care ne-am referit vor beneficia i de avantajele reamenajriicurilor de lumindispuse adiacent corpului principal, asigurnd astfel o ventilare i o iluminare naturalcorespunztoare a cldirii.

La nivelul parterului lucrrile de amenajare propuse au avut n vedere eliminarea interveniilorarbitrare, succesive care au alterat concepia iniiala a ansamblului:

- grupurile sanitare amenajate n cele dou curi interioare adiacente amfiteatrului central,construcii insalubre ce contrastau vizibil cu arhitectura ansamblului, au fost reamplasate la poziia loriniial n planimetria cldirii, fcnd posibil astfel, reamenajarea curilor interioare ca spatii ambientale,asigurnd o continuitate n perceperea relaiei spaiu interior-spaiu exterior, n spiritul concepiei iniialea ansamblului;

- prin refacerea faadelor celor dou curi interioare se va reveni la configuraia iniial a acestora,cu respectarea raporturilor plin-gol, a finisajelor i a elementelor decorative, rezolvndu-se i problemaacceselor n cele dou incinte;

- redistribuirea spaiului ocupat n prezent la nivelul parterului de sala de sport (echivalentul adou sli de clas), acesta urmnd a fi reamplasat ntr-o construcie nou ce va fi realizat peamplasamentul construciei ce adpostea iniial spltoria;

La nivelul etajului propunerile au urmrit o refuncionalizare a spaiilor interioare, prinreamplasarea celor destinate iniial cazrii elevilor ntr-o alt locaie i amenajarea astfel n locul acestoraa unor noi sli de clasa i a unor laboratoare de specialitate.

Compatibilitatea interveniilor n plan arhitectural, n raport cu problematica ridicat de unasemenea gen de lucrare, a fost evideniata i de propunerea de amenajare a unei sli multifuncionale,

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cldire ce va beneficia de amplasamentul actual al cldirii ce a avut iniial funciunea spltorie, prelundelemente tipologice constructive ce personalizeaz ansamblul, ntr-o arhitectur adaptat cerinelorfuncionale i necesitii asigurrii unei concepii spaial-volumetrice unitare a acestuia.

Propunerile de refacere a tmplriei prin preluarea elementelor de detaliu i a configuraiei iniiale

a acestora, de restaurare sau nlocuire a componentelor arhitecturale deteriorate (elemente de ceramicsmluit, profile decorative, etc.) utilizarea unor finisaje n spiritul respectrii principiului autenticitii,suprapuse unei remodelri funcionale i unor intervenii la nivelul structurii de rezisten n acord cuprevederile legislaiei n vigoare, s-au constituit n tot attea provocri la care s-a ncercat un posibilrspuns care s evite interveniile neavenite, incompatibile apartenenei acestui monument dearhitectur la patrimoniul naional, asigurnd astfel o continuitate a organic a procesului conceptual ce astat la baza edificrii acestui obiectiv.

Prin lucrrile propuse, ce au avut n vedere restaurarea i refuncionalizarea ansamblului, cuutilizarea unor tehnologii sau a unor materialelor de construcii adecvate, s-a ncercat o compatibilizare aacestui demers de punere n valoare a acestei cldiri reprezentative, n acord cu solicitrile arhitecturii

contemporane i a unui program arhitectural cu un astfel de profil.Aprobat de autoritile de resort, inclusiv de Comisia Monumentelor Istorice din cadrul Ministerul

Culturii, proiectul ateapt de ani buni a fi pus in oper, aceasta ntrziere fiind mereu motivat deargumente de natur financiar, aspect ce se ncadreaz la rndul lui n ceea ce specialitii definesc a fio incompatibilitate financiar.

Note

* Universitatea Spiru Haret, Facultatea de Arhitectur, Bucureti1. Arhitext design, nr. 6(125), 2003; A 11-a Conferina Bienal Internaionala de Protecia PatrimoniuluiConstruit, Tunad, 2003

2. Szabo Balint, Compatibilitatea interveniilor legate de mediul construit, A 11-a Conferina BienalInternaionala de Protecia Patrimoniului Construit, Tunad, 2003, pag. 34.

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ARCHITECTURE AND PATRIMONY

THE COMPATIBILITY OF THE INTERVENTIONS PROPOSED THROUGH THE WORKS OFREHABILITATION AND REFUNCTIONALIZING OF THE WOMEN CENTRAL SCHOOL (THE

CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL)

Prof. Ph.D. Arch. Emil CREANG*Assist. Lecturer Ph. Dc. Arch. Ioana Maria PETRESCU*

Abstract: The Women Central School, which was imagined by Ion Mincu in the spirit of the Neo-

Romanian architecture, managed to impose itself in the poque, due to many functional and stylisticalinnovations, and surpassed the rigid patterns of the architectural programmes regarding the boardingschools, that existed at that time.

Having extensive knowledge of the medieval art heritage, as well as of the ornamental repertoiresand technical and stylistical solutions, the author created an original synthesis which favorizes theproportions and volume of the buildings, the relation full/empty and the entire decorative superstructure.

The composition, whose proportions offer a distinct sensation of grandeur, is grouped around aninterior garden whose great value is given both by the spatial and volumetric configuration specific to thiskind of architectural programme and the original decorations.

The project, which is located in Bucharest, at the crossroads of the streets Icoanei and J.L.Calderon, was imagined by Ion Mincu and completed in August 1887, after three years of works, underthe careful guidance of the author.

In time, the complex suffered a natural process of depreciation, which was amplified by the effectsof the earthquakes; however, without major structural depreciations. These depreciations affected thefunctionality and the conceptual parameters which define this architectural monument.

These successive interventions were marked by a special attention given to the conservation of themonument and especially to those elements which make this complex so valuable, although there can benoticed debatable interventions, which were the result of the lack of a unitary conception regarding thistype of works.

While well- intended, they altered the quality of the complex, raising issues regarding thecompatibility of these steps, taking into consideration the fact that the educational process in a very welldetermined space needs to be adapted to the specific and functional requirements of such anarchitectural programme.

The works of rehabilitation and refunctionalizing of the The Women Central School haverepresented a major challenge for the designers involved in this project as they have tried to keep thehereditary qualities of the complex (which were promoted by the original conception of Ion Mincus plans)by using in the conceptual plan key elements for a professional approach.

The principle of intervention by maintenance The principle of professional intervention

The principle of scientific intervention

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The principle of minimum intervention The principle of invisible intervention The principle of verified intervention The principle of original intervention.

The project took into consideration the following aspects: The reparation of the structural degradation Relieving the building of those successive interventions that altered the original conception

of the complex Adapting the architectural space to the requirements of the contemporary educational

process Rebuilding the representative finishes and constructive elements, while keeping the spatial

and volumetric qualities as well as the specific atmosphere of the complex, including theunique decorations.

The propositions regarding the reconditioning of the woodwork, by undertaking details and their

original configuration or replacing the degraded architectural components (elements of crackleware,decorative profiles etc), the use of finishes in the spirit of the authenticity principle, that were superposedto a functional remodeling and interventions on the supporting structure according to the legal provisionsin force have been considered important challenges for which the architects have tried to find a possibleanswer which would avoid inappropriate interventions that are incompatible to this architecturalmonument that belongs to the national heritage, while assuring an organic continuity of the conceptualprocess this edifice was built on.

Through these proposed works, which were meant to rehabilitate and refunctionalize the complex,while using appropriate technologies and construction material, the architects have tried to createcompatibility between this representative building and the requirements of contemporary architectureand of an architectural programme with this type of profile.

Approved by the specialized authorities, including the Commission of the Historical Monuments inthe Ministry of Culture, the project has been waiting for years be started, the constant delays beingmotivated by the lack of money, which is qualified by the specialists as a financial incompatibility.

Key words: The Women Central School, restoration, refunctionalization, Ion Mincu, Neo-Romanianarchitecture

Some time ago, several specialty publications1presented a project imagined by arh. Emil Creangaand his collaborators regarding the works of rehabilitation and refunctionalizing of an architecturemonument erected in Bucharest at the end of the 19 thcentury: The Women Central School (The CentralHigh School).

The architectural complex, which was the master-mind of Ion Mincu in the spirit of the Neo-Romanian architecture, managed to impose itself in the poque, due to many functional and stylisticallyinnovations, and surpassed the rigid patterns of the architectural programmes regarding the boardingschools, that existed at that time.

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Having extensive knowledge of the medieval art heritage, as well as of the ornamental repertoiresand technical and stylistical solutions, the author created an original synthesis which favors theproportions and volume of the buildings, the relation full/empty and the entire decorative superstructure.

The composition, whose proportions offer a distinct sensation of grandeur, is grouped around an

interior garden whose great value is given both by the spatial and volumetric configuration specific to thiskind of architectural programme and the original decorations.The project, which is located in Bucharest, at the crossroads of the streets Icoanei and J.L.

Calderon, was imagined by Ion Mincu and completed in August 1887, after three years of works, underthe careful guidance of the author.

The original complex was originally composed of five buildings: The Main Building, where the high school functioned (underground floor-ground floor- first

floor) The Festivity Hall, a building which now houses Studio Auditorium of the Lucia Sturza

Bulandra Theatre (underground floor-ground floor-floor)

The Headmistresss House, a building which now houses the library as well as a part of theadministrative offices Annex Building, a building that is functionally linked to the main building at the level of the

first floor(underground floor-ground floor- first floor) The laundry, a building which is now so depreciated that can not be used (ground floor)

In 1929, the architect included one more building to the complex, a house, which now isaccommodates administrative annexes (ground floor).

In time, the complex suffered a natural process of depreciation, which was amplified by the effectsof the earthquakes, however, without major structural depreciations.

According to the information gathered as a result of a thorough analysis of the history of thismonument, the main building underwent successive repairing works, the most important of them takingplace in 1929, 1956, 1966, 1969 and 1977. Essentially, these works were marked by a special attentiongiven to the conservation of the monument and especially to those elements which make this complex sovaluable, although there can be noticed debatable interventions, which were the result of the lack of aunitary conception regarding this type of works.

While well- intended, they altered the quality of the complex, raising issues regarding thecompatibility of these steps, taking into consideration the fact that the educational process in a very welldetermined space needs to be adapted to the specific and functional requirements of such an

architectural programme.The works of rehabilitation and refunctionalizing of the The Women Central School haverepresented a major challenge for the designers involved in this project as they have tried to keep thehereditary qualitiesof the complex (which were promoted by the original conception of Ion Mincus plans)by using in the conceptual plan key elements for a professional approach2.

The principle of intervention by maintenance The principle of professional intervention The principle of scientific intervention The principle of minimum intervention The principle of invisible intervention The principle of verified intervention

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The principle of original intervention.The project took into consideration the following aspects:

The reparation of the structural degradation Relieving the building of those successive interventions that altered the original conception

of the complex Adapting the architectural space to the requirements of the contemporary educational

process Rebuilding the representative finishes and constructive elements, while keeping the spatial

and volumetric qualities as well as the specific atmosphere of the complex, including theunique decorations.

Although the building, which is a hundred years old, does not present major structuraldegradation, it shows anti-earthquake conformity and structural composition deficiencies, lack ofstructural walls on ample lengths (in some cases of 20 meters), the use of wooden floors which do not

form anti-earthquake collars, the lack of belts and a series of other aspects that need to be solvedaccording to the legal provisions in force.Starting from the above mentioned deficiencies, the results of the technical expertise, the

contemporary requirements of the educational process reflected in the necessary functional spaces, theproject solved all these problems in the conditions imposed by fact that this complex belongs to theRomanian architectural heritage and in the spirit of rendering as accurate as possible the original specificof the complex.

Specific functional requirements for the contemporary education process to take place in optimalconditions determined the necessity of setting up new studying spaces in the underground floor of themain building, although right now these rooms do not meet the necessary degree of comfort andpresent:

The lack of adequate lightning Degradation of the constructive elements triggered by an accentuated dampness that was

caused by the high pressure of the ground water Deficiencies of functional nature an inadequate access.

These negative aspects have cumulated considering the fact that the light gardens, which hadbeen originally built adjacent to the main building, were destroyed during the successive interventionssuffered by the complex.

At the same time, there were proposed rearrangements of the interiors according to the

requirements of the designers regarding the structure which meant a repositioning of the structuralelements according to the legal provisions in force, a fluent connection between floors, direct access fromoutside for the spaces from the underground floor, considering the fact that today this route is commonwith that of the spaces for education that can be found at the ground floor.

The spatial-volumetric propositions we referred to will also benefit from the advantages of therearrangement of the light gardenswhich are built adjacent to the main building, which creates goodventilation as well as an appropriate natural lighting of the buildings.

At the ground floor, the rearrangement works were meant to eliminate the successive, arbitraryinterventions which altered the original conception of the complex:

The bathrooms built in the two interior gardens adjacent to the central amphitheatre, whichwere insalubrious and visibly contrasted to the architecture of the summary, have been

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relocated to their original position in the planimetry of the building, which made possible therearrangement of the interior gardens as environmental spaces, while assuring continuity inthe perception of the relationship inner space-outer space, in the spirit of the originalconception of the complex;

The rebuilding of the frontages of the two interior gardens will mark a come back to theoriginal configuration, while respecting the ratio full- empty, the finishes as well as thedecorative elements and solving the problem of access into the two building;

The redistribution of the space from the ground floor which now houses the gym (theequivalent of two classrooms), which will be located in a new building, erected on the site ofthe laundry.

At the level of the first floor, the propositions aimed a refunctionalizing of the inner space, byrelocating those that originally were meant to house the pupils and setting up in their place newclassrooms and laboratories.

The compatibility of the architectural interventions in relation to the issues raised by this type ofwork was emphasized also by the proposition of building a multifunctional hall, which will benefitby thepresent location of the building were the laundry functioned, while undertaking constructive elementsthat customize the complex, in a type of architecture that is adjusted to the functional requirements andthe necessity of assuring a unitary spatial- volumetric conception.

The propositions regarding the reconditioning of the woodwork, by undertaking details and theiroriginal configuration or replacing the degraded architectural components (elements of crackleware,decorative profiles etc), the use of finishes in the spirit of the authenticity principle, that were superposedto a functional remodeling and interventions on the supporting structure according to the legal provisionsin force have been considered important challenges for which the architects have tried to find a possibleanswer which would avoid inappropriate interventions that are incompatible to this architecturalmonument that belongs to the national heritage, while assuring an organic continuity of the conceptualprocess this edifice was built on.

Through these proposed works, which were meant to rehabilitate and refunctionalize the complex,while using appropriate technologies and construction material, the architects have tried to createcompatibility between this representative building and the requirements of contemporary architectureand of an architectural programme with this type of profile.

Approved by the specialized authorities, including the Commission of the Historical Monuments inthe Ministry of Culture, the project has been waiting for years be started, the constant delays being

motivated by the lack of money, which is qualified by the specialists as a financial incompatibility.

Notes

* Spiru Haret University, Faculty of Architecture, Bucharest

1. Arhitext design, nr. 6 (125), 2003: The 11 thInternational Biennale of the Protection of the BuiltHeritage, Tusnad, 2003

2. Szabo Balint, Compatibilitatea interveniilor legate de mediul construit, The 11th InternationalBiennale of the Protection of the Built Heritage, Tunad, 2003, page 34.

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PRIORITI N PROTECIA PATRIMONIULUI CONSTRUIT DECIZII I RESPONSABILITIPRIVIND CENTRUL ISTORIC AL BUCURETIULUI

Conf. univ. dr. arh. Ana Maria HARITON*

Rezumat: Centrul istoric bucuretean cuprinde n afara monumentelor medievale, o parte semnificativa nucleului comercial de secol XI, zona beneficiind de un statut maxim de protecie a valorilorarhitecturale i urbanistice, a tramei stradale i fondului construit. Prezenta comunicare analizeazansele de succes ale campaniilor de restaurare urban ntreprinse dup 1990 asupra zonei precizate,invocnd necesitatea abordrii multidisciplinare ce vizeaz: valoarea arhitectural, starea fizic acldirilor, contextul managerial i impactul interveniilor asupra perceperii semnificaiilor culturale.Analiza evoluiei istorice a perimetrului, a valorilor stilistico- arhitecturale ale cldirilor, fr a ocoliaspecte socio- economice sau legislative, ofer indicii ce conduc la conturarea modalitilor de conservarei reabilitare ale Centrului Istoric.

Cuvinte cheie:patrimoniu construit, reabilitare urban, Centrul Istoric, Bucureti

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Prioriti n protecia patrimoniului construit decizii i responsabiliti privind centrul istorical Bucuretiului

Deficient ca infrastructur i ocolit de dezvoltare, asociat cu stagnarea economic i declinul urban,centrul istoric al Bucuretiului prezint o provocare deosebit de grea n ceea ce priveste reabilitareaurban. Impartit n dou zone (Lipscani i Sf. Gheorghe) de bulevardul I.C.Brtianu (trasat nsecolulXX) partea central a Bucuretiului ce se suprapune nucleului istoric include, n afaramonumentelor medievale, o parte semnificativ a centrului comercial de secol XI. Prezentnd oarhitectur tipic fronturi stradale cu aliniament continuu, cldiri cu parter comercial i unu / douaetaje zona beneficiaz de statutul maxim de protecie privind:valorile arhitecturale i urbanistice, planulstradal i fondul construit. mprit n 19 subzone, centrul include aproximativ 520 de cldiri, dintre care38% cu semnificaie arhitectural.1Selectarea zonei de conservare i a cldirilor de patrimoniu reflect oimportant munca de cercetare realizat de Oficiul Monumentelor Istorice, n cooperare cu Institutul deArhitectur Ion Mincu i raspunde competent ntrebrilor privind fondul patrimonial. n ceea ce privete

utilzarea fondurilor, prioritile sunt stabilite de Primria Municipiului Bucureti i se concretizeazprintr-o orientare prioritar ctre mbunttirea domeniului public. Reabilitarea cldirilor a fost astfelntarziat i s-a meninut de multe ori la nivelul restaurrii faadelor imobilelor aflate n proprietateastatului.

Ignorat dup 1978 (parial datorita eforturilor concentrate spre construirea palatului Parlamentului ia axei Bulevardul Unirii , dar mai ales datorit unei politici constante de discreditare a clasei mijlocii),Centrul Istoric a fcut, ncepnd din 1990, obiectul a dou campanii de restaurare : Prima, intitulata UnBucureti frumos desfasurat n perioada 2001-2002 , avnd ca obiectiv principal restaurarea faadelori o a doua, nceput pe 8 septembrie 2006 Reabilitarea zonelor construite protejate Centrul Istoric.Concentrndu-se asupra aspectelor fizice i estetice ale conservarii, programul n curs pornete de lapresupunerea ca operaiunile de restaurare/consolidare a cldirilor i infrastructurii, vor genera automato cretere a interesului legat de zon. Prezenta comunicare ncearc s prevad ansele de succes aleinterveniei, plednd pentru importana studiilor multidisciplinare, ce privesc nu numai valoarea artisticsau starea fizica a cldirilor, ci i contextul managerial i impactul interveniilor asupra perceperiisemnificaiilor culturale.

Pentru a nelege problemele zonei, este important s avem o imagine a evoluiei sale istorice: Ladata primei menionri documentare (Hrisovul domnesc , al lui Vlad Tepes din 20 Septembrie 1459)Bucuretiul era deja o aezare constituit , situat la intersectia drumurilor comerciale ce uneauTransilvania cu zona Dunrii. Oraul s-a dezvoltat n jurul unui nucleu central-(Curtea Domneasc)

avnd n imediata vecinatate Trgul Dinauntru, zona comercil cu prvlii i pivnie, cele mai multeapartinnd mitropoliei, mnstirilor Sf. Sava, Radu Vod i Bisericii Domneti. Trgul se ridicase pe locdomnesc, druit boierilor i mnstirilor, iar mrfurile vndute aici erau destinate curii i nobilimii.Pentru a-i desfsura existena, oraul avea nevoie i de un trg de ar, cu obor de vite i locuri devnzare pentru produsele aduse de trani. Acest trg, numit Trgul din Afar se situa iniial pe loculocupat azi de Biserica Sfinilor , schimbndu-i poziia n timp, spre periferie, de-a lungul unei axe ce agenerat una dintre cele mai importante artere ale orasului: Calea Moilor.2

Un al treilea trg (Trgul Cucului) se situa n spatele bisericii Sf. Gheorghe. Ulia Mare (numitncepnd cu secolul XVII Ulia Lipscanilor)ce lega Curtea de acest trg, a fost considerat axul vital alzonei comerciale, ce s-a dezvoltat n perimetrul Curtea Domneasc, Trgul Cucului, Ulia Mare.

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n 1692, Constantin Brancoveanu, tind prin marile proprieti boiereti traseaz Podul Mogooaiei,cale ce urma s-i menin importana de prim rang pn la sfritul secolului XIX. Pe traseul acestei cise vor construi, incepnd cu secolul XVII marile hanuri domneti i Curtea Domneasc. Construit subdomnia lui Mircea Ciobanul, reconstruit sub Matei Basarab i atingndu-si apogeul architectural n timpuldomniei lui Constantin Brancoveanu, ca un complex de cldiri n stil italian, nconjurate de grdini,Curtea Veche s-a ruinat n timp, prti ale ei fiind vndute la mezat n 1798.

Pe cnd vestigiile Curii Domneti au fost descoperite numai n urma spturilor arheologice dinperioada 1950-1970, marile hanuri domneti au supravieuit pn la jumatatea secolului XIX. Fortreecomerciale construite pentru adpostirea negustorilor i a bunurilor lor, marile hanuri aveau oconformare caracteristic, inspirat de arhitectura manastireasc sau de construcii levatine cu funciunesimilar. Erau construcii de mari dimensiuni, adpostind de cele mai multe ori o biseric n incint .Multedintre marile imobile eclectice ridicate la sfritul secolului al XIX-lea s-au construit pe loturile ocupateanterior de marile hanuri.

Datorita poziiei i importanei strzilor comerciale, acest tip de parcele era rar ntalnit i contrasta

cu densitatea esutului urban din zona. Cel mai interesant parcelar tipic cu mare densitate se gsete nzona strzii Lipscani, unde cldirile nsiruite ocup terenuri inguste n forma de I. Aproape toate cldirileCentrului Istoric au aceeai structur functional: prvlii sau ateliere la parter , urmate de unul saudoua etaje cu apartamente. La nceputul secolului al XIX-lea centrul istoric rmane doar pricipala zoncomercial a oraului. Hanurile dispar, funciunea lor fiind preluat de magazine i hoteluri. Multe dintreacestea din urma se construiesc pe locul fostelor hanuri perpetund astfel semnificaia locului.

n prima jumtate a secolului XX , asistm la emergena unui nou program arhitectural, ce i va gsiamplasamentul predilect pe strada Lipscani i n zona adiacent: cldirile bancare i de asigurri. n anii`30 zona era nc cel mai important perimetru bancar i comercial. nceputul declinului a fost reprezentatde Decretul de Expropriere din 1956, dar importana comercial a perimetrului va persista pn lasfritul anilor `70, cnd interesul utilizatorilor se va ndrepta ctre noile cldiri comerciale de pebulevardul Brtianu.

Evoluia istorica a centrului este reflectat prin succesiunea stilistic:Hanurile i prvliile au fost construite nti n stilul numit azi arhitectura oreneasc. De pur

sorginte romaneasc dupa unii autori (C. Joja) sau incluznd elemente de arhitectur neoclasicdiseminate in balcani de meteri macedoneni i bulgari (C. Mucenic), stilul reprezint principalamodalitate de expresie a arhitecturii vernaculare anterioare secolului XIX. Urmeaz, n ordinecronologic, o arhitectur neoclasic simplificat, apoi neogoticul ce ncepe cu elemente stilisticeminime(cornise i ancadramente) i se incheie ntr-o profuziune a decoraiei ce acoper n ntregime

faadele. Fcndu-i apariia la jumtatea secolului XIX, eclectismul apare nti n arhitectura vernaculari culmineaz cu arhitectura monumental a cldirilor publice.3Datorit vulnerabilitii seismice a Bucuretiului, dar si focului cel mare care a distrus, n 1847,

1800 de cldiri n zona central, stilurile arhitecturale sunt reprezentate n mod inegal. Arhitecturaoraeneasc se regsete n cldirile hanurilor ce mai exist azi n zon, neoclasicul e reprezentat decteva exemple de arhitectur vernacular i de arhitectura bisericilor, pe cnd eclectismul bogatdecorat, favoritul bucuretenilor - asociat cu elegana i cultura francez - reprezint modalitatea deexprimare dominant. O caracteristic tipica a arhitecturii vernaculare din centrul istoric este prezena anumeroase cldiri ce ilustreaz tranziia stilistic, unele cu compoziii de faad neobisnuite dar coerente,altele cu stngcii induiotoare.

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Valori patrimoniale i aspecte socio-economice.

Declinul actual al Centrului Istoric nu i are originea numai n exodul accentuat al populaieinregistrat n prezent(dislocarea locuitorilor ilegali), ci este o consecin logic a unei serii de evenimente,obsolescenafondului construit fiind generat att de disfunctionaliti fizice ct i de modul impropriude folosire i lipsa de ntreinere.

- Deteriorare fizic i structural: majoritatea fondului construit dateaz din a doua jumatate asecolului XIX (multe dintre cldiri fiind construite pe fundaiile de secol XVIII)-degradarea e generat attde timp i riscul seismic, ct si de absena ntreinerii i folosina inadecvat.

- Inadecvarea functional exemplele contemporane de reabilitare n zonele comerciale istoricedovedesc interesul pentru esutul urban istoric. Hotelurile, un program tradiional n zon, pot firefuncionalizate cu succes , prezentnd interes att prin cldirile restaurate ct i prin amplasamentBncile ocup i azi amplasamentele iniiale, ba chiar s-au extins n cldirile monumentale eclectice.Relocarea funciunii de locuire n esutul urban dens al zonei Lipscani, pare ns s ntampine dificulti

ce nu vor disparea o data cu reabilitarea infrastructurii.- Schimbrile locaionale Amplasamentul centrului istoric este unul dintre factorii eseniali aiatractivitii zonei, fiind totusi puternic diminuat de instituirea unui numar excesiv de strzi pietonale.

- Inadecvarea de mediu este generat de schimbrile continue de mediu social i economic.Reprezint una dintre problemele principale ale centrului istoric, devenit de-a lungul anilor un recipient alpopulaiei marginalizate.

n afara problemelor generate de obsolescen, chestiunile eseniale cu care se confrunt reabilitareaCentrului Istoric, sunt cele legate de semnificaie, imagine i percepie. Lipsa de apreciere a esutuluiurban vernacular are doua surse principale:

1) Evoluia continu a funciunilor urbane. Centrul istoric al Bucuretiului a fost dintrunceputuri o zon comercial important. Valoarea terenului i accesul la frontul stradalau generat o mare densitate a esutului urban i parcele extrem de nguste. n ciudaechiprii urbane (primul canal colector al oraului a fost realizat pe Strada German)zona era perceput defavorabil nc din secolul XVIII. Aceast perspectiv s-aaccentuat o data cu prezena unor strzi noi mai generoase (Calea Victoriei, BulevardulElisabeta)sau a unor ansambluri situate n vecintatea parcurilor (parcelarea Ioanid).

2) Trasarea axului Bulevardul Unirii (fost Victoria Socialismului). n afara distrugeriipatrimoniale la scar urban, trasarea axei i construirea Casei Republicii au dus lavalorizarea unui vocabular arhitectural grandilocvent cu toate caracteristicile

arhitecturii totalitare: axialitate, simetrie, scara coplesitoare i, n consecin, ladevalorizarea trsturilor caracteristice ale Centrului Istoric: scara umana, traseuorganic, diversitate a vocabularului arhitectural.

Probleme legate de regimul proprietii. Marea majoritate a cldirilor din zon au facutobiectul decretelor de naionalizare i expropriere. Multe dintre ele au fost vndute , dupa 1990 de unproprietar nelegitim(statul-prin instituiile de administrare a fondului construit). Aceste cldiri suntrevendicate azi de proprietarii lor legitimi. Pn la clarificarea situaiei lor juridice interesul eventualilorinvestitori va rmne scazut. Problemele legate de proprietate continu i dup retrocedare. Interesulproprietarului este, deseori, o vnzare ct mai rapid. n cazul unui imobil de patrimoniu, datorit

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obligaiilor ce revin proprietarului, gsirea unui cumprtor interesat este puin probabil. Se intr astfeln succesiunea obinuit a evenimentelor. Imobilul e abandonat i lsat s se degradeze, municipalitateanu dispune de mijloace de intervenie, i ntr-o perioad de timp mai lung sau mai scurt,ajutat defurtul tmplariei i nvelitorii, structura se prabuete. Lund n considerare conflictul de interese dintrecomunitatea local i proprietari/cumparatori, aceste situaii cer instituirea unui parteneriat public-privat,soluie adoptat cu suces n integrarea centrelor istorice.

Mediul social: Gentrificarea, sub aspectul sau pozitiv, reversnd dinamica urban idovedind c declinul centrelor istorice nu este nici inevitabil nici definitiv, nu s-a produs n nucleulcentral al Bucuretiului. Locuitorii apartinnd claselor nstarite sau mijlocii nu i-au manifestat interesulpentru reocuparea esutului istoric . Explicatiile sunt multiple: cele mai evidente sunt cele legate dedeteriorarea fizic a cldirilor, lipsa echipamentelor urbane i infrastructurii i de competiia legat dezonele centrale cu densitate redus situate n apropierea parcurilor i grdinilor. Chiar i muncitorimea atins sa prseasca centrul, n cutarea apropierii de zonele industriale periferice. O bun parte a

populaiei locale proprietari de mici magazine, bnci sau ateliere, fusese deja ndepartat n urmaDecretului de Expropriere, afectndu-se astfel simul comunitii i dezintegrnd modelele tradiionale delocuire. Datorit acestui ciclu al abandonului i deteriorrii, zona a fost ocupat treptat de noi locuitori(legali si ilegali), dispui s accepte condiiile precare de locuire. Lipsa de ntretinere i folosin impropriece au urmat,au transformat centrul ntr-un adevarat ghetou, devalorizat economic i social.

ndepartarea locuitorilor ilegali n 2005 singura intervenie anterioar prezentului programde reabilitare nu a putut sa rezolve problema. Att timp ct interveniile municipalitii au fostconcentrate pe msuri coercitive, lipsa iniiativelor reale menite s ncurajeze ntreinerea imobilelor i olocuire civilizat n zon a dus la crearea unui perimetru urban n abandon.

Alegerea prioritilor: valori artistice, raritate, valori identitareRezultnd din identificarea i clasificarea valorilor, alegerea prioritilor deriv deasemenea,

parial, din evoluia practicilor de conservare din zon.Centrul istoric al Bucuretiului a trecut printr-o important campanie de restaurare la

sfritul anilor 70. Echipa de restauratori, condus de arhitectul Constantin Joja, urmrea reinstaurareaimaginii iniiale a cldirilor, sustinnd preeminena arhitecturii oraeneti. Justificate i incununate desucces, n cazul existenei unui bogat material documentar (ca de exemplu cel referitor la hanul luiManuc), studiile ncercau s minimalizeze importana faadelor eclectice, care- conform preriicontroversate a colectivului de restaurare- ar fi trebuit nlocuite cu faade inspirate de arhitectura

urban/rural romaneasc.Dup o perioad de uitare n anii 80, imediat dup 1990 istoricii, arhitecii i arheologii aufcut numeroase apeluri legate de reabilitarea zonei.4 n 1993, o misiune de asisten tehnicdesemnat de British Know-how Fund, a evaluat potenialul zonei i a propus o serie de msuri deurgen i pe termen lung. Pentru strngerea de fonduri n vederea implementrii aciunilor de restaurarei reabilitare, municipalitatea a constituit o fundaie mpreun cu banca naional i alte bnci locale, n1995. n acelai an s-a finalizat un studiu exhaustiv al caracteristicilor i potenialului sitului i s-au facutstudii pentru planul de dezvoltare local i mbuntirea traficului. Totui, datorita conflictelor deinterese existente n cadrul Consiliului local, studiile i cercetarea nu au dus la instituirea unei strategii derestaurare. Protejarea centrului istoric, ca Rezervaie arhitectural urban (similar cu Secteur

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Sauvegard sau Conservation Area) incluznd 10 ansambluri, 93 de cldiri protejate (dintre care 53 custatut de monument), nu a impiedicat degradarea sa functional si fizic.

Primul program de reabilitare Un Bucureti frumos a pornit de la presupunerea crevitalizarea centrului istoric va fi declansat de restaurarea faadelor i pavimentelor. S-au cheltuit 1milion de dolari pe lucrri de reparaie/nlocuire a pavimentelor pe strzile elari, Covaci i Gabroveni, ipe restaurarea faadelor cldirilor cu valoare arhitectural. Pavimentele fr infrastructur i faadele frfunciuni active s-au dovedit dezastruase. Restaurarea faadelor a fost ncununat de succes n cazulcldirilor, cu o funciune continu adecvat (ca de exemplu n cazul pasajului Macca-Vilacrosse, unexemplu tipic de pasaj acoperit de sfrit de secol XIX)

ncepand cu 1997-1998 IAIM a elaborat , la cererea Consiliului local al Municipiului Bucureti,Studiul privind delimitarea zonelor protejate construite din municipiul Bucureti. Echipa constituit dinurbaniti i membrii ai catedrei de Istorie ,Teoria Arhitecturii i Restaurri a fost nsrcinat cuidentificarea, delimitarea i caracterizarea valorilor de identitate cultural ca i a celor cu valoare deraritate/unice. Cercetarea s-a concentrat asupra tramei stradale, parcelarului i fondului construit,

studiate n relatie evolutiv. S-a stabilit deasemenea harta fondului protejat subteran. Rezultatul a fost,ntr-o prim faz , o clasificare i delimitare a zonelor protejate , constituite n 4 categorii n conformitatecu gradul de protecie. Aceste zone au fost incluse apoi n PUZ.

Paralel cu cercetarea privind valorile culturale i regulamentul de urbanism (avnd ca autoriprincipali IAIM i URBANPROIECT) , IHS (Institutul pentru locuire i studii de dezvoltare urbana) aelaborat , ntre 2002-2004 Studiul de marketing urban, Strategia de dezvoltare i Planul de aciunepentru Aria Pilot.

Coordonarea cercetrii i a studiilor de marketing i dezvoltare, a oferit baza teoretic acelei de a doua faze a reabilitrii urbane. Noul program- nceput pe 8 septembrie 2006- va aloca unbuget de 9,8 milioane euro (8 milioane credit BERD i 1,5 milioane de la bugetul local) i propune dreptint declanarea rennoirii urbane i include: aducerea la zi a Planului Director; elaborarea unui plandetaliat al Ariei Pilot; dezvoltarea unei strategii de reabilitare; planificarea i supravegherea lucrrilor derestaurare; reabilitarea infrastructurii i instaurarea unei reele pietonale. Efectele preconizate sunt:mbuntirea mediului stradal, declanarea unor viitoare restaurri, crearea de locuri de munc ipromovarea dezvoltrii turismului.

Aprecierea valorilor/ specialiti i nespecialiti

Estimarea/clasificarea valorilor reprezint un stadiu esenial n protecia patrimoniului.

Stabilirea semnificaiei cldirilor i siturilor implic; identificarea valorilor patrimoniale; descrierea iintegrarea valorilor-uneori conflictuale n vedrea informrii necesare pentru stabilirea hotrrilor ceurmeaz a fi luate de actorii urbani.

Conservarea patrimoniului este o actvitate socio-cultural ce i transform continuu obiectul.Teoretic, o cldire sau un sit declarat monument , ctig n valoare i semnificaie. Totui n situaia ncare patrimoniul este perceput de localnici mai mult ca o povar i nu ca un beneficiu, integrarea valoriieconomice- legate de uz i a valorii culturale, pare la o prim vedere imposibil. Identificarea valorilorestetice/istorice, este deosebit de important n centrele oraelor,unde esutul construit vernacular i-apierdut atractivitatea datorit declinului fizic i lipsei de folosin. Cnd capacitatea de a transmite

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semnificaie pare pierdut, evaluarea semnificaiei se sprijin n cea mai mare parte pe noiunile istoricei de istoria artei deinute de profesioniti.

Raritatea i unicitatea, componenele estetice ale valorii, sunt greu de interpretat denespecialiti n absena ataamentului fa de loc, deposednd patrimoniul de valoarea sa social.

Determinarea valorilor patrimoniale i instituirea reglementrilor urbane n zonele protejate,au fost rezultatul unei analize n profunzime a caracteristicilor esutului urban. Identificarea zonelorliniare de protecie(ansamblurilor de arhitectur) i aducerea la zi a listei monumentelor istorice, au avutla baz o amanuntit cercetare de arhiv. Reglementrile urbanistice au fost elaborate n dou faze.Prima referitoare la criteriile generale: obligativitatea realizrii de studii istorice prntru orice reabilitaresau construcie nou, indicatori urbani caracteristici, tipologia esutului urban. Faza a doua (2004) aconstat n elaborarea reglementrilor detaliate pentru fiecare dintre cele 19 sub-zone distincte incluse ncentrul istoric.

Dac reglementrile i analiza de valoare sunt accesibile tuturor actorilor urbani, informaiadocumentar care a stat la baza cercetrii este inaccesibil. Marea majoritate a monumentelor incluse in

Lista monumentelor istorice figureaza cu descriereacas sau cldire de secol XIX. Hrtile care aupermis datarea cladirilor (Planul Borrocyn, Planul Papasoglu, planul Hiottu, etc...) nu sunt prezentate nicica parte a PUZ, nici nu figureaz pe site-ul ONMI. Ne putem ntreba de ce partea descriptiv anulconstruciei, numele arhitectului (daca este cunoscut ) i caracteristicile stilistice ale monumentului suntabsente din documentele publice. Documentele i planurile istorice sunt parte constituenta apatrimoniului i nu proprietate privat a cercettorilor. Pentru crearea ataamentului fa de tesutulistoric protejat diseminarea fiecarui document istoric este de maxima importan.

O alta chestiune legat de absena informatiei privete funciunea anterioar a fonduluiconstruit. Reglementrile urbanistice impun un procentaj de 75% reprezentat de locuire sau revenirea lafunciunea initial fara a oferi informaii despre aceasta. Cunoaterea posibilitilor de utilizare a

imobilului reprezint un factor determinant n interesarea oricarui investitor.Concluzia necesar este c , dei Planul urbanistic Zonal reprezint n mod evident concluzia

unei activiti de cercatare amanunite, baza sa documentar-arhivistic este meninut ca resursprofesional, dei ar trebui s aib statutul de informaie public. Bararea accesului la rezultatelecercetarii istorice lrgeste golul dintre specialiti i nespecialiti, ntre persoanele implicate/ neimplicaten conservare-resraurare, i impiedic interpretarea patrimoniului. Valoarea patrimonial deriv nu numaidin calitatile estetice/istorice ci, esenialmente din sens. Informaia legat de istoricul cldirii esteimportant nu numai ca cerin a cercetrii tiinifice ci i ca modalitate de a accede la o mai bunanelegere a sensului locului. Astfel, n absena informaiei istorice, a laturii narative a cercetrii

urbanistice, valoarea fondului construit vernacular e determinat n mare parte, pentru nespecialiti, destadiul de restaurare-conservare. Un exemplu tipic n acest sens este cel reprezentat de cldirea hanuluiNiculescului, situat n zona bisericii Rzvan: aflat ntr-un stadiu avansat de degradare, e perceput caun parazit urban.

n aceeai situaie se gsete frontul istoric de pe strada Baia de Fier i frontul din zona deintersecie a acesteia cu strada Baraiei. Valoarea estetic a faadelor nu reuete s atrag interesullocalnicilor. Chiar cldiri monumentale ca volum i cu o ncrctura istoric semnificativ, ca HotelConcordia de pe strada Smrdan (locul deciziei istorice a Unirii Principatelor) sunt ignorate datoritdegradrii fizice i folosirii improprii.

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Luarea deciziilor

Este de la sine neles c alegerile privind restaurarea zonei centrale au fost fcute lund nconsiderare nu numai valorile culturale ci i vizibilitatea/importana zonelor de reabilitat. Succesulreabilitrii urbane poate reprezenta un important capital politic. Alegerea zonei Lipscani ca arie Pilot are oserie de determinani legai de percepia public:- ntr-un mod nesemnificativ i contradictoriu, zona i-a meninut totui o parte din importanacomercial.- zona cuprinde multe dintre cldirile eclectice monumentale care reprezint repere urbane importane(funcionale i arhitecturale)- la limita zonei, o serie de investitori privai au nceput deja o serie de reabilitri structural-functionale,de foarte bun calitate (cele mai cunoscute exemple n aceasta privinta sunt Amsterdam Cafe iRembrandt hotel)- o mare parte a bucuretenilor nici nu percep zona Sfntu Gheorghe ca parte a centrului istoric.

Alocarea fondurilor n majoritate ctre studii, cercetare i reabilitarea infrastructurii, estedeterminat de lipsa suportului legal privind restaurarea imobilelor aflate n proprietate privat.Totui nultimii ani legislaia romneasc n domeniul restaurrii/conservrii a evoluat i nu mai impiedicinvestirea de fonduri publice pentru conservarea patrimoniului construit care nu se afl n proprietate destat.

Conservarea/restaurarea este un proces coplex ce necesit o supraveghere i un feedbackcontinuu. Cu toate acestea numarul studiilor de potenial, strategiilor de regenerare, cercetrilor de pia,studiilor de pre-fezabilitate, analizelor i planurilor de aciune, care au dus pn acum la rezultatenesemnificative este ocant.

n mod evident alegerea imobilelor de reabilitat s-a fcut lund n considerare succesulpresupus al restaurrii, factorul economic avnd un rol important n problemele conservriipatrimoniului. O modalitate de abordare la fel de justificat ar fi fost acordarea prioritii imobilelor aflatentr-o stare de degradare fizic/structural avansat, care nu pot prezenta interes pentru investitoriiprivai. Acesta este un caz tipic de conflict ntre interesul public i cel privat, n care numai interveniastatului sau municipalitii poate duce la salvgardarea patrimoniului.

Programul de reabilitare pornete de la munca de cercetare intreprins, ns unele dintreobiective sunt n contradicie cu reglementrile urbanistice. Diferena cea mai frapant se remarc lanivelul utilizrii fondului construit. P.U.Z.-ul insist asupra recomandrilor referitoare la locuire, ca

funciune dominant n zon. Folosina mixt este una dintre caracteristicele centrului istoric, undecldirile se compun n mod obinuit din prvlii sau ateliere la parter i locuine la etajul 1 i 2.Recomandrile Planului Urbanistic Zonal insist asupra evitrii birourilor ca funciune dominant nCentrul Istoric. Nelund n considerare liniile directoare rezultate din studiul istoric, zonificarea propusde programul de reabilitare indic un singur perimetru avnd locuirea drept funciune dominant, pecnd Aria pilot este destinat n ntregime funciunilor de birouri, bancare, comerciale sau de recreere.

O alt int a rennoirii urbane este pietonalizarea preconizndu-se realizarea unui numrde 8 strzi pietonale n aria pilot pn la ncheierea programului. Experiena n conservarea centreloristorice demonstreaz c ariile pietonale extinse afecteaz n mod substanial viaa zonei protejate,sufocnd dezvoltarea economic local. n masura n care este meninut la un nivel minim prin crearea

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de strzi locale cu sens unic, accesul vehiculelor nu reprezint un inconvenient i contribuie lanormalizarea calitii vieii.

Un factor important n luarea deciziilor n reabilitarea urbana l reprezint vocea comunitilorlocale. Multe dintre decizii ignor dorinele i necesitile locuitorilor i investitorilor. Format din btrni,sraci sau omeri, marea majoritate a locuitorilor nu are nici dorina nici posibilitatea de a influenadeciziile ce o privesc. Comunitatea investitorilor este tnr dinamic i bine organizat. A creat AsociaiaInvestitorilor din Centrul Istoric, a organizat evenimente i conferine de pres i reprezint principalasurs alternativ de informare n ceea ce privete rezultatele strategiilor de reabilitare. Doleanele iplngerile Asociaiei apar frecvent n presa local, dar sunt rareori luate n considerare de factoriidecizionali. Cele mai importane chestiuni n privina nemulumirilor legate de politicile locale dereabilitare sunt sintetizate de arhitectul Theodor Frolu, fondator al Asociaiei:5- Niciuna dintre cele trei probleme principale ale zonei nu a fost gestionat prin politici urbane coerente(problemele de statut al proprietii, problemele sociale i de locuire, atragerea i meninerea unuianumit tip de activiti culturale: magazine de antichiti, cafenele, crciumi, cluburi studeneti i

ateliere)- Autoritile vd proprietatea privat ca un impediment n implementarea politicilor de reabilitare, pecnd multe dintre iniiativele viabile sunt rezultatul investiiilor private.- Restricionarea circulaiei auto s-a dovedit dezastruas pentru firmele din zon care au pierdut ntre 30i 50% din profit, sau au dat faliment.

Modaliti de intervenie - ntre conservare i reabilitare

- n politicile de protecie a patrimoniului, conservarea este o prim alegere amunicipalitilor ce se confrunt cu lips de fonduri. Pe de alt parte o legislaie n construcii mult prea

constrngatoare i rigiditatea practicilor de conservare sunt un impediment n utilizarea patrimoniuluiconstruit. ncercarea de a conserva integral fondul construit istoric, nepermitnd intervenii minime deadaptare a cldirilor, necesare utilizrii contemporane, poate avea efectul opus. Aceste practici explicparial lipsa de interes n fondul imobiliar din centrul istoric al Bucuretiului.

- Restaurarea faadelor, nensoit de reabilitarea structural i functional a cldirilor, ca nprima faz a programului de reabilitare Un Bucureti frumos este o practic ineficient icostisitoare.

Magnitudinea provocrii reprezentate de reabiliterea centrului istoric al Bucuretiului necesitrealizare unui echilibru adecvat ntre responsabilitile statului/municipalitii n pstrarea patrimoniului

cultural i iniiativele investitorilor privai i ale comunitii locale. Statul i municipalitatea ar trebui sjoace un rol mai activ n ncurajarea parteneriatului public privat. Menionate n programul dereabilitare, parteneriatele public-privat exist la aceast ora doar la nivelul proiectelor de cercetare imanagement.

Proprietate privat i responsabiliti publice

Una dintre principalele chestiuni ale reabilitrii patrimoniului n rile post comuniste esterelaia dintre proprietatea privat i cea de stat. Statul tinde s vad n proprietatea privat o surs a

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tuturor relelor, muli dintre proprietarii imobilelor de patrimoniu nereuind s le menin ntr-o stareapropriat de conservare.

Pe de alt parte, proprietarii se consider victime ale unui dublu furt: au fost nti expropriaii deposedai de proprietate pentru mai mult de 50 de ani, apoi, de multe ori dupa ani de litigii, li s-anapoiat o proprietate degradat, de multe ori aproape o ruin, nentreinut de zeci de ani. Daca se

gseste un investitor interesat de cldirea de patrimoniu, acesta este nevoit s i asume costurile derestaurare fr ajutor economic din partea statului. (compensaiile obinuite oferite prin legislaiaromneasc privesc expertizarea, proiectarea de restaurare i scutirile de taxe. Este adevrat c legeamentioneaz posibilitatea acordrii unui sprijin financiar n cazul restaurrii cldirilor de patrimoniu aflaten proprietate privat, fr a meniona ns sursele sau modalitile de obinere .6)

Soluia aplicat de municipalitatea Bucuretiului n reabilitarea Ariei Pilot este tipic pentrudispreul faa de drepturile proprietarilor i locuitorilor. Primria a cumparat 200 de apartamente n carevor fi mutai locuitorii din zon.7Numai proprietarii au dreptul s se ntoarc, n msura n care pot plti1/3 din costurile reabilitrii. ntr-o a doua faz proiectul de reabilitare va fi declarat de utilitate public

i vor ncepe exproprierile. Dup terminarea lucrrilor primria va vinde apartamentele unor proprietarimai potrivii. Este un exemplu perfect de gentrificare promovat de stat ntr-o zon deja far locuitori.Problemele legate de proasta folosin a esutului urban istoric sunt diverse i complicate. Un

caz tipic este prezena unui imobil de patrimoniu cu puine niveluri, aflat n proprietate privat, nimediata vecintate a unei cldiri nalte eclectice sau moderne. Care este tipul decompensaie/motivare care l-ar putea determina pe proprietar s investeasc n restaurarea i protejareacldirii mai degrab decat s o lase s se prabueac i s vnd terenul?

Problemele proteciei patrimoniului din centrul istoric al Bucuretiului necesit o abordaresensibil i eficient. Consilierea i ajutorul n probleme legislative, practici de conservare i integraresocial, sunt utile i necesare n aceeai msur ca experien n domeniul conservrii referitoare la

starea fizica a imobilelor.

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Bibliografie

Armas, R. Damian, I.Sandric Assessing social vulnerability in disaster mitigation. Case study: BucharestHistoric Center/ Bucharest /Romania Geophysical Research Abstracts, Vol. 8, 00299, 2006

Etves Antoaneta Craii de Curtea veche se mut la bloc / Cotidianul 12 Oct. 2006

Giurescu Constantin C. Istoria Bucurestilor din cele mai vechi timpuri pn n zilele noastre, Editurapentru Literatur i Art, Bucureti 1966Mucenic Cezara Un secol de arhitectura civila. Bucureti secolul XIX, Bucuresti, Editura Silex ,1997.Mucenic Cezara Strazi, piete,case din vechiul Bucuresti, Bucureti, Editura Vremea XXI, 2004Lichfield Nathaniel Economics in Urban Conservation Cambridge University Press, 1988

Mason Randall Assessing Values in Conservation Planning: Methodological Issues and Choices/ inAssessing the Values of Cultural Heritage Research Report /March 2000 Edited byMarta de la Torre The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles (onlinepublication)

Nistor Sergiu Romania`s Urban Architectural heritage: between neglect and Revitalisation /http:www arcchip.cz/w03/w03_nistor.pdf.

Popovici Iaromira Centrul Istoric:putine schimbari, multe asteptari - dialog cu Th Frolu , in Dilema18 Aug 2006

Serageldin Mona Preserving the Historic Urban Fabric in a Context of Fast-Paced Change inValuesand heritage Conservation Research Report /1998 /The Getty ConservationInstitute, Los Angeles (online publication)

****************** Programul de dezvoltare al municipiului Bucureti 2000-2008

Note

* Universitatea Spiru Haret, Facultatea de Arhitectur, Bucureti

1 Pentru informatii detaliate asupra sub-zonelor si criteriilor de protectie a cladirilor vezi: Regulamentul local deUrbanism pentru Zona Istorica de Referinta - Centrul Istoric al municipiului Bucuresti. ( http--www4_pmb_ro-wwwt-urbanism-Interventiimic_png_files\urbanism.html)2Pentru informatii detaliate privind evolutia retelei stradale si succesiunea stilistica , vezi cartile Cezarei Mucenic:Un secol de arhitectura civila. Bucuresti secolul XIX si Strazi, piete,case din vechiul Bucuresti

3Se intelege de la sine ca succesiunea stilistica nu este perfect cronologica , desi autori precum C. Joja au incercatsa dateze cladirile dupa tipul decoratiei. Oricat ar fi de util, acest system poate duce la erori considerabile, ca in

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cazul hanului Patria, considerat de Joja ca fiind o constructie tipica de secol XVIII.(harti si planuri descoperite maitarziu demonstreaza ca imobilul dateaza din a doua jumatate a secolului XIX)

4Pentru informatii cronologice detaliate si analiza practicilor de conservare a patrimoniului dupa 1990 vezi SergiuNistorRomania`s Urban Architectural heritage: between neglect and Revitalisation

5Conform interviului din Dilema 18. Aug 20066HOTARREA DE GUVERN nr. 610/2003 descrie procedura de acordare a creditelor necesare efectuarii de lucraride protejare la monumentele istorice detinute de persoanele fizice sau juridice de drept privat. Totusi starea fizica aimobilelor de patrimoniu dovedeste dificultatile intampinate in aplicarea in practica7Locuitorii de pe strazile Franceza si Gabroveni au fost deja mutati.

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BUILT HERITAGE PRIORITIES DECISIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES CONCERNING THEHISTORIC CENTRE OF BUCHAREST

Assoc. Prof. PhD. Arch. Ana Maria HARITON*

Abstract: The historic centre of Bucharest includes, besides the medieval monuments, a significant part

of the commercial nucleus of the 11th century. The area benefits from a status of maximum protectionof the architectural and urbanistic values, street network and built patrimony. The paper herein analyzesthe success rates of the urban rehabilitation campaigns initiated after 1990 in that area, by mentioningthe need of a multi-disciplinary approach that targets the following: the architectural value, the physicalcondition of the buildings, the managerial context and the impact of interventions upon the perception ofthe cultural meanings. The analysis of the historic evolution, parameters, the buildings stylistical andcultural values, without avoiding the social, economic or legal issues, provides clues that help shape themethods of preservation and rehabilitation of the Historic Centre.

Key words:built patrimony, urban rehabilitation, Historic Centre.

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Built Heritage Priorities decisions and responsibilities concerning the historic centre ofBucharest

Underserviced and bypassed by development, associated with economic stagnation andurban decay, the historic centre of Bucharest is a particularly difficult challenge for urban rehabilitation.Divided into two areas (Lipscani and St George) by the I.C. Bratianu Boulevard (traced in the XXthcentury) the central part of Bucharest overlapping its historic core includes, besides several medievalmonuments , a significant part of the commercial centre dating back to the XIXth century. Displayingtypical architecture - continuous building fronts aligned at the street level with shops present at a groundlevel and, usually, with one or two floors - the area is under the highest protection status concerning:architectural and urban design values, street pattern, and building stock. Divided into 19 sub-zones, it

includes approximately 520 buildings, of which 38% hold architectural significance

1

. The selection of theconservation areas and buildings reflects important research work undertaken by the Office for HistoricMonuments in cooperation with the Ion Mincu University of Architecture and correctly addresses thequestion of what to conserve?. Priorities concerning the use of funds are decided by the municipality,resulting in a tendency to direct them into investments to upgrade the public domain. Buildingrehabilitation was subsequently delayed and often limited to faade restoration of the shops/houseswhich are public property.

Neglected after 1978 (partly due to the concentrated efforts in building the Palace ofParliament and its axis, but particularly due to a consistent policy of the communist regime meant todiscredit the image the middleclass) the historic centre has been since 1990 the subject of 2 restoration

campaigns : The first one, named A Beautiful Bucharest in 2001-2002 that focused mainly on faaderestoration, and a second one , that has begun on the 8th of September 2006 :Rehabilitation ofProtected Built Areas in the Historic Centre Zone. Focusing on the physical and aesthetic aspects ofconservation the undergoing programme assumes that interest in the area will naturally result throughthe restoration / consolidation of the buildings and infrastructure. This paper tries to assess thepossible chances of success of this intervention, advocating the importance of multidisciplinary studiesconcerning not only the artistic-aesthetic value and the physical condition of the buildings but also themanagement context , and the impact of interventions on the perception of cultural significance.

In order to understand the main problems of the area it is important to have an image of its

historical evolution.

2

When the fortress built by Vlad Tepes was first mentioned in documents (Princely Charter20th September 1459) Bucharest was already a settlement situated at the crossroads of the commercialroutes linking Transylvania to the Danube area. The town developed around a central core - the PrincelyCourt having a marketplace its immediate proximity - (Trgul Dinauntru) which was the commercialarea composed of cellars and shops - most of them belonging to the Metropolitan Church, to themonasteries of St Sava, Radu Vod, and to the Princely Church. The market was built on princely land,given to the boyars and monasteries by the voivodes, and purveyed merchandise for the court andnobility. For its existence, the town also needed a real country market with a cattle fair and places to sellthe products brought by the peasants. This market place called Targul din Afara was first situated at the

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place presently occupied by the Church of All Saints, then changed its settlement, towards the outskirtsof the town along a line that will generate in time, one of the important roads of the town : CaleaMoilor.

A third marketplace (Targul Cucului) was situated behind the church of St. George. Ulita Mare( from the XVIIth century called Ulita Lipscanilor) linking the Princely Court area to this market, was

considered the vital axis of the commercial district, that had developed in the perimeter limited by thePrincely Court, Targul Cucului, and Ulita Mare.

In 1692 Constantin Brancoveanu, cutting through the lands owned by the great boyars,traced Podul Mogosoaiei, a road that will keep its utmost importance until the end of the XIXth century.The great Princely Inns will be built in the neighbourhood of this road as well as the Princely Court,beginning with the XVIIth century.

Built under the reign of Mircea Ciobanul, rebuilt under Matei Basarab and then attaining itsarchitectural apogee under Constantin Brancoveanu as a complex of buildings in the Italian style,surrounded by gardens, the Princely Palace, went to ruin gradually, the territory being sold by lots in

1798. While the vestiges of the Court were discovered only following the archaeological research from1950-1970, the great inns survived until the middle of the XIXth century. Commercial fortresses, builtto lodge the merchants and protect their goods, the princely inns had a typical appearance, inspired bymonastic architecture or by similar Levantine buildings. They were of considerable dimensions oftenenclosing a church in the courtyard. Many of the great eclectic style buildings erected at the turn of theXIX-eth century were built on the plots previously occupied by the large inns. Due to the position andimportance of the merchant streets this type of large building plots were scarce, contrasting with thedensity of urban fabric in the commercial area. The most interesting dense building fabric is to be foundalong the Lipscani street, where adjacent buildings occupy extremely narrow I-shaped plots. Nearly allthe buildings of the Centre have the same functional structure: shops or workshops at ground level

followed by living quarters on the first floor.Until the beginning of the XX-eth century the former centre remains merely the most

important commercial area of the town. The large inns disappear while their functions are carried on byshops and hotels. Many of the latter are built on the plots of earlier inns, thus perpetuating the meaningof the place.

In the first half of the XX-eth century a new architectural program emerges and is locatedalong Lipscani and the neighbouring streets - banking and insurance buildings. In the 1930s thequarter still represented the most important commercial and banking area. The decay of the area beganafter the Expropriation Decree in 1956 while its commercial importance will persist until the late 70s

when the new buildings of the stores situated on the Bratianu Boulevard attract the main interest .The historical evolution of the centre is reflected through the succession of its buildingstyles: the inns and shops are built first in a style which is called today town architecture. Of pureRomanian origins, according to some authors(C.Joja) or including neoclassical architectural elementsdisseminated in the Balkan area by Macedonian and Bulgarian master masons (C. Mucenic) the style isthe main expression of vernacular architecture before the XIX-eth century. It is followed by a simplifiedneoclassical architecture then by the neo-gothic starting with minimal stylistic elements - ( cornicesand window frames) and concluding a profusion of decoration covering the faades entirely. Introducedaround the second half of the XIX-eth century the eclectic style is first present in vernacular architectureand culminates in the monumental architecture of the public buildings.

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Due to the seismic vulnerability of Bucharest, but also to the Great Fire of 1847 thatdestroyed around 1800 buildings in the central area , the building styles are unequally represented.Town architecture is to be found in the construction of the inns that still exist in the area, neoclassicalstyle is represented by a few examples of vernacular buildings and by church architecture, while therichly decorated eclectic style, a favourite of the inhabitants associated with the French elegance and

culture, represents the dominant expression. A typical characteristic of the vernacular architecture inthe historic centre is the presence of various buildings that illustrate the stylistic transition, some withunusual but coherent faade compositions, some with touching inabilities. 3

Heritage values and socio economical aspects

The present decay of the Historic Centre doesnt originate only from todays accentuated exodus ofpopulation (dislocation of illegal inhabitants). It is a logical consequence of a series of events, theobsolescence of the built environment being generated both by physical disfunctionalities, misuse and

neglect .- Physical or Structural Deterioration: most of the built fabric dates only from the second half of theXIXth century (many of the 19th century buildings had been built over basements dating from the 18thcentury) - its decay is generated equally by time, seismic risks, lack of maintenance and improper use.

- Functional Inadequacy - contemporary examples of rehabilitation in commercial districts provethe appeal of the historic built fabric. Hotels, a traditional function in the area may be successfullyrelocated in the old rehabilitated buildings, that are appealing to the tourists both through theirarchitecture and location. Banks still occupy their initial location and have even extended to some of themonumental eclectic buildings. Re-establishing housing in the dense fabric of the Lipscani area seems toencounter difficulties that will not disappear with the rehabilitation of the infrastructure.

- Locational Change - The central location of the Historic Centre is one of the major attractivnessfactors, strongly diminished by the setting up of an excessive number of pedestrian roads.

- Environmental unsuitability is generated by continuous changes in the social and economicenvironment. It is one of the main problems of the Historic district that has become over the years amajor recipient for the marginalized

Besides obsolescence, the essential problems encountered by the rehabilitation of the Historic centreare those linked to meaning, image and perception. The lack of appreciation of the nonmonumentalbuilding fabric has two sources:

1) The continuous evolution of urban functions. Bucharests historic centre has been from itsvery origin a major commercial area. The value of land and street fronts, generated a high density of thebuilt fabric and extremely narrow plots . Despite its urban equipment (Bucharests first sewage systemwas located under the German Street), the area was already unfavourably perceived since the XVIIIthcentury. This perspective was further accentuated by the presence of newer, more generous streets likeCalea Victoriei, and the Elisabeta Boulevard or elegant ensembles situated around parks (ParcelareaIoanid)

2) The tracing of the Unirea Boulevard axis (the former Victory of Socialism Avenue).Besides heritage destruction at urban scale, tracing the axis and building the House of the Republic ledto the valorization of a grandiloquent stylistic vocabulary with all the characteristics of totalitarian

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architecture: axiality, symmetry, overwhelming scale, and consequently to the devaluation of the typicalfeatures of the Historic Centre: human scale, organic pattern, diversity of the architectural vocabulary.

Ownership status issues. The vast majority of the buildings were the object ofnationalization or expropriation decrees. Many of them were sold after 1990 by an illegitimate owner (the

state through the institutions managing the built fund). These buildings are claimed today by theirrightful owners. Until the clearing up of their legal situation the interest of the eventual investors willremain low. The ownership issues will continue after the buildings are given back, thus entering privateproperty. The owners main interest is often a rapid sale. In the case of a classified heritage building, dueto the incumbent obligations, finding an interested buyer will probably be an unsuccessful enterprise.Thus we enter the usual succession of events: the building is neglected and left to decay, themunicipality has no means of intervention, and in a shorter or longer lapse of time , helped by the theftof woodwork and roof covering the structure will collapse. Taking into consideration the conflict ofinterests between the local community and the owners/buyers these typical situations call for the

setting up of a public-private partnership, a solution that has been successfully adopted in integratinghistoric cores .

Social environment Gentrification, in its positive aspects, reversing urban dynamics andproving that the decline of inner cities is neither unavoidable nor final, never took place in the historiccore. Middle class or wealthy inhabitants didnt display interest in reoccupying the traditional built fabric.The explanations are multiple: the most obvious are linked to the physical deterioration of the buildings,the lack of urban equipments and infrastructure and to the competition represented by lower densitycentral areas, with individual housing situated in the proximity of parks and gardens. Even blue collarinhabitants tended to abandon the centre seeking proximity of the industries located at the outskirts of

the city. A large part of the local population owners of small shops, banks or workshops had alreadybeen removed following the Expropriation Decree, affecting the sense of community and disintegratingthe traditional living patterns. Due to this cycle of abandonment and deterioration the area was graduallyoccupied by new (legal and illegal) inhabitants willing to accept the precarious living conditions. Theneglect and misuse of the built fabric that followed transformed the centre into a ghetto, devalued botheconomically and socially.

The relocation of illegal inhabitants in 2005 - the sole intervention of the authorities - couldnot solve the problem. As far all the interventions of the municipality focused on coercion, the lack ofreal initiatives meant to encourage the maintenance of the buildings and a civilized way of life resultedin the creation of an abandoned urban area .

Choice of priorities artistic values; rarity values; identity values

Resulting from value assessment, the choice of priorities derives also, partly, from the evolution ofconservation practices in the area:

The historic centre of Bucharest has undergone a significant restoration campaign in the late70s. The project team conducted by arch. Constantin Joja aimed at the restoration of the initialimage of significant buildings, advocating the prominence of Romanian town architecture. While being

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a justified and successful enterprise in the case of a rich documentary archive (in the case of Manuk`sInn, for instance) the studies tried to dismiss the importance of the eclectic faades, that, according tothe very controversial opinion of the restoration team, should have been replaced with Romanianfolk/town architecture elements

After being totally neglected in the 80, immediately after 1990 several appeals for the

rehabilitation of the area were made by architects, historians and archaeologists.4In 1993, a mission oftechnical assistance assigned by the British Know-How fund evaluated the potential of the area andsuggested immediate and medium term measures to be taken. In order to raise funds and implementconservation and rehabilitation action, the municipality established a foundation together with theNational Bank, and local banks in 1995. In the same year a comprehensive study about thecharacteristics and the potential of the site was carried out, and studies for the local development planand traffic improvement were started. However, due to local conflicts of interests in the City Council thestudies and research work did not lead to implementing a strategy of regeneration. The protection of thehistoric centre as an Urban Architectural Reserve Area (similar to Secteur Sauvegard or Conservation

Area) including 10 ensembles, 93 listed buildings (out of which 53 have monument status) did not stopits functional and physical deterioration.

The first rehabilitation program A Beautiful Bucharest started from the assumption thatrevitalization of the historic centre would be triggered by restoring faades and pavements. 1 million USdollars were spent for pavement work on Selari, Covaci and Gabroveni streets, and on faaderestoration of architecturally significant buildings. Pavements without infrastructure and faades withoutliving functions