4.PE.preleg. 7-9. invatarea umana.scolara.

8/15/2019 4.PE.preleg. 7-9. invatarea umana.scolara.

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INVATAREA UMANA - INVATAREA SCOLARA Preleg. 7-9

INVATAREAUMANA: 1.Invatarea.Conce t.Rol.

!.Cont"n#t.S ec"$"c#l "nvatar"" #%ane.&.'or%ele "nvatar"" #%ane(.Teor"")t" #r" *" %o+ele ale "nvatar""

1. Rolul invatarii.Concept.

Inca +e la na*tere "n+"v"+#l e*te la*at "ntr-o an#%"ta *"t#at"e) "ntr-#n $rag%ent alreal"tat"" o,"ect"ve atotc# r"n atoare)"ntr-#n a*a "* ca% al e "*tente" *"/o-*oc"ale.

Act"v"tatea)ca $or%a e*ent"ala "n care *e %an"$e*ta *"/"c#l #%an)"nce e "n*tantane# r"n$or%e r"%are +e co% orta%ent : react"" +e a arare *a# +e or"entare)"% #l*#r")ten+"nte *""n*t"ncte ce ra* #n+ #nor %ot"vat"" ,"olog"ce +e *# rav"et#"re r"n a+a tarea la %e+"#.

Toate %an"$e*tar"le a%,"entale- go%ote)l#%"n")voc")%"*car")*c/"%,ar" +ete% erat#ra *.a. +ev"n ) entr# organ"*%#l care le rece t"onea a)*t"%#l")"n *en*#l ca e"recla%a atent"a *" "ntere*#l acel#" organ"*%.

Toto+ata)ele *#nt *# #*e #n#" roce* +e eval#are a "% ortante" e care o re "nta "nra ort c# organ"*%#l) #nele $""n+ categor"*"te ca $""n+ agrea,"le *" +ec" $""n+ ca#tate)altele*#nt ta ate ca $""n+ ne lac#te *" +ec" *e va t"n+e * re ev"tarea lor "ar alte %an"$e*tar" alea%,"ante" ra%an "n+"$erente.

Acea*ta at"t#+"ne +e valor" are a ele%entelor *"t#at"e" re re "nta #n r"% ra* #n*co% orta%ental)c/"ar +aca el e*te #n ra* #n* "ntern)"n lan cogn"t"v *" a$ect"v. St#+""le"n"t"ale ale co% orta%ent#l#")e$ect#ate "n+eo*e," e an"%ale)a# av#t "n ve+ere "n r"nc" alra* #n*#l v" ","l "n lan e tern)"n lan#l react""lor %otor")al act"#n"lor $" "ce %en"te a%ent"ne *a# *c/"%,a ra ort#r"le +"ntre *#,"ect 0o% *a# an"%al *" *"t#at"a "n care ace*tae*te la*at.

St#+"#l *#,"ect#l#" "n *"t#at"e a re re entat +"ntot+ea#na +o%en"#l c/e"e al*"/olog"e")care a "ncercat *a "nteleaga *" *a e l"ce co% orta%ent#l *a# con+#"ta *a.

Pentr# *"/olog"" ,e/av"or"*t" 0 engl.),e/av"or 2 co% orta%ent co% orta%ent#l *ere+#ce la 3 o#t #t 3)a+"ca la %an"$e*tar"le e ter"oare 0 $a te)ra* #n*#r")react"")at"t#+"n" o,"ect"v- o,*erva,"le) $ara a *e #ne ro,le%a %ecan"*%elor cogn"t"ve)%ot"vat"onal-a$ect"ve *a# vol"t"v-reglat"ve care *#nt "% l"cate "n rece t"onarea *" rel#crarea"n$or%at""lor +"n %e+"#)"n clar"$"carea *e%n"$"cat"e" *" at"t#+"n"" $ata +e ace*te +ate +e 3"n #t 3.

4e*" vo% #t"l" a ace*t conce t)ne vo% ra orta la acce t"#nea re entata %a" *#*can+ ave% "n ve+ere *t#+""le e an"%ale) re$eran+ ca "n ca #l o%#l#" *a $ace% a el la

acce t"#nea larg"ta a conce t#l#")n#%"ta +e P.5anet con+#"ta.Con+#"ta *e%n"$"ca act"#nea *#, toate $or%ele e") e tern-%otor"e *" "ntern-*#,"ect"va)

"ncl# an+ a*a+ar "n *c/e%a S-R 0*t"%#l-ra* #n* ver"ga "nter%e+"ara)re* ect"v$eno%enele *"/"ce "nterne)*#,"ect"ve)* ec"$"ce $#nct""lor *" roce*elor *"/"ce care 3roce*ea a 3 "n$or%at""le +e "n #t 0*t"%#l"" ca *" art"c#lar"tat"le +e valor" are a ace*tor"n$or%at"" *" +e l#are a #ne" +ec" "" .

Ver"ga "nter%e+"ara e*te notata r"n P)*e%n"$"can+ er*oana) *c/e%a "nteract"#n""+even"n+ S-P-R )cac" n#%a" con*"+erarea er*oane" ca atare 6#*t"$"ca conce t#l +e"nteract"#ne) "% o*","l +e "ntele* "n a$ara #n#" eval#ator ca a,"l +e a#toreglare cont"n#a

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r"n %ecan"*%ele +e t" $ee+-,ac *" c/"ar +e t" $ee+-$or8ar+ .0reglare r"n eval#area"%e+"ata a con*ec"ntelor act#l#" ro+#* *")re* ect"v) r"n eval#area rogno*t"ca acon*ec"ntelor v""toare ale actelor co% orta%entale act#ale .

Co% orta%ent#l v" ea a) "n o "n"a l#" 5ean P"aget) a+a tarea) a+"ca "ntegrareaar%on"oa*a *" er%anent er$ect","la a o%#l#" "n %e+"#l e "*tent"al)ace*t l#cr# $acan+#-*er"n +o#a roce*e "ntercorelate :

-+e aco%o+are la %e+"#) r"n %o+"$"carea ro r"e" con+#"te) r"n re*tr#ct#rar"le

*c/e%elor *" *tr#ct#r"lor "nterne *" ale te/n"c"lor +e "ntervent"e "n a%,"anta o%#l *ea6#*tea a +# a %e+"#)

-+e a*"%"lare a %e+"#l#")+e tran*$or%are a a%,"ante") entr# a o a6#*ta e acea*tala o*","l"tat"le +e "ntervent"e *" la "ntere*ele *ale o%#l tran*$or%a %e+"#l)*c/"%,a *"t#at"a"n care e #*.

Invatarea)"n genere) "n*ea%na ac/" "t"a #n#" no# co% orta%ent *a# %o+"$"carea#n#" co% orta%ent +e6a +et"n#t )c# con+"t"a ca tran*$or%ar"le co% orta%entale a ar#te*a $"e ro+#*e r"n e erc"t"# *" e er"enta "n+"v"+#ala *" *a *ervea*ca re on+erent #ne"a+a tar" *"/o$" "olog"ce ) *"/"ce *" *oc"ale.

Pe *c#rt) "nvatarea e*te roce*#l +e "n*#*"re a c#no*t"ntelor *" r"ce er"lor ac#%#late +e

o%en"re)cat *" +e $or%are a ca ac"tat"lor nece*are #t"l" ar"" lor 0A.Co*%ov"c")l99 . A*a+ar)ce *e "nvata ; La ce an#%e *e re$era 3co% orta%ent#l 3;

2. Continutul si specificul invatarii umane.

Cont"n#t#l "nvatar"" #%ane e*te $oarte va*t)re$er"n+#-*e la o ga%a larga +e ac/" "t""*a# co% orta%ente +o,an+"te r"n c#noa*terea)"nter"or" area *" #nerea "n act"#ne a#nor :

a "n$or%at"" +e* re o,"ecte)$eno%ene) roce*e) er*oane)colect"v"tat")even"%enteetc.0ac/" "t"a +e c#no*t"nte .

, %o+al"tat" +e a #ne "n relat"" +"ver*e)+e a o era c# ace*te "n$or%at"")c# l#cr#r"le*" $eno%enele reale *" v"rt#ale rec#% : %o+al"tat"le +e a erce e)a %e%ora)a gan+")aco%#n"ca) a "%ag"na)a ro"ecta)con*tr#" *" e loata +"$er"te#nelte)+"* o "t"ve)"n*talat"")teor"" etc 0ac/" "t"a +e r"ce er")+e r"n+er")a,"l"tat")te/n"c")%eto+e)*trateg"" etc .

c %ot"vat"" ale act"#n"lor #%ane)tra"r" a$ect"ve)at"t#+"n" valor" atoare ale ro r"#l#"co% orta%ent *a# al altora)"ntere*e)a* "rat"")conv"nger") "+eal#r")cre+"nte)regle%entar"*oc"ale r"n nor%e)o,"ce"#r") re6#+ecat" *a# t" are co% orta%entale etc 0 ac/" "t"" cer"ve*c con*tr#ct"a ro r"e" er*onal"tat" .

+ ca ac"tat" *a# or"entar" generale) c# caracter evol#t"v-"ntegrator)

a#to*tr#ct#rante *" a#toorgan" atoare ale er*onal"tat"") v" an+ a+a tarea o t"%a "n%e+"#l nat#ral *" *oc"o-c#lt#ral: ca ac"tatea +e a "nvata )"ntel"genta generala)conce t"a+e* re l#%e.

S ec"$"c#l "nvatar"" #%ane re "+a "n $a t#l ca o%#l acce+e la cele %a" %#lte *" %a"co% le e ac/" "t"" r"ntr-#n e$ort con*t"ent)"ntent"onat)%ot"vat n# n#%a" e tr"n*ec c")%a"ale*)"ntr"n*ec :+"n +or"nta +e a *t")+e a *e real" a +e l"n ca er*onal"tate) +e a $" #t"l*e%en"lor r"n contr",#t"" creatoare )novatoare etc. A*t$el) vo"nta) %ot"vat""le *# er"oare *""ntere*ele) *ent"%entele *" at"t#+"n"le)0ele "n*ele "nvatate )$#nct"onea a ca %"6loace+eo*e,"te +e energ" are *" or"entare a co% orta%ent#l#")$ac"l"tea a acea ca ac"tategenerala +e a#toorgan" are *" +e "ntegrare +e care vor,ea% anter"or.

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Toto+ata)"nvatarea #%ana *e caracter" ea a r"n o*","l"tatea ela,orar""teoret"ce) r"n "%ag"narea act"#n"lor)n#%ar#l "ncercar"lor ract"ce $""n+ %#lt re+#* toc%a"+ator"ta roce*#l#" +e eval#are %"ntala a var"antelor co% orta%entale.O%#l "*" lan"$"ca*" "*" organ" ea a act"v"tatea)"ncl#*"v cea +e "nvatare)+e re olvare +e ro,le%e)l#an+ "ncalc#l o %#lt"t#+"ne +e $a te)c#no*c#te *" nec#no*c#te)"*" ela,orea a*c/e%e)*trateg"") rogra%e.

S# er"or"tatea "nvatar"" #%ane)$ata +e cea a an"%alelor) *e $#n+a%entea a *" e$a t#l ca)+"* #nan+ +e l"%,a60e )o%#l are acce* la e er"enta generat""lor anter"oare *a#a *e%en"lor *a") oate co%#n"ca c# ce"lalt" *" ga*e*te "n$or%at"" *a# %"6loace +e real" aregata ela,orate.

4e$"n"tor"e entr# "nvatarea #%ana ra%ane "n*a toc%a" ca ac"tatea +e a +e a*"t" arele co% orta%entale e "*tente *" +e a ela,ora no" $or%e +e a+a tare la *"t#at"".

3. Formele invatarii umane.

E "*ta nen#%arate cr"ter"" +e cla*"$"care a $or%elor +e "nvatare "n*a ele n# *#nte cl#*"v"*te)aceea*" $or%a #tan+ $" rega*"ta "n %a" %#lte a*t$el +e cla*"$"car" *a# $""n+ta ata *" ca t" *a# %o+el +e "nvatare. Ne vo% l"%"ta la cateva var"ante +e cla*"$"care.

a ) Dupa gradul de constientizare re ent "n act#l +e "nvatare *e vor,e*te +e* re :- "nvatare /" not"ca 0"n *tare +e *o%n

- "nvatare latenta)con*t"ent" ata %a" tar "#

- "nvatare * ontana) ne"ntent"onata)relat"v "n*tantanee

-"nvatare con*t"enta)c# %a" %#lte $or%e: r"n "ntelegere *" ant"c" are) r"n +e*co er"recreatoare *" "nvent"va

- "nvatarea "ntel"genta- r"n +e*co er"rea +r#%#l#" ocol"t *.a.

b ) Dupa functiile si procesele psihice ) la n"vel#l carora *e ro+#ce re on+erent"nvatarea) *e +"*t"ng:

-"nvatarea erce t"va. Acea*ta con*ta "n er$ect"onarea ca ac"tat"" +e erce ere a*t"%#l"lor e tern" 0v" #al")a#+"t"v")g#*tat"v")ol$act"v" ) tact"l" *a# "ntern")ca #r%are ae erc"t"#l#". Se a6#nge a*t$el la +"*cr"%"nar" $"ne "ntre *t"%#l" a*e%anator") r"n *ca+erearag#r"lor *en or"ale. P"ctor#l ) %# "c"an#l)+eg#*tator#l +e v"n#r" e ert ) %e+"c#l "ntern"*tce al ea a #n ,olnav *.a. a#)"n +o%en""le lor) erce t"" "n$"n"t %a" ,ogate +ecat ce" caren# a# n"c" "n$or%at""le *" n"c" ract"ca "n+el#nga * ec"$"ce acel#" +o%en"#.

-"nvatarea %otr"ca 0*en or"o-%otr"ca . 4e,#tea a)ca *" cea erce t"va)ca $or%at"% #r"e +e "nvatare *" re*# #ne "n"t"al "nvatarea +e %"*car" relat"v *"% le0a #care)+e la*are) r"n+ere) ar#ncare *a# "%,"nare a o,"ectelor *ol+ate c# +o,an+"rea#nor "n$or%at"" +e* re $or%a *" caracter"*t"c"le $" "ce ale l#cr#r"lor *" c# "n+e%anar" "n

%an" #larea lor.Ulter"or)*#nt o*","le coor+onar" co% le e *en or"o-%otor"" $"nal" ate r"n$or%area #nor *tereot" #r" +"na%"ce)a#to%at"*%e $#nct"onale)+e r"n+er".

-"nvatarea ver,ala .C#vant#l)ca *e%n al *e%nalelor +"n %e+"#)$ace o*","la+eta*area +e o,"ectele concrete *" o erarea c# *e%nele lor)"n a,*enta ace*tor o,"ecte.Not"#nea)care e*te #n *e%n al #ne" cla*e +e o,"ecte *a# $eno%ene) o e re*"e aca ac"tat"lor +e anal" a)*"nte a)general" are)a,*tract" are *" cla*"$"care o erante la n"vel#lgan+"r"")e*te #n "n*tr#%ent e traor+"nar "n ve/"c#larea cont"n#t#r"lor *"/"ce)"n #nerea lor "n relat"" log"ce)"n * or"rea #ter"" +e atr#n+ere "n e*enta $eno%enelor.Invatarea ver,ala*e re$era toc%a" la "nvatarea *e%n"$"cat"e" c#v"ntelor0 l"%,a6#l *" *e%nelor $olo*"te "n

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%ate%at"ca)$" "ca)c/"%"e *.a +o%en"" ale c#noa*ter"")la "n*#*"rea l"%,a6elor * ec"$"ceace*tora.

Ea +e*c/"+e ort"le te a#r#l#" *t""nt"$"c *" c#lt#ral creat +e "na"nta*" ) $ace o*","laa#to"n*tr#"rea.

-"nvatarea "ntel"genta. Invatarea "ntel"genta *a# "ntelect#ala e%erge o+ata c#"nvatarea ver,ala *" oate ca ar tre,#" *a vor,"% n# +e +o#a $or%e +"*t"ncte )ver,ala *""ntel"genta)c" +e #na *"ng#ra) ver,al-"ntelect#ala.

Ea trece +e la $or%area conce telor * re a*"%"larea #nor r"nc" "")reg#l")leg"acce*","le r"ntr-o roce*are co% le a a "n$or%at""lor) e ,a a #nor anal" e log"co-a,*tracte) r"n 6#+ecat" *" rat"ona%ente. Invatarea "ntelect#ala #ne "n ev"+enta *tr#ct#r"lel"%,a6#l#")ca ac"tat"le +e %e%orare *" "%ag"nat"ve) la*t"c"tatea *" ro$#n "%eagan+"r"")n"vel#l +e creat"v"tate "n a,or+area ro,le%elor.

Alat#r" +e r"%ele tre" $or%e)A.T#c"cov


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M#lte +"n ace*te teor"" a# $o*t $#n+a%entate r"n *t#+"" e$ect#ate "n+eo*e," ean"%ale. 4"ntre cele c# a+re*a,"l"tate * re "nvatarea #%ana)*colara "n * ec"al)oa l"ca,"l"tate %are o are teor"a con+"t"onar"" o erante $or%#lata +e


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I.P.Pavlov) $" "olog r#* 01B(9-19& a "% art"t ra* #n*#r"le e care le +aorgan"*%#l)la act"#nea #nor *t"%#l" +"n %e+"# "n +o#a categor"" :

a ra* #n*#r" *a# re$le e necon+"t"onate) "nna*c#te)%ent"n#te er%anent +eorgan"*% *" *erv"n+ $#nct"onar"")con*ervar"" *" rotect"e" *ale :re$le #l +e or"entare * re #n*t"%#l #tern"c +"n a%,"anta 0n#%"t *" re$le #l 3ce *e "nta% la ;3 )*al"varea la ve+erea *a#contact#l c# al"%entele)react"" +e a arare re$le e $ata +e +"ver*" agent" noc"v" *a# agre*"v"0 "nc/"+erea re$le a a oc/"lor *a# lacr"%area )t" at#l *a# r"+"carea %a"n"lor "n $ata * rea arare)retragerea %a"n"lor la contact#l c# a a $oarte rece *a# #n o,"ect "nc"n*)$#gaetc .Ace*tea n#-* "nvatate.

, ra* #n*#r" *a# re$le e con+"t"onate) +o,an+"te "n an#%"te con+"t"")+ec" "nvatate.Ele a# #n caracter te% orar) #tan+ +"* are "n ca #l ne%a" ract"car"" lor.Pr"n ace*troce* ) +e con+"t"onare)#n *t"%#l "n+"$erent +"n %e+"# +o,an+e*te o valoare ,"olog"ca "nv"ata an"%al#l#")+even"n+ #n *e%nal care-l "n$or%ea a $"e +e* re #n even"%ent o "t"v0 a+a are *a# /ran"re)el",erare)or"care alta reco% en*are ) $"e +e* re #n even"%entnegat"v 0 re enta #n#" er"col)*anct"#ne) e+ea *a *.a.

E er"%ent#l cla*"c al l#" Pavlov are ca *#,"ect #n ca"ne "%o,"l" at "nc/"ng")$la%an+)car#"a " *e +a /rana)"n %o+ re etat)"%e+"at +# a a r"n+erea #n#",ec.4aca "n"t"al el *al"va n#%a" la ve+erea /rane"-*t"%#lent c# valoare ,"olog"ca

"ntr"n*eca)necon+"t"onat)#lter"or el va *al"va "%e+"at ce *e a r"n+e ,ec#l-*t"%#lcon+"t"onat)care a +o,an+"t "n*a o valoare ,"olog"ca)$""n+ #n *e%nal al /rane".


7/19

Sa l#a% ca e e% l# e er"%ent#l $ac#t +e S "nner)c# or#%,e" "nc/"*" "n c#*t"* ec"ale)+otate c# #n +"* o "t"v +e /ran"re: #n *ertara* c# ,oa,e care *e +e*c/"+ea0a area +aca era c"ocan"ta o an#%"ta lac#ta neagra)c# #n *e%n al, e ea.Por#%,el#lc"ocanea la "nce #t la "nta% lare) e*te tot.In %o%ent#l c"ocan"r"" acc"+entale a lac#te"%ent"onate)el a r"%"t /rana.

A*t$el) ra* #n*#l *a# a $o*t "ntar"t) r"n reco% en*are)$acan+#-l *a c"ocanea*ca a o"lac#ta or" +e cate or" vro"a /rana.E ca #l an"%alelor +re*ate)care e ec#ta #n n#%ar +e+re*a6 0 ra* #n*#l co% orta%ental entr# a r"%" c#,#l +e a/ar 0 *t"%#l#l ca#tat .

Ce" +o" cercetator" accent#ea a e a* ecte +"$er"te "% l"cate "n ac/" "t"a no#l#"co% orta%ent. E.T/orn+" e)care vor,e*te a*e%en" l#" Pavlov +e cone "#n" "ntre *"t#at""0*t"%#l" *" ra* #n*#r")va con*"+era ca "nvatarea e*te r"or"tar o ro,le%a a "ntar"r"" *"*la,"r"" legat#r"lor +"ntre o *"t#at"e re entata *"%t#r"lor *" ra* #n*#r"le +"n *"*te%#lnervo*.

4aca ace*te legat#r" 0a*oc"at"" *#nt #r%ate +e *#cce* *a# *at"*$act"e $orta lorcre*te)+ev"n %a" tar")*#nt +ec" "ntar"te 0legea e$ect#l#" o "t"v .4aca *#nt #r%ate +e"n*#cce* *a# "n*at"*$act"e $orta lor *ca+e 0legea e$ect#l#" negat"v .Legat#r"le "ntre an#%"te*"t#at"" *" an#%"te ra* #n*#r" *ta# *" *#, *e%n#l leg"" e erc"t"#l#")ace*ta $avor" an+ laran+#l *a# "ntar"rea 0*" %ent"nerea ra* #n*#r"lor #r%ate +e *at"*$act"e.

#t/r"e care a negat rol#l 6#cat +e "ntar"re "nac/" "t"a #n#" co% orta%ent) #nan+ acea*ta ac/" "t"e e cl#*"v e *ea%a3cont"g#"tat""3)a+"ca a a*oc"er"" r"n alat#rare a #n#" ra* #n* care *-a +ove+"t e$"c"ent c#*t"%#l#l *a# *"t#at"a la care *e ca#ta ra* #n*.

O "*"ca)"nc/"*a "ntr-#n la,"r"nt)va ret"ne +"ntre %a" %#lte %"*car" $ac#te * re a *eel",era n#%a" acea %"*care care a ro+#* +e*c/"+erea #*"te".4e*" eva+area era o*","la+oar la *"% la at"ngere a #*"")"n+"$erent "n ce %o+ *e $acea) "*"ca a $olo*"t +e $"ecare +atacan+ *-a re etat e er"enta n#%a" lov"rea c# #%ar#l)care-" er%"*e*e *" r"%a oarare#*"ta.Se ev"+ent"a a a*t$el *tereot" "a "n ra* #n*#r")o $or%a +e co% orta%ent ce-*" arerol#l *a# "n act"v"tatea #%ana)c# e$ecte ,ene$"ce #neor" +ar noncreat"ve +e cele %a" %#lteor")con+#can+ la r#t"na *" ev"tarea no"lor "ncercar")no"lor ra* #n*#r".

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ar $" o #n"tate +"*t"ncta) #n "ntreg.Se o erea a a*t$el c# not"#n"le concrete)ce gr# ea ao,"ecte al a,"le 0co ac)an"%al)ca*a etc *a# c# not"#n"le %a" a,*tracte)3+e$"n"te3-c#% le* #ne >agne)care *e a*"%"lea a r"n #nerea lor "n relat"e c# altele.

!. nsusirea principiilor si a regulilor +ev"ne o*","la +# a "n*#*"rea not"#n"lor cac"r"nc" "#l e*te #n %o+ +e relat"onare e$"c"enta a #n"tat"lor conce t#ale ce-l co% #n) ecare la relat"onea a.Reg#l"le *#nt "n*tr#%ente ce er%"t "n+"v"+#l#" *a ra* #n+a la o cla*a+e *"t#at""-*t"%#l c# o cla*a +e er$or%ante 0R.>agne .Teore%ele %ate%at"ce)leg"le +"n$" "ca)nor%ele +e co% ortare)reg#l"le +e co%,"nare a 6#+ecat"lor * re a +er"va *"log"*%eval"+e etc e e% l"$"ca ac/" "t""le * ec"$"ce ace*t#" t" +e "nvatare. +.Rezolvarea de probleme *" )"n+eo*e,") co% orta%entele creat"ve 0 re re "nta#nct#l cel %a" "nalt la care *e oate %an"$e*ta "nvatarea #%ana. Ele antrenea a toatere*#r*ele #%ane) +e t" #l a t"t#+"n"lor) at"t#+"n"lor) c#no*t"ntelor) r"ce er"lor *"+e r"n+er"lor) e care "n+"v"+#l le *ta ane*te *" e care le %o,"l" ea a *elect"v $#nct"e +eart"c#lar"tat"le *"t#at"onale +ate *" +e "% act#l ace*tor 3"n*tr#%ente3 a*# ra real"tat"" ecare vor *-o a*"%"le e) *-o tran*$or%e.

A*# ra #nora +"ntre ace*te #lt"%e $or%e +e "nvatare) * ec"$"c #%ane) vo% reven"can+ vo% re enta #nele teor"" care a,or+ea a revalent "nvatarea *colara.

, " R/ #C0 R 1.Conce t.Caracter"*t"c".Pr"nc" "".Leg".!.In*#*"rea c#no*t"ntelor .

&. 'or%area +e r"n+er"lor. (.Teor"" r"v"n+ "nvatarea *colara.

1.Concept.Caracteristici.

Invatarea *colara) *cr"e V.O re*c# 0199 ) e*te act"v"tateaorgan" ata) lan"$"cata)"n*t"t#t"onala)+"r"6ata)$ocal" ata e "n*#*"rea cat %a" ra "+a *"

e$"c"enta-+e catre elev- "n r"%#l ran+ a c#no*t"ntelor) r"ce er"lor *" +e r"n+er"lorreva #te +e rogra%ele *colare)a #nor te/n"c" +e "nvatare) e $or%area #noro erat"")a t"t#+"n")at"t#+"n") tra*at#r" etc . 4e$"n"t"a *coate "n ev"+enta atat cont"n#t#l"nvatar"" *colare 0*#,l"n"at +e no" )cat *" caracter"*t"c"le +e$"n"tor"" ale "nvatar"" *colare.

C# r"v"re la cont"n#t *e releva $a t#l ca el)$""n+ lan"$"cat) a are %a" "nta" "n " o*ta a+e *co al roce*#l#" +e "nvata%ant 0ce)cat *" la ce n"vel tre,#"e re+at ) r"n* ca atare "nrogra%ele *" %an#alele *colare) "ar a o" "n " o*ta a +e ro+#* al roce*#l#" +e re+are-"nvatare 0ce c#no*t"nte) r"ce er")+e r"n+er")%o+al"tat" +e gan+"re *" +e co% ortare)%ot"vat"") *tar" a$ect"ve) at"t#+"n" etc a# $o*t ac/" "t"onate *" la ce n"vel . In ace*t conte t+ev"ne o*","la eval#area re #ltatelor "nvatar"") r"n ra ortarea ac/" "t""lor e$ect"ve la celere #%ate) ran+a%ent#l *colar $""n+ e r"%at r"n note.

Ver"$"carea.notarea er$or%antelor *" +ec" "a r"v"n+ ro%ovarea #ne" eta e +e"n*tr#"re *cot "n r"% lan o caracter"*t"ca ce $#nct"onea a er%anent "n ace*t t" +eact"v"tate : cea +e $ee+-,ac r"v"n+ real" area *arc"n"".

4"r"6area "n*tr#"r"" *e $ace n# n#%a" r"n rogra%e *" %an#ale c" *" r"n er*onal* ec"al" at)"nvatarea *colara $""n+ a*"*tata +e ca+r#l +"+act"c .Invatarea are #n caracterrelat"onal "n*t"t#t"onal" at)ce" +o" ter%en" a" relat"e" elev- ro$e*or 0*a# elev-*coala avan+*tat#te *" atr",#t"" ,"ne +el"%"tate.

Invatarea e*te a*t$el "n$l#"entata n# n#%a" +e $actor"" "ntern" 0,"olog"c" *" *"/"c":ere+"tate)var*ta)*e )cal"tat" ale roce*elor *"/"ce) tra*at#r" +e er*onal"tate)ac/" "t""

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anter"oare etc *a# e tern")+e nat#ra e tra*colara 0 $a%"l"a)gr# #l *oc"o-c#lt#ral)n"vel#l +ec"v"l" at"e *.a. )c" *" +e ce" e tern") +e nat#ra +"+act"ca: cont"n#t#l "nvatar"")*trateg""le+"+act"ce) cal"tatea ca+relor) cal"tatea ,a e" te/n"co-%ater"ale)cer"ntele *oc"etat"" etc.

Mo+el#l *ecvent"al al roce*#l#" +e "nvatare )re+at +# a R.>agne) e*te * ec"$"c "nr"%#l ran+ "nvatar"" *colare .Proce*#al"tatea act"v"tat"" +e "nvatare c# r"n+e 0 c$. c#V.O re*c#) l99 :

-*"t#at"a +e lecare)re* ect"v e er"enta *a# re*#r*ele +e la care *e leaca 0 "%ag"n")

not"#n")*c/e%e *" *trateg"" ce $ot $" %o,"l" ate "n a,or+area ro,le%eloretc .A*a+ar)+atele *#,"ect#l#"

-$a a +e rece tare a *t"%#l"lor 0"n$or%at""lor )c# re$er"re la *tarea +e atent"e 0 or"entare"n ra ort c# *"t#at"a)la erce erea caracter"*t"c"lor *t"%#l"lor 0*"t#at"e"- ro,le%a *" laeval#area *e%n"$"cat"e" ace*tor caracter"*t"c".4ec")+atele *"t#at"e" a*a c#% o erce e*#,"ect#l.

-$a a +e "ntelegere. C# r"n+e roce*area "n$or%at""lor $#nct"e +e %"6loacele+et"n#te)*#r r"n+erea "+e"lor r"nc" ale)a %o+#l#" lor +e relat"onare) "ntegrarea lor "n*tr#ct#ra vec/"lor ac/" "t"")re*tr#ct#rar" ale "n$or%at""lor *a# ela,orarea #nor "+e" no".

-$a a +e *toca6. Con*ta "n organ" area #nor re et"t"" rat"onale +e $" are "n %e%or"a +e

%e+"e *" l#nga +#rata a ceea ce *-a "n*#*"t. -$a a +e act#al" are-o,"ect"vare. .Con*ta "n roce*e +e rec#noa*tere *" re ro+#cere a"n$or%at""lor ver,ale)"n %an"ere a*e%anatoare *a# +"$er"te +e %o+el#l "ntrar"")+# aan#%"te cr"ter"" : relevanta)nece*"tate etc.

rincipii. egi.

Tre,#"e *#,l"n"at $a t#l ca "nvatarea *colara)"n v"rt#tea caracter#l#" *ecvent"al0*ecvente +e "n*tr#"re *" ver"$"care )gra+#al 0+e la *"% l# la co% le *" act"onal) are "nve+ere o %#lt"t#+"ne +e r"nc" "" 0nor%e) reg#l" "n ra ort c# care *e $ace re+area-"nvatarea : a r"nc" "#l 0 "nt#"t"e" *a# #n"tat"" +"ntre *en or"al *" rat"onal , .legar""teor"e" c# ract"ca c ."n*#*"r"" con*t"ente *" act"ve a c#no*t"ntelor + .*"*te%at" ar"" *"

cont"n#"tat"" c#no*t"ntelor e .acce*","l"tat"" c#no*t"ntelor *a# re* ectar"" art"c#lar"tat"lor+e var*ta $ ."n+"v"+#al" ar"" *" +"$erent"er"" "nvatar"" *a# re* ectar"" art"c#lar"tat"lor"n+"v"+#ale g ."n*#*"r"" te%e"n"ce a c#no*t"ntelor.0 I.


11/19

Acea*ta lege *#,*#%ea a +o#a r"nc" "" co% le%entare ) cel al #t"l" ar"" *" cel alne#t"l" ar"".

- legea an*a%,l#l#" : or"ce no#a ac/" "t"e ro+#ce e$ecte a*# ra "ntreg"" er*onal"tat")+eter%"nan+ re*tr#ct#rar" la n"vel#l gan+"r"" *" co% orta%ent#l#" #lter"or.

- legea analog"e" : *#,"ect#l va react"ona la o *"t#at"e no#a *electan+ +"n re ertor"#lra* #n*#r"lor *ale e cel care a $o*t e$"c"ent "ntr-o *"t#at"e a*e%anatoare.

- legea gra+at"e" : "nvatarea +ec#rge c# atat %a" re e+e *" %a" e$"c"ent c# cat *arc"n"le+e "nvatare *#nt %a" ,"ne gra+ate "n or+"nea a*cen+enta a +"$"c#ltat"" lor. - legea 3 *et#l#" 3 0 at"t#+"n"") +"* o "t"e" : ra* #n*#l la o *"t#at"e +e "n+e n# n#%a" +e*"t#at"e c" *" +e *tarea "n+"v"+#l#" 0 e er"entele *ale ro r"") "ntere*ele) +"* o "t""le)re$er"ntele *" cre+"ntele *ale etc .

In *$ar*"t) T/orn+" e %a" %ent"onate *" alte leg"tat" 0 *a# r"nc" "" rec#% cel alv"vac"tat"" 0 ra* #n*#r"le *e +a# %a" +egra,a la *t"%#l" #tern"c" +ecat la ce" *la," *a# al*"*te%#l#" %ental 0 c# tr"%"tere la 3"nt#"t"e *.a. 0ve " Ioana ?er*en") *t#+"# "ntro+#ct"v lacartea l#" T/orn+" e

Revenind la continut, *e oate a rec"a ca)"n %are)el oate $" *#,*#%at la +o#acategor"":

-c#no*t"ntele)*a# "n$or%at""le ce *e ac/" "t"onea a.

-+e r"n+er"le)*a# %o+elele co% orta%entale ce *e $or%ea a.

2. nsusirea cunostintelor.

C#no*t"ntele #n#" "n+"v"+ re re "nta acele "n$or%at"" +e* re o% *" l#%ea"ncon6#ratoare e care el *" le-a "n*#*"t) *" le-a "nter"or" at *" e care le oate react#al" a*" $olo*" or" +e cate or" e*te nevo"e.

Ace*te "n$or%at"" *#nt re #ltat#l re$lectar"" "n con*t""nta a "n*#*"r"lor *" %o+#l#" +e a *e%an"$e*ta al o,"ectelor *" $eno%enelor real"tat"" o,"ect"ve rec#% *" a ra ort#r"lor e*ent"ale+"ntre ace*te $eno%ene. In$or%at""le "nter"or" ate 0c#no*t"ntele *e re "nta *#, $or%a +e"%ag"n" 0 erce t"") re re entar" ) not"#n" 0conce te ) reg#l") r"nc" "")leg")*c/e%e *a#%o+ele act"onale *.a.

O r"%a %o+al"tate +e a +o,an+" c#no*t"nte re "+a "n contact#l ne%"6loc"t al*#,"ect#l#" c# real"tatea) can+ erce erea +"recta) r"n cat" %a" %#lt" anal" ator"0v" #al)a#+"t"v) tact"l etc a o,"ectelor) $eno%enelor *" roce*elor +"n %e+"#l "%e+"at)$#rn" ea a r"%ele "n$or%at"".

Ace*t %o+ +e a c#noa*te l#%ea e*te c"rc#%*cr"* ter%en#l#" +e "nvatare erce t"va0"nt#"t"va . 3Int#"t"v3 are a"c" *en*#l contact#l#" ne%"6loc"t real" at r"n *"%t#r") *" n# e cel+e "ntelegere "n*tantanee 03"l#%"nare3 *a# eval#are ro,a,"l"*t"ca a con*ec"ntelor #n#"

$eno%en *a# co% orta%ent.Se oate vor," +e o "nt#"t"e o,"ect#ala -can+ *"%t#r"le v"n "n contact c# o,"ectele *a#

$eno%enele "n *tarea lor nat#rala) +e o "nt#"t"e $"g#rat"va - can+ "n$or%at""le erce t"ve*#nt c#le*e r"n contact#l c# #nele co "" ale o,"ectelor *a# $eno%enelor 0 $otogra$"") $"l%e)ta,lo#r") %#la6e) %ac/ete) *c/e%e) gra$"ce etc *" +e o "nt#"t"e ver,ala -can+ "%ag"n"lere re entate %"ntal *#nt e$ect#l #ne" e #ner" ver,ale 0 ove*t"r") +e*cr"er" e tre% +e*#ge*t"ve. Vo% rega*" acea*ta tr"$#rcare a %o+al"tat"lor +e contact c# real"tatea ca$#n+a%ent al teor"e" "n*tr#"r"" a l#" 5.S.


12/19

4atele $#rn" ate +e c#noa*terea erce t"va *erve*c ca %ater"al ,r#t care va $"roce*at cogn"t"v "n *co #l *#r r"n+er"" notelor lor e*ent"ale)generale)co%#ne #ne"an#%"te cla*e +e o,"ecte *a# $eno%ene. Pentr# a $" c# r"n atoare *" o erat"va) gan+"reae o,l"gata *a *"% l"$"ce %#lt"t#+"nea "% re*""lor ne%"6loc"te) *a el"%"ne ceea ce e*teart"c#lar *" acc"+ental)*a o ere e c# cla*e *a# categor"" +e ele%ente alereal"tat"")+en#%"te r"n c#v"nte gener"ce) re* ect"v not"#n" *a# conce te.

Invatarea not"#n"lor *e * r"6"na a*a+ar e "nvatarea erce t"va *" -a*a c#% vor*#,l"n"a P"aget)al er"n- e cea *en*or"o-%otr"ca 0%an" #lator"e . Intelegerea#nor not"#n") r"nc" "" *a# reg#l" a,*tracte e*te $ac"l"tata)la ran+#l e") +e o e #nere cat%a" "nt#"t"va a ace*tora -"+ee care"a

an+"rea c#noa*te ea "n*a*" o +e voltare *ta+"ala. In*ta+""le "n"t"ale)ale gan+"r"" reo erator"") l"%,a6#l e*te %a" *arac) ca ac"tatea o erat"va%a" re+#*a "ar not"#n"le a# re on+erent #n caracter e% "r"c -$"e ca n# *#r r"n+ toatenotele e*ent"ale ale conce t#l#")$"e ca "ncl#+ *" tra*at#r" art"c#lare)$"e ca n# +"*t"ng c#ac#ratete "ntre e*ent"al *" acc"+ental.

E o *"t#at"e $"rea*ca)"n acor+ c# n"vel#l +e voltar"" "ntreg"" er*onal"tat") "n con+"t""le "ncare act"v"tatea +e ,a a o re re "nta l#area "n *ta an"re a %e+"#l#" ro "% r"n

co% orta%ente %otor"" *" ver,ale *tr"ngent a+a tat"ve "ar 3,a a3 +e +ate erce t"ve e*tere+#*a. In gene a gan+"r"" n# *e oate +e,#ta c# not"#n"le *t""nt"$"ce)ace*tea tre,#"n+ *a$"e ant"c" ate *" regat"te o erat"onal toc%a" r"n not"#n"le e% "r"ce 0P.P.Nevean# .

3.Formarea deprinderilor.

Vo% $ace %a" "nta" cateva rec" ar" +e* re *"ntag%a 3+e r"n+er" - r"ce er"-o,"*n#"nte 3. 4aca "nvatarea e*te r"%or+"al #n act "ntent"onat) con*t"ent *" vol#ntar)r"ce er"le *" +e r"n+er"le *#nt e re*"" ale act"v"tat"" o*tvol#ntare) *#nt %o+al"tat" +ee$ect#are a #nor o erat"" *"% le *a# *arc"n" co% le e c# #n control %a" *ca #t alcon*t""nte" *" al %o,"l" ar"" vol#ntare) +ec" c# #n e$ort %a" econo%"c) %a" re+#*) +ar %a"

,"ne +"rect"onat catre *co #l *a# *arc"na ce *e la*ea a "n ca% #l act"v"tat"" con*t"ente.O er*oana care "nvata *a con+#ca #n a#to%o,"l va $ace "n"t"al #n e$ort con*t"ent

+eo*e,"t 0%are concentrare entr# a "nvata *a %an" #le e relat"v *"%#ltan e+ala +eaccelerat"e *" a%,re"a6#l) $rana) volan#l) *a *e%nal" e e *c/"%,ar"le +e +"rect"e *a# *a*c/"%,e trea ta +e v"te a. Toate ace*te %anevre "l reoc# a atat +e %#lt "ncat el n# e*teca a,"l *a aco ere "ntegral *arc"na +e or"entare "n tra*e#) +e a re%arca "n+"catoarele +ec"rc#lat"e *a# "ntent""le "eton"lor) +e a *e "nca+ra +"n vre%e e ,an+a +e c"rc#lat"e"n+"cata etc. In #r%a #n#" e erc"t"# care va er%"te $or%area +e r"n+er"lor nece*are%anevrar"" *" con+#cer"") el va +even" ca a,"l *a +"rect"one e re*#r*e *"/"ce %a" %ar"

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catre re olvarea *"t#at"e" 0 +e la*are "n tra$"c con*t"ent #r%ar"ta) toc%a" entr# ca+e r"n+er"le $#nct"onea a a#to%at) arca +"r"6ate +e catre #n calc#lator.

Ace*t l#cr# e*te o*","l e ,a a #n#" e erc"t"# ca a,"l *a lege "ntr-o *tr#ct#ra ,"ne+eter%"nata o %#lt"t#+"ne +e acte %a" *"% le) e r"nc" "#l $or%ar"" *tereot" #r"lor+"na%"ce a%"nt"te anter"or) *tr#ct#ra ce oate $" act"vata *" $ac#ta *a $#nct"one e a*e%en"re$le elor *a# "n*t"nctelor)0$ara a *e con$#n+a "n*a c# ace*te $or%e "nna*c#te +eco% orta%ent ) a+"ca "ntr-#n %o+ a#to%at" at .S re +eo*e,"re +e "n*t"ncte) +e r"n+er"le*#nt +oar a arent "n a$ara #n#" control con*t"ent cac" "n n"c"-o *"t#at"e ele n# *ca acontrol#l#" r"n care *coarta cere,rala - "n v"rt#tea r"nc" "#l#" cone "#n"" "nver*e 0 $ee+-,ac - le eval#ea a e$"c"enta) le act"vea a *a# le "n/",a. 4e alt$el)ca or"ce *tereot"+"na%"c) ele ot *#$er" %o+"$"car" *a# ot +"* are "n a,*enta e erc"tar"" lor er%anente.

E "*ta o %are "ntercon+"t"onare "ntre "nvatare) +e r"n+er" *" r"ce er". S" +e r"n+er"le)*" r"ce er"le)*#nt e$ecte ale "nvatar"" +ar) #*#ran+ a o" "nvatarea altor co% orta%ente)*#nt toto+ata *" con+"t"" ale ace*te"a. La $el +e co% le e *#nt *" relat""le +"ntre +e r"n+er"*" r"ce er". 4e r"n+er"le *#nt %o+#r" +e act"#ne "nvatate ) con*ol"+ate) a#to%at" ate r"ne erc"t"#) care *e +e*$a*oara "n a$ara *a# r"n re+#cerea control#l#" con*t"ent) "arr"ce er"le con*ta# "n o*","l"tatea) +o,an+"ta r"n "nvatare) +e a e ec#ta "n %o+ e$"c"ento act"#ne) +e a #t"l" a c#no*t"ntele +o,an+"te "n re olvarea #nor *"t#at"" no" 0ve "V.O re*c#)199 ) .11 -1!D .

Pr"ce er"le *#nt ac/" "t"" *"/"ce %a" larg" +ecat +e r"n+er"le) *#nt o con*ec"nta a+et"ner"" #nor c#no*t"nte) +e r"n+er" re%ergatoare *" a t"t#+"n" * ec"$"ce +o%en"#l#" "ncare ele *e %an"$e*ta) er%"tan+#-" "n+"v"+#l#" *a re olve) $ara #n e erc"t"# regat"tor)an#%"te *"t#at"". E e% le +e r"ce er" co% le e: +e a re olva ro,le%e) a con*tr#" *a#%onta a arate) a %an#" %a*"n"-#nelte) a $ace anal" e gra%at"cale) *t"l"*t"ce etc. Car"ce er" ele%entare) care re%erg $or%area #nor +e r"n+er") #te% a%"nt" : a ta"a) a%an#" o *c#la)a ,ate c# c"ocan#l)a *le$#" *a# "l") a "%,"na) a lega etc

4e r"n+er"le ot $" cla*"$"cate +# a +o%en"#l "n care *e %an"$e*ta) vor,"n+#-*e a*t$el+e +e r"n+er" +e %#nca 0 ro+#ct"va ) * ort"ve) l"terare *" art"*t"ce) *colare etc *a# +# a*$era roce*elor *"/"ce #n+e *e %an"$e*ta) a%"nt"n+#-*e "n ace*t *en* +e r"n+er"le

%otr"ce) erce t"ve 0*en or"ale ) "ntelect#ale . 4"n #nct#l +e ve+ere al "nvatar"" *colare) +e r"n+er"le *" r"ce er"le *#nt #t"le r"naceea ca:

- *#nt %o+al"tat" +e con*ol"+are a c#no*t"ntelor) +e a #ne "n ract"ca cele "nvatate)%o+al"tat" care ele "n*ele *#nt $avor" ante ale ac/" "t"e" +e no" c#no*t"nte 0 a# valoare +e"n*tr#%ente : r"ce er"le *" +e r"n+er"le +e *cr"ere - c"t"re) +e calc#l ar"t%et"c *" alge,r"c)ortogra$"ce) gra%at"cale) +e l#cr# c# cartea 0a $ace re #%ate) lan#r") +e c"t"re ra "+a etc )+e act"v"tate $" "ca *.a.

- $""n+ co% onente a#to%at" ate +e act"#ne 0+e r"n+er"le *a# a,"l"tat" $ac"l"tatoare aleace*te"a 0 r"ce er"le ) ele er%"t "ntelegerea *" real" area o erat"va a *arc"n"lor) "n

con+"t""le cre*ter"" corect"t#+"n"" +e e ec#t"e a o erat""lor) *ca+er"" n#%ar#l#" +e gre*el")*ta,"l" ar"" e$ectelor o "t"ve) a#to%ot"var"" r"n *ent"%ent#l co% etente" *" a#to"ncre+er"".Re*#r*ele ot $" alocate catre alte +"rect"") rec#% "ntelegerea relat""lor) ca# al"tat"")ro,a,"l"tat"lor +e a ar"t"e a #nor even"%ente *a# con*ec"nte.

Co% onenta a$ect"va e*te v" ","la %a" ale* "n ca #l o,"*n#"ntelor) care *#nt e re*"aacelor +e r"n+er" ce *"-a# "er+#t caracter#l +e ne#tral"tate) *tr"ct "n*tr#%ental) +even"n+valor" a,"le ca o "t"ve *a# negat"ve) $#nct"e +e e$ect#l lor co% orta%ental. Pentr# *coala)o,"*n#"ntele o "t"ve 0corect"t#+"nea *" #nct#al"tatea) o,"*n#"nta lect#r"") a real" ar""te%elor aca*a etc *#nt $oarte "% ortante cac" con+#c * re real" area act"v"tat"" +"n ro r"e"n"t"at"va) $""n+ nece*"tat"" "nter"oare ale er*oane".

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Con+"t""le *" eta ele $or%ar"" +e r"n+er"lor.

4# a A.C/"rcev *" I.Ra+# 0l97 ) ot $" +e* r"n*e atr# con+"t"" *" c"nc" eta e) "nroce*#l +e $or%are al +e r"n+er"lor .

Con+"t""le :

a "n*tr#ct"a ver,ala *a# e l"cat"a : *#,"ect#l e "n$or%at +e* re act"#nea ce tre,#"e"n*#*"ta) rec" an+#-*e *co #l) con+"t""le +e real" are *" %"6loacele r"n care *e va real" a.

, re entarea %o+el#l#" act"#n"" 0+e%on*trarea : *e re "nta o erat""le co% onente "n*#cce*"#nea lor) "n ca+r#l act"#n"".

Pr"%ele +o#a con+"t"" *e real" ea a "n aralel) alegan+#-*e #n r"t% al e #ner"" teoret"ce *"+e%on*trat"ve care *a er%"ta #r%ar"rea a%,elor *#r*e +e "n$or%at"e 0 a#+"t"va *"v" #ala ) #tan+#-*e a*t$el ela,ora #n lan %"ntal al act"#n"".

c e erc"t"#l) "n ve+erea "n*#*"r"" o erat""lor. Ace*ta re re "nta con+"t"a $#n+a%entala n#n#%a" a $" ar"" 0 ret"ner"" %"*car"lor c" *" a er$ect"onar"" act#l#" r"n el"%"narea rogre*"vaa o erat""lor ara "te *" r"n "ntar"rea celor e$"c"ente. A"c" *e #ne ro,le%a e*alonar""re et"t""lor) ca#tan+#-*e cea %a" ,#na $or%#la +e at"ngere a re #ltat#l#" +or"t. Pentr# ae e% l"$"ca "% ortanta #n#" 3 rogra%3 al e erc"t""lor) ne vo% re$er" la * ort) #n+eantrena%entele tre,#"e a*t$el +o ate "ncat *a-l con+#ca e * ort"v la at"ngerea $or%e"%a "%e la #n an#%"t %o%ent +e t"% 0 ca% "onat) co% et"t"" "% ortante . + C#noa*terea re #ltatelor. Intar"rea *" control#l. Pr"n c#noa*terea re #ltatelor)*#,"ect#l oate "+ent"$"ca eror"le *" ca# ele lor) a,or+an+ "n con*ec"nta corect"a ace*tora.El oate avea *" o %a*#ra a re#*"te" art"ale *a# totale)$""n+ a*t$el *t"%#lat *a# 3"ntar"t 3 *aer*evere e. C#noa*terea re #ltatelor or"car#" act co% orta%ental oate $" va #ta)+ealt$el) ca #n r"nc" "# e*ent"al al v"et"" *"/"ce) ca o con+"t"e a a#toreglar""co% orta%entale. Ace*t $ee+-,ac 0 legat#ra *a# cone "#ne "nver*a) retroact"#ne $#rn" ea a 3%"cro roce*or#l#"3 #%an 0creer#l "n$or%at""le nece*are eval#ar"" "% act#l#"actelor co% orta%entale 0 acte) "+e" e%"*e) *ent"%ente e r"%ate) at"t#+"n" etc a*# rareal"tat"" %ater"ale *a# *oc"al-#%ane) er%"tan+ a6#*tar" *" rea6#*tar" cont"n#"e alecon+#"te" $#nct"e +e e$"c"enta *a# valoarea *a. E o relat"e c"cl"ca) teoret" ata ca r"nc" "#0#n"ver*al %a" "nta" +e *ever"nean#l Ste$an O+o,le6a *" a o") e*te 1D an") +e Nor,ert="ener 0ca r"nc" "# c",ernet"c .

Con+"t""le $or%ar"" +e r"n+er"lor re re "nta $actor"" e tern" care con+#c la "n*#*"rea%o+#l#" +e real" are a act"#n"") con*t"t#"t "ntr-#n roce* *"/olog"c "ntern ce *e real" ea ae eta e.

Eta ele $or%ar"" +e r"n+er"lor) +e*" ot +"$er" +e la #n +o%en"# la alt#l +e act"v"tate)ot $" general" ate "n #r%atoarea *c/e%a :

a or"entarea *" $a%"l"ar" area c# act"#nea : +e%on*trarea *" e l"cat"a "l or"entea a e*#,"ect "n ro,le%a) clar"$"can+#-" 3 ce *" c#% tre,#"e *a $aca 3. 'a%"l"ar" area *e $ace "n%o+ act"v) con*tan+ "n e erc"t"" regat"toare ce #n "n ev"+enta %"*car" necoor+onate "nca)l"ne +e eror" *" l" *"te +e rec" "e *" $"nete) c# acte "n#t"le *" con*#% ne* ec"$"c +eenerg"e.

, "nvatarea anal"t"ca) e o erat"" : *e "nvata *e arat e ec#t"a $"ecare" o erat"" ce "ntra"n co% onenta #ne" +e r"n+er" "ar "n ca #l o erat""lor %a" co% l"cate ele "n*ele ot $"*#,+"v" ate "n acte *" %"*car".

c organ" area *" *"*te%at" area ele%entelor act"#n"" 0 eta a anal"t"co-*"ntet"ca : *#nt*elect"onate %"*car"le corecte) *e el"%"na eror"le *" %"*car"le +e r"*o* *" *e $ac r"%elee$ort#r" +e an*a%,lare a ele%entelor o erat""lor *" a o erat""lor "n $or%#la *tereot" a

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La no") +e e .) *"/olog#l cl#6ean T.@#lc*ar) a a+%"n"*trat *a te categor"" +e ro,eo erator"" 0cele %a" %#lte a+a tate +# a M.Na**e$at #n#" n#%ar +e &!! elev" +"n cla*elea I-a *" a II-a)a V-a)aVIII-a) con*tatan+ ca %en"rea +e ,a a a ace*tor ro,e 3 n# con*ta "ncla*"$"carea)"n "erar/" area *#,"ect"lor) c" "n +e val#"rea *ta+"#l#" "n care a a6#n* gan+"realor "n roce*#l +e voltar"" e" 0art."n I.Ra+# -coor+.)o . c"t. .

E*te "n*a *#$"c"ent *a con*tata% *" *a ra orta% n"vel#l +e "n*tr#"re-+e voltare alco "l#l#" la #n %o+el al +e voltar"" care a re"e*"t +"n "n*#*" act#l eval#ar"" +e voltar""%"ntale la +"$er"te var*te ;

4aca a% $" +"r"6at acea*ta +e voltare n-a% $" av#t #n alt etalon) 0 alt %o+el +e*tr#ct#rare *a# alte ro r"etat" ale *tr#ct#r"lor cogn"t"ve ;

P.I.Galperin ) *"/olog r#*) a ela,orat 3 teor"a $or%ar"" "n eta e a act"#n"lor %"ntale 30*t#+"" #,l"cate "n l9 &)l9 *.a. ) $or%#lata "n l97 ca 3 teor"a $or%ar"" e eta e aact"#n"lor) c#no*t"ntelor *" conv"nger"lor 3) teor"e care accent#ea a n# n#%a" e rol#lact"#n"" ne%"6loc"te c# o,"ectele "n e+"$"carea o erat""lor %"ntale c") %a" ale*) e caracter#l+e +"r"6are *" $or%are a *tr#ct#r"lor gan+"r"") r"ntr-#n roce* "n*tr#ct"v care *a $r#ct"$"cetoate o*","l"tat"le elev"lor +e "ntelegere *" +e ra* #n* la ro,le%ele #*e +e real"tatea"ncon6#ratoare.

El "-a re ro*at l#" P"aget ca) "n *#r r"n+erea caracter"*t"c"lor gan+"r"") a $ac#t #n "+ol+"n log"ca $or%ala *" ca a "gnorat alte t" #r" +e relat"") +"n alte *t""nte 0 relat"" +"n%ate%at"ca) %ecan"ca) $" "ca) c/"%"e etc ) $a t entr# care +e$"n"rea eta elor +e voltar"""ntelect#ale ca tre te * re o erat""le log"ce n# e*te corecta.

I+eal#l re*ta,"l"t al gan+"r"" e*te n# n#%a" *ta an"rea #nor c#no*t"nte ,"neorgan" ate *" a #n#" *"*te% +e %eto+e ,#ne +e l#cr#) "ncl# an+ relat""le log"co-$or%ale) c"*" o ,#na 3*coala +e l#cr#3 "n +o%en"#l +at *") cel %a" "% ortant l#cr#) or"entarea +# arelat""le *ale e*ent"ale.

In a$ara +e c#no*t"ntele *" r"ce er"le * ec"ale ,"ne ela,orate *" +e *ta an"rea*#$"c"enta a log"c"" %ate%at"ce *" %a" "% ortant)no" a% * #ne %#lt %a" "% ortant) e*te 3*"%t#l roce*#l#"3) "*c#*"nta +e a %erge +# a log"ca l#cr#r"lor "n*e*"3-va *cr"e el

0o .c"t.) .1B1-1B! . >al er"n +"*t"nge +o#a co% onente ale act"#n"" #%ane) #na +e or"entare 0+e anal" a)+e eval#are a *"t#at"e" *" +e $" are a *co #l#" 0o tr"%"tere * re teor""le %ot"vat"onale +et" #l 3goal *ett"ng3) re entate "n ca .& *" alta e ec#tor"e. N# cont"n#t#l o,"ect#l#" "n *"nec" n#%a" or"entarea act"#n"" con*t"t#"e o,"ect#l *"/olog"e") va * #ne el.

Or"entarea con*t"t#"e %ecan"*%#l *"/olog"c al act"#n"") +e ea +e "n an+ roce*#l +e$or%are *" cal"tatea act"#n"lor *" not"#n"lor) $a t entr# care ea *e con*t"t#"e ca o r"%aeta a) +"n cele c"nc" ce tre,#"e arc#r*e ana la trecerea act"#n"" %ater"ale "n l"%,a6 "ntern:

a con*t"t#"rea ,a e" +e or"entare co% leta a act"#n"" 0OCA . Se leaca +e la

ac/" "t""le +et"n#te +e *#,"ect entr# a ela,ora ro"ect#l v""toare" act"#n") "+eea +e* react"#ne. Se +"*t"ng +o#a co% onente ale OCA : *c/e%a *tr#ct#r"" $#n+a%entale a$eno%enelor0note) caracter"*t"c" ) #n"te "n not"#ne) *" algor"t%#l act"#n"lor +e "+ent"$"care anot"#n"" "n ace*te $eno%ene *a# +e re ro+#cere a lor +# a acea*ta *c/e%a 0 *erec" ea a ce o erat"") *" "n ce con+"t"") *e vor $ace entr# a "+ent"$"ca notele o,"ect#l#"*a# $eno%en#l#" . Co% onentele) a*t$el o erat"onal" ate) *e trec e o $"*a +e e erc"t"# ceva *erv" ca %o+el) ca "n*tr#%ent +e l#cr# *" ca o carca*a a act"#n"lor *" not"#n"lor ce *evor $or%a 0 +ec" *e %ater"al" ea a .

, Act"#nea %ater"ala . 'or%a %ater"al" ata a OCA e*te $olo*"ta "n re olvarea #n#"*"*te% +e ro,le%e care $ac ca *c/e%a *" algor"t%#l *a *e tran*$or%e entr# r"%a +ata

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"n not"#n" *")re* ect"v) "n act"#n" ale co "l#l#" "n*#*". Sarc"n"le *e aleg a*t$el *" *e re "nta"ntr-o a*e%enea or+"ne "ncat not"#n"le *" act"#n"le *e general" ea a "n %o+ *"*te%at"c) "ntr-o %a*#ra +"na"nte *ta,"l"ta.

c Act"#nea "n l"%,a6 e tern. '"*a e "nlat#rata) n# "n*a *" control#l e tern al"n*tr#ctor#l#") care-l ver"$"ca e co "l can+ ace*ta relatea a "n+"cat""le $"*e") oral *a# "n*cr"*) can+ e ec#ta no" *arc"n". In ace*t l"%,a6 vor,"t)*oc"al" at) act"#nea "a $or%a 6#+ecat""*" rat"ona%ent#l#". Can+ act"#nea +ec#rge ra "+ *" $ara gre*el") ea va $" trec#ta "n lan%"ntal - a atra eta a.

+ Act"#nea %"ntala ) ca 3 l"%,a6 e tern entr# *"ne3 . Ea e trec#ta "n acela*" %o+ r"ntot +"a a on#l +e *arc"n" *" e*te er$ect"onata ana la aceea*" "n+"cator". At#nc" control#le a*" e*te *# r"%at *" acea*ta +e*c/"+e calea * re contragerea act"#n"" *" trecerea e" "nl"%,a6 "ntern.

e L"%,a6#l "ntern) can+ act"#nea "n l"%,a6 "ntern a are *#,"ect#l#" ca #n gan+ *a# o"+ee +e* re acea*ta act"#ne. Toto+ata o,"ectele "nce *a 3a ara ne%"6loc"t 3 "n erce t"eca "%ag"n" *a# not"#n". L"%,a6#l "ntern 0gan+#l)"+eea re re "nta #n $l# +e *e%n"$"cat""ver,ale nero*t"te) $ara art"c" area ev"+enta a "%ag"n"lor *en or"ale ale l#cr#r"lor) a"%ag"n"lor *onore ale c#v"ntelor *" a "ne*te ""lor ver,ale. N"%"c n# *e "nvata $ortat) tot#l *e"n*#*e*te n#%a" "n act"#ne - va "nc/e"a >al er"n.0 1DB-1D9 *a# 19(-19

N# #te% "nc/e"a $ara a con*e%na ca *coala *ov"et"ca a $o*t *" oate ca %a" e*te

$oarte a%,"t"oa*a) ea re#*"n+ *a $or%e e la co """ +e an" *" a o" +e an" 3not"#n"a#tent"ce3 *" 3o erat"" a#tent"ce3 care) +# a cele con*tatate "n er"o+" ar"le l#" P"aget) *e$or%ea a "n %o+ nor%al e la 1D-1! an". La congre*#l +e *"/olog"e +e la Mo*cova) #n+ea# $o*t e #*e ace*te cercetar") o a#toare co%#n"ca +e* re $or%area)la co "" +e an")anot"#n"lor +e* re 3relat""le log"ce ale cla*elor *" *#,cla*elor3 . La no" *e vor,ea r"n+ecen"#l al no#alea +e* re c"nc"nale $ac#te "n atr# an" *" 6#%atate. Co%entar"#l ra%ane+e*c/"*.

4aca P"aget a "gnorat conte t#l *oc"al "n care *e ro+#ce +e voltarea *a# "nvatarea)

tre,#"e re%arcat ca >al er"n *" *coala *a a# "gnorat *a# a# +enat#rat +e voltareaa$ect"va a co "l#l#") %ot"vat""le l#" +o%"nante) nece*"tatea ec/"l",rar"" "ntre ac#%#lar"lecogn"t"ve) cele a$ect"ve *" e re*"a ace*tora "n act"v"tate.

S#nt +e*t#le ca #r" "n care o +e voltare %"ntala recoce n# a con+#* la er$or%ante#lter"oare +eo*e,"te ,a) +"% otr"va) a rovocat c/"ar a ar"t"a #nor t#l,#rar" "n lan a$ect"v0#n %ot"v $""n+ *" cel al +"*cre ante" "ntre a* "rat""- real" ar" e$ect"ve .

Co% orta%entele cele %a" e$"c"ente *#nt cele %ot"vate +"n "nter"or) act"v"tat"le "n care*e re#*e*te *#nt cele "n care %ot"vat"a +eclan*ar"" *" *#*t"ner"" lor a $o*t "nter"or" ata)re re "nta +or"nta *" vo"nta er*oane".

E*te +"*c#ta,"l +aca #n co "l +e an" are %ot"vat"a "ntr"n*eca a "nteleger"" *" o erar""

c# 3 not"#n" a#tent"ce3 etc. Cal"tatea +e%er*#l#" e+agog"c recon" at +e >al er"n) "n"n*#*"rea not"#n"lor *a# o erat""lor +"ver*e e*te "nconte*ta,"la) ace*t +e%er* tre,#"e "n*aa+ecvat art"c#lar"tat"lor glo,ale ale er*onal"tat"".

Re$er"nte ,",l"ogra$"ce:

A.T#c"cov-


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5.4av"t ) S.al er"n) St#+"" +e *"/olog"a "nvatar"") 197

V. O re*c#) '#n+a%entele *"/olog"ce ale regat"r"" *" $or%ar"" +"+act"ce) 199

I.Ra+# 0coor+. ) St#+"" +e *"/olog"e *colara)

Al Ro*ca 0re+. ) P*"/olog"e generala) l97

E.L.T/orn+" e) Invatarea #%ana)19B&

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4.PE.preleg. 7-9. invatarea umana.scolara.

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Transcript of 4.PE.preleg. 7-9. invatarea umana.scolara.