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Page 1: Recapitulare Engleza_Modulul I

Modulul I – Engleza incepatori

Prezentul Simplu ( Present Simple )

I. Prezentul simplu se formeaza astfel:

1. Afirmativ:

Subiect + Verbul la infinitiv ( fara to ) + restul propozitiei neschimbata.

Atentie !

La pers. a III a sg se adauga la infinitivul verbului OBLIGATORIU terminatia “ s “. Terminatia “ es “ se foloseste cand verbul se termina in s, x, z, sh, ch, tch,o: to watch - he watches. Verbele terminate in “ y “ precedat de o consoana schimba “ y “ in “ i “ si se adauga “ es “: to try – he tries.

o I go to work by car. - Eu merg la servici cu masina.o He often runs. – El alearga uneori.o Every day he is a good person. – In fiecare zi el este o persoana buna.o He usually has five books in his bookcase. - De obicei el are cinci carti in biblioteca. o This Summer we can learn English. – In aceasta vara noi putem invata engleza.

2. Interogativ:

a) Daca verbul este fie TO BE, TO HAVE sau CAN interogativul se formeaza astfel:

Verbul la infinitiv scurt ( be, have sau can ) + Subiect + restul propozitiei neschimbata

o Is he every day a good person? – Este el in fiecare zi o persoana buna?o Has he usually five books in his bookcase? – Are el de obicei cinci carti in biblioteca? o Can we this Summer learn English? – Putem noi in aceasta vara sa invatam engleza?

b) Daca verbul nu este cel din lista de mai sus ( to be, to have sau can ), interogativul se formeaza astfel:

Do / Does + Subiect + Verbul la infinitiv ( fara to ) + restul propozitiei neschimbata

o Do I go to work by car? - Merg eu la servici cu masina? o Does he run often? – Alearga el uneori?

Atentie!

La pers. a III a sg la interogativ se pune “ does “ si nu se mai adauga la infinitivul verbului NICIODATA terminatia “ s ”, care se adauga obligatoriu la afirmativ.

3. Negativ:

a) Daca verbul este fie TO BE, TO HAVE sau CAN negativul se formeaza astfel:

Subiect + Verbul la infinitiv ( be, have sau can ) + not + restul propozitiei neschimbata

are + not = aren’t is + not = isn’t have + not = haven’t has + not = hasn’t can + not = can’t

o Every day he isn’t a good person. – In fiecare zi el nu este o persoana buna.o He usually hasn’t five books in his bookcase. - De obicei el nu are cinci carti in biblioteca. o This Summer we can’t learn English. – In aceasta vara noi nu putem invata engleza.

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b) Daca verbul nu este cel din lista de mai sus ( to be, to have sau can ), negativul se formeaza astfel:

Subiect + Do / Does + not + Verbul la infinitiv + restul propozitiei neschimbata

do + not = don’t does + not = doesn’t

o I don’t go to work by car. - Eu nu merg la serviciu cu masina.o He often doesn’t run. – El adesea nu alearga.

Atentie!

La pers. a III a sg la negativ se pune “doesn’t“ si nu se mai adauga la infinitivul verbului terminatia “s”, care se adauga obligatoriu la afirmativ.

TO PLAY TO BE

Afirmativ I often play tennis.You often play tennis .He / She often plays tennis .We often play tennis. You often play tennis .They often play tennis.

I am a good person every day.You are a good person every day.He / She is a good person every day.We are a good person every day.You are a good person every day.They are a good person every day.

Interogativ Do I often play tennis?Do you often play tennis?Does he / she often play tennis?Do we often play tennis?Do you often play tennis?Do they often play tennis?

Am I a good person every day ?Are you a good person every day ?Is he / she a good person every day ?Are we a good person every day ?Are you a good person every day ?Are they a good person every day ?

Negativ I often don’t play tennis.You often don’t play tennis. He / she often doesn’t play tennis.We often don’t play tennisYou often don’t play tennis. They often don’t play tennis.

I am not a good person every day.You aren’t a good person every day.He / she isn’t a good person every day.We aren’t a good person every day.You aren’t a good person every day.They aren’t a good person every day.

II. Prezentul simplu se foloseste pentru:

1. actiuni obisnuite, repetate fixate prin adverbe sau locutiuni adverbiale ca: every day, usually, rarely, sometimes, once a week, often, every year etc.

o I usualy watch TV. – De obicei ma uit la TV.o We play tennis every day. – Noi jucam tenis in fiecare zi.o He doesn’t smoke but he drinks a lot. – El nu fumeaza dar bea mult.

2. actiuni generale care au loc intr-un moment nespecificat, dar care include si momentul vorbirii. Adverbele folosite sunt: always, never, ever.

o Sun shines. – Soarele rasare.o Birds fly. – Pasarile zboara.o Wood always floats in the water. - Lemnul intotdeauna pluteste pe apa.o Water freezes at 00 C and boils at 1000 C. – Apa ingheata la 00 C si fierbe la 1000 C.

3. viitorul pentru:

a) exprimarea datei:

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o Tomorrow is Sunday.- Maine este duminica.

b) actiunie planificate, aranjamente de viitor folosite cu verbe de miscare ( go, come, leave ) sau verbe ca begin, start, finish:

o The bus for Bucharest leaves at 12.15 on Monday.- Autobuzul pentru Bucuresti pleaca Luni la 12.15.

c) subordonate de timp ( introduse de after, before ) sau conditionale ( introduse de if, in case ):

o If it rains I will stay home. - Daca ploua, voi sta in casa.

4. o scuccesiune de evenimente scurte:

o We open de door, come in and turn on the light. – Noi deschidem usa, intram si aprindem lumina.

5. un trecut pentru povestiri sau cu verbele tell, learn, write

o One day the girl goes to the woods.- Intr-o zi fata mergea in padure.

Atentie!

Daca in propozitie nu se regaseste nici una din situatiile de folosire a prezentului simplu se va folosi INOTDEAUNA PREZENTUL CONTINUU.

Prezentul Continuu ( Present Continuous )

I. Prezentul continuu se formeaza astfel:

1. Afirmativ:

Subiect + TO BE conjugat la prezent + Verbul la infinitiv ( fara to ) +vb in terminatia “ ing” + restul propozitiei neschimbata

o I am going to work by car today. - Eu merg la serviciu cu masina azi.o He is running. – El alearga.o You are having a coffee now. – Tu bei cafea acum.

2. Interogativ:

TO BE conjugat la prezent + Subiect + Verbul la infinitiv ( fara to ) + terminatia “ ing” + restul propozitiei neschimbata

o Am I going to work by car today?. - Merg eu la serviciu cu masina azi?o Is he running? – Alearga el? o Are you having a coffee now? – Bei o cafea acum?

3. Negativ:

Subiect + TO BE conjugat la prezent + not + Verbul la infinitiv ( fara to ) + terminatia “ ing” + restul propozitiei neschimbata

are + not = aren’t is + not = isn’t I + am = I’m

o I’m not going to work by car today. - Eu nu merg la serviciu cu masina azi.o He isn’t running. – El nu alearga.

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o You aren’t having a coffee now. – Tu nu bei cafea acum.

Atentie !

“ y “ final se pastreaza, chiar daca e precedat de consoana sau vocala: study - studying, play – playing “ ie “ final se transforma in “ y “ : die - dying ( a muri ) , lie - lying ( a minti ) “ e “ final se pierde: have – having ; exceptii: see - seeing, be – being consoana finala se dubleaza daca vocala precedenta e scurta si accentuata: stop – stopping

  TO PLAY TO STOP

Afirmativ I’m playing tennis.  You are playing tennis.He / she is playing tennis.We are playing tennis.You are playing tennis.They are playing tennis.

I’m stopping work.  You are stopping work. .He / she is stopping work. .We are stopping work. .You are stopping work. .They are stopping work. .

Interogativ Am I playing tennis?Are you playing tennis?Is  he / she playing tennis?Are we playing tennis?Are you playing tennis?Are they playing tennis?

Am I stopping work?Are you stopping work?Is  he / she stopping work?Are we stopping work?Are you stopping work?Are they stopping work?

Negativ I’m not playing tennis.You aren’t playing tennis.He / she isn’t playing tennis.We aren’t playing tennis.You aren’t playing tennis.They aren’t playing tennis.

I‘m not stopping work.You aren’t stopping work.He / she isn’t stopping work.We aren’t stopping work.You aren’t stopping work.They aren’t stopping work.

2. Prezentul continuu se foloseste pentru:

1. a descrie o actiune in curs de desfasurare in momentul vorbirii fixata prin adverbe sau locutiuni adverbiale cum ar fi: now, at the moment, these days, this week, today, tonight

o Look! He is washing his car now- Priveste! El isi spala masina acum.o What are you doing there? - Ce faci acolo?

2. actiuni care se desfasoara pe o perioada mai mare de timp, incluzand si momentul vorbirii

John is studying Maths for his exam. – John studiaza matematica pentru examen. My brother is writting a book. – Fratele meu scrie o carte.

3. o actiune viitoare, prevazuta sau programata:

o They are buying a new house in May. - Ei isi cumpara o casa noua in luna mai.o What are you doing next Monday? - Ce faci lunea viitoare?

4. a exprima iritarea sau dezaprobarea impreuna cu always:

o She is always coming in when we talk something important. - Intotdeauna trebuie sa intre in camera fix cand vorbim noi lucruri importante.

5. a descrie pozitiile corpuluio She is standing. - Ea sta in picioare.

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Trecutul Simplu ( Past Tense Simple )

Trecutul simplu se foloseste pentru a exprima actiuni incheiate in trecut. Exprima o actiune care a avut loc la un moment dat in trecut, iar perioada de timp s-a incheiat.

Trecutul simplu se foloseste cu urmatoarele adverbe sau locutiuni adverbiale, care se aseaza la sfarsitul propozitiei:

yesterday – ieri last year – anul trecut four days ago - acum 4 zile last week - saptamana trecuta last season – sezonul trecut last night – noaptea trecuta last month – luna trecuta last summer – vara trecuta etc

I. Trecutul simplu se formeaza astfel:

1. Afirmativ:

a) la verbele regulate:

Subiect + Verbul la infinitiv ( fara to ) + terminatia “ ed” + restul propozitiei neschimbata.

o We played in the park yesterday. – Noi ne-am jucat in parc ieri.o They learned English last year. – Ei au invatat engleza anul trecut.

b) la verbele neregulate:

Subiect + forma a doua a verbului din tabel + restul propozitiei neschimbata.

o You were there four days ago. – Tu ai fost acolo acum patru zileo He wrote a book last month. – El a scris o carte luna trecuta.o You had five books in bookcase last night. Tu ai avut cinci carti in biblioteca seara trecuta. o We could run faster then last time . – Noi am putut sa alergam mai repede decat data trecuta.

2. Interogativ:

a) Daca verbul este fie TO BE, TO HAVE sau CAN interogativul se formeaza astfel:

Verbul la trecutul simplu ( be, have sau can ) + Subiect + restul propozitiei neschimbata

o Were you there four days ago? – Ai fost acolo acum patru zile?o Had you five books in bookcase last night? - A avut el cinci carti in biblioteca seara trecuta? o Could we run faster last time? – Am putut noi sa alergam mai repede decat data trecuta?

b) Daca verbul nu este cel din lista de mai sus ( to be, to have sau can ), interogativul se formeaza astfel:

Did + Subiect + Verbul la infinitiv ( fara to ) + restul propozitiei neschimbata.

o Did we play in the park yesterday ? – Ne-am jucat in parc ieri?o Did they learn English last year ? – Au invatat ei engleza anul trecut?

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3. Negativ:

a) Daca verbul este fie TO BE, TO HAVE sau CAN negativul se formeaza astfel:

Subiect + Verbul la trecutul simplu ( be, have sau can ) + not + restul propozitiei neschimbata

was + not = wasn’t were + not = weren’t had + not = hadn’t could + not = couldn’t

o You weren’t there four days ago. – Tu nu ai fost acolo acum patru zileo He hadn’t five books in bookcase last night. – El nu a avut cinci carti in biblioteca seara trecuta.o We couldn’t run faster last time. – Noi nu am putut sa alergam mai repede decat data trecuta.

b) Daca verbul nu este cel din lista de mai sus ( to be, to have sau can ), negativul se formeaza astfel:

Subiect + Did + not + Verbul la infinitiv ( fara to ) + restul propozitiei neschimbata.

did + not = didn’t

o We didn’t play in the park yesterday. – Noi nu ne-am jucat in parc ieri.o They didn’t learn English last year. – Ei nu au invatat engleza anul trecut.

Verbe regulateTO PLAY

Verbe neregulateTO BE

Afirmativ I played tennis last week.You played tennis last week.He / she played tennis last week.We played tennis last week.You played tennis last week.They played tennis last week. 

I was on vacantion last year .You were on vacantion last year.  He / she was on vacantion last year. We were on vacantion last year.You were on vacantion last year. They were on vacantion last year. 

Interogativ Did I play tennis last week?Did you play tennis last week?Did he / she play tennis last week?Did we play tennis last week?Did you play tennis last week?Did they play tennis last week? 

Was I on vacantion last year?Were you on vacantion last year?Was he / she on vacantion last year?Were we on vacantion last year?Were you on vacantion last year?Were they on vacantion last year? 

Negativ I didn’t play tennis last week.You didn’t play tennis last week.He / she didn’t play tennis last week.We didn’t play tennis last week.You didn’t play tennis last week.They didn’t play tennis last week. 

I wasn’t on vacantion last year.You weren’t on vacantion last year.He / she wasn’t on vacantion last year.We weren’t on vacantion last year.You weren’t on vacantion last year.They weren’t on vacantion last year. 

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Trecutul Continuu ( Past Continuous Tense )

Trecutul continuu este folosit pentru:

1. a exprima actiuni care au avut loc ( trecut simplu ) in timp ce o alta actiune era in desfasurare

o I was watching TV when my brother came in screaming. - Ma uitam la TV cand fratele meu a intrat tipand.

2. a indica o actiune in desfasurare care este intrerupta de o alta

o I was learning a book while you were sleeping. - Eu am citit o carte in timp ce tu dormeai.

Trecutul continuu se formeaza astfel:

1. Afirmativ:

Subiect + was / were + Verbul la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing"

o I was playing in the park. – Eu m-am jucat in parc.o You were being there. – Tu ai fost acolo.o He was writting a book. – El a scris o carte.

2. Interogativ:

Was / Were + Subiect + Verbul la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing"

o Was I playing in the park? – M-am jucat in parc?o Were you being there? – Ai fost acolo?o Was he writting a book? – A scris el o carte?

3. Negativ:

Subiect + was / were + not + Verbul la infinitiv + terminatia "-ing"

was + not = wasn’t were + not = weren’t

o I wasn’t playing in the park. – Eu nu m-am jucat in parc.o You weren’t being there. – Tu nu ai fost acolo.o He wasn’t writting a book. – El nu a scris o carte.

  Verbe regulateTO PLAY

Verbe neregulateTO BE

Afirmativ I was playing tennis.  You were playing tennis.He / she was playing tennis.We were playing tennis.You were playing tennis.They were playing tennis.

I was being there.You were being thereHe / she was being there.We were being there.You were being there.They were being there.

Interogativ Was I playing tennis?Were you playing tennis?Was  he / she playing tennis?Were we playing tennis?Were you playing tennis?Were they playing tennis?

Was I being there?Were you being there?Was  he / she being there?Were we being there?Were you being there?Were they being there?

Negativ I wasn’t playing tennis.You weren’t playing tennis.He / she wasn’t playing tennis.We weren’t playing tennis.You weren’t playing tennis.They weren’t playing tennis.

 I wasn’t being there.You weren’t being there.He/she wasn’t being there.We weren’t being there.You weren’t being there.They weren’t being there.

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Viitorul ( Future )

Viitorul se foloseste cand urmeaza o actiune care o sa se petreaca.

I. Viitorul se formeaza astfel:

1. Afirmativ:

a) Viitor 1

Subiect + will + Verbul la infinitiv ( fara to ) + restul propozitiei neschimbata.

o We will play in the park. – Noi ne vom juca in parc.o They will learn English. – Ei vor invata engleza.o You will be there tomorrow. – Tu vei fi acolo maine.o He will write a book. – El va scrie o carte. o You will have five books in bookcase. - Tu vei avea cinci carti in biblioteca.

b) Viitor 2

Subiect + TO BE + going to + Verbul la infinitiv ( fara to ) + restul propozitiei neschimbata.

o going to - forma care se foloseste cu intelesul de “ intentionez sa “

o We are going to play in the park. – Noi intentionam sa ne jucam in parc.o They are going to learn English. – Ei intentioneaza sa invete engleza.o You are going to be there tomorrow. – Tu intentionezi sa fi acolo maine.o He is going to write a book. – El intentioneaza sa scrie o carte. o You are going to have five books in bookcase. - Tu intentionezi sa ai cinci carti in biblioteca.

2. Interogativ:

a) Viitor 1

Will + Subiect + Verbul la infinitiv ( fara to ) + restul propozitiei neschimbata.

o Will we play in the park? – Ne vom juca noi in parc?o Will they learn English? – Vor invata ei engleza?o Will you be there tomorrow? – Vei fi acolo maine?o Will he write a book? – Va scrie el o carte?o Will you have five books in bookcase? – Vei avea cinci carti in biblioteca?

b) Viitor 2

TO BE + Subiect + going to + Verbul la infinitiv ( fara to ) + restul propozitiei neschimbata.

o Are we going to play in the park? – Intentionam noi sa ne jucam in parc?o Are they going to learn English? – Intentioneaza ei sa invete engleza?o Are you going to be there tomorrow? – Intentionezi sa fi acolo maine?o Is he going to write a book? - Intentioneaza el sa scrie o carte?o Are you going to have five books in bookcase? - Intentionezi sa ai cinci carti in biblioteca?

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3. Negativ:

a) Viitor 1

Subiect + will + not + Verbul la infinitiv ( fara to ) + restul propozitiei neschimbata.

o will + not = won’t

o We won’t play in the park. – Noi nu ne vom juca in parc.o They won’t learn English. – Ei nu vor invata engleza.o You won’t be there tomorrow. – Tu nu vei fi acolo maine.o He won’t write a book. – El nu va scrie o carte. o You won’t have five books in bookcase. - Tu nu vei avea cinci carti in biblioteca.

b) Viitor 2

Subiect + TO BE + not + going to + Verbul la infinitiv ( fara to ) + restul propozitiei neschimbata

o are + not = aren’t is + not = isn’t

o We aren’t going to play in the park. – Noi nu intentionam sa ne jucam in parc.o They aren’t going to learn English. – Ei nu intentioneaza sa invete engleza.o You aren’t going to be there tomorrow. – Tu nu intentionezi sa fi acolo maine.o He isn’t going to write a book. – El nu intentioneaza sa scrie o carte. o You aren’t going to have five books in bookcase. – Tu nu intentionezi sa ai cinci carti in biblioteca.

II. Viitorul se foloseste pentru:

1. preziceri ale actiunilor viitoare.

o Computer technology will influence our future. – Tehnologia computerului va influenta viitorul nostru.

2. decizii care tocmai s-au luat si care nu au fost planuite.

o I will finish this report tomorrow. – Voi termina acest raport maine.

3. promisiuni o I will phone you. – Te voi suna.

4. O invitatie la un eveniment, actiune

o Will you come to my house on Sunday? – Vii la mine acasa sambata?

De retinut !

Mai exista 2 tipuri de viitor:

Un present simplu care arata o actiune bine stabilita:

o The train leaves at 7:30. – Trenul va pleca la 7:30. - trenul intotdeauna pleaca la ora respectiva.

Un prezent continuu:

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Viitor 1 - Will Viitor 2 – To be + going to

Afirmativ I will play tennis next week.You will play tennis next week.He / she will play tennis next week.We will play tennis next week..You will play tennis next week.They will play tennis next week. 

I’m going to go on vacantion .You are going to go on vacantionHe / she is going to go on vacantion. We are going to go on vacantion.You are going to go on vacantion. They are going to go on vacantion 

Interogativ Will I play tennis next week?Will you play tennis next week?Will he / she play tennis next week?Will we play tennis next week?Will you play tennis next week?Will they play tennis next week? 

Am I going to go on vacantion ?Are you going to go on vacantion ?Is she / he going to go on vacantion ?Are we going to go on vacantion ?Are you going to go on vacantion ?Are they going to go on vacantion ? 

Negativ I won’t play tennis next week.You won’t play tennis next week.He / she won’t play tennis next week.We won’t play tennis next week.You won’t play tennis next week.They won’t play tennis next week. 

I’m not going to go on vacantion.You aren’t going to go on vacantion.He / she isn’t going to go on vacantion.We aren’t going to go on vacantion.You aren’t going to go on vacantion.They aren’t going to go on vacantion. 

Atentie !

Daca in prima parte a propozitiei avem verbul la TRECUT in partea a doua se va folosi intotdeauna VIITORUL IN TRECUT – WOULD.

I promised that I would come tomorrow. – I-am promis ca voi veni maine.

Prepozitia ( The preposition )

Prepozitiile sunt in general asezate inaintea cuvintelor la care se refera.

Prepozitia TraducereExplicatii

About 1. in jurul, in preajma, pe; prin;2. pe la, in jurul, in preajma;3. cam de, cam la;4. despre.

1. este mult mai general decat “in” si “round”2. este mai putin decat “at”3. --------------4. --------------

My woman - teacher told me about that exam. – Profesoara mi-a povestit despre acel examen.I arrived home about nine o’clock. – Am ajuns acasa in jurul orei noua.

Above1. deasupre, peste; dincolo de;2. mai mult de, peste;3. mai (pre)sus de.

1. Spre deosebire de “over”, nu presupune contactul cu o baza2. -------------3. Implica idea de superioritate

The plane is above the clouds. – Avionul este deasupra norilor.

Across 1. Peste Se foloseste pentru miscare, sa nu se confunde cu “opposite” folosit impreuna cu un verb static.

Andrei is running across the street. – Andrei trece peste strada alergand.

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Amoung 1. Printre; dintre. Exprima idea de apartenenta. Spre deosebire de “between” se foloseste in legatura cu mai mult de doua notiuni.

The house is among the trees. – Casa este printre copaci.

After 1. Dupa. Spre deosebire de “behind” arata succesiune si deseori scopul.

I am going to read for the exam after I am having dinner. – Eu intentionez sa citesc pentru examen dupa ce iau cina.

Around / round 1. In jurul, imprejurul Se foloseste numai cu verbele de stare.

They are running around / round the track. – Ei alearga in jurul pistei.

Along 1. De-a lungul ----------

Ana is walking along the street. – Ana merge de-a lungul strazii.

As far as 1. Pana la; la fel de. Are numai sens spatial sau figurat ( niciodata temporal ).

My office is as far as Laura’s office. – LBiroul meu este la fel de departe ca al Laurei.

At1. La

Exprima de cele mai multe ori stare ape loc, spre deosebire de “to”

Se foloseste in legatura cu localitatile mici spre deosebire de “in”

George is at the bus station. – George este la statia de autobus.

Before1. Inaintea;2. Inainte de

1. Se foloseste in legatura cu persoanele2. ----------

I arrived home yestarday before my mother. – Eu am ajuns ieri acasa inaintea mamei.

Behind1. In spatele, in urma Nu presupune scopul sau urmarirea ca “after”

The cuppboarb is behind the door. – Dulapul de bucatarie este in spatele usii.

Below - fig1. Dedesubtul, sub, mai jos de Presupune un punct pe verticala, spre deosebire de “under”

Today the temperature is below zero degres. - Azi temperatura este sub zero grade.

Between1. Intre Se foloseste in legatura cu doua notiuni, spre deosebire de

“among”

My house is between the market and bank. – Casa mea este intre piata si banca.

By

1. La, langa, alaturi de, cu;2. Pe langa;3. Prin;4. Catre, cel mai tarziu (la);5. Fig. – de (catre)

1. Arata vecinatatea nemijocita2. ------------3. ------------4. Arata limita de timp pana la care ajunge actiunea

(neinceputa inca) pe care o exprima verbul5. ------------

My uncle was leaving by the train to his son. – Unchiul meu a plecat cu trenul la fiul lui.The table is by the bad. – Masa este pe langa pat.

That song was written by Mozart. – Cantecul acela a fost scris de Mozart.Ana should be there by the time. – Ana trebuie sa fie acolo la timp.

During1. In timpul, in vremea Sa nu se confunde prepozitia cu conjunctia “while” (in timp ce)

I fell tired during the meeting. – Ma simt obosit in timpul sedintei.

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For1. Timp de, de;2. Pentru, dupa

1. -----------2. -----------

I am staying home for two hours. – Eu stau acasa timp de doua ore.What do you eat for Christamns? – Ce vei manca pentru craciun?

I am looking for my dog. – Ma uit dupa cainele meu.

From

1. De la, dinspre;2. Din, de la, de, de pe;3. Din (cauza).

1. Exprima desprinderea si, mai rar, scoaterea2. Arata punctul de plecare3. -----------

The letter which I receive is from Ana. – Scrisoarea pe care am primit-o este de la Ana.He is running away from fire. – El alearga departe de foc.

Please take the folwers from the table. – Te rog ia florile de pe masa.

In

1. La;2. In, in cursul, in timpul;3. Peste, dupa.

1. Este de cele mai multe ori static2. -----------3. Poate arata depasirea unei limite de timp

Ana left in a few minute. Ana a plceat in cateva minute.

Into1. In. Arata patrunderea intr-un spatiu sau volum.

The manager came into the office. – Asistentul a intrat in birou.

In front of1. In fata -----------

The cyclist is in front of the bus. – Ciclistul este in fata autobuzului.

Next to1. Langa Presupune a fi unul langa altul

Jessica is sitting next to Andrew. – Jesica sta langa Andrei.

Near 1. Aproape deNu presupune contact

The airport is near Baneasa. – Aeroporul este aproape de Baneasa.

Of

1. De;2. In urma, din cauza, de;3. Dintre;4. Despre.

1. -----------2. -----------3. -----------4. -----------

On top of 1. In varful -----------

The luggage are on top of the wardrobe. – Bagajele sunt in varful sifonierului.

On

1. Pe;2. In, la;3. Despre.

1. Arata locul sau directia.2. Este folosit inaintea zilelor saptamanii, a datelor.3. ----------

The glasess is on the table. – Ochelarii sunt pe masa.Matei lives on the river Danube. - Matei locuieste pe Dunare.

I was born on June. – M-am nascut in Iunie.

Out of1. Din. Arata extractia dintr-un volum.

Matei is getting out of the car. – Matei iese din masina.

Opposite1. Vis a vis, peste 1. Folosit cu verbele statice

They live near by bank which is opposite the park. - Ei locuiesc aproape de banca care este vis a vis de park.

Over 1.Deasupra, peste;2. Peste, prin;3. Fata de, asupra;

1 Implica un contact cu baza.2. Implica raspandirea pe o suprafata.3. Poate presupune idea de autoritate.

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4. Mai mult de. 4. -----------

There is a bridge over the river. – Este un pod peste rau.

Past1. Pe langa Se foloseste cu verbele de miscare

The car is going past the house. – Masina trece pe langa casa.

Since 1. De la, de, din. Are sens temporal.

I play football since childhood. - Joc fotbal din copilarie.

Through

1. Prin;2. Tot, toata, in tot cursul;3. Cu ajutorul;4. Din (cauza)

1. -----------2. -----------3. -----------4. -----------

We were walking through the park. – Noi ne-am plimbat prin parc.

Till, until 1. Pana la. Are numai sensuri temporale.

She is watting me until seven o’clock. – Ea ma asteapata pana la ora sapte.

To1. La, spre, inspre, catre, pana;2. Temporal: pana la.

1. Implica idea de miscare, spre deosebire de “at”.2. ----------

The plane fly to London. – Avionul zboara la Londra.

Towards1. Spre, catre. Arata directia in mod aproximativ, spre deosebire de “to”.

Matei is walking towards the sun. – Matei merge spre soare.

Under1. Sub, dedesubtul. Presupune contactul nemijlocit cu baza.

Figurat – exprima supunerea, subordonarea.

The ball rolled under the chair. – Mingea s-a rostogolit sub scaun.The employs always are under the boss. – Intotdeauna angajatii sunt sub sefi.

Up1. Pe. Este folosit cu verbele de miscare, spre deosebire de “on”.

Matei is going up the stairs. – Matei urca pe scari.

With

1. Cu, impreuna cu;2. La;3. Din cauza, de.

1. -----------2. -----------3. -----------

I was shopping with my best friend. – Am fost la cumparaturi cu cea mai buna prietena.

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Pluralul substantivelor

Reguli:

1. Majoritatea substantivelor formeză pluralul adaugand la cuvantul de baza terminatia “s“

Singular Plural

dog - câine dogs - câini

book - carte books- cărţi

rose - trandafir roses - trandafiri

2. La substantivele care se termina in “ ch, sh, s, ss, x “ se va adauga la cuvantul de baza terminatia “es“

Singular Plural

box - cutie boxes - cutii

church - biserica churches - biserici

bus - autobuz buses - autobuze

3. La substantivele care se termina in “ y “ se va adauga la cuvantul de baza:

terminatia “ies“ - daca avem o consoana inaintea terminatiei o y se va transforma in I

Singular Plural

country - tara countries - tari

city - oras cities - orase

baby - copil babies - copii

terminatia “s“ - daca avem o vocala inaintea terminatie o se va pastra y

Singular Plural

boy - baiat boys - baieti

key - cheie keys - chei

toy - jucarie toys - jucarii

4. La substantivele care se termina in “ f, fe “ se va adauga la cuvantul de baza terminatia “ves“ f se va transforma in v

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Singular Plural

wife - sotie wives - sotii

life - viaţă lives - vieţi

wolf - lup wolves - lupi

Exceptie!

Roof – roofs - acoperis

5. La substantivele care se termina in “ o “ se va adauga la cuvantul de baza terminatia “es“ sau “s“

Singular Plural

potato - cartof potatoes - cartofi

tomato - rosie tomatoes - rosii

photo - fotografie photos - fotografii

6. Unele substantive au forme neregulate de plural

Singular Plural

woman - femeie women - femei

man - bărbat men - bărbaţi

child- copil children - copii

tooth - dinte teeth - dinţi

foot - picior feet - picioare

person - persoană people - oameni

mouse - soarece mice - soareci

ox - bou oxen - boi

7. Unele substantive nu au plural

Singular Plural

sheep - oaie 0

fish - peşte 0

species - specie 0

information - informatie 0

lugagge - bagaj 0

aircraft - avion 0

furniture - mobila 0

8. Unele substantive nu au singular

Singular Plural

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0 news - stiri

0 glasses – ochelari

0 troussers - pantaloni

0 athletics - atletismul

0 linguistics - lingvistica

Exemple:

o The news is on at 6.30 p.m. - Ştirile se difuzează la 6.30 pm.o Athletics is good for young people. - Atletismul este bun pentru tineri.o Linguistics is the study of language. - Lingvistica reprezintă studierea limbii.o Darts is a popular game in England. - Darts este un joc popular în Anglia.

Recapitulare pluralul substantivelor

Singular Plural

Forme neregulate

tooth - dinte teeth – dinti

man – barbat men – barbati

ox – bou oxen – boi

mouse – soarece mice – soareci

child – copil children – copii

foot – picior feet – picioare

woman – femeie women - femei

Substantive fara pural

glasses - ochelari 0

deer - caprioara 0

sheep - oaie 0

information - informatie 0

lugagge - bagaj 0

aircraft - avion 0

furniture - mobila 0

fish - peşte 0

tomato - rosie tomatoes - rosii

photo - fotografie photos - fotografii

life - viaţă lives - vieţi

wolf - lup wolves - lupi

country - tara countries - tari

boy - baiat boys - baieti

box - cutie boxes - cutii

church - biserica churches - biserici

book - carte books- cărţi

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Genurile substantivelor

Reguli:

1. Cand se face referire la meserii:

Masculin Feminin

policeman - politist policewoman - politista

teacherman - profesor woman teacher- profesoara

doctor - doctor woman doctor- doctore

judge - judecator woman judge - judecatoare

Atentie! Daca dupa meserie nu se precizeaza genul se deduce ca este de gen masculin!

2. Trecerea de la masculin la feminin se face adaugandu-se la cuvantul de baza terminatia “ess “

Masculin Feminin

actor - actor actress - actrita

prince - print princess - printesa

lion - leu lioness - leoaica

manager - administrator manageress - administratora

3. Substantive care au forme diferite de gen:

Masculin Feminin

boy - baiat girl - fata

father - tata mother - mama

brother - baiat sister - sora

horse - cal mare - iapa

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Recapitulare genurile substantivelor

Masculin Feminin

Masculin diferit de feminin

horse – cal mare – iapa

bull - bou cow – vaca

son – fiu daughter – fiica

king – rege queen – regina

man – barbat woman – femeie

fox – vulpoi vixen – vulpe

gander – gascan goose – gasca

uncle – unchi aunt - matusa

father - tata mother - mama

dog – caine bitch – catea

nephew – nepot niece – nepoata

husband – sot wife – sotie

widower – vaduv widow – vaduva

Adaugarea la feminin a terminatiei “ess“

actor – actor actress – actrita

manager – administrator manageress - administratora

prince - print princess - printesa

lion - leu lioness - leoaica

Masculin = Feminin

driver – sofer driver - soferita

elepfhant – elefant elepfhant – elefant

guide – ghid guide – ghida

camel – camila camel – camila

assistant - asistent assistant - asistenta

snake – sarpe snake – sarpe

cousin – verisor cousin – verisoara

player - jucator player - jucatoare

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VERB – ADJECTIV – ADVERB

Atentie!

Adjectivele se asaza in propozitie langa un substantiv, iar adverbele se regasesc in propozitie dupa un verb.

Verb Adjectiv – “ ing “ Adverb – “ ed “to amuse – a amuza amusing - amuzant amused - amuzant

to interest – a interesa

interesting - interesant interested – interesat

Obligatoriu se va pune dupa acest

adverb prepozitia “ in “

to accuse – a acuza accusing - acuzator accused - acuzat

to bore – a se plictisi boring - plictisitor bored - plictisit

to love – a iubi loving - iubitor loved - iubit

to scare – a speria scaring - inspaimantator scared – speriat

to excite – a incanta exciting - incantator excited – incantat

to disappoint – a dezamagi disappointing - dezamagitor disappointed – dezamagit

------------ tiring - obositor tired - obosit

Exemple:

o I wasn’t very amused by this amusing joke – Eu nu am fost foarte amuzat de aceasta gluma amuzanta.o He is very interested in History and he finds this book interesting. – El este foarte interesat de istorie si

gaseste aceasta carte interesanta.o They are accusing people because they were wrongly accused. – Ei sunt oameni acuzatori pentru ca au

fost acuzati pe nedrept.o I think that you are more and more bored because your job is boring. – Cred ca tu esti din ce in ce mai

plictisit pentru ca serviciul tau este plictisitor.o She was loved by everybody because she was a loving person. – Ea a fost iubita de toata lumea pentru

ca era o persoana iubitoare.o Stop being so scared, it isn’t a scaring movie. – Nu mai fi atat de speriat, nu este un film inspaimantator.o They were as excited as me by the exciting surprise which I prepared myself. – Ei au fost la fel de

incantati ca mine de surpriza incantatoare pe care am pregatit-o eu insumi.o You are less disappointed than your friends by disappointing exam. – Tu esti mai putin dezamagit decat

prietenii tai de examenul dezamagitor.o He said that this was the most tiring day and tomorrow he would be tired. – El a spus ca aceasta a fost

cea mai obositoare zi si ca maine va fi obosit.

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Gradele de comparatie

1. Comparatia adjectivelor monosilabice, se formeaza astfel:La comparativ: adjectiv + “er“ + “than”La superlativ: “ the “ + adjectiv + “est”

Consoana finala a unui adjectiv monosilabic se dubleaza la comparativ si superlativ daca e precedata de o consoana scurta - ex: red – redder – reddest.

Adjectivele terminate in “e” primesc la comparativ numai “r” si “st” la superlativ.ex: - large – larger - largest.

Adjectivele terminate in “y” precedat de consoana il transform ape acesta in “I” la comparativ si superlativ – ex: dry – drier – driest.

Pozitivforma dictionar

Comparativ –“ er “ … + “ than “

Superlativ –“ the “ …. + “est “

big - mare Bigger... than - mai mare decat the biggest - cel mai mare

clever - destept Cleverer… than – mai destept decat the cleverest - cel mai destept

dry - uscat Drier… than - mai uscat decat the driest - cel mai uscat

fat - gras Fatter… than - mai gras decat the fattest - cel mai gras

fast - rapid Faster… than - mai rapid decat the fastest- cel mai rapid

happy – fericit Happier… than – mai fericit decat the happiest – cel mai fericit

long - lung Longer… than - mai lung decat the longest - cel mai lung

large - mare Larger… than – mai mare decat the largest – cel mai mare

nice - frumos Nicer… than - mai frumos decat the nicest - cel mai frumos

thick - gros Thicker… than – mai gros decat the thickest – cel mai gros

tall - inalt Taller… than - mai inalt decat the tallest - cel mai inalt

thin - subtire Thiner… than - mai subtire decat the thinest - cel mai subtire

red - rosu Reder… than – mai rosu decat the redest – cel mai rosu

sad - trist Sadder… than - mai trist decat the saddest - cel mai trist

short - scund Shorter… than - mai scund decat the shortest - cel mai scund

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smart - destept smarter …than - mai destept decat the smartest - cel mai destept

ugly - urat Uglier… than - mai urat decat the ugliest - cel mai urat

2. Comparatia adjectivelor de doua si mai julte silabe:

La comparativ: “more” + adjectiv La superlativ: “the“ + “most” + adjectiv

Pozitivforma dictionar

Comparativ –“ more “

Superlativ –“ the most “

Beautiful - frumos More beautiful – mai frumos The most beautiful – cel mai frumos

Atractiv - atractiv More attractive – mai atragator The most atractiv – cel mai atragator

Bored - plictisit More bored – mai plictisit The most bored – cel mai plictisit

Important - important More important – mai important The most important – cel mai important

Interesting - interesant More interesting – mai interesant The most interesting – cel mai interesant

Romantic - romantic More romantic – mai romantic The most romantic – cel mai romantic

3. Comparatia adjectivelor neregulate:

La superlativ: in cele mai multe cazuri se formeaza astfel: “the“ + adjectivul de la comparativ + “st”

Pozitivforma dictionar

Comparativ – Superlativ –“ the” … “st “

Bad - rau Worse – mai rau The worst – cel mai rau

Good - bun Better – mai bun The best – cel mai bun

Much - mult More – mai mult The most – cel mai mult

Many - multe More – mai multe The most – cele mai multe

Little - mic Less – mai putin The least – cel putin

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The last - ultimul

Far - departeFarther – mai departe – sens geografic

Further – mai departe – sens negeografic

The farthest – cel mai departe

The furthest – cel mai departe

Old - batran

Older – mai batran

Elder – mai batran – folosit numai pentru frate si sora

The oldest – cel mai batran

The eldest– cel mai batran

4. Constructii speciale:

comparativ ( adjectivul 1 ) + and + comparativ ( adjectivul 2 ) – se traduce prin “ din ce in ce mai “

o He is getting better and better. - El devine din ce in ce mai bun.

The + comparativ …….. The + comparativ – se traduce prin “ cu cat mai …. Cu atat mai “

o The younger he is, the less he knows. – Cu cat e mai tanar, cu atat stie mai putin.

As + adjectiv + as – se traduce prin “ la fel de “

o She is as tall as her brother. – Ea este la fel de inalta ca fratele ei.

Pronumele

Pronumele personalnominativ

Pronumele personalacuzativ

Pronumele posesiv– determina un verb

Adjectivul posesiv – determina un

substantivPronumele reflexiv

I – eu Me - pe mine , ma Mine – al meu My – al meu Myself – eu insumi

You – tu You – pe tine, tie Yours – al tau Your – al tau Yourself – tu insuti

He – el

She – ea

It – el / ea

Him – pe el, lui

Her – pe ea, ei

It – pe el, ea

His – al lui

Hers – al ei

Its – al lui / al ei

His – al lui

Her – al ei

Its – al lui / al ei

Himself – el insusi

Herself – ea insasi

Itself – el insusi / ea insasi

We - noi Us – pe noi, noua Ours – al nostru Our – al nostru Ourselves – noi insine

You - voi You – pe voi, voua Yours – al vostru Your – al vostru Yourselves – voi insiva

They – ei, eleThem – pe ei, lor Theirs – al lor Their – al lor

Themselves – ei insisi / ele insele

Atentie!

Pronumele posesiv se aseaza langa un verb si arata posesia.

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o This interesting book is mine. – Aceasta carte interesanta este a mea.

o The biggest house is theirs. - Cea mai mare casa este a lor.

Adjectivul posesiv se aseaza intotdeauna langa un substantiv.

o That is our car. – Aceea este masina noastra.o My sister borrow me her pen. – Sora mea mi-a imprumutat penarul ei.

Pronumele demonstrativ

Pronumele interogativ Pronumele relativ

This – acesta, aceasta Who? – cine? Who – care, cine

These – acestia, acestea Whose? – al, a. ai, ale cui? Whose – al, a, ai, ale carui, cui

That – acela, aceea (to) whom? – cui? (to) whom – carui (a), cui

Those – aceia, acelea Whom? – pe cine? Whom – pe care, pe cine

----- What? – ce, care? (neselectiv) -----

----- Which? – care, pe care? (selectiv) -----

Pronumele nehotarat

Pronume nehotarat Compus din pronumele nehotarat

Some

– niste, unele, cateva –

Se foloseste in propozitii afirmative si interogative

Thing – ceva

Body – cineva

One – cineva ( anume )

Where - undeva

Any

– niste, unele –

Se foloseste pentru negatie si interogatie

Thing – orice

Body – oricine

One – oricare

Where - oriunde

No

– nici o, nici un –

Se foloseste pentru negatie

Thing – nimic

Body – nimeni

One – nicunul

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Where - nicaieri

Every

– fiecare –

Se foloseste numai pentru afirmativ

Thing – orice, totul

Body – toti, toata lumea

One – fiecare ( in parte )

Where – pretutindeni, peste tot

Folosirea infinitivului

1. Infinitivul se foloseste intodeauna dupa urmatoarele verbe:

Verbe dupa care se foloseste infinitivul

agree - a fi de acord manage – a administraallow – a permite mean – a insemnacan afford – a-si permite need – a avea nevoiecan’t afford – a nu-si permite offer – a oferichoose – a alege pretend – a pretinde

decide – a decide promise – a promiteencourage – a incuraja recommend – a recomandaexpect – a spera refuse – a refuza

forget – a uita teach - a preda

help – a ajuta train – a antrena

hope – a spera want – a dori

learn – a invata would like – a dori

Exemple:

o I forgot to close the window – Am uitat sa inchid fereastra.o Mary needs to leave early. – Mary trebuie sa plece devreme.o We can’t afford to take a long holiday. – Nu ne permitem sa ne luam o vacanta lunga.

2. Infinitivul se foloseste dupa urmatoarele adjective:

Adjective dupa care se foloseste infinitivul

disappointed - dezamagitglad – bucuroshappy – fericitpleased – incantatrelieved – eliberat

sad – tristsurprised – surprins

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Exemple:

o I was happy to help them – Am fost fericit sa-i ajut.o She will be delighted to see you. – Va fi incantata sa te cunoasca.

3. Infinitivul se foloseste atunci cand avem “too” + adjectiv

Exemple:

o The water was too cold to swim in. – Apa a fost prea rece sa inotam in ea.o She will be delighted to see you. – Va fi incantata sa te cunoasca.

4. Infinitivul se foloseste atunci cand avem adjectiv + “enough”

Exemple:

o He was strong enough to lift in. – El era prea puternic sa-l ridic.o She is reach enough to buy two cars. – Ea este suficient de bogata sa cumpere doua masini.

Folosirea “ ing”- ul

1. “Ing”-ul se foloseste cand cuvantul este subiect:

Exemple:

o Swimming is good exercise. – Inotatul este un bun exercitiu.o Doctors say that smoking is bad for you. – Doctorii spun ca fumatul ester au pentru tine.

2. “Ing”-ul se foloseste dupa urmatoarele prepozitii:

to in with without

Exemple:

o I look forward to meeting you. – Ma uit in spate sa te intalnesc.o They left without saying “Good bye”. – Ei au plecat fara sa spuna “La revedere”.

3. “Ing”-ul se foloseste dupa urmatoarele verbe:

Verbe dupa care se foloseste “ ing “- ul

avoid - a evita give up – a renuntadeny – a nega imagine – a-si imagina dislike – a displacea mind – a deranjadiscuss – a discuta not mind – a nu deranjaengjoy – a face placere practise – a practica

finish – a termina remember – a-si amintisuggest – a sugera

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Exemple:

o I dislike getting up early. – Imi displace sa ma trezesc devreme.o Woul you mind opening the window? – Te deranjeaza sa deschizi fereastra?

De retinut !

Verbul “continue” suporta dupa el atat infinitivul cat si “ ing “ –ul.

o It continues to rain since last night. – Continua sa ploua de noaptea trecuta. o It continues raining since last night. – Continua sa ploua de noaptea trecuta.

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