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SUCCES IN INVATAREA LIMBII ENGLEZE !

<titlu> Gramatica limbii engleze, pentru uz colar </titlu>Autori:<titlu> CUVÎNT ÎNAINTE </titlu>Lucrarea de a a ot co"ce#ut ca u" $aterial de reeri" #e"tru ele%i& #roeorii alte cate'orii de

 #eroa"e i"tereate de tudiul li$(ii e"'le)e*

+" tratarea #ro(le$elor& ,a a%ut +" %edere $odul +" care acetea u"t #re)e"tate +" $a-oritatea$a"ualelori 'ra$aticilor de li$( e"'le) di" ara "oatr * Au ot de ae$e"ea +" ate"ia autorilor  #ro'reele +"re'itrate +" a"ali)a e"o$e"ului li"'%itic +" 'e"eral& "u "u$ai +" Ro$."ia& dar i +" rileu"de e %or(ete li$(a e"'le)& #recu$ i caracteritica li$(ii e"'le)e co"te$#ora"e de a a#lica re'ulilelei(ili "ua"at& +" u"cie de co#ul co$u"icrii& de i"terlocutor 0li$(a- oicial au a$iliar1i dea#ectul li$(ii 0cri au oral1*Lu."d +" co"ideraie toate acete a#ecte& Gra$atica li$(ii e"'le)e #e"tru u) colar #re)i"te"o$e"ele 'ra$aticale +" $od decri#ti%*2" cadrul #ii I& Morolo'ia& u"t tudiate re'ulile #ri%itoare la or$a cu%i"telor* Aceat #ri$ #arteete co"iderat ca deoe(it de i$#orta"t #e"tru cel care tudia) li$(a e"'le)& deoarece #ri$ul lucrucare e +"%a +" 'ra$atica u"ei li$(i tr i"e ete cu$ e or$ea) cate'oriile 'ra$aticale de (a):ti$#urile %er(ului& #luralul u(ta"ti%elor& co$#araia ad-ecti%elor etc*3artea a II,a i #artea a III,a& Si"taa #ro#o)iiei i Si"taa ra)ei& cu#ri"d re'ulile #ri%itoare la

+$(i"area cu%i"telor +" #ro#o)i

ii

i a #ro#o)i

iilor +" ra)e* Aceat

 #arte ete co"iderat

 de* ae$e"eai$#orta"t& deoarece ea arat celui care tudia) li$(a e"'le) cu$  oloeac or$ele 'ra$aticale #e care le,a +"%at* I" decrierea or$ei cu%i"telor 0+" cadrul $orolo'iei1i a u"cio"rii lor +"co$u"icare 0+" cadrul i"taei1& lucrarea reia air$aiile co"i"ute +" $a"ualele colare +" %i'oare*Ceea ce aduce +" #lu Gra$atica li$(ii e"'le)e& #e"tru u) colar ete o i$a'i"e u"cio"al& dea"a$(lu& au#ra e"o$e"ului 'ra$atical co"te$#ora"& #ri" #eciicarea at.t a u"or #oi(ile a(ateri dela re'uli& c.t i a ituaiilor +" care e oloec or$ele 'ra$aticale: +" %or(irea cure"t au +" li$(acri& +" tilul oicial au +" literatur & +" %aria"ta (rita"ic au cea a$erica" a li$(ii e"'le)e*+" ela(orarea lucr rii& ,a #or"it de la e#licaiile 'ra$aticale i co$#e"diile de 'ra$atic cu#ri"e +"$a"ualele de li$( e"'le) actual$e"te +" u) +" colile di" ara "oatr i de la e#erie"a #ero"ali aaltor cadre didactice +" #redarea li$(ii e"'le)e*2" #ri$ul r."d& autoarele ,au (a)at #e tradiia creat de 'ra$aticile ela(orate de: Leo" Le%ic4i& Ioa"3reda , Gra$atica li$(ii e"'le)e& Ed* tii"iic 56789 Alice Bdecu , Gra$atica li$(ii e"'le)e& Ed*tii"iic& 5679 Catedra de li$( i literatur  e"'le)* U"i%eritatea di" Bucureti , Gra$atica li$(iie"'le)e& Ed* tii"iic& 567;9 Ioa"a te "ecu , Lecture i" E"'li4 Mor#4olo'& U"i%* di" Buc*& 568=*A%."d +" %edere te"di"ele rece"te di" li$(a e"'le) co"te$#ora"& au ot oloite i lucr ri #u(licate+" Marea Brita"ie i +" alte ri 0%e)i ca#* Bi(lio'raie19 iar #e"tru a oeri cititorului u" cadru de reeri"a$iliari #oi(ilitatea de a ace co$#araii cu tructura li$(ii ro$."e& dei"iiile 'e"erale& tructuralucr rii i ter$i"olo'ia au ot ela(orate #e (a)a u"or 'ra$atici ale& li$(ii ro$."e: Acade$ia R*S*R* ,Gra$atica li$(ii ro$."e& Ed* Acade$iei R*S*R*& 56779 C* i$itriu , Gra$atica li$(ii ro$."e e#licat*Morolo'ia& ?u"i$ea& 56869 I* Iorda"& VI* Ro(u , Li$(a ro$."a co"te$#ora"& E**3*& 568=*Tri$iterile la urele oloite ,ro$."eti au tr i"e ,"u au ot de re'ul $e"io"ate #e #arcurul lucr rii

 #e"tru a "u +"'reuia lectura& $aterialele de reeri" ii"d #eciicate la .r itul lucr rii*atorit caracterului #ractic al lucr rii& a#tele de teorie 'ra$atical co"i"ute +" Gra$atic au ote#ue ucci"t i +"oite de "u$eroae ee$#liicri* Ee$#lele #re)e"te +" lucrare u"t di"tre cele $aii$#le& aa cu$ u"t ele oloite +" %or(irea cure"t au #re)e"tate +" alte 'ra$atici ale li$(ii e"'le)e&ii"d* co"truite #e (a)a u"ui %oca(ular redu i accei(il& uor de +"ele #e"tru ele%i*

Situaiile +" care deoe(irile di"tre cele dou li$(i #re)i"t diiculti #e"tru ele%ul ro$." au otu(li"iate +" lucrare i #racticate +" eerciiile care ur$ea) iecrui ca#itol* Re)ol%area u"ui $are "u$r de eerciii a ot i"clu la .r itul %olu$ului*Autoarele dorec i e#ri$e 'ratitudi"ea a de autorii 'ra$aticilor li$(ii e"'le)e $e"io"aia"terior& care au #u (a)ele u"ei olide tradiii de a"'litic +" Ro$."ia9 $ulu$irile "oatre e +"drea#tde ae$e"ea ctre ait* u"i%* Sa"da Reti"c4i de la U"i%eritatea di" Bucureti& #ro* Alea"dra Vailiu&de la liceul de art @Geor'e E"ecu i #ro* A"ca Iliecu& de la coala 'e"eral "r* di" Bucureti&

 #e"tru co$#ete"a i r  (darea cu care au #arcur lucrarea +"D tadiul de ela(orare& oeri"d (i"e%e"iteu'etii critice*

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+" e'al $ur & autoarele i"  $ulu$eac redaciei de #ecialitate de la Editura didactic i #eda'o'ic #e"tru reco$a"drile #reioae date i $u"ca de urat +" #re'tirea %olu$ului #e"tru #u(licare*Ela(orarea u"ei ae$e"ea 'ra$atici #re)e"t."d "u$eroae diicultiD autoarele atea#t eu i"tereu'etiii reco$a"dri di" #artea cititorilor& +" %ederea +$(u"irii lucr rii& #e"tru o e%e"tualreeditare*G* G* i E* C*

 pag: 005Partea IMORO!OGIA"Morp#olog$%I&'& GENERA!ITAI'&(& Mor)ologiai *inta+aCele dou #i co"tituti%e ale 'ra$aticii tradiio"ale u"t $oolo'ia i i"taa*Mor)ologia cu#ri"de re'ulile #ri%itoare la or$a cu%i"telor i la $odiicrile or$ale alecu%i"telor tudiate #e #i de %or(ire9 i " t a a cu#ri"de re'ulile #ri%itoare la +$(i"area cu%i"telor +"

 #ro#o)iii i ra)e*5

<"ote>5* Gra$atica li$(ii ro$."e& %ol* I& Ed* Acad* R*S*R*& Bucureti& 5677& #*55*</"ote>

'&& Criterii -e utilizare .n -e)inirea pilor -e /orbireU"itatea de a"ali) +" 'ra$atica tradiio"al ete cu%."tul*Gra$atica tradiio"al 'ru#ea) cu%i"tele +" )ece clae $ari& "u$ite #i de %or(ire:u(ta"ti%ul& articolul& ad-ecti%ul& #ro"u$ele& "u$eralul& %er(ul& ad%er(ul& #re#o)iia& co"-u"cia ii"ter-ecia*2$#irea cu%i"telor +" )ece #i de %or(ire e (a)ea) de oloirea co"co$ite"t a trei criterii:a1 criteriul e$a"tic F e"ul leical cel $ai 'e"eral al claelor de cu%i"te9

 (1 criteriul $orolo'ic F c4i$(rile ce au loc +" or$a cu%i"telor #e"tru e#ri$area cate'oriilor 'ra$aticale de 'e"& "u$r& ca)& #eroa"& co$#araie& $od& ti$#& a#ect i diate)9c1 criteriul i"tactic F #oi(ilitatea cu%i"telor de a +"de#li"i u"cii i"tactice +" cadrul #ro#o)iiei*ei"irea #ilor de %or(ire e (a)ea) #e toate cele trei criterii& u" i"'ur criteriu ii"di"uicie"t*'&&(* i" #u"ct de %edere e$a"tic& #ile de %or(ire e diti"' du# ceea ce e#ri$ ele:

"u$ele u"ui o(iect 0u(ta"ti%ul& i"direct i #ro"u$ele& care i"e locul u"ui u(ta"ti%1& o +"uire a u"uio(iect 0ad-ecti%ul1& u" "u$r au o deter$i"are "u$eric 0"u$eralul1& o aciu"e au o tare 0%er(ul1& ocaracteritic a u"ei aciu"i& tri au i"uiri 0ad%er(ul1& eteriori)area u"ui e"ti$e"t& a u"ei tri i)ice&a u"ui act de %oi" au i$itarea u"ui u"et 0i"ter-ecia1;

<"ote>;* I(id*& #* 5;*</"ote>

 pag: 006 i" #u"ct de %edre al criteriului e$a"tic& #ile de %or(ire e +$#art +":a1 #i de %or(ire cu e" leical de i"e ttor& i care #ot i #i de #ro#o)iie: u(ta"ti%ul&ad-ecti%ul& #ro"u$ele& "u$eralul& %er(ul& ad%er(ul i i"ter-ecia9

 (1 #i de %or(ire care "u au +"totdeau"a e" leical de i"e ttor& e#ri$."d ra#orturi +"tre"oiu"i& i care "u #ot i #i de #ro#o)iie: #re#o)iia& co"-u"cia i articolul*

5 Gra$atica li$(ii ro$."e& %ol* I& Ed* Acad* R*S*R*& Bucureti& 5677& #* 55*; i(id*& #* 5;'&&& 2" u"cie de criteriul $orolo'ic& cu%i"tele di" li$(a e"'le) +i $odiic or$a #e"true#ri$area cate'oriilor 'ra$aticale de 'e"& "u$r&ca)& #eroa"& co$#araie& ti$#& $od& a#ect idiate)*Sc4i$(rile +$ or$a cu%i"telor care e#ri$ cate'oriile 'ra$aticale alctuiec leiu"ea*2" u"cie de #re)e"a au a(e"a leiu"ii& cu%i"tele e +$#art +":a1 cu%i"te lei(ile& care au cel #ui" o cate'orie 'ra$atical& #e"tru e#ri$area creia +i$odiic or$a9

 (1 cu%i"te "elei(ile& care "u u"t $arcate #e"tru cate'orii 'ra$aticale*

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'&&0* 2" u"cie de criteriul i"tactic& cu%i"tele e +$#art +":a1 cu%i"te care +"de#li"ec o u"cie i"tactic +" #ro#o)iie& #ut."d i o #arte #ri"ci#al 0u(iect&

 #redicat1 au ecu"dar  0atri(ut& co$#le$e"t& ele$e"t #redicati% u#li$e"tar1 de #ro#o)iie9 (1 cu%i"te care "u au o u"cie i"tactic& dar care $arc4ea) u"cii i"tactice:IH%e (ou'4t t4i (oo or Mar*S4e recei%erd t4e #arcel aeter #ai"' or it*

5* VERBUL 0T4e Ver(15*5* 1e)iniieVer(ul ete #artea de %or(ire care:a1 e#ri$ aciu"i& #rocee au tri9

 (1 are cate'orii 'ra$aticale de #eroa"i "u$r co$u"e cu alte #i de %or(ire i cate'oriile#eciice de ti$#& $od& a#ect i diate)9c1 +"de#li"ete u"cia i"tactic de #redicat*

 pag: 007 5*;* Cla*i)icareVer(ele #ot i claiicate di" #u"ct de %edere al tructurii $orolo'ice au di" #u"ct de %edere ale"ului leical i al u"ciei*5*;*5* i" #u"ct de %edere al *tructurii mor)ologice& %er(ele #ot i claiicate +":a1 %er(e i$#le: go9

 (1 %er(e co$#ue: spotlight 9c1 %er(e cu #articul ad%er(ial: put on, put off, put away9d1 %er(e cu #re#o)iie o(li'atorie: look at, listen to, wait, for, succees in9e1 locuiu"i %er(ale: take care of, make use of *Gru#ele a1& (1 i e1 "u #re)i"t #articulariti deoe(ite* 3e"tru c1 %e)i J=*8& iar #e"tru d1 %e)iJ=*;**5*;*;* 2en*ul le+ical al /erbelor* Ver(ele +" li$(a e"'le) e +$#art +":a1 %er(e cu e" leical #li"& "u$ite de o(icei %er(e "oio"ale9

 (1 %er(e cu e" leical redu& care u"t oloite $ai $ult cu u"cii 'ra$aticale* 2" claa %er(elor cu e" leical redu i"tr  %er(ele co#ulati%e& %er(ele auiliare i %er(ele $odale*5*;** uncia *intactic a /erbelor* 3e #la" i"tactic %er(ele cu e" leical #li" u"t

 #redicati%e& adic #ot or$a i"'ure #redicatul u"ei #ro#o)iii& #e c."d %er(ele cu e" leical redu u"t"e#redicati%e& au "e%oie de o co$#li"ire 0%er( "oio"al& "u$e #redicati%1 #e"tru a de%e"i #redicate: T4e

c4ild i cle/er* 2" c4i$( ele $arc4ea) a"u$ite cate'orii 'ra$aticale*2": The film 3a* seen by millions of people. Kil$ul a ot %)ut de $ilioa"e de oa$e"i*was are u"cia de $arc a diate)ei #ai%e& ti$#ul Paste Tense& #eroa"a a III,a i"'ular #e"tru%er(ul see*(&&4* Ver(ele cu e" leical redu e +$#art +":a1 %er(e co#ulati%e 0be& i& co"or$ 'ra$aticii tradiio"ale: appear, seem, look, turn, become,

 get, remain, stay etc*1: He *eem* ill * 3are (ol"a%* (1 %er(e auiliare 0be, hae, shall!shoul", will!woul", may!might, can!coul", "o# care +"de#li"ecu"cia de $arc a cate'oriilor 'ra$aticale de diate)& $od& ti$#& a#ect& #eroa"i "u$r& a or$eii"tero'ati%ei "e'ati%e la %er(ele #e care le +"oec:

 He 3a* tol- a lie* I ,a #u o $i"ciu"* , iate)a #ai%* He 3a* tr$ing to catch the ball when he fell * 2"cerca  #ri"d $i"'ea c."d a c)ut* , A#ectulco"ti"uu etc*

c1 %er(e e$iauiliare au $odale 0can!coul", must, hae to, may!might, shall!shoul",will!woul", ought to etc*1 care arat atitudi"ea %or(itorului a de e"u":, #oi(ilitate: $t mig#t rain later * S,ar #utea  #lou $ai t.r)iu*, "eceitate: %ou mu*t finish before noon* Tre(uie  ter$i"i +"ai"te de #r.") etc*

 pag: 00&5** Categoriile gramaticale ale /erbului2" li$(a e"'le) %er(ul are or$e 'ra$aticale deter$i"ate de cate'oriile #eciice de ti$#&a#ect& diate) i $od i de cate'oriile "e#eciice de #eroa" i "u$r* 2" u"cie de #re)e"a aua(e"a cate'oriilor de ti$#& #eroa" i "u$r& or$ele %er(ale +" li$(a e"'le) e +$#art +" or$e

 #ero"alei "e#ero"ale*

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ormele per*onale ale /erbului 0 'inite 'orms of the (erb1 u"t $odurile i"dicati%iu(-o"cti%* La acete or$e& %er(ul ete $arcat #e"tru a e#ri$a cate'oriile de ti$#& $od& diate)&a#ect& #eroa"i "u$r& iar di" #u"ct de %edere i"tactic& ele #ot or$a i"'ure #redicatul i e acord+" "u$r i #eroa" cu u(iectul*ormele neper*onale ale /erbului 0 )on*'inite 'orms of the (erb1 u"t i"i"iti%ul +erun"*ul0+eruniul 1& #artici#iul #re)e"t i #articu#iul trecut* Acete or$e "u au cate'oriile de ti$#& #ero"i"u$r i "u #ot or$a i"'ure #redicatul #ro#o)iiei*5** Timpul 0Te"e1Cate'oria 'ra$atical a ti$#ului 0Tense1& cate'orie #eciic %er(elor& e reer  la ordi"eae%e"i$e"telor +" ti$#& aa cu$ ete #erce#ut aceata de %or(itor +" $o$e"tul %or(irii*Mo$e"tul +" care are loc actul de %or(ire ete $o$e"tul #re)e"t 0now1* Ka de acet $o$e"tcare co"tituie aa de reeri" a #re)e"tului& u"ele e%e"i$e"te u"t:a1 a"terioare& c."d ele au loc +"ai"te de $o$e"tul %or(irii 0e%e"i$e"tele u"t a$i"tite de%or(itor1: Present Perfect 9

 (1 #oterioare a de $o$e"tul %or(irii 0e%e"i$e"tele ii"d a"tici#ate de %or(itor& deoarece %or a%ea loc du# $o$e"tul %or(irii1: 'uture9c1 i$ulta"e cu $o$e"tul %or(irii 0a%."d loc +" acelai ti$#1 Present *Co"ider."d $o$e"tul %or(irii #u"ctul #re)e"t& %or(itorul +i #oate a$i"ti u" e%e"i$e"t care aa%ut loc la u" $o$e"t a"terior $o$e"tului %or(irii 0then1* 2" ra#ort cu acet $o$e"t a$i"tit then& care "atere aei de reeri" a trecutului& alte e%e"i$e"te #ot i:

a1 a"terioare $o$e"tului trecut then: Past Perfect 9 (1 i$ulta"e cu then: Past Tense9c1 #oterioare: 'uture in the Past *e ae$e"ea& i" $o$e"tul %or(irii 0now1& %or(itorul #oate a"tici#a a"u$ite e%e"i$e"te0#oterioare $o$e"tului %or(irii1* 2" ra#ort cu u" a"u$e e%e"i$e"t #oterior $o$e"tului #re)e"t 0aade reeri" a %iitorului1& alte e%e"i$e"te #ot i:a1 a"terioare: 'uture Perfect 9

 (1 i$ulta"e: 'uture9c1 #oterioare: e"'le)a "u are $arc or$al #e"tru acete e%e"i$e"te*

 pag: 00-2" a"ali)a ti$#ului& tre(uie atel luate +" co"ideraie trei ele$e"te:a1 $o$e"tul %or(irii9

 (1 $o$e"tul 0%.r irii1 aciu"ii9

c1 aa au $o$e"tul de reeri"*a1 Mo$e"tul %or(irii ete $o$e"tul +" care e"u"ul ete #ro"u"at de %or(itor: now*

 (1 Mo$e"tul aciu"ii ete $o$e"tul +" care a a%ut loc aciu"ea au tarea: now, then, tomorrowetc.c1 Mo$e"tul de reeri" re#re)i"t aa #e care e #laea) %or(itorul +" #erce#ereae%e"i$e"tului: aa #re)e"tului& aa trecutului& aa %iitorului*2" u"cie de cele trei ele$e"te , $o$e"tul %or(irii& $o$e"tul aciu"ii i $o$e"tul de reeri" ,li$(a e"'le) cu"oate ur$torul ite$ de ti$#uri:, #e aa #re)e"tului: Present, Present Perfect, 'uture9, #e aa trecutului: Past tense, Past Perfect, 'uture in the Past 9, #e aa %iitorului: 'uture, 'uture Perfect (&5& Timpul prezent *implu 03ree"t Te"e Si$#le15**5* 1e)iniie* 3re)e"tul i$#lu dee$"ea) u" e%e"i$e"t 0o aciu"e au tare1 care e

+"t.$#l i$ulta" cu $o$e"tul %or(irii 0#re)e"tul i"ta"ta"eu1 au care i"clude $o$e"tul %or(irii0#re)e"tul 'e"eric i 4a(itual1*5**;* orm* i" #u"ct de %edere al or$ei& #re)e"tul i$#lu ete ide"tic cu i"i"iti%ul& la toate

 #eroa"ele i"'ular i #lural& cu ece#ia #eroa"ei a III,a i"'ular& care adau' ,0e1:I *3im Eu +"otou *3im Tu/Voi +"oi/+"otaie *3im Noi +"ot$T4e *3im Ei /Ele +"oatOe Pim* El +"oatS4e *3im* Ea +"oat

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It *3im El/Ea +"oat0"eutru15*** Pronunareai ortogra)ierea ter$i"aiei ,0e1 la #eroa"a aIII,a i"'ular #re)i"taceleai caracteritici ca i ter$i"aia de #lural ,0e1 a u(ta"ti%elor:6"e%* e #ro"u":Q du# co"oa"e urde: He thinks Qti"*Q) du# co"oa"e o"ore i %ocale: He stu"ies Qtadi)* He runs Qra")*Qi) du# co"oa"e i(ila"te: S4e Pa4e QPo  i)Ver(ele a i do au la #eroa"a a III,a i"'ular o #ro"u"are deoe(it a de celelalte

 #eroa"e:I a Qai , 4e a Qe)9 I do Qdu: , 4e doe Qda)*

 pag: 00i" #u"ct de %edere al orto'raiei& $a-oritatea %er(elor adau' , 9a #eroa"a a III,a i"'ular: OePal* S4e ee*ii"e"a de%i"e ,e c."d %er(ul e ter$i" +" & & )& 4& c4& tc4 au o:S4e Patc4e* It (u))e* Oe 'oe*Ver(ele ter$i"ate +" , #recedat de co"oa"& c4i$(  +" i i adau' ,e: I tr , 4e trie*(&5&4& Întrebuinare& 3re)e"tul i$#lu are $ai $ulte +"tre(ui"ri:51 3re)e"tul 'e"eric 0Ge"eric Si$#le 3ree"t1 e#ri$ aciu"i 'e"erale care au loc +"tr,u"i"ter%al de ti$# "e#eciicat& dar care i"clude $o$e"tul %or(irii:

T4e Eart4 $o%e rou"d t4e Su"* Bird l* T4ree a"d t4ree $ae i*Ad%er(ele de rec%e" ti#ice #e"tru #ro#o)iiile 'e"erice u"t: alPa& "e%er& re'ularl& e%er:ood alPa loat o" Pater*;1 3re)e"tul i$#lu ete oloit #e"tru aciu"i o(i"uite& re#etate 0Oa(itual Si$#le 3ree"t1& careau loc +"tr,o #erioad de ti$# 'e"eral au #eciic& $e"io"at #ri" ad%er(e au locuiu"i ad%er(iale deti$# ca: o" Mo"da& i" u$$er& e%er da au ad%er(e au locuiu"i ad%er(iale de rec%e" ca: ote"&reue"tl& eldo$& rarel& occaio"all& o$eti$e& o"ce a Pee/$o"t4/ear: I 'o to c4ool e%er da* Iuuall Patc4 TV i" t4e e%e"i"'*

 Not: 3re)e"tul i$#lu dee$"."d aciu"i re#etate ete a#ro#iat de #re)e"tul 'e"eric deoarece"ici el "u i"di%iduali)ea) e%e"i$e"tele au #eciic $o$e"tul aciu"ii* eoe(irea +"tre cele douoloiri ale #re)e"tului i$#lu ete ur$toarea: +" #ro#o)iii care co"i" aciu"i re#etate u(iectul etei"di%iduali)at& #e c."d +" cele 'e"erice u(iectul ete 'e"eral: I 'o ii"' i" Pi"ter* ater (oil al 5°Ce"ti'rade* A doctor Por 4ard*

1 3re)e"tul i"ta"ta"eu 0I"ta"ta"eou Si$#le 3ree"t1 e reer  la aciu"i care u"t %)ute caa%."d loc +" +"tre'i$e +" $o$e"tul %or(irii* Aceat +"tre(ui"are a #re)e"tului i$#lu e +"t.l"ete +":a1 co$e"tarii: T4e 'oal,ee#er $ie t4e (all a"d o"e $ore 'oal i cored* 3ortarul "u #ri"de$i"'ea i e $arc4ea) +"c u" 'ol*

 (1 de$o"traii: I "oP $i t4e (utter Pit4 t4e cocoa* Acu$ a$etec u"tul cu cacao*c1 ecla$aii: Oere co$e our teac4er! Iat 0c1 %i"e #roeorul "otru!1 Koloirea #re)e"tului i$#lu cu alte %alori te$#oraleA1 3re)e"tul cu %aloare de %iitor ete +"tre(ui"at +" #ro#o)iii #ri"ci#ale:a1 #e"tru e#ri$area datei: To$orroP i ece$(er ;5t* M.i"e ete ;5 dece$(rie* To$orroP iSaturda* M.i"e ete .$(*

 (1 #e"tru redarea u"or aciu"i #la"iicate& u"or ara"-a$e"te #e"tru %iitor& co"or$ u"ui orar au #ro'ra$ ta(ilit 0de ee$#lu +" ecurii or'a"i)ate1& $ai ale cu %er(e de $icare ca: 'o& co$e& lea%e&retur" au %er(e ca (e'i"& tart& e"d& i"i4:

e lea%e Buc4aret at ei'4t* e arri%e i" 3redeal at te"* 3leca$ di" Bucureti la ora =* Soi$ la3redeal la ora 5* pag: 0B1 3re)e"tul cu %aloare de %iitor ete +"tre(ui"at i +" #ro#o)iii u(ordo"ate:a1 de ti$#& i"trodue +" P4e"& ater& (eore& a oo" a:eHll 'et 4o$e (eore it 'et dar* Vo$ a-u"'e aca +"ai"te  e +"tu"ece*

 (1 co"diio"ale& i"trodue de i& u"le& #ro%ided& i" cae:I it rai" o" Su"da& IHll re#air $ (iccle* ac o  #lou du$i"ic& a$ ,$i re#ar (icicleta*C1 3re)e"tul cu %aloare de trecut e oloete:a1 +" "araiu"i& #e"tru +"%iorarea #o%etirii 0#re)e"tul itoric1:

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"e da& t4e little (o 'oe to t4e Pood* T4ere 4e i"d a (uried treaure* (1 cu %er(e ca tell& 4ear& lear"& Prite& #e"tru a u(li"ia eectul #re)e"t al u"ei co$u"icri trecute:Oe tell $e t4at 4a%e Po" t4e co$#etitio"* 2$i #u"e c ai c.ti'at co"curul*

(&7& Timplul trecut *implu "Pa*t Ten*e 2imple%8(&7&(& 1e)iniie& 3at Te"e& a#ectul i$#lu& dee$"ea) u" e%e"i$e"t dei"it care a a%ut loc #eaa trecutului 0e%e"i$e"tul ete a$i"tit +" $o$e"tul #re)e"t1*

(&7&& orm& Marca ti$#ului 3at Te"e i$#lu ete& la %er(ele re'ulate& ,ed: e lite"ed to t4eco"cert lat "i'4t* A$ acultat co"certul aear *(&7&0& Pronunareai ortogra)ierea ter$i"aiei ,ed ete +" u"cie de ter$i"aia i"i"iti%ului*,ed e #ro"u":a1 Qd c."d %er(ele e ter$i" +" %ocal au co"oa" o"or  Q(&'&l&$&"&%&)&d)&d-: #la ,

 #laed Q#leid9 arri%ed Q  Hrai%d9 (1 Qt c."d %er(ele e ter$i" +" co"oa" urd Q&&#&&  &t   lie , lied Qlait& cro ,croed Qrot9c1 Qid c."d %er(ele e ter$i" +" ,t au ,d: Pa"t , Pa"ted QPo"tid9 "od , "odded Q"odid93articulariti orto'raice ale ter$i"aiei ,ed:a1 co"oa"a i"al a or$ei de i"i"iti% e du(lea) c."d %ocala care o #recede ete curt iacce"tuat: to# , to##ed9 #reer , #reerred*

 Not:

5* Co"oa"a i"al e du(lea) la c.te%a %er(e& dei ila(a i"al "u ete acce"tuat: id"a# ,id"a##ed9 4a"dica# , 4a"dica##ed9 Por4i# , Por4i##ed9 iar la %er(e ter$i"ate +" ic& Fc e du(lea) +"c: #ic"ic , #ic"iced*;* 2" e"'le)a (rita"ic& %er(ele ter$i"ate +" ,l du(lea) aceat co"oa"& i"diere"t de acce"t:co"trol , co"trolled9 tra%el , tra%elled*

 pag: 0/* 2" %aria"ta a$erica" a li$(ii e"'le)e& ,l e du(lea) "u$ai dac ulti$a ila( ete acce"tuat:co"trolled& dar: tra%eled*

 (1 %er(ele ter$i"ate +" , #recedat de co"oa" +l c4i$( +" ,i: tud , tudied9c1 %er(ele ter$i"ate +" ,e adau' doar ,d: $o%e , $o%ed*(&7&4* 2" ceea ce #ri%ete %er(ele "ere'ulate& acetea au ot +$#ite +" a#te 'ru#e& +" u"ciede #ro"u"area i"i"iti%ului& a or$ei de 3ate Te"e i a #artici#iului trecut:5* %er(e de ti#ul:

 (ur",(ur"t,(ur"tlear",lear"t,lear"tle"d,le"t,le"t#e"d,#e"t,#e"t;* cree#,cre#t,cre#tlea%e,let,let

 (u,(ou'4t,(ou'4tcatc4,cau'4t,cau'4t* cat,cat,cat4it,4it,4it4ut,4ut,4utPet,Pet,Pet* $eet,$et,$et4a"',4u"',4u"'

Pi",Po",Po"it,at,at* $oP,$oPed,$oP"/$oPedoP,oPed,oP"/oPedPell,Pelled,Polle"/Pelled7* Pear,Pore,Por"'roP,'reP,'roP"'i%e,'a%e,'i%e"Prite,Prote,Pritte"

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8* (e'i",(e'a",(e'u"i"',a"',u"'co$e,ca$e,co$e'o,Pe"t,'o"e

 Not:2" u"cie de or$ele #e care le au %er(ele la 3at Te"e i la #artici#iul trecut& ele e +$#art +"%er(e re'ulate i %er(e "ere'ulate*Ver(ele re'ulate or$ea) 3at Te"e i #artici#iul trecut #ri" adu'area ter$i"aiei ,0e1d laor$a de i"i"iti%: lite" 0a aculta1 , lite"ed 0a acultat1 , lite"ed 0acultat1*Ver(ele "ere'ulate u"t cele care au or$e deoe(ite #e"tru i"i"iti%& 3at Te"e i #artici#iultrecut& care tre(uie +"%ate #e di"aar *

 pag: 0Verbe neregulateIn)initi/ Pa*t Ten*e ParticipiutrecutTra-ucereain)initi/uluiarie aroe arie" a e ridica0a1Pae0"1 0a1Poe 0a1Poe" a e tre)i

 (e Pa (ee" a i

 (ear (ore (or"e a #urta (eat (eat (eate" a (ate (eco$e (eca$e (eco$e a de%e"i (e'i" (e'a" (e'u" a +"ce#e (e"d (e"t (e"t a e +"doi (id (id (id a ru'a& a #oru"ci (i"d (ou"d (ou"d a le'a (ite (it (itte" a $uca (leed (led (led a ."'era (loP (leP (loP" a ula& a (ate (rea (roe (roe" a #ar'e (reed (red (red a crete& a

educa (ri"' (rou'4t (rou'4t a aduce (uild (uilt (uilt a co"trui (ur" (ur"t (ur"t a arde (urt (urt (urt a i)(uc"i& ali& a cr  #a

 (u (ou'4t (ou'4t a cu$#racat cat cat a aru"cacatc4 cau'4t cau'4t a #ri"dec4ooe c4oe c4oe" a ale'ecli"' clu"' clu"' a e a'aco$e ca$e co$e a %e"icot cot cot a cota

cree# cre#t cre#t a e t.r+& a euriacut cut cut a tiadeal dealt dealt a trata& a eocu#a dedi' du' du' a  #ado did do"e a acedraP dreP draP" a tra'e& adee"adrea$ drea$t drea$t a %ia

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dri" dra" dru" a (eadri%e dro%e dri%e" a oa& a $."adPell dPelt dPelt a locuieat ate eate" a $."caall ell alle" a cdeaeed ed ed a 4r "ieel elt elt a 0e1 i$ii'4t ou'4t ou'4t a 0e1 lu#tai"d ou"d ou"d a 'ilee led led a u'i& a ereu'iali"' lu"' lu"' a aru"cal leP loP" a )(uraor(id or(ad or(idde" a i"ter)iceor'et or'ot or'otte" a uitaor'i%e or'a%e or'i%e" a iertaree)e ro)e ro)e" a +"'4ea'et 'ot 'ot a #ri$i& a o(i"e'i%e 'a%e 'i%e" a da'o Pe"t 'o"e a $er'e

'ri"d 'rou"d 'rou"d a $ci"a'roP 'reP 'roP" a crete4a"' 4u"' 4u"' a at.r"a4a%e 4ad 4ad a a%ea4ear 4eard 4eard a au)i4ide 4id 4idde" a 0e1 acu"de4it 4it 4it a lo%i4old 4eld 4eld a i"e4urt 4urt 4urt a lo%i& a r "i& adureaee# e#t e#t a i"e& a #tra"eel "elt "elt a +"'e"u"c4ia"it "it "it a tricota

"oP "eP "oP" a ti& a cu"oatela laid laid a #u"e& a ae)alead led led a co"ducelea" lea"t lea"t a e a#leca& a e#ri-i"ilea# lea#t lea#t a rilear" lear"t lear"t a +"%alea%e let let a #leca& a lale"d le"t le"t a da cu+$#ru$utlet let let a la& a #er$iteli'4t lit lit a a#ri"delie la lai" a )cea& a e

alaloe lot lot a #ierde$ae $ade $ade a ace$ea" $ea"t $ea"t a +"e$"a$oP $oPed $oPed&$oP" a coi

 #a #aid #aid a #lti #ut #ut #ut a #u"eread read read a citirid rid rid a c #a de& a edecotoroi

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ride rode ridde" a criri"' ra"' ru"' a u"arie roe rie" a r ri& a eridicaru" ra" ru" a u'iaP aPed aP"&aPed a tia cuier tr ula aid aid a #u"eee aP ee" a %edeaee ou'4t ou'4t a cutaell old old a %i"dee"d e"t e"t a tri$iteet et et a #u"eeP ePed eP"/ePed a coae4ae 4oo 4ae" a cutura& atre$ura4ear 4eared 4or"/4eared a tu"de oi4ed 4ed 4ed a %ra 0lacri$i&."'e14i"e 4o"e 4o"e a tr luci

4oe 4od 4od a #otco%i4oot 4ot 4ot a +$#uca4oP 4oPed 4oP" a ar ta4ri" 4ra" 4ru" a e tr."'e& ae coro-i4ut 4ut 4ut a +"c4idei"' a"' u"' a c."tai" a" u" a 0e1 cuu"dait at at a edeala leP lai" a ucidelee# le#t le#t a dor$ili"' lu"' lu"' a aru"calit lit lit a 0e1 cr  #a

$ell $elt $elt a $iroioP oPed oP" a e$"a#ea #oe #oe" a %or(i#eed #ed #ed a 'r  (i& aaccelera#ell #elt #elt a orto'raia#e"d #e"t #e"t a c4eltui& a

 #etrece#ill #ilt #ilt a %ra#i" #u" #u" a toarce#it #at #at a cui#a#lit #lit #lit a de#ica#oil #olit #oilt a r  a

#read #read #read a 0e1 +"ti"de#ri"' #ra"' #ru"' a i)%or+& a rita"d tood tood a ta 0+"

 #icioare1teal tole tole" a ura& a euriatic tuc tuc a li#iti"' tu"' tu"' a +"e#ati" tu" tu" a $iroi ur.ttreP trePed treP" a #rera

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tride trode trode a $er'e cu #ai$aritrie truc truc a lo%itri"' tru"' tru"' a +"ira 0#e oa1tri%e tro%e tri%e" a ")uiPeat Peat Peat a tra"#iraPear Pore Por" a -ura& a +"-uraPee# Pe#t Pe#t a $turaPell Pelled Polle" a e u$laPi$ Pa$ Pu$ a +"otaPi"' Pa"' Pu"' a le'"atae too tae" a luateac4 tau'4t tau'4t a +"%a& a

 #redatear tore tor" a ru#e& a .iatell told told a #u"e& a

 #o%etit4i" t4ou'4t t4ou'4t a 0e1 '."dit4ri%e t4ro%e t4ri%e" a #ro#era

t4roP t4reP t4roP" a aru"cat4rut t4rut t4rut a +"i'etread trod trodde" a clcau"derta"d u"dertood u"dertood a +"ele'ePear Pore Por" a #urtaPea%e Po%e Po%e" a eePed Ped Ped a 0e1 cu"u"aPee# Pe#t Pe#t a #l."'ePet Pet Pet a udaPi" Po" Po" a c.ti'aPi"d Pou"d Pou"d a r uciPri"' Pru"' Pru"' a toarcePrite Prote Pritte" a crie

 pag: 06 5*7** 2"tre(ui"are* 3at Te"e i$#lu ete oloit #e"tru a e#ri$a:51 o aciu"e %.r iti +"c4eiat +"tr,u" $o$e"t trecut:a1 Mo$e"tul +" care a a%ut loc aciu"ea ete de o(icei $e"io"at #ri" ad%er(e de ti$# ca: tPo4our a'o 0acu$ dou ore1& eterda 0ieri1& lat Pee 0 #t$."a trecut1& i" 568 0+" 5681 etc*: IPe"t to t4e o#era lat "i'4t* A$ ot la o#er  aear *e#re acet $o$e"t e #ot cere i"or$aii #ri" +"tre(ri +"ce#."d cu P4e"& P4at ti$e& 4oPlo"' a'o:4e" did ou call o" 4i$ W C."d ai trecut #e la elW4at ti$e did ou call o" 4i$ W La ce or  ai trecut #e la elWOoP lo"' a'o did ou call o" 4i$ W Cu c.t %re$e +" ur$ ai trecut #e la elWI called o" 4i$ eterda A$ trecut #e la el ieriI called o" 4i$ at i%e oHcloc A$ trecut #e la el la ora I called o" 4i$ a eP da a'o A$ trecut #e la el acu$ c.te%a )ile

 (1 Aciu"ea ete %.r it i +"c4eiat +"tr,u" a"u$e $o$e"t trecut& c4iar dac aceta "u ete$e"io"at& el #ut."d i dedu di" co"tet* 02" c4i$( e #oate #eciica locul aciu"ii1: Oe 4oo 4i4ead a"d aid "o* du di" ca# de)a#ro(ator i #ue "u* I $et 4i$ outide $ueu$* M,a$ +"t.l"it cuel +" aa $u)eului*c1 Aciu"ea ete %.r iti +"c4eiat +"tr,u" $o$e"t trecut care ete #reci)at ca re)ultat al u"ei+"tre(ri i u"ui r #u" la 3ree"t 3erect* A: Oa%e ou ee" t4i il$W B:e& I 4a%e* I aP it lat Pee*A:Ai %)ut acet il$W B: a& l,a$ %)ut* L,a$ %)ut  #t$."a trecut*

 Not: 2" acet co"tet 0c1& 3at Te"e are o u"cie a"aoric& reeri"du,e la u" e%e"i$e"t de-ai"trodu +" %or(ire i deci cu"ocut: I 4a%e (ee" to Co"ta"a* I %iited t4e Auariu$ a"d Paled doP"t4e #ier*

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 pag: 07 ;1 o aciu"e re#etat +" trecut& care e traduce de o(icei #ri" i$#erect +" li$(a ro$.": I ote"%iited 4i$* 2l %i)ita$ adeea*

 Not: 5* aciu"e re#etat +" trecut e $ai #oate e#ri$a i cu a-utorul %er(ului $odal Pould0cu %aloare Xrec%e"tati%Y1 i"i"iti%& aceat co"trucie ii"d caracteritic li$(ii literare: Oe Pouldit or 4our i" ro"t o 4i 4oue& looi"' at t4e tar* Sttea / o(i"uia  tea ore +" ir +" aa caei

 #ri%i"d telele*2" %or(irea cure"t e oloete ued to i"i"iti%: Oe ued to it or 4our i" ro$ o 4i 4oue*(i"uia  tea ore +" ir +" aa caei*;* 3at Te"e i$#lu "u e oloete "iciodat cu %aloare 'e"eric au i"ta"ta"ee& ca 3ree"tTe"e i$#lu** 3at Te"e i$#lu #oate i oloit i cu alte %alori te$#orale:a1 cu %aloare de $ai $ult ca #erect 03at 3erect1& #e"tru redarea u"or aciu"i uccei%e +"trecut& +" #ecial +" #ro#o)iii circu$ta"iale de ti$# i"trodue de P4e"& ater etc*:Oe Pe"t out to #la ater 4e i"i4ed 4i 4o$ePor*I aP 4i$ (eore 4e aP $e*Aceat oloire a lui 3at Te"e ete caracteritic %er(elor care e#ri$ aciu"i 0acti%it %er(1:Oe addreed a"d ealed t4e e"%elo#e*

 (1 cu %aloare de #re)e"t& #e"tru a e#ri$a o ru'$i"te #oliticoa #ri" %er(e ca Pi4& Pa"t&Po"der& lie& i"te"d: I Po"dered i ou could le"d $e t4i (oo* M +"tre(a$ dac ai #utea ,$i

+$#ru$utai cartea*c1 cu %aloare de #re)e"t& +" %or(irea i"direct& dac %er(ul di" #ro#o)iia #ri"ci#al ete la u"ti$# trecut:Oe told $e 4e Pa ill*d1 cu %aloare de %iitor& +" #ro#o)iii circu$ta"iale de ti$#& dac %er(ul di" #ro#o)iia #ri"ci#alete la u" ti$# trecut:Oe told $e 4e Pould 4oP $e t4e #4oto P4e" 4e ca$e* Mi,a #u c,$i %a ar ta oto'raiilec."d %a %e"i*(&7&7& Tra-ucerea lui Pa*t Ten*e2" li$(a ro$."& 3at Te"e e traduce:51 +" #ro#o)iiile #ri"ci#ale au i"de#e"de"te& #ri":a1 #erectul co$#u 0de o(icei la #eroa"a I i a II,a1 i #erectul i$#lu 0a#roa#e eclii% la

 #eroa"a a III,a1& c."d 3at Te"e e#ri$ o aciu"e trecut +"c4eiat& +"oit au "u de #erioada de

ti$#:I lot $ u$(rella eterda* Mi,a$ #ierdut u$(rela ieri*I lot $ u$(rella a eP da a'o* Mi,a$ #ierdut u$(rela acu$ c.te%a )ile*I lot $ u$(rella lat Pee* Mi,a$ #ierdut u$(rela  #t$."a trecut*Oe aid 'ood(e a"d let* S#ue la re%edere i #lec*

 (1 i$#erect& c."d 3at Te"e e#ri$ o aciu"e re#etat +" trecut& de o(icei +"oit de ad%er(ede rec%e":S4e ote" let 4er E"'le4 tet(oo at 4o$e*eeori +i uita $a"ualul de e"'le) aca*;1 +" #ro#o)iii u(ordo"ate #ri":a1 #re)e"t& +" %or(irea i"direct 0du# u" %er( trecut1:Oe told $e 4e Pa ill* Mi,a #u c ete (ol"a%*

 (1 %iitor& +" #ro#o)iiile te$#orale& c."d %er(ul di" #ri"ci#al ete la u" ti$# trecut:

Oe aid 4e Pould (ri"' $e t4e (oo P4e" 4e ca$e to $e #lace*Mi,a #u c,$i %a aduce cartea c."d $ %a %i)ita* pag: 0&

(&9& Per)ectul prezent "Pre*ent Per)ect%(&9&(& 1e)iniie& 3ree"t 3erect dee$"ea) u" e%e"i$e"t %)ut di" #er#ecti%a aei #re)e"tuluia"terior $o$e"tului %or(irii& dar a crui a"terioritate "u ete iat& a%."d u" caracter "edei"it:IH%e #ai"ted a #icture*(&9&& orm& 2" tructura or$ei 3ree"t 3erect i"tr  %er(ul auiliar 4a%e la #re)e"t i

 #artici#iul trecut al %er(ului de co"-u'at:

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Iou Oa%e 4eard a "oie* A$/Ai/Au au)it u" )'o$ot*e %eT4eOeS4e 4a 4eard a "oie* A au)it u" )'o$ot*It 5*8** 2"tre(ui"are* 51 3ree"t 3erect ete oloit& la el ca i 3at Te"e& #e"tru a dee$"a u"e%e"i$e"t a"terior $o$e"tului %or(irii* eoe(irea +"tre cele dou ti$#uri ete +" aa #e care e

 #laea) %or(itorul: aa #re)e"tului 03ree"t 3erect1 au aa trecutului 03at Te"e19 i +" "aturae%e"i$e"tului decri: a1 "edei"it 03ree"t 3erect1 i (1 dei"it& u"ic 03at Te"e1:a1 IH%e ee" Mar*

 (1 I aP 4er at t4e co"ere"ce*;1 Koloirea lui 3ree"t 3erect ete aociat cu ad%er(e care e#ri$ o #erioad de ti$#dec4i& "eter$i"at: toda& t4i Pee& t4i $o"t4 etc*IH%e (ee" to t4e t4eatre t4i Pee*

 #e c."d oloirea lui 3at Te"e ete aociat cu ad%er(e care e#ri$ o #erioad de ti$#+"c4i& ter$i"at: I Pe"t to t4e t4eatre lat Pee*1 3ree"t 3erect ete u"eori oloit cu %aloare de 3at Te"e& #e"tru a e#ri$a o aciu"e%.r it +" trecut i ter$i"at rece"t au c4iar +"ai"tea $o$e"tului %or(irii: Oe 4a co$e* A oit*

Aceat +"tre(ui"are a lui 3ree"t 3erect ete adeeori $arcat de ad%er(e de ti$# ca -ut0toc$ai1& alread 0de-a1& u# to "oP& o ar 0#." acu$1& latel& rece"tl 0+" ulti$a %re$e1: Oe 4a -ut

 #4o"ed* Toc$ai a teleo"at*Ate"ie! Cu ad%er(e ca toda& t4i $or"i"'& t4i $o"t4& t4i ear& rece"tl& e #oate oloi ie3at Te"e& ie 3ree"t 3erect& +" u"cie de: a1 caracterul aciu"ii 0dei"it/"edei"it1 i (1 al #erioadei deti$# 0+"c4eiat/"e+"c4eiat1:a1 id ou 4ear Io" Voicu #la rece"tl W 0o" a certai" occaio"1* Oa%e ou 4eard Io" Voicu

 #la rece"tl W 0i" t4e "ear #at& "ot a lo"' ti$e a'o1* (1 id ou ee 4i$ t4i $or"i"' W 0NoP itH i%e oHclo #*$*1* Oa%e ou ee" 4i$ t4i $or"i"'W0NoP itH 55 a*$*1*1 3at Te"e ete oloit #e"tru e%e"i$e"te care au a%ut loc +" trecut i ai cror autori "u $aieit +" #re)e"t& #e c."d la 3ree"t 3erect& e%e"i$e"tele au a%ut loc +" trecut& dar autorii au eectelee%e"i$e"telor $ai eiti +" #re)e"t:

3at Te"eMari" 3reda Prote e%eral "o%el a"d 4ort torie*0Mari" 3reda i dead1*id ou ee t4e e4i(itio"W0T4e e4i(itio" i cloed "oP1*?o4" i"-ured 4i ar$*0It doe "ot 4urt 4i$ a" lo"'er1*3ree"t 3erectEu'e" Bar(u 4a Pritte" e%eral "o%el a"d 4ort torie*0Eu'e" Bar(u i ali%e1*Oa%e ou ee" t4e e4i(itio"W0T4e e4i(itio" i till o#e"1*?o4" 4a i"-ured 4i ar$*

0It till 4urt 4i$1* pag: 0-1 3ree"t 3erect ete oloit i #e"tru a e#ri$a o aciu"e +"ce#ut +" trecut i care co"ti"ui+" $o$e"tul %or(irii* Co$#li"irile ad%er(iale de ti$# caracteritice #e"tru aceat +"tre(ui"are u"t celei"dic."d:a1 lu"'i$ea #erioadei de ti$#: or a lo"' ti$e 0de $ult %re$e1& or te" $i"ute 0de 5 $i"ute1&or tPo da 0de dou )ile1 etc* Oe 4a (ee" 4ere or 4al a" 4our*

 Not: 3re#o)iia or #oate i o$i +" %or(ire: Oe 4a li%ed i" Buc4aret te" ear* (1 +"ce#utul #erioadei de ti$#: i"ce eterda 0de ieri1& i"ce ece$(er 0di" ece$(rie1& i"ceou ca$e 0de c."d ai %e"it1 etc* Oe 4a tudied E"'li4 i"ce t4e (e'i""i"' o t4e c4ool ear* Studia)

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e"'le)a de la +"ce#utul a"ului colar*3erioada de ti$# redat #ri"tr,o #ro#o)iie te$#oral i"trodu de i"ce #oate i e#ri$at:a1 #ri"tr,u" %er( la 3at Te"e& c."d e #eciic $o$e"tul i"iial al #erioadei:I Pa (or"*IH%e li%ed i" Buc4aret i"ce $ #are"t ca$e to li%e 4ere*I lat $et ou*

 (1 #ri"tr,u" %er( la 3ree"t 3erect& c."d cele dou aciu"i u"t #aralele: It 4a"Ht to##edrai"i"' i"ce IH%e (ee" i" t4i toP"* I 4a%e "e%er co$e acro $ rie"d i"ce IH%e taed i" t4i 4otel*Ate"ie!eter$i"area or***/i"ce*** ete o(li'atorie #e"tru aceat +"tre(ui"are a #erectului #re)e"t*Koloirea lui 3ree"t 3erect Si$#le   deter$i"area te$#oral cu or/i"ce*** e reer  la o aciu"e+"c4eiat 0%e)i +"tre(ui"rile 5&;&&71 i "u la u"a care co"ti"ui +" $o$e"tul %or(irii: Oe 4a li%ed i"Buc4aret 0o$e ti$e i" 4i lie9 4e $a li%e t4ere a'ai"& (ut 4e i "ot li%i"' t4ere "oP1* A locuit +"Bucureti 0c."d%a +" %iaa lui9 #oate %a $ai locui acolo& dar "u locuiete +" Bucureti +" $o$e"tul dea1* Oe 4a tudied E"'le4 0o$e ti$e i" t4e #at& o t4e "oP it& (ut 4e i "ot tudi"' it "oP1* Atudiat e"'le)a 0c."d%a +" trecut& aa c o tie& dar "u tudia) e"'le)a acu$1*

 Not: iere"a +"tre cele dou +"tre(ui"ri reiee i di" $odul +" care e traduc +" li$(aro$.": aciu"ea care co"ti"u i +" $o$e"tul %or(irii , #ri" #re)e"t& iar cea +"c4eiat& #etrecut +"trecut +"tr,u" $o$e"t de ti$# "edei"it& deci "e#eciicat , #ri" #erectul co$#u: Oe 4a taed i" t4i4otel* A tat +" acet 4otel* Oe 4a taed i" t4i 4otel or a Pee* St +" acet 4otel de o  #t$."*

71 3ree"t 3erect #oate e#ri$a o aciu"e caracteritic& re#etat +" trecut& #re)e"t i #oate i +"%iitor: Oe 4a #eror$ed i" #u(lic* A i"ter#retat +" #u(lic*Aceat +"tre(ui"are ete $arcat de ad%er(e de rec%e" ca: ote" 0adeea1& alPa0totdeau"a1& "e%er 0"iciodat1& o$eti$e 0u"eori1 etc*: Oe 4a ote" #eror$ed i" #u(lic*81 2" #ro#o)iii u(ordo"ate te$#orale au co"diio"ale& 3ree"t 3erect ete oloit #e"tru areda o aciu"e a"terioar  aciu"ii di" #ro#o)iia #ri"ci#al& c."d aceata ete e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" %er( lai$#erati%& i"dicati% #re)e"t au %iitor: Ri"' $e u# P4e" ou 4a%e i"i4ed* Teleo"ea),$i c."d aiter$i"at* Oe Pill 4el# $e i 4e 4a i"i4ed 4i oP" Por* M %a a-uta daci %a i ter$i"at trea(a lui*

 pag: 0/0(&:& Mai6mult6ca6per)ectul "Pa*t Per)ect Ten*e 2imple%5*=*5* ei"iie* 3at 3erect ete u" ti$# oloit c."d %or(itorul e #laea) #i4olo'ic #e o aa trecutului& #e"tru a dee$"a u" e%e"i$e"t a"terior u"ui $o$e"t au u"ui e%e"i$e"t trecut& care etea$i"tit +" $o$e"tul %or(irii:

I 4ad i"i4ed t4e (oo ( te" oHcloc eterda* ( t4e ti$e ou ca$e*5*=*;* Kor$* Mai,$ult,ca,#erectul e or$ea) di" or$a de 3at Te"e a %er(ului 4a%e

 #artici#iul trecut al %er(ului de co"-u'at:I 4ad i"i4ed t4e (oo (eore ou ca$e*IHd i"i4ed t4e (oo (eore ou ca$e*Ter$i"ae$ cartea +"ai"te  %ii tu*Oe 4ad alread let ( te" oHcloc* El #lecae de-a la ora 5*5*=** 2"tre(ui"are* Mai,$ult,ca,#erectul ete +"tre(ui"at #e"tru a e#ri$a:51 o aciu"e trecut& +"c4eiat +"ai"tea u"ui $o$e"t trecut: I 4ad i"i4ed $ leo" ( te"oHcloc eterda* 2$i ter$i"ae$ leciile +"ai"te de ora 5 ieri*;1 o aciu"e trecut& +"c4eiat +"ai"tea altei aciu"i trecute: 4e" ori 'ot to t4e t4eatre& t4e4oP 4ad 0alread1 tarted* C."d a a-u" ori la teatru #ectacolul 0de-a1 +"ce#ue* Mot4er 4ad cooed

t4e di""er ( t4e ti$e at4er arri%ed 4o$e* Ma$a 'tie de-a ci"a c."a a a-u" tata aca*1 o aciu"e trecut& +"c4eiat i$ediat +"ai"tea u"ei alte aciu"i trecute:I 4ad -ut 'ot i"to t4e claroo$ P4e" t4e (ell ra"'* No oo"er 4ad I 'ot i"to t4e claroo$ t4a"t4e (ell ra"'* Toc$ai/de,a(ia i"trae$ +" cla c."d a u"at clo#oelul*I 4ad 4ardl 'ot i"to t4e claroo$ P4e" t4e (ell ra"'* No oo"er 4ad I 'ot i"to t4e claroo$t4a" t4e (ell ra"'* Toc$ai/de,a(ia i"trae$ +" cla c."d a u"at clo#oelul*1 o aciu"e trecut& %.r it +"tr,o #erioad de ti$# a"terioar  u"ei alte aciu"i trecute& dar a-u"'."d #." la aceata 0cu co$#li"iri ad%er(iale +"ce#."d cu or au i"ce1: Oe 4ad (ee" i" t4eclaroo$ or tPo $i"ute P4e" t4e teac4er ca$e i"* Era +" cla de dou $i"ute c."d a i"trat

 #roeorul* Oe 4ad li%ed i" Buc4aret i"ce 568 P4e" I $et 4i$* Locuia +" Bucureti di" 568 c."d la$

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cu"ocut* Not: 5* Mai,$ult,ca,#erectul ete u" ti$# utili)at $ai rec%e"t +" li$(a e"'le) dec.t +" li$(aro$." #e"tru e#ri$area a"terioritii* 02" li$(a ro$." e oloete adeeori #erectul co$#u cu%aloare de $ai,$ult,ca,#erect: T4e #ae"'er 'ot out a oo" a t4e trai" 4ad to##ed* 3aa'erii auco(or.t +"dat ce ,a o#rit tre"ul1*;* 2" li$(a e"'le) e #oate oloi 3at Te"e +" loc de 3at 3erect +" ur$toarele ituaii:a1 du# co"-ucia ater& care i"dic #ri" e"ul ei ra#ortul de a"terioritate "e$aiii"d "ecear i oor$ %er(al #ecial: T4e dri%er tarted t4e car ater 4e c4eed t4e e"'i"e* oerul #or"i $ai"a du#ce %eriic $otorul*

 pag: 0/ (1 2" #ro#o)iiile u(ordo"ate te$#orale tra"or$ate +" %or(ire i"direct c."d %er(ul di" #ri"ci#al ete la u" ti$# trecut: Oe told $e 4ad ee" a (ear P4e" 4e Pa i" t4e $ou"tai"* Mi,a #u ca %)ut u" ur c."d a ot la $u"te** 2" #ro#o)iiile u(ordo"ate i"trodue de ater au u"til& oloirea $ai,$ult,ca,#erectului& #ri"co"trat cu oloirea lui 3at Te"e& u(li"ia) ra#ortul de a"terioritate& a#tul c aciu"ea di" #ri"ci#al"u a a%ut loc dec.t du# ce aciu"ea di" u(ordo"at a ot +"c4eiat: T4e #u#il o" dut let t4eclaroo$ AKTER 4e 4ad tur"ed o t4e li'4t* Ele%a de er%ici a #it claa 0"u$ai1 du# ce a ti"lu$i"a* T4e Paiter did"Ht tae t4e #late aPa UNTIL t4e 4ad i"i4ed t4eir di""er* C4el"erul ",atr." aruriile #." ",au ter$i"at $aa*Mai,$ult,ca,#erectul #oate i oloit: 1 +" %or(irea i"direct& #e"tru a +"locui 3ree"t 3erect

au 3at Te"e& c."d %er(ul di" #ro#o)iia #ri"ci#al ete la u" ti$# trecut:To$: I 4a%e #oe" to Mar a(out it*I #oe to 4er lat Pee*To$ aid 4e 4ad #oe" to Mar a(out it*Oe added 4e 4ad #oe" to 4er t4e Pee (eore*

(&;& Mi<loace -e e+primare a /iitorului&Eit $ai $ulte #oi(iliti de redare a ideii de ti$# %iitor +" li$(a e"'le)*A& Viitorul *implu "2#all=>ill uture%(&;&(& 1e)iniie& Viitorul i$#lu dee$"ea) u" e%e"i$e"t #oterior a de $o$e"tul %or(irii*(&;&& orm2" tructura %iitorului i$#lu i"tr  %er(ul auiliar 4all la #eroa"a I i"'ular i #lural& Pill la

 #eroa"a a II,ai a III,a i"'ular i #lural& i i"i"iti%ul curt al %er(ului de co"-u'at:I 4all 'o to t4e eaide to$orroP* Voi $er'e la $are $.i"e*e 4all 'o to t4e eaide to$orroP* Vo$ $er'e la $are $.i"e*ou Pill 'o to t4e $ou"tai" "et Pee*Oe Pill 'o to t4e $ou"tai" "et Pee*T4e Pill 'o to t4e $ou"tai" "et Pee*Vei/Vei/Va/Vor $er'e la $u"te  #t$."a %iitoare*2" e"'le)a (rita"ic %or(it i +" e"'le)a a$erica" +" 'e"eral e oloete Pill i la #eroa"a Ii"'ulari #lural&   "ici o c4i$(are de e":I Pill 'o t4e eaide to$orroP* Voi $er'e la $are $.i"e*e Pill 'o t4e eaide to$orroP* Vo$ $er'e la $are $.i"e*Kor$a co"tra a %iitorului ete ll i"i"iti% la toate #eroa"ele: IHll 'o& OeHll 'o etc*Aceat or$ ete +"tre(ui"at cu #recdere +" e"'le)a %or(it& $ai ale c."d u(iectul etee#ri$at #ri"tr,u" #ro"u$e #ero"al*

 pag: 0//

(&;&0& Întrebuinare* 51 Viitorul i$#lu ete u" %iitor #ur& i"dic."d doar c aciu"ea are loc +"tru"$o$e"t %iitor& $ai a#ro#iat au adeeori $ai +"de#rtat de $o$e"tul %or(irii:OeHll co$e (ac to$orroP* Se %a +"toarce $.i"e*OeHll co$e (ac "et ear* Se %a +"toarce a"ul %iitor*;1 Viitorul i$#lu "u ete de o(icei +"tre(ui"at +" #ro#o)iiile u(ordo"ate& ii"d +"locuit de

 #re)ed"tul i$#lu: Oe Pill co$e P4e" 4e 4a ti$e* Va %e"i c."d %a a%ea ti$#* Viitorul i$#lu a#aredoar +" #ro#o)iiile u(ordo"ate co$#leti%e directe au #re#o)iio"ale& du# %er(ele t4i"& u##oe&e#ect& (elie%e& dou(t& au$e& 4o#e& Po"der& (e ure& (e araid& #e"tru a e#ri$a o#i"iile au

 #reu#u"eriule %or(itorului de#re o aciu"e %iitoare: IH$ ure ouHll eel (etter to$orroP* Su"t i'ur c

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te %ei i$i $ai (i"e $.i"e*1 Viitorul i$#lu #oate i oloit i cu %alori $odale 0#ct* ,81*Viitorul i$#lu re#re)e"tat #ri" Pill i"i"iti%& de ee$#lu& #oate i oloit la #eroa"a Ii"'urlari #lural& #e"tru a e#ri$a:a1 "eacce"tuat& o i"te"ie "e#re$editat& #o"ta"& a#rut +" $o$e"tul %or(irii: A: ItH 4ot i"4ere* B: IHll o#e" t4e Pi"doP* A: E cal aici* B: A$ /M duc  dec4id ereatra*

 (1 acce"tuat& 4otr.rea& deter$i"area de a %.r i aciu"ea: A: o"Ht ell t4at dictio"ar* It i%er 'ood* B: I Pill ell it& "o $atter P4at ou are ai"'* A: Nu %i"de dicio"arul& e oarte (u"* B: A$,l %."d/u"t 4otr.t ,l %."d i"diere"t ce #ui*1 ill i"i"iti%ul #oate i oloit i cu %aloare de #re)e"t 4a(itual 0rec%e"tati%1: E%er Su"dat4a Pill 'o to t4e eaide* 2" iecare du$i"ico(i"uiec e duc la $are*o(iceiul  e duc la $are*C4ildre" Pill (e c4ildre"* Co#iii tot co#ii*1 La or$a "e'ati%& la #eroa"a I i a III,a i"'ular i #lural& Po"Ht i"i"iti% e#ri$:a1 "eacce"tuat& reu)ul: I Po"Ht 'o t4ere* Nu %reau  $ duc acolo*

 (1 acce"tuat& reu)ul a(olut: I Po"Ht 'o t4ere* Nici "u $ '."dec  $ duc acolo*71 ill i"i"iti% ete oloit& la or$a i"tero'ati%& #e"tru a e#ri$a:a1 o +"tre(are de#re o aciu"e %iitoare: ill t4e o#e" t4e e4i(itio" to$orroP W Vor dec4idee#o)iia ei $.i"e W

 (1 o i"%itaie 0la #eroa"a a II,a1: ill ou co$e i"& #leaeW Vrei  i"trai& % ro'Wc1 o ru'$i"te 0de ae$e"ea la #eroa"a a II,a1: ill ou 4el# $eW Te ro'  $ a-ui*81 La i"tero'ati%& S4all i"i"iti% e#ri$:a1 %iitorul i$#lu: S4all I i"d t4e$ at 4o$e i I 'o "oPW A$ ,i 'ec aca dac $ ducacu$W

 (1 olicitarea u"ei o#i"ii: S4all I (u t4i Patc4W S cu$#r acet ceaWatorit +" $are #arte i$#licaiilor $odale #e care le #re)i"t %iitorul i$#lu "u ete rec%e"toloit +" %or(irea cure"t& ii"d o or$ caracteritic li$(ii crie 0li$(a-ul -ur"alitic& e$iiu"i de tiri&a"u"uri oiciale& li$(a-ul literar etc*1* 2" %or(ire e #reer  %iitorul cu 'oi"' to #e"tru e#ri$area ideiide %iitor a#ro#iat au %iitorul co"ti"uu #e"tru redarea ideii de aciu"e "eutr & o(i"uit& +" de urarea"or$al a e%e"i$e"telor %iitoare*

 pag: 0/?% ?e about to @ in)initi/

(&;&4& Be a(out to i"i"iti% e#ri$ u" %iitor i$ediat: e are a(out to lea%e* Su"te$ #e #u"ctul de a #leca*C% ?e to @ in)initi/(&;&5& Be to i"i"iti% e#ri$:51 u" ara"-a$e"t: I a$ to $o%e 4oue oo"* Ur$ea)  $ $ut +" cur."d*;1 u" ordi": ou are to retur" (eore "i'4tall* Tre(uie  % +"toarcei +"ai"te de cderea "o#ii*1% Viitorul cu going to "Going to 6 )uture%(&;&7& Viitorul cu 'oi"' to e or$ea) cu a-utorul or$ei (e 'oi"' to la #re)e"t& ur$at dei"i"iti%ul curt al %er(ului de co"-u'at: I a$ 'oi"' to Prite letter to$orroP* Voi crie criori $.i"e*ou are 'oi"' to ee a il$ to$orroP*e are 'oi"' to ee a il$ to$orroP*T4e are 'oi"' to ee a il$ to$orroP*Oe i 'oi"' to #la te""i to$orroP*

S4e i 'oi"' to #la te""i to$orroP*(&;&9& Întrebuinare& Viitorul cu 'oi"' to ete +"tre(ui"at #e"tru a e#ri$a:51 o acti%itate %iitoare a#ro#iat de $o$e"tul %or(irii 0%e)i ee$#lele de $ai u1*Not: Ver(ele 'o i co$e "u #ot i #recedate de 'oi"' to* 3e"tru a reda ideea de %iitor a#ro#iat&ele u"t +"tre(ui"ate la #re)e"tul co"ti"uu: 4ere are ou 'oi"' W U"de te duciW Oe i co$i"' to"i'4t*El %i"e diear *;1 o acti%itate %iitoare ce %a a%ea loc ca ur$are a u"ei i"te"ii #re)e"te: e are 'oi"' to #e"dour 4olida i" t4e $ou"tai"* 0eH%e alread (ooed a roo$ i" 3oia"a Brao%1* A%e$ de'."d/I"te"io"$  "e #etrece$ %aca"a la $u"te* 0A$ re)er%at de-a o ca$er  la 3oia"a Brao%1*

 Not: i"te"ie #o"ta"& "e#re$editat& e e#ri$ cu a-utorul %er(ului auiliar Pill i"i"iti%:

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A: IH$ t4irt* 0$i,e ete1* B: I Pill etc4 ou a 'la o Pater* 0M duc i aduc u" #a4ar cu a#1*0%e)i J5*6** #ct*a*1** o aciu"e %iitoare care %a a%ea loc ca re)ultat al u"ei cau)e #re)e"te: ItH 'oi"' to rai"* Loo at t4e cloud* Cred c o  #lou*/Are  #lou* Uit,te la "ori*1 Viitorul cu 'oi"' to "u ete oloit de re'ul +" #ro#o)iiile #ri"ci#ale& c."d ele u"t ur$ate deo #ro#o)iie u(ordo"at co"diio"al au te$#oral 0e oloete i"i"iti%ul cu 4all/Pill1* Totui aceator$ #oate a#rea +" #ro#o)iii te$#orale& c."d %re$  u(li"ie$ i"te"ia %or(itorului: Oe i 'oi"' to

 (e a #ilot P4e" 'roP u#* Are de '."d/i"te"io"ea)  e ac #ilot c."d %a crete*E% Prezentul continuu "Pre*ent Ten*e Continuou*%(&;&:* 3re)e"tul co"ti"uu& or$at di" %er(ul (e la #re)e"t i #artici#iul #re)e"t 0or$a i" ,i"'1 a%er(ului de co"-u'at& ete oloit #e"tru a e#ri$a o aciu"e %iitoare care a ot #la"iicat au #roiectat+"tr,u" $o$e"t #re)e"t: e are lea%i"' to$orroP* 0T4i i our #la"1* 3lec$ $.i"e* Aceta ete #la"ul"otru1*(&;&;& 3re)e"tul co"ti"uu e#ri$."d o aciu"e %iitoare ete de o(icei +"oit de u" ad%er( de ti$#%iitor: e are 4a%i"' a $eeti"' at oHcloc/t4i ater"oo"/later* A%e$/Vo$ a%ea edi" la ora /du#a$ia)/$ai t.r)iu*

 pag: 0/1% Prezentul *implu "2imple Pre*ent%(&;&('& 3re)e"tul i$#lu e#ri$:51 o aciu"e %iitoare dei"it& care %a a%ea loc ca #arte a u"ui #ro'ra$ oicial& orar ta(ilit etc* :

T4e #la"e tae o at 8 #*$* A%io"ul decolea) la ora 56** Ter$ tart i" Se#te$(er* coala +"ce#e +"e#te$(rie*;1 o aciu"e %iitoare +" #ro#or ii u(ordo"ate te$#orale i co"diio"ale 0%e)i J5*** #ct* (1*(&;&((& Ate"ie* At.t #re)e"tul co"ti"uu c.t i cel i$#lu e#ri$ o aciu"e %iitoare co"or$ u"ui

 #la" au ara"-a$e"t c."d u"t oloite cu %er(e de $icare ca 'o& lea%e& arri%e& co$e etc*eoe(irea ete ur$toarea: ee are lea%i"' to"i'4t* 3leca$ diear * 0Aceta ete #la"ul "otru

 #ero"al1* e lea%e to"i'4t* 3lec$ diear * 0Aceta ete #ro'ra$ul oicial& ta(ilit 0al ecuriei etc*1*G% Viitorul per)ect "uture Per)ect 2imple%(&;&(& ei"iie* Viitorul #erect dee$"ea) u" e%e"i$e"t a"terior u"ui $o$e"t au e%e"i$e"tcare ete la r."dul u #oterior $o$e"tului %or(irii*(&;&(0& Kor$* Viitorul #erect co"i"e +" tructura a %iitorul i$#lu al %er(ului 4a%e& ur$at de

 #artici#iul trecut al %er(ului de co"-u'at: I 4alll/Pill 4a%e do"e $ 4o$ePor ( t4e ti$e retur"* 2$i%oi i  cut leciile #." te +"torci tu*

(&;&(4& 2"tre(ui"are* Viitorul #erect ete oloit #e"tru a e#ri$a:51 o aciu"e %iitoare care %a a%ea loc +"ai"tea u"ui $o$e"t %iitor: Oe Pill 4a%e i"i4ed t4e (oo 

 ( Mo"da* El %a i ter$i"at cartea #." lu"i*;1 o aciu"e %iitoare care %a a%ea loc +"ai"tea u"ei alte aciu"i %iitoare:Oe Pill 4a%e i"i4ed t4e (oo ( t4e ti$e ou co$e (ac 4o$e* El %a i ter$i"at cartea #."c."d te +"torci tu aca*1 o aciu"e %iitoare care %a a%ea loc +"tr,o #erioad de ti$# a"terioar  u"ei aciu"i %iitoare& dar a-u"'."d #." la aceata: Oe Pill 4a%e Pored i" t4i actor or ort ear P4e" 4e retire* Va i lucrat+" aceat a(rica ti$# de de a"i c."d e %a #e"io"a*

 Not: Viitorul #erect ete o or$ %er(al caracteritic li$(ii crie& ii"d rar oloit +" %or(ireacure"t*(&;&(5& Aciu"i %iitoare di"tr,o #er#ecti% trecut* E%e"i$e"tele %iitoare u"t #oterioare$o$e"tului %or(irii& care ete "oP* ar e%e"i$e"tele #ot i #oterioarei u"ui $o$e"t trecut t4e"& care

ete a$i"tit +" $o$e"tul %or(irii* e #e aceat a a trecutului& #oi(ilitile de e#ri$are a ideii de%iitor u"t ur$toarele:51 P4ould i"i"iti%* 0Co"trucie #ui" rec%e"t +" %or(irea cure"t& caracteritic tilului"arati% literar1: T4e ti$e Pa "ot ar o P4e" 4e Pould reali)e 4i $itae* Nu era de#arte $o$e"tulc."d +i %a da ea$a de 'reeal*;1 (e 'oi"' to la 3at Te"e i"i"iti%& adeea cu e"ul de i"te"ie "ereali)at: ou Pere 'oi"'to i"%ite $e to t4e ci"e$a* 0But ou did"Ht1* Ur$a/Tre(uia  $ i"%ii la ci"e$a* 0ar ",ai  cut,o1*1 3at Te"e a#ectul co"ti"uu 0aciu"e co"or$ u"ui #la"& ara"-a$e"t1: I Pa $eeti"' t4e$ i"Tulcea t4e "et da* 2i +"t.l"ea$/ur$a ,i +"t.l"ec +" Tulcea a doua )i*1 Be to la 3at Te"e i"i"iti% 0co"trucie oloit +" e"'le)a literar  & cu e"ul de ur$a 9

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Xera ara"-atY1: Oe Pa to c4a"'e 4i $i"d later* T4e eti%al Pa to (e 4eld at t4e e"d o ter$*1 (e a(out to la 3at te"e i"i"iti% 0Xa i #e #u"ctul deY1: S4e Pa a(out to cr*

 pag: 0/5(&('& A*pectul "A*pect%(&('&(& ei"iie* 2" li$(a e"'le) a#ectul ete cate'oria 'ra$atical #eciic %er(ului& care ereer  la elul +" care ete re#re)e"tat aciu"ea e#ri$at de %er(: ca a%."d durat au "u& ca ii"dter$i"at au "u*(&('&& Eit dou co"trate +" li$(a e"'le) : durati% , "o",durati% 0de"u$it de o(iceico"ti"uu , "o",co"ti"uu1 i #erecti% , "o",#erecti%*2" #ri$ul o#o)iia ete +"tre o aciu"e care are o a"u$it durat& ete +" de urare +"tr,u"a"u$it $o$e"t au +"tr,o a"u$it #erioad de ti$# i ete ra#ortat la $o$e"tul de reeri" "oP& t4e"etc* i +"tre o aciu"e #e"tru care o ae$e"ea i"or$aie "u ete i$#orta"t* Co$#arai:?o4" i readi"' a" E"'li4 "eP#a#er 0"oP1* ?o4" citete u" )iar e"'le)ec 0acu$1& cu:?o4" read E"'li4 "eP#a#er 0e%er da1* ?o4" citete u" )iar e"'le)ec 0+" iecare )i1*2" al doilea aciu"ea ete +"tre aciu"i %)ute ca ter$i"ate +" $o$e"tul %or(irii: I 4a%e read a"i"tereti"' article o" #ollutio"* A$ citit u" articol i"terea"t de#re #oluare*i +"tre aciu"i de#re care "u e d o ae$e"ea i"or$aie: I 4a%e (ee" readi"' i"ce 5 oHcloc*(&('&0& 3e"tru a a"ali)a co"tratul durati% , "o",durati% i #erecti% , "o",#erecti% +" li$(ae"'le) tre(uie #or"it de la e"ul leical al %er(elor:A1 Ver(e care e#ri$ acti%iti +" li$(a e"'le) 0acti%it %er(1 u"t de dou eluri:

, %er(e de acti%itate durati% 0e#ri$."d aciu"i a cror %.r ire "eceit o a"u$it durat deti$#1: eat& dre& dri"& read& Pal etc*, %er(e de acti%itate "o",durati%& care e#ri$ aciu"i $o$e"ta"e&   durat& ii"d +"c4eiatea#roa#e +" acelai ti$# cu eectuarea lor: cat4& 4it& ic& la$& la#& "a# etc*

 Not: Adeeori e"ul "o",durati% al u"or %er(e ete e$"alat de #re)e"a u"or #articulead%er(iale ca doP"& out& u#& care le deoe(ec de %er(ele de acti%itate durati%* Co$#arai:it , it doP"ta"d , ta"d u#dri" , dri" u#

 #ic , #ic u#La r."dul lor& %er(ele de acti%itate durati% e +$#art +":, %er(e care "u i$#lic "ici u" co#: ru(& ru"& Pal etc*, %er(e care i$#lic ati"'erea u"ui co#: iro" a 4irt& $ae a dre& read a (oo& Prite a" ea*

B1 3e l."' %er(ele care dei"ec acti%iti 0durati%e au "o",durati%e1 eit i %er(e carede"u$ec tri* Acetea u"t durati%e& deoarece e#ri$ eite"a u"or a#te #e o #erioad +"delu"'atde ti$#: (e cle%er& (e a(le& "oP 4oP& eit& li%e*A*pect continuu "T#e Continuou* A*pect%(&('&4& Kor$* Ti$#urile a#ectului co"ti"uu e or$ea) di"tr,u" ti$# al %er(ului (e i

 #artici#iul #re)e"t 0or$a +" ,i"'1 a %er(ului de co"-u'at:3ree"t Co"ti"uou : I a$ readi"'3at Co"ti"uou: I Pa readi"'3ree"t 3erect Co"ti"uou: I 4a%e (ee" readi"'3at 3erect Co"ti"uou: I 4ad (ee" readi"'Kuture Co"ti"uou: I Pill (e readi"'Kuture 3erect Co"ti"uou: I Pill 4a%e (ee" readi"'

 pag: 0/6 

5*5** rto'raia #artici#iului #re)e"t de#i"de de or$a %er(ului la i"i"iti%:a1 co"oa"a i"al e du(lea) dac %ocala care o #recede e curti acce"tuat:to# , to##i"'9 reer , reerri"'*

 Not: 2" e"'le)a (rita"ic& ,l i"al e du(lea) i"diere"t de acce"t: co"trol , co"trolli"'9 tra%el ,tra%elli"'*2" e"'le)a a$erica" ,l i"al e du(lea) "u$ai dac acce"tul cade #e ulti$a ila(: co"trolli"'9dar: tra%eli"'*

 (1 , i"al e #trea)& i"diere"t dac ete #recedat de co"oa" au de %ocal: tud ,tudi"'9 #la , #lai"'& iar ,ie i"al e tra"or$ +" ,: lie , li"'9 die , di"'9c1 ,e i"al e o$ite: 4a%e , 4a%i"'

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Ece#ii: a'ree , a'reei"'9 (e , (ei"'9 ee , eei"'9 de , dei"' 0a %o#i1*(&('&7* 2"tre(ui"area a#ectului co"ti"uua1 Koloirea a#ectului co"ti"uu cu %er(ele de acti%itate durati%   co# arat c aciu"ilede"u$ite de %er(e u"t +" de urare #e aa #re)e"tului& a trecutului au a %iitorului: T4e are Pali"'+" t4e #ar "oP* Oe Pa Pi$$i"' +" t4e lae at t4i ti$e eterda*

 (1 Cu %er(ele de acti%itate durati% care i$#lic ati"'erea u"ui co#& oloirea a#ectuluico"ti"uu arat c co#ul "u a ot ati"& aciu"ea "u a ot ter$i"at: Oe i readi"' a (oo "oP* Citeteo carte acu$ 0Nu a ter$i"at,o1*S4e Pa iro"i"' a 4irt* Ea clca o c$a*c1 Ver(ele de acti%itate "o",durati% arat o aciu"e re#erat atu"ci c."d u"t oloite la a#ectulco"ti"uu: Oe i ici"'*  di" #icioare*d1 Ver(ele care e#ri$ o tare arat c aceat tare ete li$itat atu"ci c."d u"t oloite laa#ectul co"ti"uu: I li%e i" Brao% 0t4atH P4ere $ 4oue i1* IH$ li%i"' i" Buc4aret t4i ear* A"ulaceta locuiec +" Bucureti*2"tre(ui"rile a#ectului co"ti"uu la di%ere ti$#uri u"t cele e"u$erate la J5*5*7* iere"elede la u" ti$# la altul co"tau +" $o$e"tul +" care are loc aciu"ea i +" $o$e"tul de reeri"*(&('&9& Prezentul continuu ete utili)at #e"tru a e#ri$a:51 cu %er(e de acti%itate durati%   co#:a1 o aciu"e +" de urare +" $o$e"tul %or(irii: Lite"! Oe i i"'i"' i" t4e (at4roo$! Acult!C."t +" (aie!Aceat +"tre(ui"are ete $arcat de o(icei de ad%er(e de ti$# ca: "oP 0acu$1 ri'4t "oP 0c4iar acu$1& at t4i $o$e"t 0+" acet $o$e"t1: A: 4at ia a" doi"'W B: Oe i 4a%i"' ri'4t "oP& dar #oatea#rea i   ele& $o$e"tul de a al aciu"ii reiei"d di" or$a co"ti"u a %er(ului: A: 4at i a"doi"'W B: Oe i 4a%i"'* A: Ce ace a" 0acu$1W B: Se (r(ierete*

 (1 o aciu"e o(i"uit& re#etat& #re)e"tat +" de urarea ei +" a"u$ite circu$ta"e: I alPatae $ u$(rella P4e" it i rai"i"'* Totdeau"a +$i iau u$(rella c."d #lou* I "e%er read P4ile I a$Pali"' i" t4e Bota"ical Garde"* 2l +"t.l"ec ori de c.te ori $ #li$( +" Gr di"a (ota"ic*;1 cu %er(ele de acti%itate durati% i$#lic."d u" co#& o aciu"e care "u a ot ter$i"at la$o$e"tul %or(irii: Oe i doi"' 4i 4o$ePor* 2i ace te$ele*1 cu %er(e de acti%itate "o",durati%& o aciu"e re#etat +" $o$e"tul %or(irii: Oe i "oci"' o"t4e door au o aciu"e re#etat +" $od rec%e"t& care dera"-ea) au i$it #e %or(itor: M "ei'4(our ialPa tarti"' 4i car P4e" I Pa"t to 4a%e a ret* Veci"ul $eu totdeau"a +i #or"ete $ai"a c."d%reau  $ odi4"ec*

 pag: 0/7 

Aceat oloire a #re)e"tului co"ti"uu ete o(li'atoriu +"oit de ad%er(e de rec%e" ca:alPa& ore%er 0totdeau"a1& co"ti"uall& all t4e ti$e 0tot ti$#ul1*Acetea e aea) +"tre auiliarul (e i or$a +" ,i"'& cu ece#ia lui all t4e ti$e care ocu#

 #o)iie i"al +" #ro#o)iie: T4at little c4ild i co"ti"uall cri"' dar: Oe i cri"' all t4e ti$e*1 cu %er(e care de"u$ec o tare& o aciu"e cu caracter te$#orar care are loc #e"tru o #erioadli$itat de ti$#& 0i"clu)."d i $o$e"tul %or(irii1: A"" i atte"di"' t4e 3ol* A"a ur$ea) #olite4"ica0tudia) #olite4"ica1*Co$#li"irile ad%er(iale #e"tru aceat +"tre(ui"are a #re)e"tului co"ti"uu u"t: toda 0at)i1&t4i Pee 0 #t$."a aceata1& t4ee da 0)ilele acetea1& t4i $o"t4 0lu"a aceata1& t4i ear 0a"ulaceta1 etc: M at4er uuall teac4e 'eo$etr& (ut 4e i teac4i"' al'e(ra t4i ear* Tatl $eu #red'eo$etria de o(icei& dar a"ul aceta #red al'e(ra*1 3re)e"tul co"ti"uu ete de ae$e"ea oloit #e"tru a dee$"a o aciu"e %iitoare #la"iicat di"

 #re)e"t 0%e)i J 5*6*=*1: e are lea%i"' to$orroP* 3lec$ $.i"e*

(&('&:& Pa*t Ten*e Continuou* e#ri$:51 cu %er(e de acti%itate durati%   co#:a1 o aciu"e +" de urare +"tr,u" $o$e"t trecut& a$i"tit +" $o$e"tul %or(irii:I Pa Pali"' at tPo oHcloc eterda*I Pa Pali"' at t4i lat Pee*

 Not: Aceat or$ %er(al ete rec%e"t oloit +" decrieri& #e"tru redarea u"or acti%itidurati%e& +" de urare& care co"tratea) cu acti%iti "o",durati%e& uccei%e i ter$i"ate& #e"truredarea crora e oloete 3at Te"e i$#lu 0or$a caracteritic "araiu"ilor1: It Pa a cold Pi"ter e%e"i"'* utide& t4e Pi"d Pa (loPi"'* A (i' ire Pa (ur"i"' i" t4e ire#lace* T4e old Po$a" ca$e i"a"d Pe"t "ear t4e ire* S4e Par$ed 4er 4a"d a"d at doP"*

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 (1 o aciu"e durati% +" de urare& +"treru#t de o aciu"e "o",durati%& $o$e"ta":Oe ca$e i" P4e"/P4ile I Pa eati"'*A i"trat c."d/+" ti$# ce $."ca$*4e" 4e ra"' u# I Pa 0-ut1 'oi"' out* C."d a teleo"at 0toc$ai1 ieea$* Oe called $e -ut a IPa lea%i"'* M,a tri'at eact c."d #leca$*c1 dou aciu"i #aralele +" de urare +" trecut: S4e Pa eati"' P4ile I Pa Pa4i"'* Ea $."ca+" ti$# ce eu $ #la$*

 Not: ac "u "e i"tereea) a#ectul de de urare& de durat al aciu"ilor& ci doar c aciu"ileau a%ut loc +"tr,u" $o$e"t di" trecut #ute$ #u"e: S4e ate P4ile I Pa4ed* au: S4e ate P4ile I PaPa4i"'* 0ate , aciu"ea a ot $ai curt& ter$i"at9 Pa Pa4i"' aciu"e , $ai de durat& "e+"c4eiat +"$o$e"tul +" care cealalt a ot +"c4eiat1*;1 cu %er(e de acti%itate durati% care i$#lic ati"'erea u"ui co#: , o aciu"e trecut& dar "e+"c4eiat: Oe Pa readi"' a (oo lat "i'4t* Citea o carte aear * 0Co$#arai cu: Oe read a (oo lat"i'4t* a citit o carte aear *

 pag: 0/&1 %er(e de acti%itate "o",durati%& o aciu"e re#etat +" trecut& irita"t #e"tru ceilali 0alPa&ore%er& co"ti"uall& all t4e ti$e1: Oe Pa alPa co$i"' late to t4e E"'li4 leo"* Totdeau"a +"t.r)iala ora de e"'le)*1 cu %er(e care e#ri$ o tare& o aciu"e trecut cu caracter te$#orar: Oe Pa li%i"' i" Brao%P4e" I $et 4i$*

1 3at Te"e a#ectul co"ti"uu $ai #oate e#ri$a i o aciu"e %iitoare& #la"iicat +"tr,u"$o$e"t trecut& ii"d u(+"elea "e+"de#li"irea ei 0Ve)i J5*6*5* #ct*1: e Pere lea%i"' t4e "et da*(&('&;& Viitorul continuu "uture Continuou*%51 cu %er(e de acti%itate durati%   co#& %iitorul co"ti"uu e#ri$:a1 o aciu"e +" de urare +"tr,u" $o$e"t %iitor& #oterior $o$e"tului %or(irii:I 4all (e Pali"' at tPo oHcloc to$orroP*I Pill (e Pali"' at t4i ti$e "et Pee* %oi #li$(a $.i"e la ora dou* %oi #li$(a  #t$."a %iitoare la ora ata*

 (1 o aciu"e +" de urare +" %iitor +"treru#t de o aciu"e $o$e"ta"*4e" 4e co$e& I Pill (e eati"'* C."d %a %e"i& eu %oi i +" $i-locul $eei*c1 o aciu"e +" de urare +" %iitor& +" #aralel cu o alt aciu"e +" de urare de ae$e"ea +"%iitor: S4e Pill (e Pali"' P4ile I a$ lee#i"'* Ea e %a #li$(a +" ti$# ce eu %oi dor$i*

Ate"ie!A doua aciu"e %iitoare +" de urare "u #oate i #u tot la %iitorul co"ti"uu deaorece ace

 #arte di"tr,o #ro#o)iie u(ordo"at te$#oral 0+" care "u e oloete %iitorul +" li$(a e"'le)1*;1 cu %er(e de acti%itate durati% care i$#lic ati"'erea u"ui co#& o aciu"e "e+"c4eiat: S4e Pill

 (e 4a%i"' 4er #ia"o leo" P4e" ou co$e*1 Viitorul co"ti"uu e#ri$ B[\i ideea de aciu"e %iitoare care %a a%ea loc +" de urarea ireaca e%e"i$e"telor: IHll (e eei"' 4i$ to$orroP $or"i"' 0T4i 4a##e" e%er $or"i"'1* 2l %d $.i"edi$i"ea* 02l %d +" iecare di$i"ea1* IHll (e #ai"' t4e 'rocerH o" $ Pa to c4ool* Trec #ri" aa"iei +" dru$ #re coal*(&('&('& Traducerea or$elor a#ectului co"ti"uu +" li$(a ro$.":Ver(ul ro$."ec "u are o cate'orie $arcat or$al #e"tru redarea co"tratului a#ectualco"ti"uu,"o"co"ti"uu* Ideea de de urare au durat li$itat a aciu"ii ete redat +" li$(a ro$." cua-utorul ad%er(elor de ti$#: Oe i teac4i"' "oP* 3red/Are or  acu$* Oe i teac4i"' arit4$etic t4i

ear* 3red arit$etica a"ul aceta*Si"'ura or$ %er(al di" li$(a ro$." care e#ri$& ca i a#ectul co"ti"uu di" li$(a e"'le)&o aciu"e "eter$i"at la u" $o$e"t dat& au de durat li$itat& ete i$#erectuli aceta ete oloit deo(icei #e"tru traducerea lui 3at Te"e co"ti"uu +" li$(a ro$.": S4e Pa Pori"' i" t4e 'arde" P4e" Iarri%ied* Mu"cea +" 'r di" c."d a$ oit*Mai diicil +" ete traducerea i$#erectului +" li$(a e"'le)& deoarece eit te"di"a de aoloi 3at Te"e Co"ti"uou i atu"ci c."d i$#erectul ro$."ec are alt %aloare& cea de aciu"ere#etat +" trecut #e"tru care li$(a e"'le) oloete 3at Te"e Si$#le:Ro$.": Mu"cea$ +" 'r di" c."d $ ducea$ la (u"ici*E"'le): I Pored t4e 'arde" P4e" I Pe"t to $ 'ra"d#are"t*

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 pag: 0/-(&('&((& Ver(e care "u #ot i oloite la a#ectul co"ti"uu* Eit $ai $ulte clae de %er(e& caredatorit e"ului lor leical "u #ot i oloite la a#ectul co"ti"uu*Acetea u"t: A1 %er(e de acti%itate "o",durati%& care u"t co"iderate ca ii"d +"c4eiate +"$o$e"tul +" care au ot i"iiate:Oe ic& la$& (a"' t4e door*B1 %er(e care e#ri$ aciu"i de urate at.t de ra#id u( oc4ii %or(itorului& +"c.t #ot ico"iderate "o",durati%e: core& 4oot& #lace i" t4e o%e"* Aceata e +"t.$#l de o(icei +" co$e"tarii#orti%e au de$o"traii #ractice 0aa "u$itul #re)e"t i$#lu i"ta"ta"eu , %e)i J5*** #ct*1*C1 %er(e care e#ri$ u" ade%r u"i%eral au o caracteritic 'e"eral: Ki4 Pi$* CoP 'i%e$il* T4e a"u(e loP i"to t4e Blac ea*1 %er(e care e#ri$ o #erce#ie e")orial 0Ver( o i"ert #erce#tio"1: ee& 4ear& $ell& eel&ou"d* T4e loPer $ell "ice* Kloarea are u" $iro #lcut*Ate"ie! Ver(ele de #erce#ie e oloec cu %er(ul $odal ca" #e"tru a reda o aciu"e u"ic&co"cret +" de urare: I ca" ee 4i$ "oP* 2l %d acu$* I ee 4i$ e%er da* 2l %d +" iecare )i*Ver(ele care redau #erce#ia e")orial #ot i oloite la a#ectul co"ti"uu dac ele i"dic ooloire co"tie"t a i$urilor:a1 #ri" oloirea u"or #erec4i i"o"i$ice: lite" to& loo at& Patc4:A#ectul i$#lu:I 0ca"1 4ear $uic

I 0ca"1 ee 4i$*I 0ca"1 ee t4e TV et*A#ectul co"ti"uu:I a$ lite"i"' to $uic*I a$ looi"' at 4i$*I a$ Patc4i"' TV*

 (1 #ri" oloirea tra")iti% 0ca acti%iti1 a u"or %er(e care e#ri$ o calitate #er$a"e"t0oloite i"tra")iti%1: T4e cae tate 'ood* I a$ tati"' t4e cae*c1 %er(ele de #erce#ie #ot a%ea or$e ale a#ectului co"ti"uu c."d u"t oloite cu alte e"uri:IH%e (ee" 4eari"' all a(out 4er ea$* A$ au)it 0Mi ,a #u totul1 de#re ea$e"ele ei* 04ear F a #ri$i%eti1* IH$ eei"' 4i$ to"i'4t* M +"t.l"ec cu el diear * Oe i eei"' t4e i'4t* Vi)itea) o(iecti%eleturitice* 0ee F a +"t.l"i& a %i)ita locuri turitice1*

 pag: 0/-

E1 %er(ele care e#ri$ o acti%itate $i"tal 0Ver( o co'"itio"1: (elie%e& "oP& t4i"& i$a'i"e&$ea"& $i"d& re$e$(er& recollect& recall& u##oe& or'et& u#ect& 'ue& #reu##oe& reali)e&u"derta"d*Acete %er(e u"t ur$ate de o(icei de o #ro#o)iie u(ordo"at i"trodu de t4at au de u"cu%."t relati% +"ce#."d cu P4,: I t4i" 0t4at1 ou are ri'4t* Cred c ai dre#tate* I do"Ht re$e$(er P4at4e aid* Nu,$i a$i"tec ce,a #u*U"ele di" ele #ot i oloite la a#ectul co"ti"uu dac u"t oloite ca %er(e de acti%itate: A:4at i 4e doi"'W B: Oe i t4i"i"' o 4i uture* A: Ce ace elW B: Se '."dete la %iitor*K1 Ver(e care e#ri$ e"ti$e"te& tri uleteti: lo%e& lie& careor& adore& 4ate& dilie& detet&re'ret& #reer& Pi4* I lie $ -o(* 2$i #lace er%iciul $eu* I detet la) #eo#le* etet oa$e"ii le"ei&dar i: OoP are ou lii"' t4e tri#W Cu$ +i #lace ctoria/Cu$ te ditre)iW

 pag: 00G1 Ver(e e#ri$."d o relaie: a##l to& (e& (elo"' to& co"cer"& co"it o& co"tai"& cot& de#e"d

o"& deer%e& i"clude& i"%ol%e& lac& $atter& "eed& oPe& oP"& #oe& 4a%e& reuire& ree$(le& ee$: T4i (oo (elo"' to 4i$* Aceat carte +i a#ar i"e lui* Oe oP" t4i 4oue* Aceat ca e #ro#rietatea lui*Oele" ree$(le 4er $ot4er* Ele"a ea$ cu a$a ei*Acete %er(e "u #ot i oloite la a#ectul co"ti"uu& cu ece#ia lui (e i 4a%e c."d ele "ue#ri$ tarea& re#ecti% #oeia: Oe i i"d* El ete a$a(il 0+" 'e"eral1* 4& 4e i (ei"' i"d toda!Ei& e #oat cu a$a(ilitate 0ete a$a(il at)i!1 0ete o ituaie "ecaracteritic& te$#orar 1* Oe 4a a"eP (ie* Are o (iciclet "ou* Oe i 4a%i"' a ride "oP* Se #li$( cu (icicleta acu$* +" %or(irea cure"t%er(e ca ree$(le& cot& etc* u"t u"eori +"tre(ui"ate la a#ectul co"ti"uu& dac e#ri$ o i"te"iicaretre#tat a aciu"ii: 3eter i ree$(li"' 4i at4er $ore a"d $ore* 3etre ea$ di" ce +" ce $ai $ult cutatl u* Grocerie i" (ritai" are coti"' o $uc4 $ore t4ee da! 2" A"'lia& #reul articolelor de

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"ie a crecut aa de $ult +" )ilele "oatre!O1 Ver(e care e#ri$ o e")aie i)ic* 0Ver( o (od e"atio"1* Acete %er(e #ot i oloitela a#ectul co"ti"uu au i$#lu& cu $ici diere"e de e":OoP do ou eel todaWOoP are ou eeli"' todaWCu$ te i$i at)iWA*pectul per)ecti/ "T#e Per)ecti/e A*pect%(&('&(& 1e)iniie& A#ectul #erecti% arat c u" e%e"i$e"t 0o aciu"e au tare1 etere#re)e"tat ca +"c4eiat de ctre %or(itor +" $o$e"tul +" care ete dicutat*(&('&(0& Întrebuinare& 2" u"cie de e"ul leical al %er(elor i ad%er(ele care le +"oec&a#ectul #erecti% are tradiio"al $ai $ulte %alori:51 a#ectul #erecti% re)ultati% 0Reultati%e 3erect1 a#are cu %er(e de acti%itate durati% carei$#lic u" co# i arat c acet co# a ot ati":a1 I 4a%e (roe" t4e %ae* A$ #art %a)a*

 (1 Oe 4ad read t4e (oo* 0El1 citie cartea*2" co"eci"& %or(itorul i$te eectul au re)ultatul u"ei aciu"i a"terioare:a1 T4e %ae i (roe" "oP* Va)a ete #art acu$*

 (1 Oe "eP P4at t4e (oo Pa a(out*tia de#re ce ete %or(a +" carte*;1 a#ectul #erecti% co"ti"uati% 0Co"ti"uati%e 3erect1 ete oloit cu %er(e care e#ri$ o tarei u"t +"oite de ad%er(e de durat& #e"tru a e#ri$a o aciu"e +"ce#ut +"ai"te i care co"ti"ui +"

$o$e"tul #re)e"t& a$i"tit au a"tici#at: e 4a%e lie%ed i" Buc4aret or te" ear* Locui$ +" Bucuretide )ece a"i* Lo"do" 4a tood o" t4e T4a$e or t4oua"d o ear* Lo"dra ete ituat #e Ta$ia de$ii de a"i*1 a#ectul #erecti% al e#erie"ei 0T4e 3erect o E#erie"ce1 arat c aciu"ea a a%ut loc odat au de $ai $ulte ori +" e#erie"a %or(itorului* T4e 4ad li%ed i" e%eral touP" i" Ro$a"ia*Locuier  +" $ai $ulte orae di" Ro$."ia* 4e"e%er I 4a%e aed $ at4er a uetio"& I 4a%e recei%eda trai'4torPard a"Per* ri de c.te ori i,a$ #u tatlui $eu o +"tre(are& a$ #ri$it u" r #u"  ocoliuri*

 pag: 0(&('&(4& A#ectul #erecti% i a#ectul co"ti"uu u"t co$(i"ate +" ur$toarele or$e %er(ale:

 #erectul #re)e"t co"ti"uu& $ai,$ult,ca,#erectul co"ti"uui %iitorul #erect co"ti"uu*3erectul #re)e"t co"ti"uu 03ree"t 3erect Co"ti"uou1 ete alctuit di" or$a de 3ree"t3erect a %er(ului (e ur$at de #artici#iul #re)e"t 0+" ,i"'1 al %er(ului de co"-u'at:

I 4a%e (ee" readi"' or t4ree 4our* Citec de trei ore* IH%e (ee" readi"' or t4ree 4our*Oe 4a (ee" readi"' or t4ree 4our* OeH (ee" readi"' or t4ree 4our* Citete de trei ore*Aceat or$ %er(al e#ri$:51o aciu"e +"ce#ut +"tr,u" $o$e"t trecut& care co"ti"u +" #re)e"t i #oate i +" %iitor: T4e4a%e (ee" #lai"' te""i or 4al a" 4our* ?oac te"i de -u$tate de or * 0F T4e (e'a" #lai"' te""i4al a" 4our a'o* T4e are til #lai"' te""i a" t4e $a co"ti"ue doi"' o*1Aceat +"tre(ui"are a lui 3ree"t 3erect co"ti"uu #oate i redat i cu a-utorul lui 3ree"t3erect i$#lu +" ca)ul u"or %er(e ca li%e& ta& Por& tud etc*Koloirea a#ectului co"ti"uu& #ri" co"tract cu acea a a#ectului i$#lu& coate +" e%ide"co"ti"uitatea& i" Buc4aret or te" ear*U" alt co"trat #oate i cel de aciu"e toc$ai +"c4eiat , aciu"e "e+"c4eiat: IH%e Pored o" t4ico$#oitio" i"ce i%e oHcloc* 0IH%e -ut i"i4ed it1* IH%e (ee" Pori"' o" t4i co$#oitio" i"ce i%eoHcloc* 0a"d IH$ till Pori"'1*

;1 o aciu"e re#etat rec%e"t& +"tr,o #erioad de ti$# care e +"ti"de di"t trecut #." +" #re)e"t:IH%e (ee" ridi"' a (iccle or t4ree ear* Mer' cu (iciclete de trei a"i* Oe 4a (ee" Priti"' #oe$ i"ce4e Pa a c4ild* Scrie #oe)ii de c."d era co#il*2" aceat ituaie 0;1 e oloete 3ree"t 3erect i$#lu 0i "u co"ti"uu1 dac e #eciic dec.te ori a ot %.r it aciu"ea re#etat: IH%e ridde" $ (iccle 4u"dred o ti$e* A$ $er cu

 (icicleta de ute de ori* Oe 4a Pritte" it #oe$* A cri ci"ci)eci de #oe)ii*2"tre(ui"rile 5 i ; ale lui 3ree"t 3erect u"t $arcate de co$#li"iri ad%er(iale i"cid."d:a1 lu"'i$ea #erioadei de ti$#: or a'e 0de $ult %re$e1& or a eP $i"ute 0de c.te%a $i"ute1&or t4ree 4our 0de trei ore1 etc*

 (1 +"ce#utul #erioadei de ti$#: i"ce ece$(er ;t4 0de la ; dece$(rie1& i"ce lat ear 0de

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a"ul trecut1& i"ce Mo"da 0de lu"i1 etc*1 o aciu"e trecut& +"c4eiat rece"t& care ete cau)a u"ui eect i$it +" #re)e"t: A: 4 areour 4a"d dirtW B: IH%e (ee" re#airi"' $ (ie* A: e ce ai $.i"ile $urdareW B: Mi,a$ re#arat

 (icicleta*(&('&(5& Mai6mult6ca6per)ectul continuu "Pa*t Per)ect Continuou*% e or$ea) di" %er(ul

 (e la $ai,$ult,ca,#erecti di" #artici#iul +" ,i"' al %er(ului de co"-u'at* El are aceleai %alori ca i3ree"t 3erect co"ti"uu& $o$e"tul de reeri" ii"d +" aa trecutului*

 pag: 0/Acet or$ %er(al e#ri$:51 o aciu"e trecut& +"ce#ut +"ai"tea u"ei alte aciu"i trecute i co"ti"u."d #." la ea:I 4ad (ee" Paiti"' or $ rie"d i"ce tPo oHcloc P4e" 4e i"all*I 4ad (ee" Paiti"' or $ rie"d or 4al a" 4our arri%ed*2l ate#ta$ #e #riete"ul $eu de la ora dou c."d +" .r it a oit*2l ate#ta$ #e #riete"ul $eu de -u$tate de or  c."d +" .r it a oit*;1 o aciu"e trecut +"ce#ut +"ai"tea u"ui $o$e"t au a u"ei aciu"i trecute& co"ti"u."d #." +"acel $o$e"t au #." la acea aciu"e i #oate i du# aceea: T4e (o P4ere till #lai"' oot(all at"oo"*T4e 4ad (ee" #lai"' oot(all all $or"i"'*T4e 4ad (ee" #lai"' oot(all i"ce te" oHcloc*ieii $ei -ucau ot(al la ora #r.")ului* Ei -ucaer  ot(al toat di$i"eaa*/ Ei -ucau ot(al de la

ora )ece*1 o aciu"e re#etat rec%e"t +"tr,o #erioad de ti$# trecut& a"terioar  u"ui $o$e"t au u"eiaciu"i de ae$e"ea trecute: Oe 4ad (ee" Priti"' #oe$ or tPo ear P4e" I $et 4i$* Scria #oe)ii dedoi a"i c."d l,a$ cu"ocut*Ate"ie! ac e ace o #reci)are "u$eric& e oloete 3at 3erect i$#lu: Oe 4ad Pritte" it

 #oe$ P4e" I $et 4i$* Scriee ci"ci)eci de #oe)ii c."d l,a$ cu"ocut*1 o aciu"e a"terioar  u"ei alte aciu"i de ae$e"ea trecut ter$i"at cu #ui" +"ai"tea ei& i ii"dcau)a aceteia: Oe Pa carri"' a 4a$$er a"d "ail (ecaue 4e 4ad (ee" $e"di"' t4e e"ce* A%ea +"$." u" cioca" i cuie #e"tru c re#arae 'ardul*1 3ree"t 3erect i 3at Te"e co"ti"uu de%i" $ai,$ult,ca,#erect co"ti"uu +" %or(ireai"direct& du# u" %er( trecut +" #ro#o)iia #ri"ci#al: XIH%e (ee" readi"' or t4ree 4our*Y S4e aid 4e4ad (ee" readi"' or t4ree 4our*Ate"ie! Ti$#ul 3at Te"e co"ti"uu de%i"e 3at 3erect co"ti"uu "u$ai dac e reer  la o

aciu"e +"c4eiat*0%e)i J ;7**6*1: XI Pa t4i"i"' o 'oi"' aPa& (ut I 4a%e c4a"'ed $ $i"d*Y Oe aid4e 4ad (ee" t4i"i"' o 'oi"' aPa& (ut 4e 4ad c4a"'ed 4i $i"d*Alt$i"teri 3at Te"e a#ectul co"ti"uu r $."e "ec4i$(at +" %or(irea i"direct $ai ale dac ela#are +"tr,o #ro#ro)iie u(ordo"at te$#oral 0%e)i J;7**=* #ct*1: X4e" I Pa atte"di"' t4eeco"dar c4ool i" Craio%a& I ote" $et a"*Y Oe aid t4at P4e" 4e Pa atte"di"' t4e eco"darc4ool i" Craio%a& 4e 04ad1 ote" $et a"*(&('&(7& Viitorul per)ect continuu "uture Per)ect Continuou*% e or$ea) di" %iitorul

 #erect al %er(ului (e i di" #artici#iul +" ,i"' al %er(ului de co"-u'at*Viitorul #erect co"ti"uu e#ri$ o aciu"e +" de urare +" %iitor& +"ai"tei #." la o altaciu"e %iitoare 0i #oate i du# aceea1 : P4e" t4e (ell ri"'& Pe 4all / Pill 4a%e (ee" Priti"' or it$i"ute* C."d %a u"a clo#oelul "oi %o$ i ocu#ai cu criul / Noi %o$ i cri de ci"ci)eci de $i"ute*

 pag: 0Ate"ie! Aciu"ea %.r it +" aceat #erioad de ti$# %iitoare& a"terioar  u"ui $o$e"t au u"ei

aciu"i de ae$e"ea %iitoare& ete la %iitorul #erect co"ti"uu dac e #eciic lu"'i$ea #erioadei deti$# au +"ce#utul ei: B i oHcloc #*$* i Pill 4a%e (ee" elli"' (loue or ei'4t 4our* 3." la ora 5=ea %a i %."dut (lu)e ti$# de o#t ore9 i la %iitorul #erect i$#lu dac ete #re)e"t o #reci)are"u$eric +" le'tur  cu aciu"ea: B i oHcloc #*$* i Pill 4a%e old ei'4t (loue* 3." la ora 5= ea%a i %."dut = de (lu)e*

 Not: Viitorul #erect co"ti"uu ete rar oloit +" %or(ire& ii"d o or$ caracteritic li$(iicrie*

(&((& 1iateza "Voice%(&((&(& 1e)iniie& iate)a ete cate'oria 'ra$atical #eciic %er(ului care e#ri$ ra#ortul

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di"tre %er(ului #redicat& #e de o #arte& i u(iectul i o(iectul* 0co$#le$e"tul direct au de a'e"t1 al%er(ului #redicat& #e de alt #arte*2" li$(a e"'le) eit dou diate)e $arcate or$al: diate)a acti%& diate)a #ai%*(&((&& 1iateza acti/ "Acti/e Voice%& Ver(ul ete la diate)a acti% c."d u(iectul 'ra$atical%.r te aciu"ea care& la %er(ele tra")iti%e& e r r."'e au#ra o(iectului: Luc 0u(iect1 4a Pritte"0#redicat1 a letter 0o(iect1* Lucia a cri o crioare*

 Not: 3e"tru claiicarea %er(elor di" #u"ct de %edere al tra")iti%itii& %e)i J5** , 5*=*(&((&0& 1iateza pa*i/ "Pa**i/e Voice%& Ver(ul ete la diate)a #ai% c."d u(iectul 'ra$aticaluer  aciu"ea %.r it de o(iect: T4i letter 0u(iect1 4a (ee" Pritte" 0#redicat1 ( Luc 0o(iect1*Aceat crioare a ot cri de Lucia*(&((&4& ?e @ participiul trecut& I"dicii or$ali ai diate)ei #ai%e u"t:a1 %er(ul (e au u"eori 'et&

 (1 co$#le$e"tul de a'e"t i"trodu de #re#o)iia (*a1 Ver(ul (e $arc4ea) cate'oriile de $od& ti$#& #eroa" i "u$r la diate)a #ai%* El eteur$at de u" %er( "oio"al la #artici#iul trecut: S4e Pa $et at t4e tatio" ( $ (rot4er* Ea a otte#tat la 'ar  de ratele $eu*0a , $odul i"dicati%& 3at Te"e& #eroa"a a III,a i"'ular1*5*55** Co"-u'area u"ui %er( la diate)a #ai%& $odul i"dicati% ete:A#ectul i$#lu3ree"t: I a$ ee"* Oe i ee"* e are ee"*

3at: I Pa ee"* e Pere ee"*3ree"t 3erect: I 4a%e (ee" ee"* Oe 4a (ee" ee"*3at 3erect: I 4ad (ee" ee"*Kuture: I 4all (e ee"* Oe Pill (e ee"*Kuture 3erect: I 4all 4a%e (ee" ee"* Oe Pill 4a%e (ee" ee"*A#ectul co"ti"uu ete oloit la diate)a #ai% doar la 3ree"t i 3at Te"e*Kor$a co"ti"u de la diate)a #ai% are +" tructura a %er(ul (e la a#ectul co"ti"uu 0ti$#ul3ree"t au 3at1 i #artici#iul trecut al %er(ului de co"-u'at: T4e claroo$ are (ei"' clea"ed "oP* Seace cur e"ie +" clae acu$*T4e c4ool Pa (ei"' clea"ed P4e" Pe Pe"ted to %iit it* Se  cea cur e"ie +" coal c."d a$%rut ,o %i)it$*

 pag: 01(&((&7& Get=become @ participiul trecut& 2" aar  de %er(ul (e e $ai #oate oloi i %er(ul 'et

 #e"tru or$area diate)ei #ai%e*Ver(ul 'et #artici#iul trecut ete utili)at $ai ale +" %or(irea cure"t& #e"tru a i"dica trecereadi"tr,o tare +" alta: Oer irt 'ot cau'4t i" t4e door* I ,a #ri" uta +" u* All our 'lae 'ot (roe"P4e" Pe $o%ed* S,au #art toate #a4arele c."d "e,a$ $utat*U" i"o"i$ al %er(ului 'et cu e"ul de c4i$(are tre#tat ete %er(ul (eco$e& +"iit deeori de$ore a"d $ore& i"creai"'l: T4e #roductio" o t4i actor i (eco$i"' i"creai"'l #eciali)ed*3roducia acetei a(rici de%i"e di" ce +" ce $ai #eciali)at*(&((&9& Complementul -e agent& Co$#le$e"tul de a'e"t i"trodu de #re#o)iia ( i"dic ci"e a%.r it aciu"ea uerit de u(iectul 'ra$atical al #ro#o)iiei: T4e #oe$ Pa recited ( Mar* 0"ot (Luc or A""1* 3oe)ia a ot recitat de Maria 0"u de Lucia au A"a1*

 Not: Co$#le$e"tul de a'e"t ete co"iderat u(iectul lo'ic au real al #ro#o)iiei& deoarece el%.r te aciu"ea*Co$#le$e"tul de a'e"t "u ete $e"io"at +" $a-oritatea #ro#ro)iiilor #ai%e* El e o$ite c."d:

a1 "u e cu"oate u(iectul real& cel care a %.r it aciu"ea: All %illa'e i" Ro$a"ia are u##liedPeH%e electricit* Toate atele di" Ro$."ia u"t ali$e"tate cu cure"t electric* A doctor 4a (ee" e"dor* Au / ,a tri$i du# doctor*

 (1 Vor(itorul "u dorete  $e"io"e)e u(iectul real al aciu"ii: T4i u(-ect Pill (e* Treatedull i" t4e "et c4arter* Aceat #ro(le$ %a i tratat #e lar' +" ur$torul ca#itol*c1 u(iectul real al aciu"ii e #oate deduce di" co"tet: Oe Pa elected 3reide"t o t4e Teac4er , 3are"t , Aociatio"* A ot ale #reedi"te al co$itetului de #ri"i*2" acete ca)uri u(iectul %er(ului la diate)a acti% ete de o(icei e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" #ro"u$e

 #ero"al cu %aloare 'e"eric: ou& t4e& o"e& #ri"tr,u" #ro"u$e "e4otr.t: e%er(od& o$e(od& all&au #ri"tr,u" u(ta"ti% ca #eo#le:

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Acti%: T4e #ea E"'li4 o%er t4e Porld*3eo#le #ea E"'li4 all o%er t4e Porld*3ai%: E"'li4 i #oe" all o%er t4e Porld*Ate"ie! Co$#le$e"tul de a'e"t e o$ite i c."d or$a #ai% ete 'et #artici#iul trecut: T4elittle (o 'ot 4urt o" 4i Pa to c4ool* Bieelul ,a lo%it +" dru$ #re coal*(&((&:& Întrebuinarea -iatezei pa*i/e& 2" li$(a e"'le) ca i +" li$(a ro$." e oloecco"trucii #ai%e i "u acti%e c."d i"te"ia %or(itorului ete de a e u(li"ia aciu"ea i "u #e cel care a%.r it,o*Acti%: Millio" o #eo#le 4a%e ee" t4i il$*0Acce"tul cade #e u(iect: Milioa"e de oa$e"i au %)ut acet il$1*3ai%: T4i il$ 4a (ee" ee" ( $illio" o #eo#le*0Acce"tul cade #e %er(: Acet il$ a ot %)ut de $ilioa"e de oa$e"i1*Co"truciile #ai%e u"t +"tre(ui"ate $ai rec%e"t +" li$(a-ul tii"iici +" cel -ur"alitic&caracteri)ate #ri"tr,o e#ri$are i$#ero"al& o(iecti%*

 pag: 05iate)a #ai% e oloete cu $a-oritatea %er(elor tra")iti%e i cu u"ele %er(e i"tra")iti%e cu

 #re#o)iie o(li'atorie +" care %er(ul or$ea) o u"itate e$a"tic cu #re#o)iia& de%e"i"d #racticec4i%ale"t cu u" %er( tra")iti%*Ver(ele cel $ai rec%e"t oloite di" aceat cate'orie u"t: care or/loo ater F te"d& co$e to Freac4& deal Pit4 F a"ale& lau'4 at F ridicule& lite" to F 4ear& loo u#o" F re'ard& rel o" F trut& e"d

or F call& tal o F dicu& t4i" o F co"ider*T4i $etter Pill (e dealt Pit4 at o"ce* Ne %o" ocu#a +"dat de aceat #ro(le$* A" alter"ati%ePa "ot tou'4t o* La o alter"ati% "u ,au '."dit*3e #la" i"tactic& trecerea u"ei #ro#o)iii de la diate)a acti% la cea #ai% aduce cu i"e $ai$ulte c4i$(ri:iate)a acti%: ur or$ teac4er 4a le"t $e t4i (oo*iate)a #ai%:a1 u(iectul acti% al aciu"ii de%i"e co$#le$e"t de a'e"t #ai% 0care #oate i o$i +" ca)urile dela J5*55*8*1: T4i (oo 4a (ee" le"t to $e ( our or$ teac4er*

 (1 o(iectul acti% 0co$#le$e"tul direct au i"direct1 de%i"e u(iectul %er(ului #ai%: T4i (oo 4a (ee" le"t to $e ( our or$ teac4e& au: I 4a%e (ee" le"t t4i (oo ( our or$ teac4er*c1 #re#o)iia ( ete i"trodu +"ai"tea a'e"tului: I 4a%e (ee" le"t t4i (oo B our or$teac4er*

 Not: 3e"tru decrierea tra"or$rilor #ai%e& %e)i #ara'raul 5*=*(&((&;& Tra-ucerea con*truciilor pa*i/e .n limba romn& U" %er( e"'le)ec la diate)a

 #ai% e traduce de o(icei tot #ri"tr,o co"trucie #ai%: T4e car Pa re#aired erterda* Mai"a a otre#arat ieri*2" ca)ul %er(elor ur$ate de u" co$#le$e"t directi u"ul i"direct& e #ot oloi i co"truciirelei%e cu %aloare #ai% c."d co$#le$e"tul i"direct al #eroa"ei de%i"e i"direct: T4e teac4er Paoered loPer ( 4er #u#il* 3roeoarei i ,au oerit lori de ctre ele%i*Ver(ele i"tra")iti%e cu #re#o)iie o(li'atorie e traduc #ri" diate) #ai%& diate)a acti% au #ri"or$e relei%,#ai%e& de la ca) la ca): T4e c4ildre" Pere Pell looed ater* Co#iii au ot (i"e +"'ri-ii*A doctor 4a (ee" e"t or* Au tri$i / S,a tri$i du# u" doctor*

 Not: 2" li$(a e"'le) eit o cate'orie a#arte de %er(e i"tra")iti%e oloite la diate)a acti% cu%aloare #ai% i care e traduc +" li$(a ro$." ie #ri" co"trucii relei%e #ai%e& ie #ri" %er(e ladiate)a #ai%: T4e (oo 4a old %er Pell* Cartea ,a %."dul oarte (i"e* T4e cae cut eal* 3r  -itura

e taie uor* T4e claue read (ot4 Pai* Clau)a #oate i i"ter#retat +" dou eluri*(&(& Per*oanai numrul "Per*on an- Number%S#re deoe(ire de %er(ul ro$."ec %er(ul e"'le) are #ui"i i"dici or$ali care  $arc4e)e

 #eroa"a i "u$rul*Si"'ura dei"e" #eciic ete , #e"tru #eroa"a a III,a i"'ular i"dicati%ul #re)e"t& adu'atela or$a de i"i"iti% a %er(elor "oio"ale* 0Ver(ele $odate "u #ri$ec ,1: Oe #la t4e #ia"o* El c."t la

 #ia"*atorit a(e"ei or$elor leio"are& #eroa"a i "u$rul +" li$(a e"'le) u"t ide"tiicate deo(icei cu a-utorul u(iectului& $ai ale c."d aceata ete e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" #ro"u$e #ero"al*

 pag: 06 

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2" co"eci" u(iectul ete de re'ul e#ri$at +" li$(a e"'le) $ai ale c."d ete u" #ro"u$e #ero"al #re deoe(ire de li$(a ro$.": I Por %er 4ard* 0Eu1 $u"cec oarte $ult* e Por %er4ard* 0Noi1 $u"ci$ oarte $ult*(&(0& Mo-ul "Moo-%5*5*5* ei"iie* Modul ete cate'oria 'ra$atical #eciic %er(ului care arat elul +" care%or(itorul co"ider  aciu"ea di" #u"ctul de %edere al #oi(ilitii de +"de#li"ire a ei +" realitate*3e"tru redarea acetui ra#ort al aciu"ii cu realitatea& li$(a e"'le) di#u"e de dou $oduri$arcate or$al: i"dicati%ul 0aciu"e real1 i u(-o"cti%ul 0aciu"e #oi(il au #reu#u1*

 Not: U"ele 'ra$atici $e"io"ea) i $odurile co"diio"al i i$#erati%* 2" aceat lucrareor$ele de co"diio"al 0#re)e"t i trecut1 u"t tratate +" cadrul $odului u(-o"cti% 0%e)i J5*5*5 iJ5*5*5;1* datorit or$ei ide"tice cu u"ele or$e ale u"-o"cti%ului a"alitic i u"ciei i$ilare 0aciu"e

 #oi(il au #reu#u& +" acet ca) co"diio"at de +"de#li"irea u"ei altei aciu"i1& iar oloireaco"diio"alului ete tratat +" cadrul Si"taei ra)ei: J ;*5**Kor$ele oloite #e"tru e#ri$area u"ei aciu"i #oru"cite 0aa,"u$itul $od i$#erati%1 u"ta"ali)ate +" cadrul ca#itolului Kelurile #ro#o)iiilor& 3ro#o)iia i$#erati%& J;**u# cate'oria 'ra$atical a #eroa"ei i a #oi(ilitii de a or$a #redicatul u"ei #ro#o)iii&or$ele %er(ale +" li$(a e"'le) e +$#art +" #ero"ale 0i"dicati%uli u(-o"cti%ul1 i "e#ero"ale0i"i"iti%ul& #artici#iuli Geru"d,ul1*

ORME!E PER2ONA!E A!E VER?U!UI "T#e inite

orm* o) t#e Verb%(&(0&& Mo-ul In-icati/ "T#e In-icati/e Moo-%Modul i"dicati% #re)i"t aciu"ea& tarea etc* e#ri$at de %er( ca real +"de#li"it c4iar* Moduli"dicati% are ur$toarele ti$#uri& +" +"%eci"area lor cro"olo'ic:3e aa trecutului:3at3at 3erectKuture i" t4e 3at3e aa #re)e"tului:3ree"t3ree"t 3erectKuture3e aa %iitorului:

KutureKuture 3erect

  Oe retur"ed t4e (oo to t4e li(rar ater 4e 4ad read it* A i"a#oiat cartea la (i(liotec du# ce acitit,o* I ca" retur" t4e (oo to t4e li(rar "oP* I 4a%e read it* 3ot  +"a#oie) cartea la (i(liotec0acu$1* A$ citit,o* Oe Pill retur" t4e (oo to t4e li(rar "et Mo"da* Oe Pill 4a%e read it ( t4e"* Va+"a#oia cartea la (i(liotec lu"ea %iitoare* %a i citit #." atu"ci*

 Not: 3e"tru a"ali)a oloirii ti$#urilor& %e)i J 5** , J5*6*(&(0&0& Mo-ul *ub<oncti/ "T#e 2ub<oncti/e Moo-%& Modul u(-o"cti% #re)i"t aciu"ea ca

 #oi(il& c."d aciu"ea ete #roiectat +" %iitor& au ca %irtual& "ereali)at& deci ireal& c."d aciu"eatre(uia  ai( loc +" trecut* Modul u(-o"cti% +" li$(a e"'le) are or$e i"tetice i a"alitice*(&(0&4& 2ub<oncti/ul *intetic "T#e 2$nt#etical 2ub<oncti/e%& Su(-o"cti%ul i"tetic are or$ede #re)e"t i trecut*

 pag: 07 (&(0&5& 2ub<oncti/ul prezent "T#e Pre*ent 2ub<oncti/e% ete ide"tic ca or$ cu i"i"iti%ulcurt al %er(ului: It i "ecear t4at 4e (e 4ere* It i "ecear t4at 4e co$e i" ti$e*Ete "ecear ca el  ie aici* Ete "ecear ca el  %i" la ti$#*Su(-o"cti%ul #re)e"t e#ri$ o aciu"e co"iderat #oi(il& deci "u co"trar  realitii*Su(-o"cti%ul #re)e"t ete #ui" oloit +" e"'le)a co"te$#ora"& ii"d de o(icei +"locuit de alteco"trucii: u(-o"cti%ul a"alitic& i"i"iti%ul* 2"tre(ui"rile lui u"t li$itate la:51 #ro#o)iii #ri"ci#ale co"i"."d:a1 ur ri: Lo"' li%e #eace! Tr iac #acea!

 (1 a"u$ite e#reii& +" co"trucii ie 0Kor$ulaic Su(-o"cti%e1: So (e it t4e"! Aa  ie! Suice

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it to au t4at*** Ete de a-u"  #u" c***;1 #ro#o)iii u(ordo"ate i"trodue de t4at& c."d #ro#o)iia #ri"ci#al e#ri$ o reco$a"dare&deci)ie& ru'$i"te& #era" au i"te"ie #e"tru %iitor ori u" e"ti$e"t de ur#ri"dere 0Ma"dati%eSu(-o"cti%e1*Atel u(-o"cti%ul i"tetic ete oloit +" ur$toarele ti#uri de #ro#o)iii u(ordo"ate:a1 +" #ro#o)iii u(iecti%e: It i "ecear t4at t4e c4air$a" i"or$ t4e co$$ittee o t4e deciio"*Ete "ecear ca #reedi"tele  i"or$e)e co$itetul au#ra deci)iei*

 (1 +" #ro#o)iii atri(uti%e a#ro#o)iio"ale: T4ere Pa a #ro#oal t4at 4e (e elected #eacec4air$a"* Eita o #ro#u"ere ca el  ie ale #reedi"te*c1 +" #ro#o)iii co$#leti%e directe: T4e u''eted t4at te# (e tae" to co"olidate #eace a"decurit i" Euro#e* S,a #ro#u luarea de $uri #e"tru co"olidarea #cii i ecuritii +" Euro#a*d1 +" #ro#o)iii co"diio"ale au co"cei%e i"trodue de o co"-u"cie: I t4i ru$our (e true& Peca""ot ta 4ere* ac acet )%o" e cu$%a ade%rat "u #ute$ r $."e aici* T4ou'4 e%ero"e deert ou&I Pill "ot* C4iar dac lu$ea te %a #i& eu "u o %oi ace*Koloirea u(-o"cti%ului #re)e"t ete caracteritic tilului oicial& ii"d +"t.l"it +" tratate&re)oluii& re'ula$e"te au +" tilul te4"ico,tii"iic*Su(-o"cti%ul #re)e"t ete $ai rec%e"t oloit +" e"'le)a a$erica" 0literar i %or(it1* E"'le)a

 (rita"ic cure"t #reer  co"trucii cu:a1 i"i"iti%ul: It i "ecear or 4i$ to co$e i" ti$e*

 (1 4ould i"i"iti%ul: T4e u''et t4at te# 4ould (e tae"*

(&(0&7& 2ub<oncti/ul trecut "T#e Pa*t 2ub<oncti/e%& Su(-o"cti%ul trecut coi"cide ca or$ cu3at Te"e i$#lu& $odul i"dicati%: I Pi4 4e told t4e trut4* A dori  #u" ade%rul*Ver(ul (e are o or$ u"ic #e"tru toate #eroa"ele: Pere: I Pi4 4e/t4e Pere 4ere*2" %or(irea cure"t +"& eit te"di"a de a,l +"locui #e Pere cu Pa la #eroa"a I i a III,ai"'ular: I 4e Pere/Pa ill& I Pould e"d or t4e doctor* ac ar i (ol"a%& a tri$ite du# doctor*Kor$a de u(-o"cti% trecut #oate i oloit i la a#ectul co"ti"uu* Ea co"i"e +" tructura aor$a Pere ur$at de #artici#iul +" ,i"' al %er(ului de co"-u'at: I Pi4 4e Pere re%ii"' or 4i ea$"oP* A dori  re#ete #e"tru ea$e" acu$*

 pag: 0&Su(-o"cti%ul trecut ete oloit +" #ro#o)iii u(ordo"ate& #e"tru a e#ri$a o aciu"e co"trar realitii:a1 +" #ro#o)iii u(iecti%e& du# itH 04i'41 ti$e: ItH ti$e ou Pe"t to (ed* E de $ult ti$#ul  ducei la culcare 0Ete oarte t.r)iu1*

 Not: Co$#arai cu: ItH ti$e i"i"iti%: ItH ti$e or ou to 'o (ed* E ti$#ul  % ducei laculcare* 0E ora de culcare1*

 (1 +" co$#leti%e directe& du# %er(ul Pi4: I Pi4 ou Pere telli"' t4e trut4* A dori  #uiade%rul*c1 +" #ro#o)iii co"diio"ale: I I aP 4i$& I Pould 'i%e 4i$ our $ea'e* ac l,a %edea i,atra"$ite $ea-ul tu*d1 +" circu$ta"iale de $od co$#arati%e: S4e taled a i 4e Pere ill* Vor(ea de #arc era

 (ol"a%*e1 +" #ro#o)iii co"cei%e: E%e" t4ou'4 4e Pere ill& 4e Pould "ot $i c4ool* C4iar dac ar i

 (ol"a%& ",ar li#i de la coal*Su(-o"cti%ul trecut ete utili)at at.t +" tilul literar c.t i +" li$(a %or(it* El ete co"u"dat deo(icei cu 3at Te"e& cu care ete ide"tic ca or$*

 Not: 2" ca#itolele de i"ta a ra)ei ,a oloit ter$e"ul de 3at Te"ei "u de u(-o"cti%

trecut +" dicuia #ro#o)iiilor u(ordo"ate +" care a#are aceat or$& #e"tru i$#liicarei uurarea$e$or rii*(&(0&9& 2ub<oncti/ul II trecut& Kor$a de $ai,$ult,ca,#erect a i"dicati%ului are i %aloare deu(-o"cti% #erect& c."d e#ri$ o aciu"e co"trar  u"ei realiti trecute& deci ireal& +" u"ele #ro#o)iiiu(ordo"ate:a1 +" #ro#o)iii co$#leti%e directe& du# %er(ul Pi4: I Pi4 I 4ad (ee" t4ere too* 0(ut I Pa"Ht1* i dorit  iu i eu acolo*

 (1 +" circu$ta"iale de $od co$#arati%e: Oe tale a i 4e 4ad ee" 4er* Vor(ea de #arc ar i)ut,o*c1 +" #ro#o)iii co"diio"ale: I 4e 4ad read t4e (oo& 4e Pould 4a%e Pritte" a (etter ter$ #a#er*

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ac ar i citit cartea ar i cri o te) $ai (u"*(&(0&:& 2ub<oncti/ul analitic "T#e Anal$tical 2ub<oncti/e%&2" li$(a e"'le) co"te$#ora" eit te"di"a de a oloi u(-o"cti%ul a"alitic& $ai rec%e"tdec.t u(-o"cti%ul i"tetic& #e"tru a e#ri$a a#te au aciu"i i#otetice& u( or$a u"or #reu#u"eri&+"doieli& ur ri& co"diii& co"ceii au a u"ui co#*Kor$ele u(-o"cti%ului a"alitic co"i" +" tructura lor %er(e $odale ur$ate de %er(e "oio"ale lai"i"iti%* 0#re)e"t au #erect1*Eit $ai $ulte #oi(iliti de e#ri$are a u(-o"cti%ului a"alitic 0cu o or$ u"ic #e"tru toate

 #eroa"ele1:4ould i"i"iti% : 4ould lea%e4ould i"i"iti%ul #erect : 4ould 4a%e letPould i"i"iti% : Pould lea%ePould i"i"iti%ul #erect : Pould 4a%e let$a i"i"iti% : $a lea%e$a i"i"iti%ul #erect : $a 4a%e let$i'4t i"i"iti% : $i'4t lea%e$i'4t i"i"iti%ul #erect : $i'4t 4a%e letcould i"i"iti% : could lea%ecould i"i"iti%ul #erect : could 4a%e let

 pag: 010

Kor$ele de u(-o"cti% alctuite di" %er(e $odale ur$ate de i"i"iti%ul #re)e"t e reer  la oaciu"e i$ulta" au #oterioar  aciu"ii di" #ro#o)iia #ri"ci#al& #e c."d cele ur$ate de i"i"iti%ul

 #erect redau o aciu"e a"terioar  aciu"ii di" #ro#o)iia #ri"ci#al*Ate"ie! ei co"i" %er(e $odale& or$ele u(-o"cti%ului a"alitic i,au #ierdut +" $ulte ca)uri+"eleul $odal& %er(ele $odale de%e"i"d i$#le %er(e auiliare: Oe let earl o t4at 4e $i'4t arri%e i"ti$e* A #lecat de%re$e ca  a-u"' la ti$#*(&(0&;& Întrebuinarea *ub<oncti/ului analitic& Kor$ele de u(-o"cti% a"alitic u"t oloite at.t+" #ro#o)iiile #ri"ci#ale& c.t i +" #ro#o)iiile u(ordo"ate*Koloirea acetor or$e +" #ro#o)iiile #ri"ci#ale ete li$itat de o(icei la e#ri$area u"or ur ri &+" e#reii ie& au #e"tru e#ri$area ideii de co"diio"al: Ma 4e li%e lo"'! I 4ould lie to 'o "oP*Kor$ele u(-o"cti%ului a"alitic 0$ai ale 4ould i"i"iti%1 u"t $ai rec%e"te +" #ro#o)iiileu(ordo"ate 0+" #ecial cele i"trodue de t4at1& #e"tru a e#ri$a o aciu"e #oi(il& #reu#u& #e"tru au(li"ia ideea de aciu"e c\]^ i "u aciu"ea #ro#riu,)i au +"de#li"irea ei& care u"t redate #ri" i"dicati%*

Co$#arai:T4e idea i t4at #ort acilitie 4ould (e i$#ro%ed* Ideea ete  e +$(u"eac (a)a$aterial #e"tru #ort* 0Aceata e #oate +"t.$#la au "u1* T4e act i t4at #ort acilitie Pill (ei$#ro%ed* Ka#tul ete c (a)a $aterial #e"tru #ort %a i +$(u"it* 0Aceata e %a +"t.$#la1*(&(0&('& 2#oul- @ in)initi/ul& S4ould i"i"iti%ul ete oloit: 51 +" #ro#o)iii #ri"ci#ale& +"alctuirea or$elor de co"diio"al #re)e"t i trecut:a1 S4ould i"i"iti%ul #re)e"t ete utili)at #e"tru a reda co"diio"alul #re)e"t +" li$(a e"'le)& la

 #eroa"a I i"'ular i #lural: I/Pe 4ould lie to ee 4i$* A/A$ dori ,l %ede$* Not: 2" %or(irea cure"t eit te"di"a de a oloi Pould +" loc de 4ould: I/e Pould lie toee 4i$*

 (1 S4ould i"i"iti%ul #erect ete oloit cu u"cie de co"diio"al trecut la #eroa"a I i"'ular i #lural: I/e 4ould 4a%e lied to ee 4i$* i aici ete #re)e"t te"di"a de a +"locui 4ould cu Pould:I/e Pould 4a%e lied to ee 4i$*

c1 Tot +" #ro#o)iii #ri"ci#ale& 4ould i"i"iti%ul ete oloit #e"tru e#ri$area u"ei atitudi"ie$oio"ale& +" +"tre(ri +"ce#."d cu P4 au 4oP: 4 4ould Pe uarrel a(out uc4 a trileW e ce "e cert$ #e"tru u" ae$e"ea leac W;1 +" #ro#o)iii u(ordo"ate:a1 +" #ro#o)iii u(iecti%e i"trodue it i/Pa "ecear& tr"'e& u"uual& i$#orta"t& i$#oi(le&"atural& 0u"1ortu"ate& re$ara(le& u#rii"' etc*:It i "ecear t4at t4e c4air$a" 4ould i"or$ t4e co$$ittee o t4e deciio" tae"* Ete "ecear ca #reedi"tele  i"or$e)e co$itetul de#re deci)ia luat*

 pag: 010 (1 +" #ro#o)iii u(iecti%e i"trodue de it/Pa a #it& 4a$e& ur#rie& Po"der: It i Po"der t4at

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t4e 4ould co$e o earl* E o $i"u"e ca ei  %i" aa de%re$e*c1 +" #ro#o)iiile atri(uti%e a#o)iio"ale& du# u(ta"ti%ele reao"& u##oitio"& t4ou'4& idea&4i"t: T4i i "o reao" P4 4e 4ould (e late* Aceata "u ete u" $oti% #e"tru care  +"t.r)ie*d1 +" #ro#o)iiile co$#leti%e directe du# %er(e care e#ri$ u" ordi"& o u'etie& o 4otr.re:order& co$$a"d& de$a"d& reuet& i"it& u''et& #ro#oe& oer& arra"'e& a'ree& ettle: T4e de$a"dedt4at t4e $eeti"' 4ould (e 4eld Pit4out dela* Au cerut ca edi"a  ie i"ut   +"t.r)iere*e1 +" #ro#o)iii co$#leti%e #re#o)iio"ale du# ad-ecti%e ca: I a$ 'lad& #leaed& a"iou& orretc*& care redau e"ti$e"tele %or(itorului: S4e Pa a"iou t4at t4e 4ould ee 4er da"ci"'* Era"er  (dtoare ca ei  o %ad da"."d*1 +" #ro#o)iii co"diio"ale& #e"tru e#ri$area u"ei co"diii #ui" #ro(a(ile: I 4e 4ould co$e&tell 4i$ to Pait i" t4e roo$*ac %i"e cu$%a/e +"t.$#l  %i"& #u"e,i  ate#te +" ca$era de )i*'1 +" #ro#o)iii circu$ta"iale de coi# "e'ati%e i"trodue de let& or ear 0t4at1& i" cae 0t4at1&ur$ate de u" %er( la or$a air$ati%: Oe 4urried or ear 4e 4ould (e late* Se 'r  (ea de ric  "u+"t.r)ie*41 +" #ro#o)iii co"cei%e i"trodue de t4ou'4& alt4ou'4& P4ate%er #e"tru a e#ri$a o aciu"ei#otetic: 4ate%er 4e 4ould do& 4e i "ot liel to ucceed* rice ar ace "u are a"e  reueac*i1 +" #ro#o)iii u(ordo"ate te$#orale 0rar1: Oe Pa ad%ied to ee# a diet till 4e 4ould eel

 (etter* A ot  tuit i" re'i$ #." e %a i$i $ai (i"e* pag: 010

5*5*55* Ma/$i'4t I"i"iti%ul* Su(-o"cti%ul a"alitic e#ri$at #ri" $a/$i'4t i"i"iti%ul #re)e"t au #erect ete oloit:51 +" #ro#o)iii #ri"ci#ale& #e"tru a e#ri$a o urare& dori": Ma ou li%e lo"' ! S tr ieti $uli a"i !4& t4at 4e $i'4t reco%er oo" ! & de ,ar +"toi re#ede !;1 +" #ro#o)iii u(ordo"ate*Ate"ie! ac %er(ul di" #ro#o)iia #ri"ci#al ete la u" ti$# #re)e"t& +" #ro#o)iia u(ordo"at e

 #oate oloi $a au $i'4t i"i"iti% 0#erect1* Utili)area lui $i'4t i"i"iti% i"dic o "ei'ura" $ai$are dec.t $a: It i #oi(le t4at 4e $a co$e later* Ete #oi(il / Se #oate  %i" $ai t.r)iu* It i

 #oi(le t4at 4e $i'4t co$e later* S,ar #utea  %i" $ai t.r)iu*Mi'4t i"i"iti%ul ete +"tre(ui"at +"totdeau"a du# u" %er( trecut +" #ro#o)iia #ri"ci#al: Oe #oeloudl o t4at e%er(od $i'4t 4ear 4i$* A %or(it tare ca ,l aud toat lu$ea*Ma/$i'4t i"i"iti%ul 0#re)e"t au #erect1 ete oloit +" ur$toarele ti#uri de #ro#o)iii u(ordo"ate:

 pag: 01

a1 +" #ro#o)iii u(iecti%e i"trodue de it i/Pa #oi(le& #ro(a(le& liel& la or$a air$ati%: It Pa #oi(le t4at t4e $i'4t 4a%e %iited t4e E4i(itio" t4e da (eore* Era #oi(il ca ei  i %i)itat e#o)iiacu o )i +"ai"te*

 Not: La or$a i"tero'ati% au "e'ati%& acete co"trucii u"t ur$ate de 4ould i"i"iti%: a i #oi(le t4at 4ould 4a%e %iited t4e E4i(itio" alread W Era #o)i(il ca ei  i %i)itat de-a e#o)iia W (1 +" #ro#o)iii co$#leti%e #re#o)iio"ale du# (e araid: : Oe Pa araid I $i'4t tur" doP" 4i oer* Sete$ea  "u,i re#i"' oerta*c1 +" #ro#o)iii circu$ta"iale de co# i"trodue de co"-u"ciile t4at& o t4at& i" order t4at: S4e re#eatedt4e e#la"atio" o t4at de #u#il $i'4t u"derta"d t4e leo" (etter* A re#etat e#licaia ca ele%ii +"elea' $ai (i"e lecia*d1 +" #ro#o)iii co"cei%e i"trodue de t4ou'4& alt4ou'4& P4ate%er& 4oPe%er& "o $atter etc*& #e"tru areda o aciu"e "ei'ur & #reu#u: OoPe%er tired4e $i'4t (e& 4e $ut co$e doP" a"d tal to u*ric.t de o(oit ar i& tre(uie  co(oare  %or(eac cu "oi*

(&(0&(& >oul- @ in)initi/ul& Su(-o"cti%ul a"alitic e#ri$at #ri" Pould i"i"iti%ul #re)e"t au #erectete utili)at:51 +" #ro#o)iii #ri"ci#ale& #e"tru co"truirea or$elor de co"diio"al:a1 co"diio"alul #re)e"t& la toate #eroa"ele& ete or$at di" Pould i"i"iti%ul #re)e"t: T4e Pould lieto co$e "oP* Ei ar dori  %i" acu$*

 (1 Pould i"i"iti%ul #erect ete +"tre(ui"at #e"tru or$area co"diio"alului trecut la toate #eroa"ele:T4e Pould 4a%e lied to co$e "oP* Ei ar dori  %i" acu$*;1 +" #ro#o)iii u(ordo"ate:a1 +" #ro#o)iii co$#leti%e directe& du# %er(ul Pi4& #e"tru a e#ri$a o aciu"e dorit& dar a%."d #ui"ea"e de reali)are +" %iitor: I Pi4 4e Pould le"d $e 4i (oo* 0(ut I do"Ht t4i" 4e Pill1* A dori ,$i

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+$#ru$ute cartea 0dar "u cred c o %a ace1*(1 +" #ro#o)iii circu$ta"iale de co# i"trodue de ot4at: S4e e#t t4e ood i" t4e o%e" o t4at t4e Pould eat it 4ot* Ai"ut $."carea +" cu#tor ca ,o"."ce cald*Comment [L1]:

Comment [L2]:

(&(0&(0& Coul- @ in)initi/ul& Could i"i"iti%ul ete oloit de o(icei +" Could i"i"iti%ul*circu$ta"iale de co#& ca o alter"ati% a lui $a/$i'4t i"i"iti%ul* eoe(irea di"tre cele dou

co"trucii ete ur$toarea: $a/$i'4t ete $ai or$al i i"dic u" 'rad $ai $are de "ei'ura"9 couldete utili)at +" %or(ire i i"dic u" 'rad $ai $are de "ei'ura"9 could ete utili)at +" %or(ire i i"dic deo(icei o aciu"e real: S4e e"t 4i$ $o"e o t4at 4e could (u t4e dictio"ar* I,a tri$i (a"i ca

 #oat cu$#ra /  cu$#ere dicio"arul*5*5*5* Su(-o"cti%ul au i"dicati%ul* 2" u"ele di" ituaiile de $ai u +" care e +"tre(ui"ea)u(-o"cti%ul a"alitic e #oate oloi i i"dicati%ul* Aceta ete utili)at de o(icei c."d aciu"ea ete$e"io"at ca u" a#treal i "u ca o #reu#u"ere9 ItH a #it ou 4a%e $ied uc4 a" o##ortu"it* Ecat c ai #ierdut o ae$e"ea oca)ie* 0Se u(li"ia) ideea de a #ierde o ae$e"ea oca)ie1*

 Not: 3e"tru a"ali)a $ai detaliat a oloirii $odurilor i ti$#urilor +" #ro#o)iiile u(ordo"ate& %e)iSi"taa ra)ei& J ;** , J;*58*

 pag: 01/(&(4& ormele neper*onale ale /erbului "T#e Non6inite orm* o) t#e Verb%5*5*5* Kor$ele "e#ero"ale ale %er(ului +" li$(a e"'le) u"t i"i"iti%ul& #artici#iul +" ,i"'& or$a

Geru"d 0'eru")iul1

i #artici#iul trecut*Kor$ele "e#ero"ale ale %er(ului "u au cate'oriile 'ra$aticale de $od& #eroa" i "u$r i "u #ot+"de#li"i +" #ro#o)iie u"cia de #redicat* 2" u"ele ituaii +" ele #ot or$a co"trucii cu caracter 

 #redicati% +" care or$a %er(al e al +"tr,u" ra#ort #redicati% i$#licit a de ele$e"tul "o$i"al:Kat4er co$i"' 4o$e earl& Pe Pe"t or a Pal* Tata %e"i"d de%re$e aca& "e,a$ du la #li$(are* T4e

 #re#aratio" or t4e ea$ co$#leted& t4e ca"didate Pere alloPed to e"ter t4e ea$i"atio" roo$*3re'tirile #e"tru ea$e" 0ii"d1 ter$i"ate& li ,a #er$i ca"didailor  i"tre +" ala de ea$e"*Kor$ele "e#ero"ale ale %er(ului cu at.t caracteritici %er(ale& c.t i caracteritici "o$i"ale*(&(4&& Caracteri*ticile /erbale co$u"e cu cele ale or$elor "e#ero"ale u"t:a1 Kor$ele "e#ero"ale ale %er(ului au tradiio"al cate'oria de ti$#& diate) iar i"i"iti%ul are icate'oria de a#ect*

 (1 #e #la" i"tactic& #ot a%ea u(iect 0or$."d co"trucii #redicati%e i$#licite1& co$#le$e"t direct0du# %er(e tra")iti%e1 au co$#le$e"te circu$ta"iale& ca i or$e #ero"ale: I ca" i$a'i"e t4e$Porri"' a(out it* 2$i i$a'i"e) ci ac #ro(le$e de#re acet lucru* Oa%i"' read t4e (oo& 4eretur"ed it to t4e li(rar* u# ce a citit cartea a +"a#oiat,o la (i(liotec* e "oticed o$e #u#ilru""i"' i" t4e #la'rou"d* A$ o(er%at c.i%a ele%i aler'."d +" curtea colii*(&(4&0& 3e l."' acete caracteritici %er(ale& i"i"iti%uli Geru"d,ul au i caracteri*tici *ub*tanti/ale,datorit crora ele #ot +"de#li"i +" #ro#o)iie i u"cii #eciice u(ta"ti%ului& iar #artici#iul are icaracteritici ad-ecti%ale& datorit crora e #oate co$#orta ca u" ad-ecti% +" #ro#o)iie: To ee 4er a'ai"Pa 4i o"l deire* S,o %ad di" "ou era i"'ura lui dori"* Ru""i"' i 'ood or ou* Croul +i ace

 (i"e* Oe Pould add ta$# ater ta$# to 4i 'roPi"' collectio" o old Ro$a"ia" ta$#* Adu'a ti$(rudu# ti$(ru la colecia lui +" cretere& de %ec4i $rci #otale ro$."eti* T4ere i t4e Lot 3ro#ertice* Acolo ete Biroul de o(iecte 'ite*

(&(5& In)initi/ul "T#e In)initi/e%(&(5&(& ormele in)initi/ului& I"i"iti%ul are dou or$e: i"i"iti%ul lu"' 0T4e Lo"' I"i"iti%e1& $arcatde #articula to i i"i"iti%ul curt 0T4e S4ort I"i"iti%e1&   #articula to*

 Not

: I"i"iti%ul cu ad%er( i"tercalat 0T4e S#lit I"i"iti%e1* Gra$aticile $ai $e"

io"ea)

i i"i"iti%ul cuad%er( i"tercalat& o co"trucie detul de rec%e"t +" e"'le)a co"te$#ora"& alctuit di"tr,u" i"i"iti%lu"' i u" ad%er( de $od& ae)at +"tre %er(ul #ri"ci#al* e ee$#lu:to clearl u"derta"d F a +"ele'e clar to ull a##reciate F a a#recia cu$ tre(uieto lat reue F a reu)a cate'oric etcT4e ca$e to ull reali)e t4e i$#orta"ce o t4e e%e"t* Au a-u" i dea ea$a #e de#li" de i$#orta"ae%e"i$e"tului*(&(5&& Caracteri*ticile /erbele ale in)initi/ului&a1 I"i"iti%ul are cate'oriile 'ra$aticale de ti$# 0#re)e"t i #erect1& a#ect 0i$#lu i co"ti"uu1 diate)a

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0acti%i #ai%1*I"i"iti%ul 0ti$#& a#ect& diate)1Ti$#ul A#ectul co"ti"uu A#ectul co"ti"uuiate)a acti% iate)a #ai% iate)a acti%3re)e"t3erectPa4a #la4a%e Pa4eda i #lat

 (e Pa4eda i #lat4a%e (ee" Pa4eda i ot #lat

 (e Pa4i"'a #la4a%e (ee" Pa4i"'a i #lat(&(5&0& Caracteri*ticile *ub*tanti/ale ale in)initi/ului 2" #ro#ro)iie& i"i"iti%ul +"de#li"ete de re'ulu"ciile u"ui u(ta"ti%* I"i"iti%ul ete oloit:

51 la +"ce#utul #ro#o)iiei:a1 cu u"cie de u(iect: To err i 4u$a"* A 'rei ete o$e"ec*

 Not: +" %or(irea cure"t& u(iectul e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" i"i"iti% ete a"tici#at de #ro"u$ele it: It i uiteea to lear" E"'li4* Ete detul de uor  +"%ei e"'le)ete*

 (1 ca ele$e"t i"de#e"de"t +" #ro#o)iie& +" co"trucii #are"tetice: to (e ure& to #ut it $ildl& to #ea ra"l& to tell t4e trut4 etc*: To tell t4e trut4& I do"Ht lie 4i$*;1 du# u(ta"ti%e +"de#li"i"d u"cia de atri(ut: Oe i "ot t4e $a" to do it* El "u ete o$ul 0care1 ac acet lucru* NeP (loc o lat Pill (e (uilt i" t4i area i" t4e ear to co$e* 2" a"ii ce %or %e"i e%or co"trui "oi (locuri de locui"e +" aceat )o"*

 Nota: U"ele di"tre acete u(ta"ti%e #ro%i" di" %er(ele de la 5*5**& #ct*7: atte$#t& deciio"& i"te"tio"&Pi4 etc*: Oe a""ou"ced 4i deciio" to rei'"* i,a a"u"at 4otr.rea de a de$iio"a*1 du# %er(e $odale& ca #arte a #redicatului:a1 i"i"iti%ul lu"'& du#: ou'4t 0to1& 4a%e 0to1& (e 0to1& ued 0to1 i u"eori du# dare i "eed 0%e)i 5*;**

i 5*;*55*1& ca #arte a #redicatului: e 4a%e to 'et u# earl e%er da* Tre(uie  "e cul$ de%re$e +"iecare )i*

 (1 i"i"iti%ul curt& du# ca"& $a& $ut& "eed& dare& 4all/4ould& Pill/Pould: ou 4ould ee a doctor*Ar tre(ui  $er'i la doctor*1 du# %er(e co#ulati%e 0+" #ecial (e1& +"de#li"i"d u"cia de "u$e #redicati%: To ee 4er i to lie 4er*A o %edea +"ea$" a o #lcea*1 ca o co$#li"ire a u"or ad-ecti%e care e#ri$ tri uleteti& oloite #redicati%: araid& certai"&co"te"t& ea'er& 'lad& #leaed orr& ure& Pro"' etc*: Oe i ea'er to 4el# ou* Ete dor"ic  te a-ute* IH$%er 'lad to 4a%e ee" t4e$* Su"t oarte (ucurod c i,a$ %)ut*71 du# %er(e tra")iti%e: arra"'e& atte$#t& decide& lear"& oer& #ro$ie& reue& Pa"t& Pi4 etc*+"de#li"i"d u"cia de co$#le$e"t direct*a1 i"'ure: T4e 4a%e decided to re#eat t4e e#eri$e"t* Au 4otr.t  re#ete e#erie"a*

 (1 +" co"trucia Acu)ati% cu i"i"iti%& du# %er(e e#ri$."d o acti%itate $i"tal 0(elie%e& co"ider& t4i" 

etc*1& #er$iiu"ea 0alloP& #er$it1& u" ordi" au o ru'$i"te 0order& co$$a"d& reuet& (e'& a etc*1:e reueted t4e$ to co$#lete t4e ur%e* Le,a$ cerut  ter$i"e a"c4eta* pag: 011c1 Ate"ie! u# %er(ele de #erce#ie: 4ear& ee& Patc4& "otice& o(er%e& #ercei%e i du# 4a%e& let i$ae +" co"trucia Acu)ati% cu i"i"iti% 0%e)i 5=**5*1 e oloete i"i"iti%ul curt: I 4eard t4e$ co$e*I,a$ au)it %e"i"d* I $ade 4er Por 4arder* A$  cut,o  $u"ceac $ai $ult*

 Not: 5* Ver(ul "otice #oate i ur$at i de i"i"iti%ul cu to: I "oticed t4e$ 0to1 co$e* I,a$ o(er%at%e"i"d*;* Ver(ele de la #ct*7 c1u"t ur$ate de i"i"iti%ul cu to +" tra"or$area #ai% a co"truciei Acu)ati%cu i"i"iti% , No$i"ati% cu i"i"iti%: T4e Pere 4eard to co$e* S4e Pa $ade to Por 4arder*

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81 +" co"trucia I"i"iti%ul cu or , to: T4e Pere a"iou or 4er to (e'i" 4er o"'* Erau "er  (dtori caea i +"cea# c."tecul*=1 +" co"trucia No$i"ati% cu i"i"iti%: T4e Pere reueted to co$#lete t4e ur%e* Li ,a cerut ter$i"e a"c4eta*61 du# %er(e tra")iti%e au i"tra")iti%e& +"de#li"i"d u"cia de co$#le$e"t circu$ta"ial de co#: Ica$e to tal to ou* A$ %e"it 0ca1  tau de %or( cu ti"e*

 Not: I"i"iti%ul cu u"cie de co$#le$e"t circu$ta"ial de co# #oate i #recedat de i" order to& o ato: Oe re#etead t4e "eP Pord e%erda 6i" order1 "ot to or'et t4e$* Re#eta cu%i"tele "oi +" iecare )ica  "u le uite*51 #e"tru a +"locui o #ro#o)iie u(ordo"at& #recedat de u" #ro"u$e/ad%er( i"tero'ati%& au de oco"-u"cie:S4oP $e P4ere to 'o 0F P4ere I $ut 'o1*Oe 4a told $e P4at to (u 0F P4at I $ut (u1*4oP to do it* 0F 4oP I 4ould do it1*

 Not:5* Ver(ul "oP cu e"ul de Xa ti cu$  ***Y ete ur$at de 4oPi"i"iti%: S4e "oP 4oP toca#ti%ate 4er audie"ce* tie cu$ i ca#ti%e)e auditoriul*;* Kor'et& lear" i teac4 u"t oloite +" $od i$ilar: S4e tau'4t $e 4oP to catc4 (utterlie* M,a +"%atcu$  #ri"d luturi*551 3articula to #oate i oloit #e"tru a +"locui u" %er( care a ot de-a $e"io"at: A: LetH 'o* B: Ido"Ht Pa"t to* A: Oai  $er'e$* B: Nu %reau 0 $er'e$1* S4e (ou'4t t4e (oo alt4ou'4 I 4ad told

4er "ot to* Ea a cu$#rat cartea dei i,a$ #u  ",o cu$#ere*(&(5&4& Tra-ucere& I"i"iti%ul e traduce de o(icei +" li$(a ro$." #ri"tr,o #ro#o)iie u(ordo"at: IPa"t to ee 4er* Vreau ,o %d* Oe could co$e* A #utut  %i"*

(&(7& orma .n 6ing "T#e 6ing orm%(&(7&(& Kor$a +" ,i"' re#re)i"t dou or$e %er(ale diti"cte: #artici#iul +" ,i"' i Geru"d,ul* Acetea auor$ ide"tic& #ut."d i diere"iate "u$ai du# u"ciile #e care le +"de#li"ec +" #ro#o)iie& #e (a)adeter$i"rilor #e care le au*Kor$a +" ,i"' e co"truiete di" i"i"iti%ul %er(ului de co"-u'at& la care e adau' ter$i"aia ,i"': read ,i"' F readi"'9 PritP ,i"' F Priti"'9 cr F ,i"' F cri"'9 lie ,i"' Fli"'9 it ,i"' F itti"'*03e"tru orto'raierea acetei or$e %er(ale& %e)i 5*5**1*

 pag: 015Ku"ciile +"de#li"ite de cele dou or$e %er(ale deri% di" caracteriticile lor: #artici#iul +" ,i"' arecaracteritici %er(ale i ad-ecti%ale: Oe i lee#i"'* El doar$e* T4e lee#i"' c4ild* Co#ilul care doar$e*iar Geru"d,ul& caracteritici %er(ale i u(ta"ti%ale: e 4ad t4e ada%a"ta'e o Pori"' i" a actor "ear our c4ool* A$ a%ut a%a"ta-ul  lucr $ +"tr,o a(ric l."' coala "oatr * ori"' i" a actor iueul or our uture career* Mu"ca +" a(ric ete oloitoare #e"tru %iitoarea "oatr  #roeiu"e*5*57*;* 3artici#iul +" ,i"' au #artici#iul #re)e"t 0t4e ,i"' 3artci#le& t4e 3ree"t 3artici#le1 e#ri$ oaciu"e +" de urare au o tare "ele'ate de u" a'e"t #ri" cate'oriile de #eroa" au "u$r*5*57** Caracteriticile %er(ale ale #artici#iului +" ,i"'* a1 3artici#iul +" ,i"' are cate'oriile 'ra$aticale deti$# i diate):Participiul .n 6ing "timp i -iatez%Ti$# iate)acti% #ai%

 Present participle3artici#iul 3re)e"t

 Present Participle

3artici#iul 3erectrea"ing citi"dhaing rea" citi"dbeing rea" ii"d cititheaing been rea" ii"d citit

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3artici#iul #re)e"t e#ri$ o aciu"e i$ulta" cu %er(ul la $od #ero"al di" #ro#o)iie: Ru""i"' acrot4e #ar& 4e 4eard o$e(od call 4i "a$e* 2" ti$# ce tra%era #arcul +" u'& a au)it #e ci"e%atri'."du,l #e "u$e*3artici#iul #erect e or$ea) di" #artici#iul #re)e"t al %er(ului 4a%e di" #artici#iul trecut al %er(uluide co"-u'at* El e#ri$ o aciu"e a"terioar  %er(ului #redicati% di" #ro#o)iie: Oa%i"' ru" acro t4e

 #ar& 4e elt tired* u# ce a tra%erat #arcul +" u' ,a i$it o(oit* 3artici#iul #erect 03erect 3artici#le1i #artici#iul trecut 03at 3artici#le1 "u u"t u"a i aceeai or$ %er(al*3artici#iul #erect re#re)i"t or$a #erect a #artici#iului +" ,i"' i"dic."d o aciu"e %.r it a"terior aciu"ii e#ri$atede %er(ul #redicati%: Oa%i"' i"i4ed t4e (oo& 4e Pe"t to (ed* eoarece / u#  ce a ter$i"at cartea& ,a du la culcare*

 (1 3artici#iul +" ,i"' ete oloit #e"tru or$area a#ectului co"ti"uu al %er(elor: T4e are 'oi"' 4o$e*Se duc aca* I Pa #lai"' c4e P4e" t4e tele#4o"e ra"'* ?uca$ a4 c."d a u"at teleo"ul*c1 3e #la" i"tactic& #artici#iul +" ,i"' #oate a%ea u(iect& co$#le$e"t direct 0du# %er(e tra")iti%e1 ico$#le$e"te circu$ta"iale & ca i or$ele #ero"ale: I aP 4i$ readi"' a" E"'li4 (oo i" t4e li(rar*L,a$ %)ut citi"d o carte e"'le)eac la (i(liotec*(&(7&4& Caracteri*ticile a-<ecti/ale ale participiului .n 6ing& 3arcici#iul +" ,i"' #oate i oloit i caad-ecti%* El e aea) +"ai"tea u(ta"ti%ului& dac e acce"tuea) latura a ad-ecti%ali du# u(ta"ti%&dac latura %er(al ete $ai e%ide"t: All lee#i"' c4ildre" are (eautiul 0lee#i"' F "ot aPae1* Toico#ii ador$ii u"t ru$oi* T4e c4ild lee#i"' i" t4e "et roo$ i $ (a( (rot4er 0lee#i"' F P4o ilee#i"'1* Co#ilul care doar$e +" ca$era alturat ete r iorul $eu*

 pag: 016 

(&(7&5& unciile *intactice ale participiului .n 6ing& 3artici#iul +" ,i"' ete oloit 0i"'ur au #recedatde co"-ucii& +" #ecial P4e" au P4ile1:51 +" e#reii #are"tetice: 'e"erall #eai"' F +" 'e"eral& -ud'i"' ( a##eara"ce F -udec."d du#a#are"e9 (e'i""i"' Pit4 Se#te$(er 5 F +"ce#."d cu 5 e#te$(rie& co"ideri"' t4e circu$ta"ce Flu."d +" co"iderare co"diiile* ?ud'i"' ( a##eara"ce& "o(od i to (la$e* ?udec."d du# a#are"e"i$e"i "u ete %i"o%at*;1 ca "u$e #redicati%& du# %er(ele ta"d& it& lie: S4e ST 'a)i"' at t4e (ri'4tl lit 4o# Pi"doP*Se uita cu ad$iraie la %itri"ele %iu lu$i"ate*1 ca +"locuitor al u"or #ro#o)iii u(ordo"ate& +"de#li"i"d +" #ro#o)iie u"cia de:a1 atri(ut: S4e looed at t4e c4ildre" #lai"' i" t4e 'arde" 0F P4o Pere #lai"'1: Se uita la co#ii care e

 -ucau +" 'r di"* (1 #arte di"tr,u" co$#le$e"t direct co$#le 0Acu)ati% cu #artici#iu +" ,i"'1: S4e 4eard o$e(od"oci"' at t4e door* 0F t4at o$e(od Pa "oci"'1* A au)it #e ci"e%a (t."d la u*

c1 co$#le$e"t circu$ta"

ial& $ai ale de:, ti$#: Arri%i"' at t4e tatio"& 4e tarted looi"' or 4i rie"d 0F P4e" 4e arri%ed***1 Soi"d la 'ar & a+"ce#ut i caute #riete"ul*, cau): Oa%i"' read t4e (oo& 4e Pa a(le to co$$e"t o" ir* 0F A 4e 4ad read t4e (oo***1 eaorececitie cartea& a #utut  o co$e"te)e*, +$#re-ur ri +"oitoare: S4e ca$e out o t4e roo$ Peari"' a lo"' e%e"i"' dre* 0S4e ca$e out*** S4ePa Peari"'***1 A ieit di" ca$er  #urt."d o roc4ie lu"' de ear *

 Not: E#ri$area co$#le$e"tului circu$ta"ial #ri"tr,u" #artici#iu +" ,i"' ete o tr tur caracteritic e"'le)ei literare* 2" %or(ire e reer  #ro#o)iiile u(ordo"ate 0Ve)i #ara"te)ele1*5*57*7* Traducere* 3artici#iul +" ,i"' e traduce +" li$(a ro$." #ri"tr,u" 'eru")iu au #ri"tr,o

 #ro#o)iie u(ordo"at: 3ai"' t4e 4o#& 4e aP 4i $ot4er i"ide* Trec."d / 2" ti$# ce trecea #ri" aa$a'a)i"ului& o %)u #e $a$a a +"u"tru*(&(9& orma 6ing ca Gerun- "T#e Gerun-%3artici#iul trecut re#re)i"t alt or$ %er(al& li#it de cate'oria de ti$# i care de"u$ete aciu"ea ca re)ultat: T4e

ur"iture $ade i" Ro$a"ia i e#orted to $a" cou"trie* Mo(ila a(ricat +" Ro$."ia ete e#ortat +" $ute ri*3artici#iul trecut i"tr  +" tructura or$ei di" #artici#iu #erect: Oa%i"' $ade a ueul u''etio"& 4e 4ad our u##ort*eoarece a  cut o #ro#u"ere util& 0el1 ,a (ucurat de #ri-i"ul "otru*(&(9&(& Caracteri*ticile /erbale ale )ormei Gerun-& Geru"d are& la el ca i #artici#iul +" ,i"'&caracteritici %er(ale:a1 are cate'oriile 'ra$aticale de ti$# i diate):iate)a acti%:Geru"d: I e"-o lear"i"' E"'li4* 2$i #lace  +"% e"'le)a*3erect Geru"d: Oe de"ie 4a%i"' tae" t4e (oo* Nea' c a luat cile*

 pag: 017 

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iate)a #ai%:Geru"d: Oe ca"Ht ta"d (ei"' i"terru#ted* Nu #oate ueri  ie +"treru#t*3erect Geru"d: Oe de"ie 4a%i"' (ee" i"%ited to t4e #art* Nea' c a ot i"%itat la

 #etrecere*Geru"d de"u$ete de re'ul o aciu"e i$ulta" cu aciu"ea %er(ului #redicati% 0cu ece#ia ituaiilor +" care Geru"d,ul ete #recedat de #re#o)iia (eore au ater1*T4e teac4er e"-oed tai"' t4e c4ildre" to t4e $ueu$ lat Su"da* 3roeorului i,a  cut #lcere ,iduc #e co#ii la $u)eu du$i"ica trecut*Kor$a #erect 03erect Geru"d1 de"u$ete o aciu"e a"terioar  %er(ului #redicati%* Aceat or$ ete$ai rar oloit dec.t Geru"d i ea a#are $ai ale du# %er(ul de": Oe ENIES 4a%i"' ee" 4er*

 Nea' c a %)ut,o*2" ca)ul altor %er(e& $ai ale re$e$(er& ecue& or'i%e& t4a" i du# #re#o)iiile o"& ater& Pit4out&ra#ortul de a"terioritate #oate i e#ri$ati de Geru"d*I ca"Ht re$e$(er doi"' t4i eercie (eore*I ca"Ht re$e$(er 4a%i"' do"e t4i eercie (eore*

 Nu ,$i a$i"tec  $ai i  cut acet eerciiu*I t4a"ed 4i$ or 4el#i"' $e*I t4a"ed 4i$ or 4a%i"' 4el#ed*I,a$ $ulu$it c $,a a-utat*

 Not: Se"ul #ai% al Geru"d,ului ete redat de o(icei #ri" or$a #ai%: T4e c4ildre" e"-oied (ei"'

tae" to t4e $ueu$* Co#iilor le,a  cut #lcere  ie du,i la $u)eu* u# %er(ele Pa"t& "eed& reuire&deer%e&i du# ad-ecti%ul Port4 e oloete +" Geru"d,ul acti% #e"tru redarea e"ului #ai%: our 4oe NEE $e"di"'* Tre(uie i re#ari #a"toii / 3a"toii ti tre(uie re#arai* 4at i RTO doi"'i RTO doi"' Pell* Ce $erit  cut $erit  cut (i"e*

 (1 3e #la" i"tactic& Geru"d #oate a%ea u(ie"ct& co$#le$e"t direct +" ca)ul %er(elor tra")iti%e&co$#le$e"te circu$ta"iale: I ca"Ht i$a'i"e 4i$ dri%i"' a car i" t4i Peat4er* Nu $i,l i$a'i"e)co"duc."d $ai"a #e o ae$e"ea %re$e*5*58*;* Caracteriticile u(ta"ti%ale ale or$ei Geru"d* S#re deoe(ire de #artici#iul +" ,i"'& care are icaracteritici ad-ecti%ale& Geru"d are i caracteritici u(ta"ti%ale:a1 #oate i deter$i"at de articole& ad-ecti%e& u(ta"ti%e la ca)ul 'e"iti% i"tetic:T4e ou"d o a loud "oci"' o" t4e door i"terru#ted t4eir dicuio"*T4e ou"d o 4er co$i"' i" i"terru#ted t4eir dicuio"*T4e ou"d o a (a(H cri"' i"terru#ted t4eir dicuio"*

 Not: ac u" %er( tra")iti% co$#le$e"tul u direct ete oloit la Geru"d #recedat de u" articol&co$#le$e"tul direct e tra"or$ +"tr,u" atri(ut #re#o)iio"al cu o*Co$#arai: T4e tra"'4e"i"' o #eace a"d ecurit i" Euro#e i a" ee"tial #rereuiite or tre"'t4e"i"' #eace a"d ecurit t4rou'4out t4e Porld* 2"trirea #cii i ecur ii +" Euro#a ete oco"diie ee"ial #e"tru +"trirea #cii i ecuritii +" +"trea'a lu$e*

 pag: 01&T4e Pritti"' o (oo tae a 'reat deal o ti$e*ritti"' (oo tae a 'reat deal o ti$e*Scrierea cilor ia oarte $ult ti$#*

 (1 ete +"tre(ui"at du# #re#o)iii: AKTER Pali"' or a" 4our& Pe Pe"t to t4e ci"e$a* u# ce "e,a$ #li$(at o or & "e,a$ du la ci"e$a* Oe i i" t4e 4a(it K 'oi"' i4i"' e%er Pee* Are o(iceiul /(i"uiete  $ear' la #ecuit +" iecare  #t$."*c1 #e #la" i"tactic& Geru"d,ul +"de#li"ete u"cii #ro#rii u(ta"ti%ului

51 u(iect: Ca$#i"' i t4e ideal Pa to #e"d a 4olida* Not: Su(iectul e#ri$at #ri" Geru"d ete adeeori i"trodu de u" it a"tici#ati%: ItH "o 'ood Porri"'*ItH 4o#ele tri"' to 'et t4i car 'oi"'*;1 #arte di"tr,u" #redicat %er(al& du# %er(ele i"dic."d +"ce#utul (e'i"& tart9 co"ti"uarea: co"ti"ue& 'oo"& ee# 0o"1 i ."itul aciu"ii: to#& e"d& i"i4& ceae:Oe BEGAN earc4i"' or t4e docu$e"t*Oe ENT N earc4i"' or t4e docu$e"t*Oe KINISCOE earc4i"' or t4e docu$e"t*1 "u$e #redicati% 0rar1: Seei"' i docu$e"t*1 co$#le$e"t direct: Ka"c $eeti"' ou 4ere !

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1 #arte di"tr,u" co$#le$e"t #re#o)iio"al: Oe Pa ucceeded i" collecti"' all t4e $aterial*71 #arte di"tr,u" co$#le$e"t co$#le:I ca" i$a'i"e 4er 'etti"' u#et*I ca" i$a'i"e MarH 'etti"' u#et*81 #arte di"tr,u" co$#le$e"t circu$ta"ial 0#recedat de o #re#o)iie care i"dic i elulco$#le$e"tului:, de ti$#: Ater ccli"' douP" t4e a%e"ue& 4e tur"ed ri'4t*, de $od: Oe Po" t4e co$#etitio" ( uei"' all t4e a"Per*=1 #arte di"tr,u" atri(ut #re#o)iio"al: I 4ad t4e #leaure o tra%elli"' Pit4 t4e$*5*58** 2"tre(ui"area or$ei Geru"d51 Kor$a Geru"d ete oloit:a1 du# #re#o)iii ca ater& (eore& (& or& ro$& o" etc*& care i"dic relaii te$#orale& cau)ale& de $od&de co#& etc*: N Pai"' u#& 4e ou"d 4i$el i" a 4o#ital Pard* C."d ,a tre)it ,a %)ut +"tr,u" alo"de #ital* Read our #a#er a'ai" BEKRE 4a"di"' it i"* Citete +"c o dat lucrarea +"ai"te  o #redai*ouHll 'et a ticet KR #ari"' 4ere* Ai  #ri$eti a$e"d #e"tru c ai #arcat aici* S4e ee# 4ealt4B ee#i"' a trict diet* 2i $e"i"e tatea i"."d u" re'i$ trict*

 (1 du# #i de %or(ire ur$ate +" $od o(li'atoriu de a"u$ite #re#o)iii:, u(ta"ti%e cu #re#o)iie o(li'atorie: , dou(t a(out9 , caue& reao" or9 , (elie& co"ide"ce&deli'4t& diicult& e#erie"ce& ait4& i"teret& luc& #ride i"9 , c4ar'e& a%our& 4a(it& 4o#e& i"te"tio"&o##ortu"it& #oi"t o9 , co"tri(utio"& o(-ectio"& o##oitio" to9 etc* Oe 4a a lot o E_3ERIENCE

IN orei'" la"'ua'e teac4i"'* Are $ult e#erie" +" #redarea li$(ii tr i"e* pag: 01-, ad-ecti%e i #artici#ii trecute cu #re#o)iie o(li'atorie: , a"'r& a"iou& certai"& e"t4uiatic& 4a##&o#ti$itic& #leaed& ure& Porried a(out9 , a"'r& ato"i4ed& (ad& cle%er& deli'4ted& e#ert& 'ood&

 #leaed& iul& ur#ried at9 , ecelle"t& a$ou& re#o"i(le& orr& uita(le& ueul or9 , co"ite"t&correct& dili'e"t& e#erie"ced& e#ert& ortu"ate& 4el#ul& i"tereted& late& #ro$#t& uic& co"ciou&co"%i"ced& o"d& 'uilt& #roud& tired o9 , (aed& de#e"de"t& i"te"t& ee" o"9 , accuto$ed& eual&eui%ale"t& o##oed& ued to9 , a""oed& (ored& co"te"t& deli'4ted& uriou& dia##oi"ted& 4a##&

 #leaed& atiied& ic& u#et Pit4* I a$ ELIGOTE AT 4er Pi""i"' t4e irt #ri)e* Su"t +"c."tat ca c.ti'at #re$iul +"t.i*I a$ USE T 'etti"' u# earl*Su"t o(i"uit  $ col de%re$e*, %er(e cu #re#o)iie o(li'atorie: , co$#lai"& drea$& lear"& Porr a(out9 , ai$& 4eitate 9 , i'4t&

tru''le a'ai"t9 , (e'i"& co"clude& e"d (9 , a#olo'i)e& care or9 , #re%e"t& reco%er* rerai"& retire ro$9 , (elie%e& co"it& deli'4t& #artici#ate& ucceed i"9 , accue& a##ro%e& (oat& co$#lai"& co"it&4ear& t4i" o9 , a'ree& co"ce"trate& co"'ratulate& cou"t& decide& ocu& i"it& li%e& rel o"9 , a'ree&co"tri(ute& loo orPard& o(-ect& reort to9 , a'ree Pit4*I do"Ht AGREE T our lea%i"' earlier t4a" t4e ot4er*I B?ECT T our lea%i"' earlier t4a" t4e ot4er*

 Nu u"t de acord  #leci $ai de%re$e dec.t ceilali* I Po"Ht OEAR K (ui"' a "eP TV et* Nu %reau aud  cu$#$ u" tele%i)or "ou* IH$ L`ING KRAR T eei"' ou a'ai"* Ate#t cu"er  (dare  te %d di" "ou* T4ee $eaure CNTRIBUTE T tre"'t4e"i"' #eace a"d ecurit*Acete $uri co"tri(uie la +"trirea #cii i ecuritii*;1 Geru"d ete +"tre(ui"at du# u(ta"ti%ul ue +" co"trucia it i "o ue au t4ere i "o ue i du#ad-ecti%ul Port4: T4i (oo i RTO readi"'* Aceat carte $erit citit* ITHS N USE tri"' to$e"d t4e %acuu$,clea"er* e'ea(a +"cerci  re#ari a#iratorul*

1 du# %er(e tra")iti%e: ad$it& a%oid& co"ider& de"& detet& dilie& eca#e& a"c& i"i4& 'i%e u#&ca""ot 4el#& ee# 0o"1& do"Ht $i"d& $i& #ot#o"e& #ractie& #ut o& ree"t& reit& ri& ca""ot ta"d&to#& u''et etc* ou $ut AVI (ei"' late i" uture* Tre(uie  e%ii  +"t.r)ii +" %iitor* Oe OASGIVEN U3 $oi"'* S,a lat de u$at* I CANNT OEL3 lau'4i"' at 4i -oe* Nu #ot  "u r.d la'lu$ele lui* I CANNT STAN (ei"' i"terru#ted i" $ Por* Nu #ot ueri  iu +"treru#t di" lucru*1 du# %er(e e#ri$."d o acti%itate $i"tal: or'et& re$e$(er& u"derta"d etc au o tare uleteac:ca""ot (ear& dread& 4ate& lie& lo%e& "e'lect& #reer& re'ret& etc* +" alter"a" cu i"i"iti%ul: I re$e$(er 

 (ei"' dia##oi"ted* 2$i a$i"tec c a$ ot de)a$'it* I OATE t4eir arri%i"' late* Nu,$i #lace c+"t.r)ie*1 du# %er(e i"dic."d u" #roce: #la"& tr& u"dertae9 +"ce#utul: (e'i"& tart9 co"ti"uarea: co"ti"ue au

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.r itul aciu"ii: ceae& +" alter"a" cu i"i"iti%ul*T4e STARTE co$#ari"' "ote*T4e CNTINUE co$#ari"' "ote*T4e CEASE co$#ari"' "ote*

 pag: 050(&(9&4& Tra-ucere& Kor$a Geru"d "u are core#o"de"t #erect +" li$(a ro$."* Ea e traduce deo(icei& +" u"cie de co"tet& #ri":a1 u" 'eru")iu: Oe e"ted 4i #eec4 ( t4a"i"' e%er(od or t4eir atte"tio"*i,a +"c4eiat cu%."tarea$ulu$i"d tuturor #e"tru ate"ie*

 (1 u" u(ta"ti%: SPi$$i"' ee# ou it* 2"otul te $e"i"e +" or$*c1 o #ro#o)iie u(ordo"at: Oe i o"d o readi"' aloud* 2i #lace  citeac cu 'la tare*(&(9&5& In)initi/ul cu toi )orma Gerun-& I"i"iti%ul cu to i or$a Geru"d au u"ele caracteriticiu(tata"ti%alei %erale co$u"e& datorit crora:a1 #ot a%ea:, u(iect: I Pa"t ou to 'o irt* I ca"Ht ta"d To$ i"terru#ti"' $e all t4e ti$e9, co$#le$e"t direct: I i"te"d to read t4i to$orroP* I re$e$(er #e"di"' a 4olida Pit4 t4e$*, co$#le$e"t circu$ta"ial: e Pa"ted to 'o to t4e t4eatre* Oe 4ad t4e (e"eit o tudi"' at aRo$a"ia" u"i%erit*

 (1 #ot +"de#li"i acelelai u"cii +" #ro#o)iie:, u(iect& "u$e #redicati%: To ee 4er i to lie 4er* Seei"' i (elie%i"'*

, co$#le$e"t direct: I lo%e to Pi$ i" t4e ea* I lo%e Pi$$i"'*, atri(ut #re#o)iio"al: Oe 4a "o deire to 'o* Oe 4a "o i"te"tio" o 'oi"' etc*2" alte ca)uri +"& "u$ai u"a di" cele dou or$e ete #oi(il* Vo$ a"ali)a deci ca)urile:51 c."d e oloete "u$ai i"i"iti%ul9;1 c."d e oloete "u$ai or$a Geru"d91 c."d e #oate oloi au i"i"iti%ul au Geru"d,ul i care u"t diere"ele de e"*5*58*7* Koloirea i"i"iti%ului cu to ete o(li'atorie:a1 du# %er(ele e"u$erate la J5*5** #ct* 7: ara"'e& a& atte$#t& c4ooe& decide& de$a"d etc* a'ree&ai$& co"e"t& deter$i"e& 4o#e& $a"a'e& etc*:T4e ECIE to $ae a"ot4er atte$#t*T4e AGREE to $ae a"ot4er atte$#t*T4e CNSENTE to $ae a"ot4er atte$#t*

 (1 du# %er(e& u(ta"ti%e au ad-ecti%e& #e"tru a e#ri$a co#ul:

e 4urried to e#lored t4e ca%e*e 4ad "o ti$e e#lored t4e ca%e*e ou"d it eciti"' e#lored t4e ca%e*c1 +" co"trucia Acu)ati% cu i"i"iti%& du# %er(e care e#ri$ u" ordi" au o ru'$i"te:Oe RERE u to lea%e i$$ediatel*Oe REUESTE u to lea%e i$$ediatel*Oe AS`E u to lea%e i$$ediatel*(&(9&9& olo*irea )ormei Gerun- e*te obligatorieBa1 du# %er(ele e"u$erate la J 5*58** #ct* : Oe AVIS $e"tio"i"' t4e u(-ect* 4 do ou 3UTKK telli"' 4er t4e trut4 W I NT MIN doi"' it a'ai"*

 (1 du# #re#o)iii: BEKRE 'oi"' out& Pitc4 o t4e li'4t #leae* Oe i ee" N readi"' #oetr*c1 du# ad-ecti%ele Port4& lie i du# t4ere i "o: ItH RTO lite"i"' to 4i$* TOERE IS Naccou"ti"' or tate*

 pag: 05(&(9&:* 2" alte ituaii e #oate oloi ie I"i"iti%ul cu to i or$a Geru"d* eoe(irile #ri"ci#ale +"trecele dou or$e& +" a"u$ite ituaii& u"t ur$toarele:a1 Geru"d i"dic +" 'e"eral& i"i"iti%ul , %.r irea aciu"ii +" a"u$ite circu$ta"e: ItH "o ue to de"t4at I Pa ri'4te"ed at irt* Nu are rot  "e' c $iFa ot tea$ la +"ce#ut* ItH "o ue cri"' o%er #ilt $il*

 (1 Geru"d i"dic o aciu"e a"terioar  %er(ului la $od #ero"al& i"i"iti%ul , o aciu"e %iitoare: Ire$e$(er 'i%i"' 4er t4e #arcel* 2$i a$i"tec c i,a$ dat #ac4etul* I $ut re$e$(er to 'i%e 4er t4e

 #arcel* Tre(uie  "u uit ,i dau #ac4etul*c1 Geru"d i"dic o aciu"e a"terioar & i"i"iti%ul , co#ul aciu"ii e#ri$ate de %er(ul #redicati%: Oe

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to##ed readi"'* S,a o#rit di" citit* Oe to##ed to read t4e ad%ertie$e"t* S,a o#rit  citeac recla$a*d1 Geru"d,ul e reer  la o aciu"e deli(erat& i"i"iti%ul& la o aciu"e i"%olu"tar : S4e (e'a" #eai"'* A+"ce#ut  %or(eac* S4e (e'a" to Pee#* A +"ce#ut  #l."'& etc*eoae(irile de +"tre(ui"are di"tre i"i"iti% i or$a Geru"d& detaliate #e %er(e& u"t ur$toarele:(&(9&:& 1eo*ebirile -e .ntrebuinare -intre in)initi/ i Gerun-Ver(& I"i"iti% Geru"dSu(ta"ti%&Ad-ecti%Se" Ee$#lu Se" Ee$#lu4ate& lie&dilie& #reer , cu reerire la oa"u$it oca)ie:I 4ate to 'et u#earlu o"Mo"da*I lie to 'o toco"cert, aciu"e %)ut+" 'e"eral:

I 4ate 'etti"'u# earl*I lie 'oi"' toco"ce"t*co"ducted (Io" Voicu*re$e$(er or'et, aciu"e

 #oterioar :I $ut re$e(er to #ot t4eletter*

I or'ot to #4o"e 4er lat"i'4t*, aciu"ea"terioar :I re$e$(er 

 #oti"' t4eletter*IHll "e%er or'eteei"' 4er da"ce*re'ret , aciu"ei$ulta" cu

re'retul:I re'ret to a itPa"Ht true*, aciu"ea"terioar :I re'ret ai"'it Pa"Ht true*

 (e'i"ceae, aciu"e

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i"%olu"tar It (e'a" to rai"P4ile t4e PerePali"'*Oe (e'a" toreali)e 4i$itae*, aciu"edeli(erat:Oe (e'a"Priti"' P4e" 4ePa it*to# , co#ulaciu"ii:Oe to##ed total to 4er* 0F i"order to tal1, +"cetareaaciu"ii:Oe to##ed

tali"'* 0Oe (eca$e ile"t1*co"ti"ue& dread&ear& i"te"d&"e'lect, rec%e"t +"%or(irei +"e#ri$areacri a$iliar :I i"te"d to#e"d t4e4olida at t4eeaide*

, +" li$(a cri&literar :I i"te"d#e"di"' $4olida at t4eeaide*deer%e& "eed&reuire& Pa"t i"i"iti% #ai%: Oi tate$e"t"eed to (ec4eced*, co"trucia cuGeru"d $ai

rec%e"t

 dec.tcu i"i"iti%ul #ai%:our 4oe"eed $e"di"'*tr , a +"cerca& aace u" eort:Tr to PritePit4 our let4a"d*0our ri'4t

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4a"d i i" #later1, a trece #ri"& ae#eri$e"ta:I tried Pritti"'Pit4 $ let4a"d P4e" IPa a c4ild*$ea" , a i"te"io"a: I $ea"t to tellou& (ut Ior'ot*, a +"e$"a: Oi co$i"'to$orroP$ea" $ot4erHPori"' etra4ard toda*alloP& #er$it co$#le$e"ti"direct al

 #eroa"ei:Oe doe"Ht

alloP / #er$it #u#il to tal duri"' tet*,  co$#le$e"ti"direct:Oe doe"HtalloP / #er$ittali"' duri"'tet*o##ortu"it %er(ul (e Fu" $o$e"tco"%e"a(il&

oca)ie:T4-i Pill (e a'oodo##ortu"it 0or ou1 to $eet, #oi(ilitate: I 4ad t4eo##ortu"it o $eeti"' 4i$*4i$*araid , +"tr,o a"u$itituaie:IH$ araid toditur( 4i$ at

t4i late 4our*, +" 'e"eral: I ca"Ht #larecord 4ere aIH$ araid o ditur(i"' 4i$*

 pag: 05/5*58*6*Eiti ituaii +" care oloirea i"i"iti%ului cu to au a Geru"d,ului "u i$#lic diere"e $ari dee":a1 U"ele u(ta"ti%e& ca a$(itio"& c4a"'e& c4ar'e& 4o"our& i"te"tio"& #oi(ilit& #ot i ur$ate ie dei"i"iti%& ir de o Geru"d: e 4ad t4e ONUR K $eeti"' t4e 'reat i"('er* A$ a%ut o"orea de a

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i #re)e"tai $arei c."tree* I do "ot 4a%e t4e ONUR to (elo"' to t4i aociatio"* Nu a$ o"oareade a i $e$(ru al acetei aociaii* S4e 4ad "o INTENTIN K 'oi"' o" t4e tri#* Nu a%ea "ici oi"te"ie  $ear' +" ecurie* S4e let at ei'4t& Pit4 t4e INTENTIN to 'o to (ed earl* A #lecat la =cu i"te"ia  e culce de%re$e*

 (1 U"ele u(ta"ti%e& ad-ecti%e au %er(e #ot i oloite u"eori   #re#o)iie& i atu"ci u"t ur$ate deu" i"i"iti%& iar alteori cu #re#o)iie i atu"ci u"t ur$ate de u" Geru"d: S4e AGREE to co$e* A otde acord  %i": I AGREE T 4er co$i"'* Su"t de acord  %i"* e ECIE to %iit t4ee4i(itio"* A$ 4otr.t  %i)it$ e#o)iia* e ECIE N %iiti"' t4e e4i(itio"* ou Pere uiteRIGOT to reue 4i oer* Ai a%ut dre#tate ,i reu)i oerta* S4e Pa RIGOT IN reui"' 4i$* 0Ea1 acut (i"e c l,a reu)at*Ate"ie la ur$toarele ituaii care #re)i"t deeori diiculti #e"tru ele%ii ro$."i:a1 $a"a'e i"i"iti%9 ucceed i" Geru"d9 Oe MANAGE to et e%ert4i"' ri'4t& dar: OeSUCCEEE IN etti"' e%ert4i"' ri'4t*

 (1 ai$ i"i"iti%9 ai$ at Geru"d:T4i (oo AIMS to 'i%e decri#tio" o t4e tructure o #ree"t , da E"'li4*T4i (oo AIMS AT 'i%i"' decri#tio" o t4e tructure o #ree"t , da E"'li4*c1 occaio" i"i"iti%9 o##ortu"it o Geru"d: I 4o#e I Po"Ht 4a%e CCASIN 0F reao" or / "eedto1 to #u"i4 ou* S#er c "u %oi a%ea $oti%e  te #ede#ec* I I 4a%e CCASIN to $eet 4i$& IHll'i%e 4i$ our $ea'e* ac a$ $oti% ,l +"t.l"ec& a$ ,i tra"$it $ea-ul tu* I I 4a%e a"33RTUNIT K $eeti"' 4i$& IHll 4i$ our $ea'e* ac e i%ete %reo oca)ie / ac a$

 #o)i(ilitatea ,l +"t.l"ec a$ ,i tra"$it $ea-ul tu*d1 0u"1a(le i"i"ti%9 0u"1ca#a(le o Geru"d: Oe Pa 0UN1ABLE to do it* Oe Pa 0UN1CA3ABLEK doi"' it*

 pag: 05(&(:& Participiul trecut "T#e Pa*t Participle%(&(:&(& 3artici#iul trecut ete or$a "e#ero"al a %er(ului care de"u$ete aciu"ea ca re)ultat*3artici#iul trecut al %er(elor re'ulate e or$ea) de la i"i"iti%& la care e adau' ter$i"aia ,ed: lite" ,lite"ed& $o%e , $o%ed& carr , carried& to# , to##ed& etc*03e"tru #articilaritile o"etice i orto'raice ale or$ei +" ,ed& %e)i J5*7**13e"tru or$a de #artici#iu trecut a %er(elor "ere'ulate& %e)i lita #ri"ci#alelor %er(e "ere'ulate& ##*5; ,57*(&(:&& Caracteri*ticile /erbale ale participiului trecutBa1 3artici#iul trecut ete oloit la or$area diate)ei #ai%e& +$#reu" cu %er(ul (e: Kre4 ruit a"d

%e'eta(le are old 4ere* Aici e %."d ructe i le'u$e #roa#ete* (1 3artici#iul trecut ete +"tre(ui"at la or$area ti$#urilor #erecte ale %er(elor& +$#reu" cu %er(ulauiliar 4a%e:3ree"t 3erect: Oe 4a read t4e (oo* El a citit cartea*3at 3erect: Oe 4ad read t4e (oo* El citie cartea*Kuture 3erect: Oe Pill 4a%e read t4e (oo* El %a i citit cartea*3at Co"ditio"al: Oe Pould 4a%e read t4e (oo* El ar i citit cartea*

 Not: Ver(ul 'o i $ai rar co$e #ot reda idea de #erect #re)e"t i re#ecti% de $ai,$ult,ca,#erect& cua-utorul %er(ului (e la #re)e"t au 3at Te"e 0+" loc de auiliarul 4a%e1: T4e #lu$(er i co$e* A oiti"talatorul* T4e uet Pere 'o"e* Muairii #lecaer *(&(:&0& Caracteri*ticile a-<ecti/ale ale participiului trecut&3artici#iul trecut are i caracteriticiad-ecti%ale& #ut."d u"cio"a ca u" ad-ecti% +" #ro#o)iie*Su(li"ierea& ie a "aturii %er(ale a #artici#iului trecut& ie a celei ad-ecti%ale& reiee di" #o)iia acetuia*

C."d e acce"tuea) caracterul %er(al& #artici#iul ur$ea) u(ta"ti%ul& u"cio"."d ca u" +"locuitor alu"ei #ro#o)iii relati%e: T4e t4i"' "ot Pa"ted Pere 'i%e" aPa 0F P4ic4 Pere "ot Pa"ted1*C."d ete acce"tuat a#ectul ad-ecti%al al #artici#iului& el e aea) +"ai"tea u(ta"ti%ului: T4ee are

 #ortrait o Pa"ted #ero"*(&(:&4& Atenie U"ele %er(e au or$e #eciale #e"tru #artici#iile trecute oloite ad-ecti%al:a1 #artici#iul u"or %er(e re'ulate 0a'ed& (elo%ed& lear"ed& cured& (leed1 +i c4i$( #ro"u"ia&adu'."d u" Qid ila(ic:

 pag: 0513artici#iul trecut Ad-ecti% di" #artici#iu:Oe Pa a'ed*WWWW

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Oe Pa (elo%ed WWWW ( 4i tude"t*Oe 4a lear"ed WWWW t4i leo"*Oe i a" a'ed WWWW $a"*ur (elo%ed WWWW cou"tr*Oe i a lear"ed WWWW $a"*

 (1 U"ele %er(e "ere'ulate au or$e la #artici#iul trecut: u"a oloit ca #artici#iu& cealalt ca ad-ecti%0care #oate a#rea ie i"'ur& ie +" a"u$ite co$(i"aii1:3artici#iu trecut: Ad-ecti% di" #artici#iu:T4e little c4ild Pa (eate" ( t4e (i''er 

 (o*e 4a%e dru" too $uc4 coee*T4e teel 4a $elted*Oe Pa dead,(eat 0$ort de o(oeal1 ater t4e daH Por*A dru"e" $a" i u"#leaa"t to loo at*0oloirea atri(uti% a ad-ecti%ului1 dar i:Oe Pa 4al , dru"*0oloirea #redicati% a ad-ecti%ului1T4e tree Pa truc ( li'4t"i"'*T4e laP" Pa $oP"/$oPed eterda*

S4e 4a eP"/ePed a dre*Oe 4a -ut 4a%ed*T4e 4a%e 4our"/4eared t4e 4ee#*T4e 4irt 4a 4ru"*T4e 4i# 4a u"*Oe 4a oP"/oPed t4e ield*Oe 4a #ilt/#illed t4e $il*T4e 4a%e #oilt/#oiled t4e c4ild*T4e 4a%e Pored 4ere*Molte" teel*'old/la%a 0atri(uti%1& #e"tru$etale& dar: $elted (utter/"oP*Oe Pa 'rie trice" 0oloit #redicati%1*Oe Pa #a"ic trice" 0oloit #redicati%1*

Oe Pa terror trice" 0oloit #redicati%1*Oe Pa trice" Pit4 e%er*MoP" 'ra/4a 0doar atri(uti%1A 4a"deP" dre*A clea"4a%e" $a"*A 4or" la$(*S4ru"e" clot4e*Su"e" ee*SoP" eed*S#ilt $il*A #oilt c4ild*rou'4t iro"9 Prou'4t,u# "er%e*(&(:&5& unciile *intactice ale participiului trecut& 3artici#iul trecut +"de#li"ete u"ciile i"tactice

de:a1 atri(ut: T4ere i t4e Lot 3ro#ert ice* Acolo ete (iroul de o(iecte 'ite* (1 "u$e #redicati%: Oe Pa& i$#reed ( 4er i"d"e* A ot i$#reio"at de (u"tatea ei*c1 #arte di"tr,u" co$#le$e"t direct co$#le 0Acu)ati% cu #artici#iu trecut1: I Pa"t it do"e i$$ediatel*Vreau ca aceata  ie  cut i$ediat*d1 #arte di"tr,u" co$#le$e"t circu$ta"ial 0de ti$#& cau)& co"diie& co$#araie1& deeori #recedat deco"-u"ciile P4e"& i& a i/a t4ou'4 etc*: Struc Pit4 t4e e$otio" i" 4i to"e& 4e tur"ed a"d looed at4i$*I$#reio"at de e$oia care e i$ea +" %ocea lui& 0ea1 e +"toare i,l #ri%i* S4e e#t ile"t AS IK

 #u))led ( $ Pord* Tcea ca i c."d cu%i"tele $ele i,ar i t.r"it "edu$erirea*5*5=*7* Traducere* 3artici#iul trecut e traduce de o(icei +" li$(a ro$." #ri"tr,u" #artici#iu au #ri"tro

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 #ro#o)iie u(ordo"at: Oe looed at t4e cler (e"t o%er t4e #a#er* 3ri%i la u"cio"arul a#lecat #ete4.rtii* T4e #re#aratio" or t4e (irt4da #art co$#leted& I Pe"t out to (u a (irt4da coo* u# ce a$ter$i"at #re'tirile #e"tru a"i%erare& a$ ieit  cu$#r u" tort*

 pag: 055(&(:&9& Con<ugarea /erbului callTi$#ul iate)a acti% iate)a #ai%A#ectul i$#lu A#ectulco"ti"uuA#ectul i$#lu A#ectulco"ti"uuI"dicati%ul

 #re)e"tI call I a$ calli"' I a$ called I a$ (ei"'called3erectul

 #re)e"tI 4a%e called I 4a%e (ee"calli"'I 4a%e (ee"called

,3at Te"e I called I Pa calli"' I Pa called I Pa (ei"'calledMai $ult ca

 #erectI 4ad called I 4ad (ee"calli"'I 4ad (ee"called,Viitorula#ro#iatI a$ 'oi"' to

callI a$ 'oi"' to (e calli"'I a$ 'oi"' to

 (e called,Viitorul i$#lu I 4all/Pill call I 4all/ Pill (ecalli"'I 4all/Pill (ecalled,Viitorul #erect I 4all/Pill 4a%e called

I 4all/Pill 4a%e (ee" calli"'I 4all/Pill 4a%e

 (ee" called,Su(-o"cti%ul I callI 4ould calletc*I (e calli"'I 4ould (e

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calli"' etc*I (e calledI 4ould (ecalled etc*,Co"diio"alul

 #re)e"tI 4ould/Pould callI 4ould/Pould

 (e calli"'I 4ould/Pould

 (e called*,Co"diio"alultrecutI 4ould/Pould 4a%ecalledI 4ould/Pould

4a%e (ee"calli"'I 4ould/Pould4a%e (ee"called,I$#erati%ul Let $e call !Call !Let $e ((ecalli"' !Be calli"' !Let $e (ecalled !

Be called !,I"i"iti%ul

 #re)e"tcall (e calli"' (e called ,I"i"iti%ul

 #erect4a%e called 4a%e (ee"calli"'4a%e (ee"called,3artici#iul

 #re)e"t

iGeru"dcalli"' , (ei"' called ,3artici#iuliGeru"d,ul

 #erect4a%i"'called, 4a%i"' (ee"called

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,3artici#iultrecutcalled , called ,

 pag: 056 

(&(;& Verbele au+iliare "Au+iliar$ Verb*%(&(;&(& Ver(ele auiliare au ur$toarele caracteriitici:51 u"t 'olite de e" leical: I 4all lea%e ater 4e co$e* Voi #leca du# ce %i"e el*

 Not: U"ele %er(e auiliare 0Pill/Pould& 4all/4ould& $a/$i'4t1 #ot i oloite i ca %er(e $odale: ou4ould ee t4i il$* Tre(uie  %e)i il$ul aceta*Alte %er(e auiliare #ot i oloite i ca %er(e "oio"ale& a%."d u" e" leical #ro#riu +" a"u$iteco"tete: I 4a%e a (oo* A$ o carte* o t4i tra"latio"& #leae& Pill ou* K te ro' aceat traducere*;1 +"de#li"ec u"cia de $arc a cate'oriilor 'ra$aticale de diate)& $od& ti$#& #eroa" i "u$r la%er(ele #e care le +"oec: S4e Pa oered loPer* I ,au oerit lori*1 +"locuiec %er(ele "oio"ale +" r #u"urile curte i +"tre(rile di-u"cti%e 0la el ca i %er(ele$odale1: A: o ou lie t4i (oo W B: e& I do* Oe 4a Pritte" a 'ood co$#oitio"& 4a"Ht 4e W1 di" #u"ct de %edere al #ro"u"rii i orto'raiei& %er(ele auiliare a#ar adeea u( or$e redue&co"trae& ele ii"d de o(icei "eacce"tuate +" %or(ire* Koloirea or$elor co"trae ete caracteritic%or(irii cure"te i e#ri$rii a$iliare +" cri*

 Not: U"ele or$e co"trae u"t caracteritice e#ri$rii dialectale au %or(irii "eculti%ate* Oe ai"Ht "oool 0F Oe i "o ool1 El "u e #rot deloc*Ele a#ar ca or$e i"corecte di" #u"ct de %edre 'ra$atical +" ra#ort cu li$(a ta"dard*(&(;&& orme contra*e co"tau +" crutarea (er(elor auiliare la or$a air$ati%i a "e'aiei "ot laor$a "e'ati%: IH%e 'ot a (oo* I 4a%e"Ht 'ot a (oo* or$ co"tra #oate a%ea $ai $ulte %alori: OeH co$e F Oe 4a co$e* OeH 4ere F Oe i 4ere*Kor$ele co"trae ale %er(elor auiliare i $odale 0la air$ati% i la "e'ati% cu ad%er(ul "ot co"tra1 u"tur$toarele:(&(;&& orme /erbale contra*eKor$a co"tra 2" loc de Kor$a co"tra 2" loc de%e 0iH%e& ouH%eetc*1 04eH etc*1d$ 0IH$1re 0ouHre etc*1ll 0IHll& ouHll etc*1do"Htdoe"Htdid"Htca"Htcould"Ht$ut"Ht4a%e51 4a ;1 i51 4ad;1 4ould

1 Poulda$are51 4all;1 Pilldo "otdoe "otdid "otca""ot

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could "ot$ut "ot4a%e"Ht4ad"Hti"Htare"HtPa"HtPere"Ht4a"Ht4ould"HtPo"HtPould"Htdare"Ht"eed"HtletHXle$$eYXai"HtY4a%e "ot4ad "oti "ot

are "otPa "otPere "ot4all "ot4ould "otPill "otPould "otdare "ot"eed "otlet ulet $e51 a$ "ot;1 i "ot

 pag: 057 Ate"ie ! Kor$ele co"trae ale %er(elor auiliare la air$ati% "u #ot i oloite:a1 +" r #u"urile curte: Oa 4e 'ot a "eP (iccle W e& 4e 4a*

 (1 +" #ro#o)iii i"tero'ati%e: S4all Pe 'o to ci"e$a W 4ere did 4e 'o Wc1 +" #artea i"al a +"tre(rilor di-u"cti%ale: Oe Pa"Ht t4ere& Pa 4e Wd1 c."d u"t acce"tuate& #e"tru u(li"iere: Oe Pa at t4e co"ere"ce* I did ee 4i$ t4ere*(&(;&0& ?e, 3a*=3ere, been "a )i%& Ver(ul (e& 3at Te"e: Pa& Pere& #artici#iul trecut (ee"& a#are +"tructura:a1 a#ectului co"ti"uu 0(e #artici#iul #re)e"t1:iate)a acti% iate)a #ai%I"i"iti%e: (e readi"'3ree"t: Oe i readi"'*3at: Oe Pa readi"'*

Kuture: Oe Pill (e readi"'*Co"ditio"al: Oe Pould (e readi"'*I"i"iti%e 3erect: Oa%e (ee" readi"'*3ree"t 3erect: Oe 4ad (ee" readi"'*Kuture 3erect: Oe Pill 4a%e (ee" readi"'*Co"ditio"al 3erect: Oe Pould 4a%e (ee"readi"'*I i (ei"' read*It Pa (ei"' read*,,,,,,

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 (1 a diate)ei #ai%e 0(e #artici#iul trecut1:I"i"iti%e: (e read* 3erect I"i"iti%e: 4a%e (ee" readGeru"d: (ei"' read* 3erect Geru"d: 4a%i"' (ee" read*3ree"t: It i read* 3ree"t #erect: It 4a (ee" read*3at: It Pa read* 3at 3erect: It 4ad (ee" read*Kuture: It Pill (e read* Kuture 3erect: It Pill 4a%e (ee" read*Co"ditio"al: It Pould (e read* Co"ditio"al 3erect: It Pould 4a%e (ee" read*(&(;&4& Da/e, #a-, #a- "a a/ea%&Ver(ul 4a%e& 3at Te"e: 4ad& #artici#iul trecut: 4ad& a#are& at.t ladiate)a acti%& c.t i la cea #ai%& +" tructura or$elor #erecte:iate)a acti% iate)a #ai%3erect I"i"iti%e: 4a%e read3erect Geru"d: 4a%i"' read*3ree"t 3erect: Oe 4a read*3at 3erect: Oe 4ad read*Kuture 3erect: Oe Pill 4a%e read*Co"ditio"al 3erect: e Pould 4a%e read*4a%e (ee" read4a%i"' (ee" readIt 4a (ee" readIt 4ad (ee" read

It Pill 4a%e (ee" readIt Pould 4a%e (ee" read(&(;&5& 2#all, *#oul- 2#all, 2#oul- a#are:a1 la a$(ele diate)e& +" tructura ti$#urilor %iitoare& $odul i"dicati% i ale ti$#urilor $oduluico"diio"al& la #eroa"a I i"'ular i #lural:iate)a acti% iate)a #ai%Kuture: I 4all 'i%eKuture 3erect: I 4all 4a%e 'i%e"*Co"ditio"al:I 4ould 'i%eI 4all (e 'i%e"I 4all 4a%e (ee" 'i%e"I 4ould (e 'i%e"Co"ditio"al 3erect: I 4ould 4a%e 'i%e" I 4ould 4a%e (ee" 'i%e"

 Not: S4ould i"i"iti% ete oloit i ca %iitor,+",trecut 0Kuture i" t4e 3at1: I aid I 4ould do it* A$#u c a$ ,o ac* (1 la toate #eroa"ele& #e"tru or$area u(-o"cti%ului a"alitic:ItH tra"'e t4at t4e 4ould (e 4ere "oP*ItH tra"'e t4at t4e 4ould 4a%e (ee" 4ere*(&(;&7& >ill, 3oul- i"tr  +" co$#o"e"a acelorai or$e %er(ale ca i 4all& 4ould 0%iitorico"diio"al1& la #eroa"ele a II,a i a III,a i"'ular i #lural& iar +" %or(ire& i la #eroa"a I i"'ulari

 #lural:iate)a acti%: iate)a #ai%:Kuture: Oe Pill 'i%e*Kuture 3erect: Oe Pill 4a%e 'i%e"*Co"ditio"al: Oe Pill 'i%e*Co"ditio"al 3erect: Oe Pould 4a%e 'i%e"*

Oe Pill (e 'i%e"*Oe Pill 4a%e (ee" 'i%e"*Oe Pould (e 'i%e"*Oe Pould 4a%e (ee" 'i%e"*

 Not: ould i"i"iti% ete oloit i ca %iitor,+",trecut: Oe aid (e Pould do it* A #u c o ,o ac*(&(;&9* Ma& $i'4t a#are +" tructura u(-o"cti%ului a"alitic& oloit $ai ale +" #ro#o)iiilecircu$ta"iale de co#: Ourr u#& o t4at Pe $a arri%e i" ti$e* Gr  (ete,te ca  a-u"'e$ la ti$#*T4e 4urried o t4at t4e $i'4t arri%e i" ti$e* S,au 'r  (it ca  a-u"' la ti$#*(&(;&:& !et a#are +" tructura i$#erati%ului& #eroa"a I i a III,a i"'ular i #lural:Let $e t4i" !

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Let u t4i" !Let 4i$ t4i" !Let t4e$ t4i" !(&(;&;& a1 1o, -oe*, or$a de 3at Te"e -i-, i"tr  +" alctuirea or$ei i"tero'ati%ei "e'ati%e a%er(elor "oio"ale la ti$#ul 3ree"t Si$#le& re#ecti% 3at Te"e Si$#le: o ou li%e i" t4i toP" WLocuieti +" acet ora W oe 4e Por 4ere W Lucrea) aici W id 4e atte"d t4i c4ool W A ur$ataceatcoal W I do"Ht lie it* Oe doe"Ht u"derta"d* T4e did"Ht 'o*

 Not: 5* Ver(ul auiliar (e #ri$ete auiliarul do la i$#erati%ul "e'ati%: o"Ht (e ill ! Nu i #rot0u1 !;* Ver(ul 4a%e or$ea) i"tero'ati%ul i "e'ati%ul cu a-utorul lui do +" e"'le)a %or(it i +" %aria"taa$erica" a li$(ii e"'le)e: I do"Ht 4a%e e"ou'4 ti$e to do t4i* N,a$ detul ti$# ca  ac ata*

 (1 o a#are +" tructura or$ei "e'ati%e a $odului i$#erati%:o"Ht lite" to t4at "o"e"e*o"Ht letH lite" to t4at "o"e"e*c1 o ete +"tre(ui"at #e"tru u(li"ierea #redicatului la or$a air$ati% a i"dicati%ului& ti$#urile

 #re)e"t i 3at Te"e i a i$#erati%ului& +" care ituaie ete acce"tuat: S4e doe $ae all 4er dree4erel* 2"tr,ade%r +i ace toate roc4iile i"'ur * o read t4i letter to $e* Citete,$i te ro'& crioarea*

 pag: 05-(&'& Verbele mo-ale "Mo-al Verb*%(&'&(& Ver(ele $odale e#ri$ atitudi"ea %or(itorului a de e"u"& aciu"ea di" cadrul acetuia ii"d)ut ca #oi(il& #ro(a(il& "ecear & o(li'atorie& de dorit etc*: It $i'4t rai" later* S,a #utea  #lou

$ai t.r)iu* ou $ut $eet 4i$ at t4e tatio"* Tre(uie ,l ate#i la 'ar *i" #u"ct de %edere al caracteriticilor or$ale& %er(ele $odale e"'le)eti e +$#art +":51 %er(e "oio"ale e#ri$."d $odalitatea 0Pa"t& Pi4& order& o(li'e& ad%ie& i"te"d& $ea"& #reer& etc*1care e co$#ort ca celelalte %er(e "oio"ale: Oe Pa"t to ee t4e #la* Vrea  %ad #iea* o"Ht o(li'e4i$ to do t4i* Nu,l o(li'a  ac ata*;1 %er(e $odale deecti%e 0eecti%e Modal Ver(1 0ca"/could& $a/$i'4t& $ut& 4a%e to& 4all/4ould&Pill/Pould& ou'4t to& (e to& ued to& "eed& dare1& care e#ri$ de ae$e"ea $odalitatea& dar care di"

 #u"ct de %edere or$al& #re)i"t a"u$ite caracteritici* Not: Ter$e"ul de %er(e $odale oloit #e #arcurul lucr rii e reer  la %er(ele $odale deecti%e*(&'&& Caracteri*ticile /erbelor mo-ale& Ver(ele $odale au ur$toarele caracteriitici:a1 u"t deecti%e& adic le li#ec a"u$ite or$e %er(ale* 2" co"eci"& "u #ot i co"-u'ate la toate$odurilei ti$#urile*Kor$ele #e care le au %er(ele $odale #ot i oloite #e"tru redarea $ai $ultor ti$#uri i $oduri* Ca"&

$a& $ut& "eed i dare& de ee$#lu& e#ri$ i"dicati%ul #re)e"t: I ca" 4el# ou*ac ele u"t +" ur$ate de u" ad%er( de ti$# %iitor& aciu"ea e#ri$at de %er(ul la i"i"iti% e reer la u" $o$e"t %iitor: I ca" o"l 4el# ou "et Pee* A$  te #ot a-uta a(ia  #t$."a %iitoare*Kor$ele a#are"t trecute ale %er(elor $odale au %alori:, de 3at Te"e& co"diio"al i u(-o"cti% 0could& Pould& $i'4t1: I could ate P4e" I Pa a c4ild* tia$ #ati"e) c."d era$ co#il* I could 4el# ou i ou Pa"ted $e to* A #utea  te a-ut dac ai dori* S4ele"t 4i$ t4e ca$era o t4at 4e could tae #4oto o" t4e tri#* I,a$ +$#ru$utat a#aratul de oto'raiat ca ac oto'raii +" ecurie*

 Not: Mi'4t #oate i oloit cu %aloare de 3at Te"e doar +" %or(irea i"direct: S4e aid ou $i'4t 'o*, de co"diio"al i u(-o"cti% 04ould1: I 4ould lie to co$e to$orroP i ou do"Ht $i"d* A dori  %i"$.i"e& dac "u te dera"-ea)* Oe de$a"ded Pe 4ould co$e t4e "et da* A cerut  %e"i$ a doua )i*, la u"ele or$e care le li#ec& %er(ele $odale u"t +"locuite de #erira)e $odale& de a"u$ite co"truciicu e" $odal 0Modal Eui%ale"t1: ca" , (e a(le to9 $ut , 4a%e to9 $a , (e alloPed to/#er$itted to:

3ree"t: ou $a 'o "oP* 3oi / Ai %oie  #leci acu$*3at Te"e: Oe Pa alloPed 'o to* I ,a #er$i / dat %oie  #lece*3at 3erect: Oe 4ad (ee" alloPed to 'o out a"d #la (eore t4e let* I e #er$iee  ia aar   e

 -oace +"ai"te ca ei  #lece* (1 "u #ri$ec la #eroa"a a III,a i"'ular 0cu ece#ia lui (e to i 4a%e to1: Oe $ut ee t4i #la*Tre(uie  %ad aceat #ie*c1 or$ea) i"tero'ati%ul i "e'ati%ul   a-utorul auiliarului do/did 0cu ece#ia lui 4a%e to1: Mut oudo t4i W Tre(uie  aci ata W S4e ca""ot Pi$* Nu tie  +"oate& dar: o ou 4a%e to t#e t4at re#ortW Tre(uie  dactilo'raie)i ra#ortul W

 pag: 060

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d1 u"t ur$ate de i"i"iti%ul curt al %er(elor "oio"ale 0cu ece#ia lui (e to& 4a%e to& ou'4t to1:S4e ca" coo* tie  'teac& dar: Oe 4a to 'et u# earl e%er da* Tre(uie  e coale de%re$e +"iecare )i*C."d u"t ur$ate de i"i"iti%ul #re)e"t& %er(ele $odale e reer  la o aciu"e #re)e"t au %iitoare: Oe$i'4t (e t4ere "oP* S,ar #utea ca el  ie acolo acu$* S4e $i'4t co$e later* Ea ,ar #utea  %i" $ait.r)iu*C."d u"t ur$ate de i"i"iti%ul #re)e"t& %er(ele $odale e reer  la o ac iu"e #re)e"t au %iitoare: Oe$i'4t (e t4ere "oP* S,ar #utea ca el  ie acolo acu$* S4e $i'4t co$e later* ea ,ar #utea  %i" $ait.r)iu*C."d u"t ur$ate de i"i"iti%ul #erect& aciu"ea e#ri$at de %er(ul "oio"al are u" caracter trecut& dea"terioritate: Oe $i'4t 4a%e (ee" 4ere (eore Pe arri%ed* S,ar #utea  i ot aici +"ai"te  oi$ "oi*e1 #e #la" i"tactic& %er(ele $odale deecti%e alctuiec u" #redicat %er(al co$#u +$#reu" cu u" alt%er( la i"i"iti%: ou ca" (u a TV,et i" i"tal$e"t* 3oi  cu$#eri u" tele%i)or +" rate*2" cadrul #redicatului %er(al co$#u& %er(ele $odale +"de#li"ec o u"cie du(l:, u"cia 'ra$atical de $arc a ti$#ului: Oe ca" ate "oP* tie  #ati"e)e acu$* Oe could ateP4e" 4e Pa a c4ild* tia  #ati"e)e c."d era co#il*, u"cia leical de e#ri$are a $odalitii: S4e ca" t#e* tie  (at la $ai"* ou "eed"Ht t#e t4i*

 Nu ete "e%oie  (ai ata la $ai"*(&'&0& CAN = COU!1& Ca" ete oloit #e"tru toate #eroa"ele la i"dicati% #re)e"t*Could ete oloit #e"tru toate #eroa"ele la 3at Te"e i u(-o"cti%,co"diio"al*

Ca"/could #oate e#ri$a:51 ca#acitatea 0i)ic au i"telectual1 de eectuare a u"ei aciu"i: To$ ca" #ea t4ree orei'"la"'ua'e* To$ tie trei li$(i tr i"e* I could ru" ater t4a" ou lat ear* 3utea$  aler' $ai re#ededec.t ti"e a"ul trecut*

 Not: Ca" ur$at de u" %er( de #erce#ie e")orial 0ee& 4ear etc&1 core#u"de a#ectului co"ti"uu al%er(ului re#ecti%: I ca" ee t4e car "oP* I ca" 4ear ootte#*Ca" e#ri$."d ca#acitatea i)ic au i"telectual 0a(ilit1 ete +"locuit de (e a(le to/(e ca#a(le o/"oP4oP to:3re)e"t: I ca" i "oP/I a$ a(le to i "oP* 0$ai #ui" rec%e"t13at Te"e: I could ate P4e" I Pa a c4ild* tia$  #ati"e) c."d era$ co#il* 0ca#acitatea de a #ati"a+" 'e"eral1* Alt4ou'4 it Pa %er cold eterda& Pe Pere a(le to ate or a" 4our* ei a ot oarteri' ieri& a$ reuit  #ati"$ o or * 0ca#acitatea de a #ati"a , $a"ietat +" a"u$ite co"diii& +" #ecial"ea%ora(ile1*

Viitor: IHll (e a(le to ate "et ear*Co"diio"al: ould ou (e a(le to $a"a'e ( ourel i it Pa "ecear WCould ou $a"a'e ( ourel i it Pa "ecear WTe,ai #utea decurca i"'ur dac ar i "e%oie WAte"ie ! iere"a de e" +"tre could i Pa/Pere a(le to e #ierde la "e'ati% au cu %er(e de #erce#ie:I could"Ht i eterda a t4e Peat4er Pa %er (ad*I Pa"Ht a(le to i eterda a t4e Peat4er Pa %er (ad*I could"Ht ee 4i$ i" t4e dar*I Pa"Ht a(le to ee 4i$ i" t4e dar*

 pag: 06;1 Ca" ete oloit #e"tru a e#ri$a #er$iiu"ea& ca o alter"ati% a lui $a" +" e#ri$area a$iliar : A:Ca" I (orroP our u$(rella W B: coure ou ca"* 3ot  iau u$(rela ta W ei'ur*Could ete oloit #e"tru a e#ri$a #er$iiu"ea +" trecut: " Su"da Pe could ta i" (ed u"til te"

oHcloc* u$i"ic a%ea$ %oie  t$ +" #at #." la ora 5*2" acet e"& ca"/could #oate i +"locuit de (e alloPed to& (e #er$itted to: " Su"da Pe Pere alloPedto ta i" (ed u"til te" oHcloc*1 3oi(ilitatea datorit circu$ta"elor e e#ri$ atel:3re)e"t: ou ca" i at 3redeal "oP* T4ere i e"ou'4 "oP*3at Te"e: e could i at 3redeal lat ear* T4ere Pa e"ou'4 "oP*Viitor:It Pill (e #oi(le or ou to i at 3redeal& t4ere Pill (e #le"t o "oP i" ece$(er*ou Pill (e a(le to i at 3redeal& t4ere Pill (e #le"t o "oP i" ece$(er*Kor$e de co"diio"al: ItH o''* T4e air#ort could (e cloed* I 4e 4ad e"ou'4 $o"e 4e could (u a

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 (iccle*1 Ca"/could u"t oloite #e"tru a e#ri$a: o cerere& ru'$i"te #oliticoa: Ca" ou Pait a eP$o$e"t WCould ete $ai #olitico dec.t ca"*1 Could i"i"iti%ul #erect ete oloit #e"tru a e#ri$a ca#acitatea "ereali)at de eectuare a u"eiaciu"i +" trecut: S4e could 4a%e 4el#ed $e* 0But 4e did"Ht1* Ar i #utut  $ a-ute*71 Ca"Ht/could"Ht i"i"iti%ul #re)e"t al %er(ului (e e#ri$ o deducie "e'ati% de#re u" e%e"i$e"t

 #re)e"t: A: IH$ 4u"'r* B: ou ca"Ht (e 4u"'r* ouH%e -ut 4ad our di""er*Ca"Ht/Could"Ht i"i"iti%ul #erect e#ri$ o deducie "e'ati% de#re u" e%e"i$e"t trecut: A: id A""t#e t4e re#ort WB: S4e ca"Ht/could"Ht 4a%e t#ed it* S4e 4a"Ht lear"ed to t#e et*(&'&4& MA=MIGDT& Ma ete oloit la toate #eroa"ele cu %aloare de i"dicati% #re)e"ti %iitor*Mi'4t ete oloit #e"tru toate #eroa"ele cu %aloare de co"diio"al i u(-o"cti%*Mi'4t ete +"tre(ui"at cu %aloare de 3at Te"e doar +" %or(irea i"direct* XIt $a rai" laterY* & 4e aid*Oe aid it $i'4t rai" later*Ma ete oloit:51 #e"tru a cere 0a1 au a acorda 0(1 #er$iiu"ea 0$ai oicial dec.t ca"1:a1 Ma I 'o W 3ot  #lec W

 (1 ou $a 'o* 3oi  #leci*Kor$a "e'ati% de "eacordare a #er$iiu"ii de $a "ot& rar $a"Ht: A: Ma I 'o out W B: No& ou $a

"ot*Mut "ot 0$u"Ht1 ete oloit #e"tru a e#ri$a i"terdicia& $ai ale +" re'ula$e"te& i"truciu"i: ou$ut"Ht Pal o" t4e 'ra* Nu clcai #e iar(*Ec4i%ale"tul $odal #e"tru e#ri$area #er$iiu"ii ete (e alloPed to / (e #er$itted to:Oe Pa alloPed to 'o* I ,a #er$i/I ,a dat %oie  #lece*Oe Pa #er$itted to 'o* I ,a #er$i/I ,a dat %oie  #lece*

 pag: 06/;1 Ma/$i'4t #oate e#ri$a o cerere& o ru'$i"te #oliticoa 0$a ete $ai #olitico i oicial dec.tca"/could1: Ma I ue our #4o"e W 2$i dai %oie  dau teleo" WKoloirea lui $i'4t +" acet e" i"dic u" 'rad de "ei'ura" $ai $are dec.t $a 0cu #ri%ire la#u"1: Mi'4t I ue our #4o"e W A #utea  dau u" teleo" W1 Ma/$i'4t i"i"iti%ul #re)e"t e#ri$ o #oi(ilitate #re)e"t au %iitoare 0+" au du# $o$e"tul%or(irii1:

Oe $a co$e toda* Se #oate  %i" a)i*Oe $i'4t co$e to$orroP* S,ar #utea  %i" $.i"e*Mi'4t ete oloit:a1 #e"tru a e#ri$a o #oi(ilitate $ai +"de#rtat 0,ar #utea***1

 (1 du# u" %er( trecut& +" %or(irea i"direct: Oe aid 4e $i'4t co$e*c1 +" ra)e co"i"."d u(ordo"ate co"diio"ale: I ou 4outed& 4e $i'4t 4ear ou* ac ai tri'a& ,ar 

 #utea  te aud*La or$a i"tero'ati%i "e'ati%& $a e#ri$."d #oi(ilitatea ete +"locuit de co"truciile do ou t4i"  #re)e"t / %iitor au (e liel i"i"iti%:o ou t4i" 4eHll co$e toda W Cre)i c o  %i" at)i WI 4e liel to co$e toda W Cre)i c o  %i" at)i WMa/$i'4t i"i"iti%ul #erect ete oloit #e"tru a e#ri$a o #eculaie de#re o aciu"e trecut:Oe $a 4a%e arri%ed* Se #oate  i oit*

Oe $i'4t 4a%e arri%ed* S,ar #utea  i oit*1 Mi'4t $ai ete oloit:a1 +" cereri i"ite"te au atu"ci c."d %or(itorul ete iritat de "e+"de#li"irea u"ei aciu"i 0$i'4t i"i"iti%ul #re)e"t1: ou $i'4t 'i%e $e a co# o t4at #a#er* 03leae 'i%e $e a co#* IH$ a""oed t4atou 4a%e"Ht 'i%e" $e o"e*1

 (1 #e"tru a e#ri$a iritarea& re#roul +" le'tur  cu "eeectuarea u"ei aciu"i trecute 0$i'4t i"i"iti%ul #erect1: ou $i'4t 4a%e told $e P4at 4ad 4a##e"ed* Ai i #utut ,$i #ui ce ,a +"t.$#lat*(&'&5& MU2T = DAVE TO = NEE1& Mut ete olit la toate #eroa"ele& la i"dicati%ul #re)e"t i %iitor*Oa%e to ete oloit ca +"locuitor a lui $ut e#ri$."d o(li'aia& iar "eed ete oloit cu %aloare de

 #re)e"t i %iitor& $ai ale +" #ro#o)iii "e'ati%e i i"tero'ati%e*

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Mut e oloete #e"tru a e#ri$a:51 o(li'aia: T4e $ut to# (ecaue t4e traic li'4t i red "oP*Mut e#ri$."d o(li'aia #oate i +"locuit de 4a%e to au %e 'ot to*OAVE T* 2"tre $ut i 4a%e to eit ur$toarele diere"e de e":a1 Mut e#ri$ o o(li'aie i$#u de ctre %or(itor& #e c."d 4a%e to e#ri$ o o(li'aie i$#u di"eterior: I $ut 'o* 0ItH $ deciio"1* e 4a%e to 'o* 0T4e 4o# i cloi"'1*

 (1 Mut e#ri$ o o(li'aie i$#orta"t& ur'e"t: I $ut (e at t4e 4o#otal at tPo* ItH $ot i$#orta"t*Oa%e to e#ri$ o o(li'aie o(i"uit& re#etat 04a(itual o(li'atio"1: I 4a%e to (e at t4e 4o#ital at e%e"oHcloc e%er $or"i"'* I (e'i" Por ar e%e"*3re)e"t: ou $ut ta i" (ed or a eP da* ouH%e 'ot lu* ou 4a%e to ta i" (ed P4e" ou 4a%elu*

 pag: 063at Te"e: Oe 4ad to ta i" (ed lat Pee* Oe Pa uite ill*Viitor: ou $ut ta i" (ed to$orroP i ou do"Ht eel (etter* ouHll 4a%e to ta i" (ed P4e" ou eele%eri4 a'ai"*OAVE GT T2" %or(irea a$iliar & e adau' 'ot la 4a%e to& iar 4a%e e co"tra'e o(i"."du,e IH%e 'ot/I 4a%e"Ht 'otto #4o"e 4er*Aceat or$ e#ri$ de o(icei o(li'aia +$#li"irii u"ei i"'ure aciu"i*Kor$a $ut "ot 0$ut"Ht1 e#ri$ i"terdicia& au u" at la #re)e"t au %iitor: ou $ut "ot $o%e* ou

$ut"Ht Pal o" t4e 'ra* ou $ut"Ht $i t4at il$& it i %er 'ood*Li#a o(li'ati%itii e e#ri$ cu a-utorul lui "eed"Ht& au "ot 4a%e to/"ot "eed to:ou "eed"Ht co$e earl*ou do"Ht 4a%e to co$e earl*Kor$a "e'ati% a lui 4a%e to e#ri$ o o(li'aie eter" au re#etat& 4a(itual:e do"Ht 4a%e to 'et u# earl Su"da* 0e do"Ht 'o to c4oool o" Su"da1*e Po"Ht 4a%e to 'et u# earl Su"da* 0e do"Ht 'o to c4oool o" Su"da1*

 Need #oate i oloit la $ai $ulte ti$#uri 0ca i "ot 4a%e to1:3re)e"t: A: Need I 'o t4ere "oP W B: No& ou "eed"Ht* A: o I "eed to co$e e%er da W B: ou do"Ht"eed to*3at Te"e: id ou "eed to 'o t4ere eterda W I did"Ht "eed to 'o*Viitor: ou "eed"Ht/Po"Ht "eed to 'o t4ere to$orroP*

 Not: 2" #ro#o)iiile i"tero'ati%e& oloirea lui "eed +" locul lui $ut arat % %or(itorul e atea#t la u"

#u" "e'ati%: A: Need I Pa4 t4e di4e W 0I 4o#e "ot*1Ate"ie ! Need i "eed"Ht u"t ur$ate de i"i"iti%ul curt* Celelalte or$e u"t ur$ate de i"i"iti%ul lu"':ou "eed"Ht 4a%e (ou'4t tPo loa%e o (read* IH%e (ou'4t a loa $el*

 Not: Need #oate i oloiti ca %er( #ri"ci#al& +"e$"."d: Oe "eed 4el#* Are "e%oie de a-utor* id 4e"eed t4e dictio"ar W A a%ut "e%oie de dicio"ar W;1 Mut #oate e#ri$a i deducia lo'ic: S4e $ut (e at 4o$e* S4e let a" 4our a'o*educia "e'ati% e e#ri$ cu a-utorul lui ca""ot/ca"Ht i"i"iti%ul #re)e"t al %er(ului to (e: S4e lette" $i"ute a'o& 4e ca"Ht (e at 4o$e "oP*Mut i"i"iti%ul #erect e#ri$ o deducie lo'ic 0+" #re)e"t1 de#re o aciu"e trecut: S4eH 'ot a te"i" 4er ter$ #a#er* S4e $ut 4a%e Pored %er 4ard*educie lo'ic "e'ati% e e#ri$ cu a-utorul lui ca"Ht/could"Ht i"i"iti%ul #erect:S4e ca"Ht 4a%e (aed t4i #ie* S4e ca"Ht coo*S4e could"Ht 4a%e (aed t4i #ie* S4e ca"Ht coo*

2" %or(irea i"direct e oloete $ut au 4a%e to du# ca)& du# u" %er( declarati% la u" ti$# trecut:S4e aid 4e Pould 4a%e to lea%e earl i" t4e $or"i"' 0o(li'aie1* e t4ou'4t 4e $ut (e ill* A$ cre)ut ete (ol"a% 0deducie lo'ic1*

 pag: 061(&'&7& 2DA!!=2DOU!1& S4all ete oloit:51 #e"tru a e#ri$a o(li'aie& +" til oicial , acte& re'ula$e"te& etc* la #eroa"a a II,a i a III,a: T4eeller 4all u##l t4e #are #art i" due ti$e*V.")torul %a ur"i)a #ieele de c4i$( +" ti$# util*V.")torul ete o(li'at  ur"i)e)e #ieele de c4i$( +" ti$# util*;1 S4all ete oloit +" #ro#o)iii i"tero'ati%e& la #eroa"a I i"'ular au #lural:

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a1 #e"tru a cere u" at& o u'etie& u" ordi": 4ere 4all Pe #ut t4e loPer W U"de  #u"e$ lorile WS4all Pe 'o to t4e ci"e$a to"i'4t W 0Ce #ui1& $er'e$ la ci"e$a diear  W 4at 4all I do W Ce tre(uie ac W

 (1 #e"tru a ace o oert: S4all I 4el# ou W S te a-ut WS4ould ete oloit #e"tru a e#ri$a:51 o(li'aia& "eceitatea lo'ic de +"  #tuire a u"ei aciu"i& de o(icei u( or$ de at de ctre %or(itor:T4e (oo i %er i"tereti"'* ou 4ould read it* Cartea e oarte i"terea"t* Ar tre(ui ,o citeti* Oe4ould"Ht tell lie* N,ar tre(ui  $i"t*;1 o #reu#u"ere 0i"dic."d u" 'rad de "ei'ura" $ai $are dec.t Pill1: Oe 4ould (e t4ere ( "oP* Ar tre(ui  i a-u" acolo de-a* Oe 4ould 4a%e let ( "oP* Ar tre(ui  i #lecat de-a*1 S4ould ete rec%e"t oloit +" #ro#o)iiile u(ordo"ate 0%e)i ca#* ;1:a1 +" #ro#o)iii u(iecti%e: ItH tra"'e t4at 4e 4ould (e4a%e lie t4at*

 (1 +" #ro#o)iii co$#leti%e directe: I u''et Pe 4ould lea%e at o"ce*c1 +" #ro#o)iii co"diio"ate #e"tru a e#ri$a o co"diie $ai #ui" #ro(a(il: I 4e 4ould co$e& tell 4er to Pait or $e* ac e +"t.$#l  %i"& #u"e,i  $ ate#te*d1 +" #ro#o)iii de co#& +" #aralel cu Pould: S4e #ut o" 4er u" 'lae o t4at "e o"e 4ould/Pould ee4er tear* 2i #ue oc4elarii de oare ca  "u,i %ad "i$e"i lacri$ile*e1 +" #ro#o)iii de co# "e'ati%e& du# let i u"eori du# i" cae: S4e Pa araid i" cae 4e 4ould li#o" t4e ic road* 2i era tea$  "u alu"ece #e dru$ul +"'4eat*S4ould i"i"iti%ul #erect e#ri$ "e+"de#li"irea u"ei o(li'aii au a u"ei aciu"i +" trecut:ou 4ould4a%e e"t 4er a tele'ra$* 4 did"Ht ou W Ar i tre(uit ,i tri$i o tele'ra$* e ce ",ai  cut,o W(&'&9& OUGDT TO& u'4t to i"dic o(li'ia au datoria& de o(icei u( or$ de at dat de ctre%or(itor 0la el ca 4ould1:A: ou ou'4t to i"i4 t4e (oo (eore 'oi"' o" 4olida* A: Ar tre(ui  ter$i"i cartea +"ai"te   #leci+" %aca*B: I "oP I 4ould* B: tiu c,ar tre(ui*E#ri$area u"ui at& a u"ei reco$a"dri& u'etii& #ri" ou'4t to/4ould ete $ai #i" #uter"ic dec.t

 #ri" $ut: Co$#ar i:ou 4ould ee a doctor* Ar tre(ui  te duci la doctor*ou ou'4t to ee a doctor* Ar tre(ui  te duci la doctor*ou $ut ee a doctor* Tre(uie  te duci la doctor*u'4t to i"i"iti%ul #erect e#ri$ o datorie "e+"de#li"it& o aiu"e care ar i tre(uit eectuat 0la elca 4ould1:

ou ou'4t to 4a%e croed P4e" t4e li'4t Pere 'ree"*ou 4ould 4a%e croed P4e" t4e li'4t Pere 'ree"*Ar i tre(uit  tra%ere)i c."d lu$i"a e$aorului era %erde*

 pag: 065ou ou'4t"Ht to 4a%e croed P4e" t4e li'4t Pere red*ou 4ould"Ht 4a%e croed P4e" t4e li'4t Pere red*

 N,ar i tre(uit  tra%ere)i #e lu$i"a roie a e$aorului*u'4t to/4ould r $."e "ec4i$(at +" %or(irea i"direct& du# u" %er( la u" ti$# trecut*:Oe told $e ou ou'4t to atte"t t4e co"ere"ce*Oe told $e ou 4ould atte"t t4e co"ere"ce*Mi,a #u c ar tre(ui  %ii la co"eri*(&'&:& >I!!=>OU!1& ill ete oloit #e"tru a e#ri$a:51 o co$a"d i$#ero"al 0i$ilar cu $ut& (e to1: ou Pill co$e 4ere at o"ce* Vi"o +"coace i$ediat*

;1 i"itea& 4otr.rea de a eectua o aiu"e: Oe Pill tud c4e$itr P4ate%er 4i at4er a* Vatudia / ete deci  tudie)e c4i$ia& i"diere"t de #rerea tatlui u*1 o aiu"e re#etat& u" o(icei al u"ei #eroa"e 0Pill Xrec%e"tati%Y1: Oe Pill it o" t4e (e"c4 or 4oura"d 'a)e at t4e tar* (i"uiete  tea ore," ir #e (a"c i  e uite la tele*1 o i"%itie& +" #ro#o)ii i"tero'ati%e& la #eroa"a a II,a: ill ou 4a%e a"ot4er a"Pic4 W Mai %rei / iate ro' u" a"d%i*1 o cerere au ru'$i"te 0#e u" to" #olitico& dar $ai autoritar dec.t Pould1: ill ou i'" t4e re'iter W V ro'  e$"i +" re'itru*71 o i"teie #o"ta"& "e#re$editat& +" $o$e"tul %or(irii la #eroa"a I 0de o(icei co"tra +" ll1:A: IH$ t4irt* B: IHll etc4 ou a 'la o Pater* A: Mi,e ete* B: S,i aduc u" #a4ar cu a#*

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ill de%i"e Pould au i"i"iti% +" %or(irea i"direct& +" u"ie e e":ould ete oloit:51 #e"tru a e#ri$a o cerere& o ru'$i"te #oliticoa:ould ou do $e a%our W Vr i ,$i aci u" er%iciu Would ou do $e a a%our W V ro' ,$i aci u" er%iciu W

 Not: ould lie ete de o(icei oloit +" locul lui Pa"t& ii"d o or$ de e#ri$are $ai #oliticoa:I Pould lie to tal to t4e $a"a'er*I Pa"t to tal to t4e $a"a'er*A dori  %or(ec cu directorul*ould ou lie to tal to 4i$ "oP W or i cu el acu$ W;1 Ca or$a de 3at Te"e a lui Pill& Poud ete oloit #e"tru a e#ri$a:a1 i"teia 0+" %or(ire i"direct1: I aid& XI Pill 4el# 4erY* I aid I Pould 4el# 4er*

 (1 i"teia "e'ati% 0reu)ul1:3ree"t: Oe Po"Ht 4el# $e* Nu %rea  $ a-ute*3at te"e: Oe Pould"Ht 4el# $e* Nu %oia  $ a-ute*

 pag: 066 c1 i"itea& 4otr.rea de a eectua o aiu"e +" trecut: Oe Pould ee# ile"t or 4our& "o $etter P4atar'u$e"t I ued*d1 o acti%itate re#etat& u" o(icei +" trecut 0Pould Xrec%e"tati%Y1: S4e Pould Pait or $e i" ro"t o t4ec4ool 'ate*

1 ould ete oloit i #e"tru a e#ri$a #ro(a(ilitatea: T4at Pould (e t4eir car* 3ro(a(il c aceea ete$ai"a lor* 0Ac eea tre(uie  ie $ai"a lor1*Ateie ! ould rat4er/oo"er i"i"iti%ul curt ete oloit #e"tru a e#ri$a #reeria:I Pould rat4er lite" to t4e co"cert t4a" ee t4e il$*I d oo"er lite" to t4e co"cert t4a" ee t4e il$*A  #reera  acult co"certul dec.t  %d il$ul*(&'&;& U2E1 TO& Ued to ete oloit doar la 3at Te"e& #e"tru a e#ri$a:51 o aiu"e re#etat& u" o(icei trecut& care "u $ai ete #racticat +" #re)e"t: I ued to Pi$ i" t4e ltri%er P4e" I Pa a c4ild& (ut I do"Ht do t4i a" lo"'er* (i"uia$  +"ot +" lt c."d era$ co#il& dar acu$ "u $ai +"ot*;1 o aiu"e re#etat& u" o(icei trecut& care $ai ete #racticati +" #re)e"t: T4e ued to #e"d t4eir 4olida i" t4e $ou"tai"* 0ItH %er liel t4e till do it*1*Ateie ! 5* Ued to #oate i +"locuit de Pould la e"ul ;1* ould ete rec%e"t: T4e Pould #e"d t4eir 

4olida i" t4e $ou"tai"*i #etreceau %acaele la $u"te*(i"uiau ,i #etreac %acaele la $u"te*Atebie ! Ued to "u are or$ la #re)e"t* 3e"tru a e#ri$a u" o(icei #re)e"t& oloi #re)e"tul i$#lu: I0uuall1 #e"d $ 4olida i" t4e $ou"tai"*e o(icei +$i #etrec %acaele la $u"te*(i"uiec ,$i #etrec %acaele la $u"te*(&'&('& ?E TO& Be to ete oloit #e"tru a e#ri$a:51 o co$a"d au i"truiu"i +"tr,u" $od i$#ero"al 0de o(icei la #eroa"a a III,a1:Oe i to ta 4ere till Pe retur"*Tre(uie Va ta  tea aici #." "e +"toarce$*Ur$ea) Va ta  tea aici #." "e +"toarce$*;1 o aiu"e #la"iicat 0co"truie de oloit +" li$(a-ul -ur"alitic1: T4e co$#etitio" i to tart i" a

PeeH ti$e*1 u" ordi" au co$a"d& +" %or(irea i"direct: Oe a& Xait 4ere till I co$eY* Oe a t4at I a$ toPait 4ere till 4e co$e*La 3at Te"e& (e #oate i ur$at:a1 de u" i"i"iti% #re)e"t: Oe Pa to 'o* Ur$a   #lece*

 #ro#o)ie di" care "u al$ dac aiu"ea #la"iicat a ot +"de#li"it au "u9 (1 de u" i"i"iti% #erect& #e"tru a e#ri$a o abiu"e #l"uit dar "e+"de#li"it: Oe Pa to 4a%e 'o"e0(ut 4e did"Ht1*

 pag: 067 (&'&((& 1ARE& are e oloete cu ae"ul de a +"dr )"i& a a%ea cura-ul& +" #ecial +" #ro#o)ii

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i"tero'ati%ei "e'ati%e: OoP dare ou co"tradict $e W Cu$ +"dr )"eti  $ co"tra)ici W T4e (odared "ot tell 4i at4er P4at 4e 4ad do"e* Biatul ",a +"dr )"it ,i #u" tatlui u ce a  cut*La air$ati%& dare e co"-u' ca u" %er( #ri"ci#al:3re)e"t: dare& dare93at Te"e: dared*La "e'ati% i i"tero'ati%& dare #oate i co"-u'at ca u" %er( "io"al au ca u" %er( $odal: are 4e #ea W 2"dr )"ete  %or(eac W oe 4e dare 0to1 #ea Ware ca %er( $odal ete ur$at:a1 de i"i"iti%ul  r  to du# or$a i"%aria(il dare 0#eroa"a a III,a i"'ular au 3at Te"e1: I Po"der P4et4er 4e ARE co$e* M +"tre( dac %a +"dr )"i  %i"* Oe elt t4at 4e ARENHT tr*i,a datea$a c ",are cura-ul  +"cerce*

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I* rto'raii ur$toarele %er(e la #eroa"a a III,a i"'ular 3at Te"e& or$a +" ,i"' i #artici#iultrecut:tud& #l& #a& Prite& to#& cut& tra%el& occur& die& de& reer& Pa4& Patc4&'o to& (e'i"& cr& ee& re'ret&ree& 4oP& eP*II* 3u"i %er(ele di" #ara"te) la ti$#ul #otri%it*5* Loo! It 0rai"1* Tae ou u$(relle*;* 4 04e& dri%e1 o at todaW* It 0tart1 to rai" P4ile 4e 0Pal1 i" t4e #ar eterda** T4e tele#4o"e 0ri"'1 -ut a 4e 0'o1 out a eP $i"ute a'o** I t4e Peat4er 0(e1 i"e to$orroP& Pe 0'o1 o" a tri# to 3oia"a Brao%*7* 4at 0ou& 'o1 to"i'4t W8* 4at ti$e 0t4e trai" lea%e1W It 0lea%e1 at = oHcloc accordi"' to c4edule*Re)ol%are:

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7* Oe #ro$ied t4e$ "eP (iccle*Re)ol%are:5* T4e are (ei"' 4oP" t4e $ueu$* ;* Oe 4a (ee" a##oi"ted #reide"t* * I 4a%e (ee" 'i%e" a 'ooddictio"ar* * ou Pill (e told P4at ti$e t4e (u lea%e* * T4e car#e"der Pill (e #aid or 4i Por* 7*T4e Pere #ro$ied "eP (iccle*V* Traduci ur$toarele #ro#o)ii +" li$(a e"'le)& oloi"d %er(e la diate)a #ai%:5* Aceat  #ro(le$ tre(uie a"ali)at*;* Nu ,a dor$it +" acet #at** Co#iii au ot (i"e +"'ri-i** C.i"ele a ot clcat de u" auto(u)** Vor r.de de ti"e dac %ei #urta roc4ia ata*Re)ol%are:5* T4i $atter $ut (e looed i"to*;* T4i (ed 4a "ot (ee" le#t i"** T4e c4ildre" Pere Pell looed ater** T4e do' Pa ru" o%er ( a (u** ou Pill (e lau'4ed at i ou Pear t4i dre*VI* 2" #ro#o)iile de $ai -o& +"locui& u(-o"cti%ul i"tetic cu u(-o"cti%ul a"alitic cu 4ould au $a:Ee$#lu:a1 It i "ecear t4at 4e a"d t4e letter at o"ce*

It i "ecear t4at 4e 4oul e"d t4e letter at o"ce* (1 4oe%er t4e Po$a" (e& ou $ut e"d or a doctor*4oe%er t4e Po$a" $a (e& ou $ut e"d or a doctor*5* Kat4er i"ited t4at 4i o" read (oo i" Ro$a"ia 4itor*;* It i i$#erati%e t4at t4e eceed #roductio"** T4e doctor reco$$e"ded t4at t4e old Po$a" ee# to (ed or a eP da** Lo"' 4e (e 4a##** T4e c4air$a" de$a"ded t4at #ro#oal (e $ade*VII* Traduci +" li$(a e"'le) oloi"d or$e ale u(-o"cti%ului i"tetic au a"alitic:5* Ete reco$a"da(il  ii acolo la ora = i*;* Ei cer ca tru#ele i"a$ice  ie retrae de #e teritoriul lor** e ce  ace$ "oi ata W* oria lui ca "oi  de%e"i$ #roeori ,a +"de#li"it*

* Kie ce,o i& %oi #or"i $otorul*Re)ol%are:5* It i ad%ia(le t4at ou (e / 4ould (e t4ere at ei'4t oHcloc 4ar#*;* T4e reuire t4at t4e e"e$ troo# (e/4ould (e Pit4draP" ro$ t4eir territor** 4 4ould Pe do t4iW* Oi Pi4 t4at Pe 4ould (eco$e teac4er 4a (ee" ulilled** Co$e P4at $a& IHll tart t4e e"'i"e*

 pag: 06-VIII* 3u"i %er(ele di" #ara"te)e la i"i"iti%ul lu"' 0cu to1 au curt 0 r  to1*Ee$#lu:a1 ou $ut 04el1 4i$*ou $ut 4el# 4i$*

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* Pait9* cro*I_* Co$#leti #iile li(ere cu #re#o)iile "eceare* 3u"i %er(ele di" #ara"te)e la or$a Geru"d*Ee$#lu:Oe i"all ucceeded *** 0ell1 4i old car*Oe i"all ucceeded i" elli"' 4i old car*5* T4e (ad Peat4er #re%e"t 4i$*** 0lea%e1 lat Mo"da*;* ur teac4er doe"Ht a##ro%e*** 0tud1 late at "i'4t** Oe Porrie*** 0loe1 4i #oitio"** Oe i"all ucceeded*** 0#ot1 t4e letter** S4e i"it*** 0do1 e%ert4i"' 4erel*7* T4i reearc4 ai$*** 0i"d1 a $ore eicie"t $et4od*Re)ol%ai:5* ro$ lea%i"';* o tudi"'9* a(out loi"'9* i" #oti"'9* o" doi"'97* at i"di"'*_* 3u"i %er(ele di" #ara"te)e la or$a Geru"d* 3u"i #ro"u$ele #ero"ale la acu)ati% 0#e"tru o

e#ri$are a$iliar 1& au tra"or$i,le +" #ro"u$e #oei%e 0#e"tru o e#ri$are $ai literar 1*Ee$#lu:I ca"Ht u"derta"d 04e& or'et1 to co$e to t4e $eeti"'*I ca"Ht u"derta"d 4i$ / 4i or'eti"' to co$e to t4e $eeti"'*5* M $ot4er 4ate 0I& read1 P4ile IH$ P4ile IH$ eati"'*;* I do"Ht re$e$(er 04e& co$e1 late (eore** Ecue 0I& i"terru#t1 ou** I do"Ht lie 04e& Pear1 $ dree** I o(-ect to 0t4e& $ae1 o $uc4 "oie*7* Oe doe"Ht a'ree to 0Pe& co$e1 late to c4ool*Re)ol%are:5* $e/$ readi"'9;* 4i$/4i co$i"'9

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;* $eeti"'** i"terru#ti"'** to tal** to 'i%e*7* lea%i"'*

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 (1 T4e car#e"ter re#aired t4e 0(rea1 c4air*T4e car#e"ter re#aired t4e (roe" c4air*5* eHll 4a%e to Por 4ard t4e 0olloP1 Pee*;* T4e #olice Pere o" t4e trac o t4e 0olloP1 $a"** T4at Pa a %er 0i"teret1 (oo** T4e 0i"teret1 #artie i'"ed t4e a'ree$e"t** T4e ell 0ree)e1 'ood 4ere*7* T4e te$#erature i (eloP 0ree)e1 #oi"t*Re)ol%are:5* olloPi"'*;* olloPed** i"tereti"'** i"tereted** ro)e"7* ree)i"'*_III* Traducei +" li$(a e"'le):5* Cile +$#ru$utate de la (i(liotec tre(uie +"a#oiate la ti$#*;* Keretrele alo"ului e dec4ideau #re o tera cu #ri%ire la $are** Au)i"d #ai& e +"toare treri"d** Toate lucrurile #e care le ti$ de $ult "e u"t dra'i*

* Tcu& #r."d $irat de #urtarea $ea*7* u# ce a ter$i"at ce,a%ea de  cut& e ridic  o#reac $ai"a*Re)ol%area:5* Boo (orroPed ro$ t4e li(rar $ut (e retur"ed i" ti$e*;* T4e Pi"doP o t4e draPi"',roo$ o#e"ed o" to a terrace o%erlooi"' t4e ea** Oeari"' ootte#& 4e tur"ed Pit4 a tart** All lo"' "oP" o(-ect are dear to u** Oe e#t ile"t& a i #u))led ( $ (e4a%iour*7* Oa%i"' co$#leted 4er #iece o Por& 4e roe to Pitc4 o t4e $ac4i"e*_IV* 2"locuii cu%i"tele crie curi% cu %er(e #otri%ite ca e" i %er(e "oio"ale la i"i"iti%ul #re)e"tau #erect:Ee$#lu:e are o(li'ed to do our 4o$ePor e%er da*

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7* 4ould ee*_V* Traducei +" li$(a e"'le)& oloi"d %er(e $odale #otri%ite ca e":5* Vrei ,$i aduci )iarul& te ro' W;* S cu$#r "ite (a"a"e W A #reera  cu$#r "ite #ortocale** Vrei  e$"ai +" re'itru& % ro' W* 3utei  $ a-utai la (a'a-e W* orii o cea de caea W Nu& $ulu$ec* A dori o cea de ceai*7* Ea "u tie +" e"'le)ete dar %a ti aceat li$( #ete c.i%a a"i*Re)ol%are:5* ill ou etc4 $e t4e "eP#a#er& #leae*

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;* S4all I (u o$e (a"a"a W ouHd rat4er (u o$e ora"'e** ould ou i'" i" t4e re'iter& #leae** Could ou 4el# $e Pit4 $ lu''a'e W* ould ou lie a cu# o coeeW No& t4a" ou*7* S4e ca"Ht #ea E"'li4 et& (ut 4e Pill (e a(le to do o i" a eP earH ti$e*

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& 2ub*tanti/ul "T#e Noun%&(& 1e)iniieSu(ta"ti%ul:a1 de"u$ete o(iecte +" e" oarte lar'& adic ii"e& lucruri& e"o$e"e 0$a"& c4air& "oP& Pal&Pido$19

 (1 are cate'orii 'ra$aticale de 'e"& "u$r i ca)9c1 #oate +"de#li"i +" #ro#o)iie u"ciile de u(iect& "u$e #redicati%& atri(ut& a#o)iie& co$#le$e"t&ele$e"t #redicati% u#li$e"tar& au #oate i ec4i%ale"tul u"ei #ro#o)iii au ra)e*&& Cla*i)icare*Su(ta"ti%ele di" li$(a e"'le) #ot i claiicate di" $ai $ulte #u"cte de %edere*;*;*5* i" #u"ct de %edere al or$rii lor& u(ta"ti%ele e +$#art +":a1 u(ta"ti%e i$#le: (o& $eal& da9

 (1 u(ta"ti%e or$ate di" deri%are cu uie au #reie: c4ild4ood& di'ut& u"4a##i"e9

c1 u(ta"ti%e or$ate #ri" co$#u"ere 0u(ta"ti%ele co$#u"e1: c4ool(o& claroo$9 pag: 07/d1 u(ta"ti%e or$ate #ri" co"%eriu"e& di" alte #i de %or(ire:, ad-ecti%e: t4e 'ood& t4e e%il& t4e ric4& t4e #oor9, %er(e la i"i"iti%: coo& all9, %er(e la Geru"d: readi"'& (oi"'9, %er(e la #artici#iul trecut: t4e i"-ured9e1 u(ta"ti%e or$ate #ri" co"tra'ere: ad 0ad%ertie$e"t1& rid'e 0reri'erator1& '$ 0'$"aiu$1& la(0la(orator1& li% 0li%i"'roo$1& #ol 0#oltec4"ic1& #ra$ 0#era$(ulator1& #u( 0#u(lic 4oue191 a(re%ieri: M3 0Me$(er o 3arlia$e"t1& r 0doctor1& Mr BroP" 0l* BroP"1& Mr BroP" 0d"aBroP"1& Mi BroP" 0dra BroP"1& M BroP" 0a#elati% #e"tru e$ei& ctorite au "ectorite1*&&& i" #u"ct de %edere al gra-ului -e in-i/i-ualizare, u(ta"ti%ele +" li$(a e"'le) e +$#art +"dou clae $ari: u(ta"ti%e co$u"e i u(ta"ti%e #ro#rii*A* Su(ta"ti%ele co$u"e u"t li#ite de #oi(ilitatea de a i"di%iduali)a #ri" ele +"ele* Ele de"u$ec u"

ele$e"t #ri"tr,o cate'orie de o(iecte de acelai el: ta(le& c4ool* Su(ta"ti%ele co$u"e e u(claiic+":a1 u(ta"ti%e a#elati%e& care de"u$ec u" ele$e"t di"tr,o cate'orie: ta(le& c4ool9

 (1 u(ta"ti%e colecti%e& care de"u$ec o(iecte co"t."d di" $ai $ulte ele$e"te de acelai el: a$il& #eo#le9c1 u(ta"ti%e co"crete& care de"u$ec o(iecte au u(ta"a co"tituti% a u"or o(iecte: ta(le& Pood&teel9d1 u(ta"ti%e a(tracte& care de"u$ec a(traciu"i: diicult& Porr& #eace& lo%e& $uic*B* Su(ta"ti%ele 0"u$ele1 #ro#rii au ca#acitatea de a i"di%iduali)a u" o(iect di"tr,o cate'orie de o(iectede acelai el& de"u$i"d +" #ri"ci#iu u" i"'ur ele$e"t di"tr,o cate'orie* 2" li$(a e"'le)& u(ta"ti%ele

 #ro#rii de"u$ec:a1 "u$e de #eroa"e: C4urc4ill9

 (1 de"u$iri 'eo'raice:

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Ortogra)ia *ub*tanti/elor proprii& 2" li$(a e"'le) u(ta"ti%ele #ro#rii e criu cu liter  $are& ca i+" li$(a ro$.": Oele" , Ele"a9 Ro$e , Ro$a* Eit +" u"ele ituaii +" care u)a-ul +" li$(a e"'le)ete dierit de cel di" li$(a ro$."b:

 pag: 07a1 "u$ele lu"ilor a"ului i ale )ilelor  #t$."ii e criu cu liter  $are +" li$(a e"'le)& ii"d co"iderateu(ta"ti%e #ro#rii: A#ril , a#rilie& Su"da , du$i"ic9

 (1 toate cu%i"tele 0cu ece#ia articolelor& #re#o)iiilori co"-uciilor1 di"tr,u" u(ta"ti% #ro#riue#ri$at #ri"tr,o #erira) u(ta"ti%al e criu cu liter  $are +" li$(a e"'le):, titluri de ci: o$(e a"d So" , o$(e i iul, titluri de )iare: T4e ail Mirror , titluri de re%ite: E"'li4 La"'ua'e Teac4i"' ?our"al9, titluri de ca#itole& articole& lucr ri& i"tituii etc*: T4e Co"ere"ce or 3eace a" Securit i" Euro#e ,Co"eri"a de #ace i ecuritate +" Euro#a9 t4e U"ited Natio" r'a"i)atio" , r'a"i)aia Naiu"ilor U"ite&c1 "u$ele de "aio"aliti i li$(i e criu de ae$e"ea cu liter  $are +" li$(a e"'le): Oe #eaE"'li4* 0El1 Vor(ete e"'le)ete* e are Ro$a"ia"* Noi u"te$ ro$."i*&0& Numrul *ub*tanti/elor& "Number o) Noun*%Su(ta"ti%ele +" li$(a e"'le) au cate'oriile 'ra$aticale de 'e"& "u$r a ei ca)*

 Nu$rul ete cate'oria 'ra$atical care e recu"oate cel $ai uor& datorit dei"e"ei ,& #eciic #e"tru or$a de #lural a u(ta"ti%elor* i" #u"ct de %edere al ideii de "u$r& u(ta"ti%ele +" e"'le)e +$#art +" "u$ra(ile 0Cou"t "ou"1 i "e"u$ra(ile 0Ma "ou"1* Su(ta"ti%ele "u$ra(ile u"t deo(icei %aria(ile ca or$ 0Varia(le Nou"1& a%."d at.t i"'ular c.t i #lural& iar cele "e"u$ra(ile u"tde re'ul i"%aria(ile ca or$ 0I"%aria(le "ou"1& a%."d or$a "u$ai de i"'ular au "u$ai de #lural*&0&(& 2ub*tanti/ele numrabile "Count Noun*%& Su(ta"ti%ele "u$ra(ile de"u$ec "oiu"ile cau"iti e#arate& care #ot i "u$rate: a (o& tPo (o& a eP (o& etc* Su(ta"ti%ele "u$ra(ile auur$toarele caracteritici:a1 u"t %aria(ile ca or$& a%."d at.t "u$rul i"'ular& c.t i "u$rul #lural: $ueu$ , $ueu$& c4ild ,c4ildre"9

 (1 #ot i #recedate de "u$erale cardi"ale au cua"tiicatori: o"e (oo& t4ree (oo& e%eral a##le& a loto (ru4e9c1 la "u$rul i"'ular e acord cu %er(e la i"'ular: T4e (oo i o" t4e ta(le* iar la "u$rul #lural& cu%er(e la #lural: T4e a##le are i" t4e (aet*&0& Cla*i)icarea *ub*tanti/elor numrabile& Su(ta"ti%ele "u$ra(ile #ot i: a#elati%e: 'arde"&

 #e"cil9 au colecti%e: co$$ittee& audie"ce9 co"crete: c4ild& c4ool9 au a(tracte: diicult& uetio"*Su(ta"ti%ele colecti%e u"t o di%i)iu"e a u(ta"ti%elor "u$ra(ile* Ele e co$#ort:51 ca u(ta"ti%e "u$ra(ile #ro#riu,)ie c."d de"u$ec o colecti%itate co"iderat ca u" +"tre': T4etPo oot(all tea$ are i" t4e ield "oP* Cele dou ec4i#e de ot(al u"t acu$ #e tere"*2" acet ca) ele au "u$rul i"'ular i "u$rul #lural i e acord cu %er(e la i"'ular au la #lural: Oia$il i lar'er t4a" $i"e* Ka$ilia lui ete $ai "u$eroa dec.t a $ea* " eac4 loor li%e tPo a$ilie*La iecare eta- locuiec dou a$ilii*

 pag: 071;1 C."d acete u(ta"ti%e e reer  la $e$(rii co$#o"e"i ai colecti%itii& ele e co$#ort cau(ta"ti%e colecti%e #ro#riu,)ie* 2" aceat ituaie& u(ta"ti%ele colecti%e e oloec ca or$a dei"'ular& reerirea ii"d la o colecti%itate: a$il& tea$& care e acord cu %er(ul la #lural& reerirea ii"dla $e$(rii colecti%itii: M a$il are at 4o$e* Ka$ilia $ea ete aca* 0FAll t4e $e$(er o $a$il***1*

i" 'ru#a u(ta"ti%elor colecti%e ac #arte u(ta"ti%ele: ar$& ae$(l& audie"ce& cla& clu(&co$$ittee& co$#a"& creP& croPd& a$il& 'o%er"$e"t& -ur& #art& #re& #u(lic& re'i$e"t& troo#& li'4t0o (ird& i"ect& #la"e1& loc 0o 4ee#1& 4erd 0o cattle1& #ac 0o Pol%e1& #oultr& 4oal 0o i41&Par$ 0o (ee1*&0&0& ormarea pluralului *ub*tanti/elor numrabile& Su(ta"ti%ele "u$ra(ile au dou or$e: oor$ de i"'ular i o or$ de #lural*Kor$a de i"'ular ete "e$arcat: (oo& (o& c4ild*Kor$ele de #lural u"t de dou eluri:A* re'ulate& c."d #luralul e or$ea) #ri" adu'area dei"e"ei , la or$a de i"'ular: (oo , (oo*B* Nere'ulate& c."d #luralul e or$ea) +" alte $oduri*

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A& Pluralul regulat al *ub*tanti/elor e or$ea) #ri" adu'area dei"e"ei , la or$a i"'ular alu(ta"ti%ului*&0&4& Pronunarea pluralului regulat ete ur$toarea:a1 Q, du# co"oa"e urde: (oo& #roo& la$#& car#et& $o"t49

 (1 Q,) du# co"oa"e o"ore i %ocale: 'lo%e& ta(le& (o& tree9c1 Qi) du# u"ete: clae& "oe& (ru4e& $atc4e& %illa'e*&0&5& Ortogra)ia pluralului regulat&51 ei"e"a , e crie , du# $a-oritatea u(ta"ti%elor& i"clu)."d u(ta"ti%ele ter$i"ate +" ,e $ut:

 (oo , (oo& ta(le , ta(le*;1 Ece#ii: Eit u"ele ituaii care ac ece#ie de la aceat re'ul 'e"eral:a1 Su(ta"ti%ele ter$i"ate +" ,& ,)& ,& ,c4& ,4 adau' e: (u , (ue9 'la , 'lae9 (u)) , (u))e9 (o, (oe9 Patc4 , Patc4e9 (ru4 , (ru4e9

 (1 La c.te%a di"tre u(ta"ti%ele di" acet 'ru# e du(lea)b co"oa"a i"al: e) , e))e& ui) , ui))e*c1 Su(ta"ti%ele ter$i"ate +" ,o: adau' dei"e"a ,:, c."d ,o e #recedat de o %ocal: cucoo9 a"'aroo9 radio9 ce"ario9 tudio& )oo9, la u(ta"ti%e #ro#rii: Nero& Ro$eo9, +" a(re%ieri: ilo 0ilo'ra$$e1& #4oto 0#4oto'ra#41& #ro 0#roeio"al19, la u"ele u(ta"ti%e tr i"e: co"certo& d"a$o& #ia"o& olo& o#ra"o& ta"'o& ta(acco9, adau' ,e la u(ta"ti%e ca: ec4oe& 4eroe& $ouitoe& Ne'roe& #otatoe& to$atoe9

 pag: 075

, au dou or$e de #lural: (a"-o , (a"-oe9 (ualo , (ualoe9 car'o , car'oe9 $e$e"to ,$e$e"toe9 $otto , $ottoe9 %olca"o , %olca"oe9d1 Su(ta"ti%ele ter$i"ate +" , #recedat de o co"oa" tra"or$ #e +" i i adau' ,e: cit , citie9actor , actorie* Tra"or$area "u are loc:, du# %ocale: (o , (o& #la , #la9, +" u(ta"ti%e #ro#rii: t4e `e""ed9, +" u(ta"ti%e co$#ue: ta"d,(9e1 Literele& "u$eralele i a(re%ierile or$ea) #luralul #ri" adu'area u"ui a#otro i ,: AH& 56;H9M3H: T4ere are tPo AH a"d t4ree ;H i" t4e "u$(er o t4at E"'4i4 car* T4ere are tPo M3H i" t4elo((*2" e"'le)a co"te$#ora" eit te"di"a ca "u$eralele i a(re%ierile  or$e)e #luralul i #ri"adu'area doar a u"ui , la i"'ular: i" t4e 569 M3 0Me$(er o 3arlia$e"t1 , M#9 Mt 0Mou"tai"1 ,Mt*

Kor$a de #lural   a#otro ete $ai rec%e"t oloit dec.t cea cu a#otro*1 3luralul u(ta"ti%elor co$#uea1 Ma-oritatea u(ta"ti%elor co$#ue adau' , la ulti$ul ele$e"t: claroo$ , claroo$9 or'et,$e"ot, or'et,$e,"ot9 race 4ore 0cal de cure1 , race 4ore9

 (1 U"ele u(ta"ti%e co$#ue& de o(icei cele alctuite di"tr,u" u(ta"ti% i di"tr,o co"trucie #re#o)iio"al& adau' , la #ri$ul ele$e"t: looer,o" , looer,o"9 $ot4er,i",loP , $ot4er,i",loP9c1 u(ta"ti%ele co$#ue +" care #ri$ul ele$e"t ete $a" au Po$a" tra"or$ la #lural a$(eleele$e"te: $a" i"'er , $e" i"'er9 Po$a" doctor , Po$e" doctor*&0&7& ?& Pluralul neregulat al *ub*tanti/elore or$ea) +" $ai $ulte eluri:a1 co"oa"a urd Qθ& Q& au Q +" care e ter$i" u(ta"ti%ul e tra"or$ +" #erec4ea ei o"or :Q%& Q) 0%oici"'1 la u"ele u(ta"ti%e:51 ,t4→ t4: (at4 , (at49 $out4 , $out49 #at4 , #at49;1 ,0e1 Q → %e Q%): cal , cal%e9 el , el%e9 4al , 4al%e9 "ie , "i%e9 lea , lea%e9 lie , li%e9 loa 

, loa%e9 el , el%e9 4el , 4el%e91 ,e Q → e Q)i): 4oue , 4oue*

 pag: 076 Ate"ie ! Acet e"o$e" de o"ori)are a co"oa"ei i"ale "u e #roduce la toate u(ta"ti%ele ter$i"ate+" Qθ& Q& au Q* Eiti or$e de #lural re'ulat i ocilaie +"tre cele dou or$e:3lural re'ulat 051: Kor$e du(le 051:co"oa"  ,t4: %ocal  ,t4:

 (ert4 , (ert4 clot4 , clot4eart4 , eart deat4 , deat4 oat4 , oat4

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le"'4 , le"'t4 ait4 , ait4 trut4 , trut43lural re'ulat 0;1: Kor$e du(le 0;1:

 (elie , (elie dPar , dPar , dPar%ec4ie , c4ie 4a"derc4ie , 4a"derc4ie , 4a"derc4ie%ecli , cli 4oo , 4oo , 4oo%e

 #roo , #roo car , car , car%eroo , roo P4ar , P4ar , P4ar%eae , ae, So"ori)area lui Q e #roduce "u$ai la u(ta"ti%ul 4oue*

 (1 %ocala au dito"'ul i"al e c4i$( +" alt %ocal au dito"' 0$utatio"1:$a" , $e"9 Po$a" , Po$e"9 oot , eet9 'ooe , 'eee9 toot4 , teet49 $oue , $ice9 loue , lice*c1 Trei u(ta"ti%e adau' deide"a ,e" 0cu au   $utaie %ocalic1: o , oe"9 c4ild , c4ildre"9

 (rot4er , (ret4re"*d1 U"ele u(ta"ti%e "u$ra(ile au aceeai or$ la i"'ular i #lural 0#ri$ec deide"a )ero , #lural)ero1*3luralul )ero ete oloit:, cu u"ele u(ta"ti%e +" ,: (arrac , (arac9 4eaduarter , ediu9 $ea" , $i-loc9 erie , erie*T4i i a" ar$ (arrac* T4ee are ar$ (arrac* T4e (u& trolle(u a"d t4e u"der'rou"d are $oder"$ea" o tra"#ort* Auto(u)ul& trolei(u)uli $etroul u"t $i-loace $oder"e de tra"#ort9, cu "u$ele de "aio"aliti ter$i"ate +" ,ee: t4e C4i"ee& t4e ?a#a"ee& t4e 3ortuuee& t4e Viet"a$ee:

Oe i #eai"' to a 3ortuuee* El %or(ete cu u" #ortu'4e)* T4e 3ortuuee li%e i" Euro#e*3ortu'4e)ii tr iec +" Euro#a9

 pag: 077 , cu u(ta"ti%ele de"u$i"d a"i$ale* Acetea #ot a%ea:51 doar #luralul )ero: car# , car#9 deer , deer9 'a$e , 'a$e9 'roue , 'roue9 4ee# , 4ee#9 #ie , #ie*;1 #luralul )ero 0oloit $ai ale +" li$(a-ul %."torec1i #luralul re'ulat +" ,& oloit #e"tru i"dicareau"or %arieti: a"telo#e , a"telo#e , a"telo#e9 cod , cod , cod9 duc , duc 1rae l(atice1 , duc0rae de er$e191 doar #luralul re'ulat: coP , coP9 do' , do'9 4e" , 4e"9 4ore , 4ore9e1 3lurale tr i"e 0Korei'" 3lural1* Eit $ai $ulte deide"e de #lural de ori'i"e tr i" care u"toloite +" li$(a e"'le)& $ai ale +" li$(a-ul tii"iic:3lurale tr i"eSi"'ular 3lural

Ter$i"a

ia Ee$#le Ter$i"a

ia Ee$#le,u,a,u$,e,i,i,o",eau)ero,oti$ulucor#u'e"ual'alar%a

tratu$codet4eicriterio"& #4e"o$e"o"ta(leauc4a$oi& c4ai& cor#'raito,i,ora,era,ae

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,a,ice,e,a,eau)ero,iti$uli

cor#ora'e"eraal'aelar%aetratacodicet4eecriteria& #4e"o$e"ata(leauc4a$oi& c4ai& cor#'raiti 0de o(icei

 #lural1U"ele di"tre acete dei"e"e u"t $ai (i"e re#re)e"tate +" li$(a e"'le):,u  ,i: ti$ulu  ti$uli9 (acillu   (acili*,u$ ,a: adde"du$  adde"da9 datu$  data9a'e"du$  a'e"da9 erratu$  errata9

 (acteriu$   (acteria9 tratu$  trata*,i ,e: a"ali  a"ale9 elli#i  elli#e9ai  ae9 4#ot4ei  4#ot4ee9

 (ai   (ae9crii  crie9 #arali   #arale9dia'"oi  dia'"oe9 #are"t4ei   #are"t4ee9"t4ei  "t4ee9 t4ei  t4ee*

 pag: 07&2" ceea ce #ri%ete #luralele tr i"e eit $ai $ulte ituaii:5* U"ele u(ta"ti%e de ori'i"e tr i" i,au #trat or$a de #lural di" li$(a di" care au ot+$#ru$utate 0%e)i ta(elul de #e #a'* 881*

;* U"ele u(tati%e au "u$ai #luralul cu ,:,u  ue : (o"u   (o"ueca$#u  ca$#uec4oru  c4oruecircu  circuei'"ora$u  i'"ora$ue,a  a : are"a  are"a dra$a  dra$adile$$a  dille$a e"cclo#edia  e"cclo#ediadi#lo$a  di#lo$a era  era,u$  u$: al(u$  al(u$ '$"aiu$  '$"aiu$'era"iu$  'era"iu$ $ueu$  $ueu$,o"  o": de$o"  de$o"electro"  electro"leico"  leico",o  ,o: o#ra"o  o#ra"o* Alte u(ta"ti%e de ori'i"e tr i" au dou or$e de #lural: #luralul re'ulat cu , i #luralul de ori'i"etr i":,u ,ue: cactu  cactue  cacti,i 'e"iu  'e"iue  'e"ii 0#irite& du4uri10oa$e"i de 'e"iu1

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lla(u  lla(ue  lla(iter$i"u  ter$i"ue  ter$i"i,a ,a: a"te""a  a"te""a  a"te""ae,ae or$ula  or$ula  or$ulae%erte(ra  %erte(ra  %erte(rae,u$ ,u$: auariu$  auariu$  auaria

,a curriculu$  curriculu$  curricula$ediu$  $ediu$  $ediaa"atoriu$  a"atoriu$  a"atoria$#oiu$  $#oiu$  $#oia,i ,ie: a##e"di  a##e"die  a##e"dice,e ,ice i"de 0+" a"ato$ie1 0+" ci1  i"dee  i"dice0cu#ri"uri1 0i"dici , +" $ate$atic1,o" ,o",o" ,a auto$ato"  auto$ato"  auto$ata,eau ,eau: (ureau   (ureau   (ureau,eau #lateau   #lateau   #lateau

,o ,o: li(retto  li(retto  li(retti,i %irtuoo  %irtuoo  %irtuoi

 pag: 07- Not: Kor$ele de #lural +" i u"t rare*La u(ta"ti%ele cu dou or$e de #lural& or$ele tr i"e de #lural u"t de o(icei oloite +" li$(a-ulte4"ic& iar #luralul +" ete +"t.l"it +" %or(irea cure"t*&0&9& 2ub*tanti/ele nenumrabile "Ma** Noun*%& Su(ta"ti%ele "e"u$ra(ile de"u$ec "oiu"i)ute ca u" +"tre'* Su(ta"ti%ele "e"u$ra(ile #ot i co"crete: u'ar& coal& teel au a(tracte: (eaut&i"d"e*Su(ta"ti%ele "e"u$ra(ile au ur$toarele caracteritici:a1 u"t i"%aria(ile ca or$: tea& i"or$atio"& cattle*

 (1 "ea%."d co"tratul i"'ular , #lural& ele "u #ot i "u$rate cu a-utorul "u$eralelor au al altor cua"tiicatori: I "eed 0o$e1 tea* I "eed 0o$e1 i"or$atio"* I "eed 0o$e1 cior*

c1 Se acord cu %er(ul i"'ular: C4i"ee tea i %er 'ood* Ceaiul c4i"e)ec ete oarte (u"& au la #lural:T4e cior are o" t4e ta(le* Koareca ete #e $a*d1 U"ele u(ta"ti%el e"'le)eti ac #arte at.t di" claa u(ta"ti%elor "u$ra(ile& c.t i di" a celor "e"u$ra(ile& cu diere"e de e":S4e i a (eaut* 0Ea1 ete o ru$uee*Beaut i to (e ad$ired* Kru$ueea tre(uie ad$irat*T4e $ai" c4aracter o t4e tor i o" old i4er$a"* Eroul/#ero"a-ul #ri"ci#al al "u%elei ete u" (tr."

 #ecar*Oe i a $a" o c4aracter* 0El1 ete u" o$ de caracter*I 4ad a" i"tereti"' e#erie"ce P4e" tra%elli"' i" t4e Nort4 o cou"tr* Mi ,a +"t.$#lat ce%a i"terea"tc."d a$ ctorit +" "ordul rii*T4i teac4er 4a a 'reat deal o e#erie"ce* Acet #roeor are oarte $ult e#erie"*Gi%e $e a" ice& #leae* ,$i o +"'4eat te ro'*

T4at (loc o ice i %er da"'erou* Acet (loc de '4ea ete oarte #ericulo*S4e 4a 'ot a "eP iro"* Are u" "ou ier de clcat*T4i tool i $ade o iro"* Aceat u"ealt ete di" ier*

 pag: 0&0e1 U"eori diere"ele de e" di"tre u(ta"ti%ele "u$ra(ilei cele "e$u$ra(ile u"t e#ri$ate #ri"cu%i"te dierite*IH%e (ou'4t tPo loa%e* A$ cu$#rat dou #.i"i*IHll (u (read at t4e u#er$aret* A$  cu$#r #.i"e la autoer%ire*T4ere are tPo 4ee# i" t4e ield* Su"t dou oi #e c.$#ie*

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I lie $utto"* 2$i #lace car"ea de oaie*T4i #i' i %er at* 3orcul aceta ete oarte 'ra*IH%e (ou'4t o$e #or or di""er* A$ cu$#rat "ite car"e de #orc*1 2" li$(a e"'le) ac #arte di" claa u(ta"ti%elor i"%aria(ile la i"'ular u"ele u(ta"ti%e care u"t"u$ra(ile au i"%aria(ile la #lural +" li$(a ro$.": ad%ice& (ui"e& ur"iture& 4o$ePor& i"co$e&i"or$atio"& "oPled'e& lu''a'e& $erc4a"die& $o"e etc*Oe alPa 'i%e $e 'ood ad%ice* Totdeau"a +$i d aturi (u"e*ou $ut do our 4o$ePor careull* Tre(uie i aci cu ate"ie leciile*I "eed urt4er i"or$atio"* A$ "e%oie de i"or$aii u#li$e"tare*Oi "oPled'e o E"'li4 i #oor* Cu"oti"ele lui de e"'le) u"t la(e*;**=* Nu$rul u(ta"ti%elor i"%aria(ile* Su(ta"ti%ele i"%aria(ile "u au o#o)iia i"'ular , #lural* Eleau "u$ai i"'ular: 'old& au "u$ai #lural t4e #olice& cattle etc*A* Su(ta"ti%ele i"%aria(ile la i"'ular U" "u$r de u(ta"ti%e i"%aria(ile au "u$ai or$ de i"'ular: u'ar& Pido$& "eP& $eale& t4e'ood* ale*Acetea e acord cu %er(ul la i"'ular: 34o"etic i a (ra"c4 o li"'uitic*Koloirea lor cu or$ de #lural i/au cu u" %er( la #lural e ace doar +" ituaii #eciale*i" claa u(ta"ti%elor i"%aria(ile la i"'ular ac #arte:a1 u(ta"ti%ele "e"u$ra(ile co"crete: (read& (utter& c4al& ood& ruit*Kruit i 'ood to eat* Ete (i"e  $"."ci ructe*

 pag: 0& (1 Su(ta"ti%e "e"u$ra(ile a(tracte: ad%ice& clea"li"e& 4o$ePor& i"or$atio"*c1 U"ele u(ta"ti%e ter$i"ate +" ,& care e#ri$ ur$toarele "oiu"i:51 u(ta"ti%ul "eP: Oere i t4e 6 oHcloc "eP* Acetea u"t tirile de la ora "ou*;1 "u$e de (oli: $eale , #o-ar9 $u$# , oreio"9 rict , ra4iti$:Meale i a catc4i"' dieae* 3o-arul ete o (oal co"ta'ioa*1 "u$e de tii"e i o(iecte de tudiu ter$i"ate +" ,ic: acoutic& c(er"etic& eco"o$ic*Acoutic i t4e ci"ce o ou"d* Acutica ete tii"a u"etelor*e ae$e"ea: at4letic& et4ic& '$"atic*1 U"ele "u$e de -ocuri: (illiard& (oPl& card& dart*o$i"oe i a 'a$e or c4ildre"*ar: a (illiard,ta(le& a (oPli"',alle& a dart,(oard*1 U"ele u(ta"ti%e #ro#rii: At4e"& Bruel& Na#le& ale& t4e T4a$e:

ale i i" t4e ou"t4,Pet o 'reat Britai"* ara Galilor e al +" #artea de ud,et a Marii Brita"ii*d1 Ad-ecti%e a(tracte u(ta"ti%i)ate: t4e (eautiul& t4e u(li$e& t4e 'ood& t4e e%il:I" air,torie t4e 'ood alPa Pi"* 2" (a$e (i"ele +"%i"'e totdeau"a*Cuatiicarea u(ta"ti%elor i"%aria(ile la i"'ular e #oate reali)a cu a-utorul u"or cu%i"te ca: a #iece o&a" ite$ o& a (ar o& a (a' o etc*Su(ta"ti%e co"crete:a #iece o (aco"a lice o caea #ice o (reada loa o (reada #ice o la"da tri# o la"da #iece o ur"iture

a" article o ur"iturea (it o 'raa (lade o 'raa #iece o #a#er a 4eet o #a#er 

 pag: 0&/Su(ta"ti%e a(tracte:a #iece o ad%icea Pord o ad%icea #ice o i"or$atio"

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a" ite$ o "ePa" ite$ o (ui"ea (it o (ui"ea #iece o Por a (it o Por a Pord o a(uea it o #aio"a" attac o e%er B* Su(ta"ti%e i"%aria(ile la #luralSu(ta"ti%ele i"%aria(ile la #lural au "u$ai or$ de #lural i e acord de re'ul cu u" %er( la #lural:T4e (i"ocular are o" t4e ta(le* Bi"oclul ete #e $a*i" claa u(ta"ti%elor i"%aria(ile la #lural ac #arte:a1 u(ta"ti%ele care de"u$ec o(iecte or$ate di" dou #i e'ale* Acete u(ta"ti%e e "u$ecu$$"atio" #lural +" li$(a e"'le)* Ele de"u$ec: 51 u"elte: (i"ocular& co$#ae& 'lae& #i"cer&

 #lier*4ere are t4e cior W U"de ete oareca W;1 articole de +$(r $i"te: (race& clot4e la""el& -ea"& o%erall& #a"t& #-a$a& 4ort& trouer:T4ee trouer are too lo"' or ou* Aceti #a"talo"i u"t #rea lu"'i #e"tru ti"e*

 Not: 5* (er%ai or$a de i"'ular a u"ora di"tre acete u(ta"ti%e c."d u"t oloite atri(uti%: a#ectacle cae, toc de oc4elari& a #-a$a cord , cordo" de #i-a$a& a u#e"der (elt , #ort-artier& a

trouer le' , crac de #a"talo";* Su(ta"ti%ele care de"u$ec o(iecte di" dou #i e "u$ cu a-utorul cu%."tului #air: a #air o cior& a #air o trouer9 tPo #air o 'lae9 t4ree #air o i& etc*

 (1 alte u(ta"ti%e oloite "u$ai la #lural 0#luralia ta"tu$1& ter$i"ate de re'ul +" ,: Oe li%e i" t4eoutirt o t4e touP"* Locuiete la #erieria oraului*Ee$#lele de #luralia ta"tu$ +" li$(a e"'le) u"t "u$eroae:3luralia ta"tu$ +" ,a""al a"alet4e a"ti#ode a"ti#o)iar$ ar$eau#ice au#iciieect eecte& +$(r $i"teu"d o"duri

'rou"d )a& dro-dieletter literet4e Lord Ca$era Lor)ilor re'ard alutrire$ai" returiud cl (uc de  #u"tair crit4a" $ulu$iritroo# tru#etro#ic tro#ice

 pag: 0&U"ele u(ta"ti%e ac #arte di" claa #luralia ta"tu$ doar +" li$(a e"'le)& +" li$(a ro$." ele ii"du(ta"ti%e %aria(ile au i"%aria(ile la i"'ular:

arc4i%e ar4i%a4e ce"uco"te"t co"i"ut'ood $ar 4olda %aca"$i"ute #roce,%er(al

 #ai" ote"eala"d #la-#irit di#o)iiePa'e alariu

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Ate"ie ! Eit u"ele u(ta"ti%e care au dou or$& cu +"eleuri dierite: o or$ i"%aria(il lai"'ulari o or$ i"%aria(il la #lural:Su(t* i"%aria(* Su(t* i"%aria(*la i"'ular la #luralad%ice,aturi ad%ice,+"tii" ri& a%i)eair,aer air,aere 0i'urat1a4,cru$ de i'ar  a4e,ce"u 0+" 'e"eral1

 (race,#erec4e 0de #ot.r"ic4i1 (race,(retele4o"our,o"oare 4o"our,o"oruri9 diti"cie la ea$e"e$iddle a'e,%.rt $i-locie t4e Middle A'e,E%ul $ediure#ect,ti$& co"ideraie re#ect,o$a'ii

 pag: 0&1Su(ta"ti%ele #luralia ta"tu$ i u$$atio" #lural e co"u"d u"eori cu or$a de #lural a u"or u(ta"ti%e "u$ra(ile:colour F culoare9 #l* colourcolour 0#l* ta"tu$1 F dra#elco$#a F (uol9 #l* co$#aeco$#ae 0#l* ta"tu$1 F co$#ada$a'e F a%arie9 #l* da$a'eda$a'e 0#l* ta"tu$1 F de#'u(iri

eect 0#l* ta"tu$1 F eecte& 4ai"e'la F #a4ar9 #l* 'lae'lae 0#l* ta"tu$1 F oc4elari'rou"d F $oti%& cau)9 #l* 'rou"d'rou"d 0#l* ta"tu$ F )a& tere"letter F crioare9 #l* letterletter 0#l* ta"tu$1 F literatur & litere$i"ute F $i"ut9 #l* $i"ute$i"ute 0#l* ta"tu$1 F #roce,%er(al

 #ai" F durere9 #l* #ai" #ai" 0#l*ta"tu$1 F ote"ealuarter F ert& cartier9 #l* uarteruarter 0#l* ta"tu$1 F locui"& ca"to$a$e"t

cale F 'a$ $u)ical& ol)9 #l* calecale 0#l* ta"tu$1 F (ala"#ectacle F #ectacol9 #l* #ectacle#ectacle 0#l*ta"tu$1 F oc4elariter$ F #erioad& ter$e"& tri$etru9 #l* ter$ter$ 0#l*ta"tu$1 F ter$e"i& relaii& ra#orturi& co"diiic1 Su(ta"ti%e "e$arcate la #lural* 2" claa u(ta"ti%elor i"%aria(ile la #lural i"tr i u"ele u(ta"ti%eoloite "u$ai la #lural dar "e$arcate or$al #e"tru acet "u$r* Acete u(ta"ti%e u"t: cattle& cler'&'e"tr& #eo#le& #olice*T4e cattle are i" t4e ield* Vitele u"t #e c.$#* T4ere are a lot o #eo#le i" t4e treet* Su"t $uli oa$e"i

 #e trad*d1 Ad-ecti%ele au #artici#iile #ero"ale u(ta"ti%i)ate: t4e 4a"dica##ed& t4e i"-ured& t4e #oor& t4e ric4&t4e ic& t4e Pou"ded:

T4e i"-ured Pere tae" to 4o#ital* R "iii au ot dui la #ital* pag: 0&5e1 U"ele u(ta"ti%e #ro#rii: t4e Al#& t4e Eat / et I"die& t4e Oe(ride& t4e Oi'4la"d: T4eOi'4la"d are $ou"tai"ou re'io"* Re'iu"ea Oi'4la"d ete o re'iu"e $u"toa*

 Nu$rul u(ta"ti%elor Su(ta"ti%e %aria(ileKelul Kor$a Ee$#le

 #luralului #luralului Si"'ular 3lural3luralere'ulate

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codic a"ale

 #4e"o$e"ac4aite$#iSu(ta"ti%e i"%aria(ileKor$ai"%aria(ilKelulu(ta"ti%elor Ee$#leSi"'ular a1 "e$u$ra(ile co"crete

 (1 "e"u$ra(ile a(tractec1 u(ta"ti%e +" ,d1 ad-ecti%e a(tracteu(ta"ti%i)atee1 u(ta"ti%e #ro#rii'old& $il& 4o"eart& #atrioti$"eP

t4e (eautiul& t4e 'oodOele"& BroP"& A"tarctica3lural a1 u$$atio" #lural

 (1 #luralia ta"tu$ +" ,c1 u(ta"ti%e cu #lural"e$arcatd1 ad-ecti%e #ero"aleu(ta"ti%i)atee1 u"ele u(ta"ti%e #ro#riiciorcuto$& 'oodcattle& #olicet4e ric4& t4e #oor 

t4e Car#at4ia"& t4eOe(ride& t4e U"ited State pag: 0&6 &4& Genul *ub*tanti/elor "Gen-er o) Noun*%&4&(& Ge"ul ete cate'oria 'ra$atical caracteritic +" #ri$ul r."d u(ta"ti%elor& adic cu%i"telor carei"dic "u$ele o(iectelor* Co"i"utul cate'oriei 'ra$aticale a 'e"ului co"t +" aceea c o(iectele di"lu$ea i"co"-ur toare& dac re#re)i"t ii"e& u"t u"ele de e (r(tec 0$aculi"1 i altele de ee$eiec 0e$i"i"1& iar dac re#re)i"t lucruri& u"t +" aarb eului 0"eutre1*S#re deoe(ire de li$(a ro$."& +" care #artea i"al a u(ta"ti%elor co"tuie $arca cate'oriei'ra$aticale a 'e"ului: $a& rate etc*& +" li$(a e"'le) 'e"ul u(ta"ti%elor ete rareori $arcat or$al*2" aara ca)urilor +" 'e"ul ete $arcat or$al: (o , 'irl& lio" , lio"e& 'e"ul u(ta"ti%elor +" li$(ae"'le) e ide"tiic de o(icei cu a-utorul #ro"u$elor care e reer  la u(ta"ti%e i care au or$edierite du# 'e":

T4e li(raria" i at 4i de* Oe i Pritte" o$et4i"'* Bi(liotecarul ete la (iroul

u* El crie ce%a* T4eli(raria" i at 4er de* S4e i Pritti"' o$et4i"'* Bi(liotecara ete la (iroul ei* Ea crie ce%a*&4&& Cla*i)icarea *ub*tanti/elor -up i-eea -e gen& i" #u"ct de %edere al a#arte"e"ei la 'e"ul$aculi"& e$i"i" au "eutru& u(ta"ti%ele di" li$(a e"'le) e +$#art +" trei 'ru#e $ari: A* u(ta"ti%e"u$e de #eroa"e9 B* u(ta"ti%e "u$e de a"i$ale i C* u(ta"ti%e "u$e de o(iecte*&4&0& Genul *ub*tanti/elor nume -e per*oane "Gen-er o) Per*onal Noun*%&2" li$(a e"'le)& u(ta"ti%ele care de"u$ec #eroa"e de e (r(tec u"t de 'e" $aculi": $a"&

 (rot4er& iar u(ta"ti%ele care de"u$ec #eroa"e de e e$eiec u"t de 'e"ul e$i"i": Po$a"& iter*La u(ta"ti%ele "u$e de #eroa"e& cate'oria 'ra$atical a 'e"ului #oate i $arcat: 51 leical9 ;1$orolo'ic9 1 ide"tiicat cu a-utorul u"or cu%i"te care $arc4ea) 'e"ul& iar u(ta"ti%ele "e$arcate

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 #e"tru 'e" 0'e"ul co$u"1*51 la u(ta"ti%e "u$e de #eroa"e 'e"ul ete $arcat leical& #ri" cu%i"te dierite:

 (rot4er   iter earl  cou"teat4er  $ot4er i"'  uee"

lord  lad$a"  Po$a"u"cle  au"t;1 la alte u(ta"ti%e "u$e de #eroa"e& 'e"ul ete $arcat $orolo'ic& #ri" adu'area u"ui ui laor$a de $aculi":a1  e:actor  actrecou"t  cou"te'od  'odde$ater  $itrePaiter  Paitre

 (1 ,i"e: 4ero  4eroi"e9

au #ri" adu'area u"ui ui la or$a de e$i"i":a1 ,er: Pi"doP  PidoPer 

 (1 ,'roo$: (ride   (ride'roo$1 alte u(ta"ti%e "u$e de #eroa"e au o i"'ur  or$ at.t #e"tru $aculi" c.t i #e"tru e$i"i"* Elea#ar i" 'e"ului co$u"* E*: artit& c4air$a"& coo& coui"& doctor& orei"er& rie"d& uet& $uicia"&

 #are"t& teac4er& Priter* A#arte"e"a la 'e"ul $aculi" au e$i"i" e #reci)ea) +" co"tet: pag: 0&7   cu a-utorul #ro"u$elor:T4e teac4er aed t4e #u#il a eP $ore uetio" a 4e Pa"ted to 'i%e 4i$ a (etter $ar*  cu a-utorul u"or cu%i"te la care 'e"ul ete $arcat leical& ca (o& $ale& e$ale: (o,rie"d  'irl,rie"d$ale,tude"t  e$ale,tude"t

c4air$a"  c4airPo$a"  cu a-utorul u"or ad-ecti%e oloite doar #e"tru u" i"'ur e:M "ei'4(our i #re'"a"t*&4&4& Genul *ub*tanti/elor nume -e animale "Gen-er o) Animate Noun*%Su(ta"ti%ele "u$e de a"i$ale de u(claiic +": 51 "u$e de a"i$ale $ari i ;1 "u$e de a"i$ale $ici*51 Su(ta"ti%ele "u$e de a"i$ale $ari u"t co"iderate de o(icei de 'e"ul $aculi"& ii"d +"locuite de

 #ro"u$ele 4e: T4e 4ore Pa rat4er reti%e at irt& (ut 4e oo" (eco$e $ore $a"a'ea(le*La u"ele di"tre acete a"i$ale& diti"cia de e $aculi",e$i"i" ete $arcat or$al& ituaie +" careu(ta"ti%ele u"t +"locuite de #ro"u$ele 4e au 4e: T4e $are P4i""ied P4e" 4e aP 4er $ater* Ia#aa "ec4e)at c."d i,a %)ut t #."ul*Marca 'e"ului #oate i reali)at:a1 leical: 4ore: tallio"  $areo: (ull  coP

4ee#: ra$  ePe #i': (oar  oPdeer: ta'  4i"d

 (1 $orolo'ic: lio"  lio"e& ti'er  ti're*;1 Su(ta"ti%ele "u$e de a"i$ale $ici u"t co"iderate de o(icei "eutre& ii"d +"locuite de #ro"u$ele it:I aP a ro' ( t4e lae* It Pa (i' a"d u'l*2" u"ele ca)uri +" e #ot i"dica diere"ele de e:a1 leical:coc  4e"

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do'   (itc4drae  duc 

 (1 #ri" cu%i"te $arc ale 'e"ului:coc #arroP  4e" #arroP4e 'oat  4e 'oatTo$ cat  4e cat

&4&5& Genul *ub*tanti/elor nume -e obiecte "Gen-er o) Inanimate Noun*%Su(ta"ti%ele "u$e de o(iecte u"t de 'e"ul "eutru: 4ereH our u$(relle W It i $ (a'*&4&7& olo*irea *tili*tic a categoriei gramaticale a genului& A& U"ele u(ta"ti%e "u$e de o(iectecare u"t de re'ul "eutre +" %or(irea cure"t u"t u"eori #ero"iicate +" literatur & u"de ele #ot itratate ca u(ta"ti%e $aculi"e au e$i"i"e*Su"t $aculi"e u(ta"ti%ele care de"u$ec:a1 #aiu"i i"te"e i aciu"i %iole"te: a"'er& ear& $urder*

 (1 e"o$e"e "aturale #uter"ice: ocea"& ri%er& u"*c1 "u$e de lu%ii: t4e a"u(e& t4e T4a$e*d1 "u$e de $u"i: t4e Car#at4ia"& t4e C4e%iot*

 pag: 0&&Su"t e$i"i"e:a1 u(ta"ti%ele care u'erea) o caracteritic e$i"i"& u" caracter (l."d& aectuo& cele care i"dic

ertilitatea: aectio"& de%otio"& ait4& 4o#e& -utice9 (1 u(ta"ti%ele care de"u$ec tr turi "e'ati%e de caracter: a$(itio"& oll& -ealou& re%e"'e& %a"it9c1 u(ta"ti%e a(tracte ca: ortu"e& li(ert& $erc& "ature& #eace& cie"ce*?& Su(ta"ti%ele "u$e de o(iecte& de a"i$ale au #eroa"e e #ot +"de#rta de la oloirea lor o(i"uit&la 'e"ul "eutru $aculi" au e$i"i"& +" %or(irea cure"t*Eit dou te"di"e:51 u(ta"ti%ele i"a"i$ate u"t #ero"iicate& de%e"i"d 4e au 4e +"tr,o e#ri$are aectuoa& iar u(ta"ti%elor a"i$ate oloite de o(icei la 'e"ul "eutru li e atri(uie 'e"ul $aculi" au e$i"i"*2" aceat cate'orie i"tr :  de"u$irile de %e4icule& $ai"i& a$(arcaiu"i: (oat& (u& car& e"'i"e& loco$oti%e& $otor& 4i#*3eroa"ele care $a"i#ulea) acete %e4icule le co"ider  de 'e"ul e$i"i" +"tr,o e#ri$are aectuoa: Ia$ %er o"d o $ car a"d I Pa4 4er e%er da*  "u$ele de ri& i"uturi& localiti& c."d u"t #ri%ite ca u"iti #olitice eco"o$ice: Ro$a"ia 4a 'ratl

de%elo#ed 4er touri$*  a"i$ale do$etice u"t +" 'e"eral de 'e"ul "eutru& dar c."d i"ter%i" di" co"idere"te de ordi" aecti%li e atri(uie 'e"ul $aculi" au e$i"i": 4ere i t4e cat W S4e i o" t4e (ed* Oa%e ou ee" t4e do' W Ido"Ht "oP P4ere 4e i*  u(ta"ti%ele (a(& i"a"t& c4ild& care u"t de o(icei "eutre& #ot i oloite i la 'e"ul $aculi" aue$i"i"& +"tr,o e#ri$are aectuoa: T4e c4ild 4a"Ht eate" 4i (reaat* Ketc4 t4e (a( ro$ 4er cot94e i cri"'*;1 Eiti o alt ituaie& o#u celei $e"io"ate a"terior& reeritoare la u(ta"ti%e "u$e de #eroa"e*C."d o #eroa" ete tratat cu di#re& aceata #oate i co"iderat u" o(iect "e+"uleit& reerirea la eac."du,e cu #ro"u$ele it: So ouH%e ou"d t4e 'irl at lat* 4ere did ou i"d it W&5& Cazul *ub*tanti/elor "Ca*e o) Noun*%;**5* Ca)ul ete cate'oria 'ra$atical care i"dic ra#orturile di"tre o(iecte au di"tre o(iecte i aciu"i*Site$ul ca)ului ete oloit #e"tru a $arca u"ciile i"tactice ale u(ta"ti%elor*

Atel& +" li$(a e"'le)& ca i +" li$(a ro$."& ra#orturile ta(ilite +"tre o(iecte i +"tre o(iecte i aciu"ie #ot reda #ri" ci"ci ca)uri& iecare di"tre ele ii"d oloit $ai ale #e"tru e#ri$area u"ui a"u$itra#ort*

 No$i"ati%ul ete $ai ale ca)ul u(iectului& acu)ati%ul& ca)ul co$#le$e"tului direct& dati%ul& ca)ulco$#le$e"tului i"direct& 'e"iti%ul& ca)ul atri(utului& iar %ocati%ul ete +" aara u"ciile i"tactice*2" li$(a ro$."& cate'oria 'ra$atical a ca)ului ete $arcat de o(icei #ri" dei"e"e 0cile co#iilor1&i #re#o)iii 0#e $a1*

 pag: 0&-2" li$(a e"'le)& cate'oria 'ra$atical a ca)ului ete $arcat #ri":

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  dei"e": t4e c4ildH (oo   to#ic: T4e $a" 0N1 o#e"ed t4e Pi"doP 0Ac1*   #re#o)iii: I (ou'4t it or Mar*&5&& Cazul nominati/ "T#e Nominati/e Ca*e%& Ca)ul "o$i"ati% ete ca)ul u(ta"ti%elor care+"de#li"ec u"cia de u(iect& "u$e #redicati% i a#o)iie*U" u(ta"ti% +" ca)ul "o$i"ati% +" li$(a e"'le) e #oate ide"tiica cu a-utorul to#icii*

(er%ai ee$#lele:T4e audie"ce lied t4e #la*T4ee Po$e" are "ure*M "ei'4(our& a %er e#erie"ced e"'i"eer& 4el#ed $e to $e"d t4e car*Ku"ciile i"tactice ale ca)ului "o$i"ati% u"t:a1 u(iect al #ro#o)iiei: T4e (o i Paiti"' or 4i rie"d*

 (1 "u$e #redicati%: Oe i a teac4er*c1 a#o)iie& au #arte a u"ei #ro#o)iii: C4arle& a rie"d o $i"e& Pill 4el# ou to do it*&5&0& Cazul acuzati/ "T#e Acu*ati/e Ca*e%& Ca)ul acu)ati% ete ca)ul co$#le$e"tului direct: I ate a"icecrea$ a" 4our a'o*Ca)ul acu)ati% "u ete $arcat #ri" dei"e"e +" e"'le)a $oder"* e aceea el ete ide"tiicat cu a-utorulto#icii:a1 ac eit "u$ai u" co$#le$e"t +" #ro#o)iie& aceta ete& +" $a-oritatea ca)urilor& u" co$#le$e"t

direct +" ca)ul acu)ati%

i ete a

e)at i$ediat du#

 %er(ul tra")iti%: S4ut t4e Pi"doP& #leae* (1 ac +" #ro#o)iie eit dou co$#le$e"te& u"ul ete +" ca)ul acu)ati%& iar cellalt ete tot +" ca)ulacu)ati%& au +" ca)ul dati%& +" u"cie de %er(ele du# care ur$ea): I aed 4i$ 0Ac1 a uetio" 0Ac1* Ile"t 4er 01 $ u$(rella 0Ac1*Ur$toarele %er(e u"t ur$ate de dou acu)ati%e: a& e"%& ecue& or'i%e& a%e& trie:T4e teac4er aed t4e #u#il e%eral uetio"* I e"% ou our 'arde"* T4at a%ed u a lot o trou(le*+" ti$# ce %er(e ca: de"& 'i%e& 4a"d& le"d& #a& read u"t ur$ate de u" co$#le$e"t i"direct +" ca)uldati% i u" co$#le$e"t direct +" ca)ul acu)ati%: Ca" ou le"d $e t4i (oo W S4e told t4e c4ildre" a"i"tereti"' tor* I Pi4 ou a 'ood -our"e*Ca)ul acu)ati% ete oloit du#:a1 %er(e tra")iti%e& #e"tru a de"u$i o(iectul care uer  aciu"ea %er(ului: dri"& eat& $eet*

 (1 du# u"ele %er(e i"tra")iti%e& tra"or$."du,le +" %er(e tra")iti%e: Pee#& tear& loo co$#aio"*c1 du# u"ele %er(e i"tra")iti%e care au aceeai r ci" ca i u(ta"ti%ul +" acu)ati%& or$."d aa"u$itulacu)ati% i"ter": i'4t terri(le i'4t& i"' a o"'*d1 du# #re#o)iii* Ma-oritatea #re#o)iiilor +" li$(a e"'le) u"t ur$ate de u(ta"ti%e / #ro"u$e +"ca)ul acu)ati%: IH$ looi"' at ?o4"* IH$ looi"' at 4i$*

 pag: 0-0Ku"ciile +" #ro#o)iie ale u"ui u(ta"ti% +" ca)ul acu)ati% u"t:a1 co$#le$e"t direct: S4e $et $ (rot4er i" t4e treet*

 (1 #arte di"tr,u" co$#le$e"t #re#o)iio"al: T4e (o Pere tali"' a(out t4e $atc4*c1 #arte di"tr,u" atri(ut: I "oP 4i$ to (e a $a" o 4o"our*d1 #arte di"tr,u" co$#le$e"t circu$ta"ial: T4e arri%ed i" t4e e%e"i"'*&5&4& Cazul -ati/ "T#e -ati/e Ca*e%& U" u(ta"ti% +" ca)ul dati% +"de#li"ete u"cia de co$#le$e"ti"directi arat ctre ci"e au ctre ce ete +"dre#tat aciu"ea e#ri$at de %er(*2" li$(a e"'le)& ca)ul dati% ete $arcat de #re#o)iia to au or au #ri" to#ic: S4e 'a%e o$e Peetto t4e c4ildre"* I (ou'4t a #ree"t or $ $ot4er* I le"t 4er 01 a (oo 0Ac1*Ca)ul dati% ete oloit:

a1 du# u"ele %er(e i"tra")iti%e& ur$ate de u" co$#le$e"t i"direct al #eroa"ei: co$e& 4a##e"& occur& #ro#oe:Oe ca$e to $e* It 4a##e"ed to $ $ot4er* Oe #ro#oed to 4er*

 (1 du# %er(e tra")iti%e ur$ate de co$#le$e"t direct i co$#le$e"t i"direct #recedat de #re#o)iia to:de"& 'i%e& 4a"d& oer& read& tell:I #aid t4e $o"e to t4e ca4ier* IH$ Piriti"' a #otcard to $ rie"d*Eit +" u" "u$r de %er(e ur$ate +" $od o(li'atoriu de ca)ul dati% #re#o)iia to: addre&a""ou"ce& co$$u"icate:I i"troduced 4i$ to $ rie"d*

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c1 du# %er(e tra")iti%e ur$ate de co$#le$e"t direct i co$#le$e"t i"direct #recedat de #re#o)iia or: (u& c4ooe& do& lea%e& $ae& order& a%e:S4e $ade a "eP dre or 4er dau'4ter*d1 du# u"ele u(ta"ti%e:Oer attitude to a"i$al ur#ried u*Oer cruelt to a"i$al ur#ried u*Oer i"de to a"i$al ur#ried u*e1 du# u"ele ad-ecti%e: i"Ht (e cruel to a"i$al* S4e ad%ied $e to (e i"d to t4e little (o*1 du# ad-ecti%e de co$#araie ca: adeuate& corre#o"di"'& eual& eui%ale"t& i$ilar& i"erior:T4e reult Pa "ot eual to 4i eort* Ma" i u#erior to a"i$al*&5&5& Cazul geniti/ "T#e Geniti/e Ca*e%& Su(ta"ti%ul +" ca)ul 'e"iti% e#ri$ +" #ri"ci#al ideea de

 #oeiu"ei +"de#li"ete u"cia de atri(ut +" #ro#o)iie: A""H (a' i "eP*2" li$(a e"'le)& ca)ul 'e"iti% ete $arcat de re'ul de dei"e"a ,& #recedat de u" a#otro* e aceea'e"iti%ul cu e $ai "u$ete 'e"iti%ul +" au 'e"iti%ul i"tetic*

 pag: 0-rto'raia dei"e"ei 'e"iti%uluia1 ei"e"a , #recedat de u" a#otro e adau':  la or$a de i"'ular a u(ta"ti%ului: t4e 'irlH dre9 t4e #u#ilH uetio"  la c.te%a u(ta"ti%e cu or$ "ere'ulat de #lural: Me"H clot4e are $ore e#e"i%e t4a" Po$e"H*e ee# t4e c4ildre"H to 4ere*  la c.te%a u(ta"ti%e co$u"e ter$i"ate +" u"etul , i ur$ate de cu%."tul ae : or 'ood"eH ae9or co"%e"ie"ceH ae*

 Not: A#otroul "u ete o(li'atoriu +" acet ca)& co"truciile de $ai u +"tre(ui"."du,e i u( or$a:or 'ood"e ae9 or co"%e"ie"ce ae*

 (1 A#otroul i"'ur&   dei"e"a , e adau':, la or$a de #lural a u(ta"ti%elor re'ulate: t4e (oH (iccle9 t4e dri%erH atte"tio"*, la u(ta"ti%ele "u$e de #eroa"e ter$i"ate +" ,: ice"H lie9 C4arleH (oo*

 Not: 5* La "u$ele #ro#rii ter$i"ate +" , e #oate +"t.l"i i 'e"iti%ul cu : ice"H "o%el*Te"di"a +" li$(a e"'le) co"te$#ora" a%ori)ea) +" crierea   , dar #ro"u"area cu Qi)& ca i +"ca)ul crierii cu : Bur"H Q(  :")i) #oe$*;* La u"ele "u$e #ro#rii care "u e ter$i" +" , e o(er% te"di"a de di#ariie a a#otroului i u"eorii a u(ta"ti%ului deter$i"at: Earl Court9 Oarrod9 St* a%id9 St* Al(a" * 0EarlH Court9 St* a%idHetc1*Ca)uri #ecialea1 Gru#urile de cu%i"te i titulaturile co$#ue au $arca 'e"iti%ului adu'at la ulti$ul cu%."t: a ear a"d a 4alH dela9 $ iter,i",laPH -o(*

 (1 dou u(ta"ti%e le'ate #ri" a"d care re#re)i"t #oeorii aceluiaQi o(iect adau' $arca 'e"iti%ului laulti$ul cu%"t: To$ a"d MarH #are"t 0To$ i Mar u"t rai1* it4 Mr a"d Mr BroP"Hco$#li$e"t*c1 ac o(iectul "u a#ar i"e a$."dorura& $arca 'e"iti%ului o #ri$ete iecare u(ta"ti% +" #arte: To$Ha"d $arH rie"d*d1 A#o)iia #ri$ete de o(icei e$"ul 'e"iti%ului la ulti$ul cu%."t9Oa%e ou $et $ (rot4er ?i$$H o" W3ro"u"area dei"e"ei 'e"iti%ului i"tetic e reali)ea) du# re'ulile de #ro"u"are a dei"e"ei de #lurala u(ta"ti%elor:Q Q) Qi)

S#otH t4e (oH t4e -ud'eHt4e arc4itectH t4e teac4erH BruceHicH Oe"rH AliceH!ocul *ub*tanti/ului .n cazul geniti/Ba1 Su(ta"ti%ul +" ca)ul 'e"iti%& deter$i"a"tul& #recede u(ta"ti%ul deter$i"at c."d ete oloitatri(uti%: T4i i $ iterH c4ool(a'*

 (1 Su(ta"ti%ul +" 'e"iti% #oate a#rea i"'ur& u(ta"ti%ul deter$i"at ii"d o$i* Ae$e"ea ituaii a#ar:  c."d u(ta"ti%ul deter$i"at a ot $e"io"at a"terior: T4i i To$H (oo* MarH i i" 4er (a'*  c."d u(ta"ti%ul deter$i"at ete cu%."tul 4o#& 4oue& #lace& $ueu$: I (ou'4t t4ee at t4e

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'rocerH 04o#1* I Pa at t4e BroP"H 04oue1 eterda* pag: 0-/d1 Su(ta"ti%ul +" ca)ul 'e"iti% #oate ur$a u(ta"ti%ul deter$i"at c."d ete de#it de aceta #ri"

 #re#o)iia o 0'e"iti% du(lu1: a (oo o t4e teac4erH9 t4oe ate o 3eterH*Koloirea 'e"iti%ului i"teticGe"iti%ul i"tetic ete oloit cu:a1 "u$e #ro#rii: To$H car 

 (1 u(ta"ti%e "u$e de #eroa"e: t4e (oH "eP 4irtc1 u(ta"ti%e colecti%e: t4e "atio"H ecuritd1 u(ta"ti%e care de"u$ec a"i$ale $ari: t4e lio"H $a"ee1 de"u$iri 'eo'raice i ale u"or i"tituii: Euro#eH uture9 Ro$a"iaH orei'" #olic9 t4e c4oolH

 #ro'ra$$e1 u(ta"ti%e care de"u$ec u"iti de ti$#& #aiu& $ur : todaH Por9 a $o$e"tH tal9 a daH

 -our"e'1 c.te%a u(ta"ti%e co$u"e ur$ate de cu%."tul ae: or #itH ae9 or $ercH ae941 u(ta"ti%e "u$e de o(iecte care #ot de%e"i $aculi"e au e$i"i"e #ri" #ero"iicare& +" literatur :trut4H %ictor& Lo%eH La(ourH Lot9 t4e ocea"H roar9i1 u"ele #ro"u$e "e4otr.te ca: a"ot4er& eit4er& "eit4er& o"e bi co$#uii lui o$e& a"& "o& e%er #recu$i ad%er(ul ele9 o$e(odH ad%ice9 "o(odH ault9

 -1 +" u"ele e#reii: a "eedleH ee9 4er 4eartH deire9 to a 4airH (readt49

1 c."d u(ta"ti%ul deter$i"at ete o$i: St 3aulH 0Cat4edral1 i o"e o TuaudH 0$ueu$1*Co"trucia cu K 0T4e K Co"tructio"1Co"trucia cu #re#o)iia o ete u"eori oloit ca u" ec4i%ale"t al 'e"iti%ului i"tetic: S4ae#eareH

 #la , t4e #la o S4ae#eare*Locul co"truciei cu o ete du# u(ta"ti%ul deter$i"at: t4e lie o t4e 'reat Priter9 t4e roo o t4e4oue*Koloirea co"truciei cu o Co"trucia cu o e oloete:a1 cu u(ta"ti%ele "u$e de o(iecte: t4e title o t4e (oo9

 (1 cu de"u$iri 'eo'raice ur$ate de u" "u$e #ro#riu: t4e Cit o Lo"do" t4e Gul o Meico*c1 cu "u$e #ro#rii& +" locul 'e"iti%ului i"tetic:  c."d "u$ele #ro#rii u"t e#ri$ate #ri" u(ta"ti%e coordo"ate: t4e teac4er o 3eter a"d Mar  c."d "u$ele #ro#riu co"t di"tr,u" u(ta"ti% cu a#o)iie: t4e rei'" o uee" Elia(et4

  c."d dori$  u(li"ie$ "u$ele #ro#riu: t4e o""et o illia$ S4ae#eare pag: 0-d1 cu u(ta"ti%ele "u$e de #eroa":  c."d u(ta"ti%ul deter$i"at ete #recedat de articolul "e4otr.t au de u" de$o"trati%: I a$ a 'reatad$irer o t4i Priter*e1 #e"tru +"trire: T4e arri%al o 4i 'ra"dat4er ur#ried 4i$*1 cu "u$e de a"i$ale $ici: t4e tail o t4e $oue9 t4e Pi"' o a (utterl*Geniti/ul implicit "T#e Implicit Geniti/e%Ge"iti%ul i$#licit ete o co"trucie 'e"iti%al +" care u(ta"ti%ului deter$i"at +i li#ete dei"e"a de'e"iti%: audie"ce #artici#atio"& tude"t 4otel& ater"oo" tea*Geniti/ul -ublu "T#e 1ouble Geniti/e%Ge"iti%ul du(lu co"t di" 'e"iti%ul i"tetic co"trucia cu o* Aceat co"trucie ete oloit cuu(ta"ti%e "u$e de #eroa"e: T4i -oe o 3eterH A t4reat o our teac4erH*

Ge"iti%ul du(lu dier  ca e" de co"trcuia cu o oloit i"'ur * a decri#tio" o GalPort4H F odecriere  cut de GalPort49 a decri#tio" o GalPort4 F o decriere a lui GalPort4 0 cut dealtci"e%a1&5&7& Cazul Vocati/ "T#e Vocati/e Ca*e% 6 "/ezi F (&4%E_ERCIIII* Traducei ur$toarele #ro#o)iii +" li$(a e"'le)& oloi"d u(t"ati%e #ro#rii i a(re%ieri:5* coala +"ce#e +" e#te$(rie* ;* Noi $er'e$ la +"ot du$i"ica* * l* BroP" ete $e$(ru al

 #arla$e"tului* * 2" iecare a" la data de iulie& a$erica"ii r(torec Ziua I"de#e"de"ei* * u"reae %ar +" Marea Nea'r * 7* octorul Io"ecu co"ult ele%ii +" iecare lu"i* 8* S#a"ia e +"%eci"ea) cu

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Kra"a* =* C4i"e)ii& %iet"a$e)ii i -a#o"e)ii tr iec +" Aia* 6* Ootelul I"terco"ti"e"tal di" Bucureti eal& l."' Teatrul Naio"al* 5* Studie$ e"'le)a i rua la coal* 55* 2" 5687 a a%ut loc la Oeli"ico"eri"a #e"tru #ace i ecuritate +" Euro#a*II* Trecei ur$toarele u(t"ati%e co$#ue la "u$rul #lural: c4ool(o9 $ater#iece9 (rot4er,i",laP9at4er,i",laP9 4ead$ater9 $il$a"9 Po$a" de"tit9 #ot$a"9 (lac(oard9 o",i",laP9 #aer,(9

 (edroo$9 car race9 looer,o"9 $a" i"'er9 $err,'o,rou"d9 4ore,race9 or'et,$e,"or9 oot#et9ire$a"*III* 3u"ei u(ta"ti%ele di" #ara"te)e la "u$rul #lural:5* T4ere are 4u"dred o 0(oo1 o" t4e 04el1* ;* All 4i 0to1 are i" 4i roo$* * T4oe 0$a"1 are0tourit1* * 0C4ild1 lie 0tor1* * T4e let t4eir 0Patc41 o" t4e ta(le*

 pag: 0-1IV* Ale'ei or$a #otri%it a u(ta"ti%elor #e"tru a co$#leta #ro#o)iiile de $ai -o:4u"dred/4u"dred5*****o #u#il atte"d t4i c4ool* ;* Si ***** #u#il atte"d t4e c4ool rou"d t4e cor"er*$illio"/$illio"* Ro$a"ia 4a a #o#ulatio" a tPe"t,tPo*** #eo#le* * TPo*** #eo#le li%e i" Buc4aret*V* Trecei la #lural ur$toarele u(ta"ti%e de ori'i"e tr i":a1 ti$ulu9 #4e"o$e"o"9 deideratu$9 adde"du$9

 (1 ca$#u9 %iru9 e"cclo#edia9 %illa9c1 lla(u9 'e"iu9 or$ula9 curriculu$9

VI* Co$#letai #ro#o)iiile ur$toare cu cua"tiicatori #otri%ii ca e": #iece& (it& ite$& #air& 4ead etc*5* I "eed a P4ite*** o #a#er* ;* S4e (ou'4t tPo*** o c4ocolate eterda* * I Pa"t a **** o P4ite (reada"d tPo*** o (roP" (read* * Gi%e $e a **** o c4al& Pill ouW * 4at a **** o Por i $a"!VII* Traducei ur$toarele #ro#o)iii +" li$(a e"'le):5* tirile #e care le,a$ #ri$it u"t i"terea"te* ;* Mi,a$  cut (a'a-ele aear * * Vo$ #u(lica toatei"or$aiile care u"t "eceare ca"didailor* * Cu"oti"ele lui de itorie u"t re$arca(ile* * A$cu$#rat ructe i c.te%a #r  -ituri* 7*i,ai  cut te$eleWVIII* Citii ur$toarele #ro#o)iii co"i"."d #luralia ta"tu$ +" , i traducei,le +" li$(a ro$.":5* T4e ta"dard o li%i"' i" t4e Middle A'e Pa %er loP* ;* S4e tried to $ae a$e"d or 4er or$er 

 (e4a%iour* * All acia" roe i" ar$ P4e" t4e Ro$a" i"%aded acia* * T4e letter (ur"t to a4e* *OeD 'ot 'ood (rai"& 4eDll $a"a'e* 7* Clot4e do "ot $ae t4e $a"* 8* Oa%e a loo at t4e ta(leco"te"t* =* T4e could"t i"i4 t4e #ro-ect or lac o u"d* 6* Good are uuall tra"#orted i" 'oodtrai"* 5* 4ere are ou 'oi"' to #e"d our 4olidaW 55* Oe 4a 'ood loo* 5;* ou are or'etti"'

our $a""er& ou"' $a"! pag: 0-5I_* Traducebi +" li$(a e"'le):5* U"de ete cleteleW ;* Multe $ulu$iri* * S,au +"cercat toate $i-loacele* * Cartierul 'e"eral alar$atei era l."' Lo"dra* * Ki)ica ete o(iectul lui #reerat* 7* A$ #ri" trei #tr %i $ari* 8* Toc$ai a

 #u(licat o carte de#re #etii de a# dulce di" Ro$."ia* =* Are #r ate"* 6* Ea are c.te%a ire de #r al(* 5* ,$i dou #.i"i& te ro'* 55* A  cut #ro'ree $ari +" +"%area li$(ii e"'le)e* 5;* Aceta ete

 #roceul %er(al al edi"ei*_* Traducei ur$toarele #ro#o)iii +" li$(a ro$.":5* T4ere i a 'la o $il o" t4e ta(le* ;* oe 4e Pear 'laeW * ou 4a%e to declare e%ert4i"' att4e cuto$* * T4e Pa"t to 'et acuai"ted Pit4 t4i Ro$a"ia" cuto$* * Are ou Priti"' a letterW 7*Oe i a 'reat $a" o letter* 8* I do"Dt lie 4er air* =* T4ere i o$et4i"' i" t4e air*_I* Traducei +" li$(a e"'le):

ra'ul $eu Mo G4i&Mii de $ulu$iri #e"tru #riete"oaa ta elicitare* e +"dat ce %oi #ri$i ee$#larele de autor de laAcade$ie& +i %oi tri$ite u" %olu$ di" lucrarea $ea de#re Marea Nea'r *

 Noi a%e$ o iar" "e#lcuti eu i oia$ ii"d (ol"a%i*ra'ul "otru Tou ete +" %oi"ic i,$i ace o $are #lcere  aud 'laul u la teleo"*Gr* A"ti#a_II* Care u"t core#o"de"tele e$i"i"e ale ur$toarelor u(ta"ti%e $aculi"e:5* o"9 ;* lor9 * "e#4eP9 * u"cle9 * at4er9 7* (rot4er* 8* coc9 =* ta'9 6* (o9 5* 4u(a"d9 55* $a"95;* i"'*_III* Care u"t or$ele de $aculi" i e$i"i" ale ur$toarelor u(ta"ti%e:

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5* rie"d9 ;* 'oat9 * tu"de"t9 * cat9 * a9 7* ro'*_IV* Kor$ulai #ro#o)iii cu u(t"ati%e la 'e"iti%& co"or$ $odelului: ?o4" 4a 'ot a (oo* T4i i?o4"H (oo*5* M "ei'4(our 4a 'ot a car* ;* Lil 4a 'ot a doll* * ic 4a 'ot a "eP (iccle* * M coui" 4a'ot a "eP ta$#,(oo* * Mr 4ite 4a 'ot a" u$(rella* 7* LaPre"ce a"d 3aul 4a%e 'ot a" electrictrai"* 8* 3eter 4a 'ot a (iccle a"d Mar 4a 'ot a (iccle too*

 pag: 0-6 _V* Traducei +" li$(a ro$.":at a $ileH dita"ce9 eterdaH "eP#a#er9 i" tPo earH ti$e9 a #ou"dH Pei'4t9 at a to"eD t4roP9 to$ 4eartD co"te"t9 art or artD ae*_VI* Trecei ur$toarele u(ta"ti%e +" ca)ul 'e"iti% la "u$rul #lural*5* M coui"D 4oue i lar'e*;* T4e 'irlD roo$ i %er #rett* T4e #u#ilD u"ior$ i (lue* T4e Po$a"D Por i %er $uc4 a##reciated** T4e PorerD lie i $uc4 (etter toda*7* T4e teac4er #raoed t4e tude"tD Por 8* 4ere are t4e c4ild clot4eW=* T4e (a(D ood i i" t4e rid'e*_VII* 3u"ei u(ta"ti%ele di" #ara"te)e la 'e"iti%ul i"tetic au a"alitic*

5* Mar i 0a%id1 iter ;* T4e 0(oo1 #a'e 4a%e "u$(er** 4at i our 0(rot4er1 4o((W* T4i i a 0Po$a"1 4at** 4atD 0 t4i (o1 a%ourite #ortW7* T4e 04ed1 roo Pa (loP" o ( t4e Pi"d*8* T4at i 0Alice1 #e"cil,(o*=* 0Ladie1 4at are %er #rett t4i ear*6* T4i i 0$(rot4er a"d iter1 roo$*5* 4ere are t4e 0'irl1 (loueW55* 0ice"1 "o%el are %er i"tereti"'*5;* T4e 4oue i at a 0$ile1 dita"ce*5* Oa%e ou read 0eterda1 #a#er*

_VIII* Co"truii #ro#o)iii co"or$ $odelulului:4oP,Mie,t4e (uildi"'I 4oPed Mie t4e (uildi"'*I 4oPed t4e (uildi"' to Mie*5* 'i%e, $o"e , 4er o"*;* tell , ecret, Mar** 4a"d,#a#er,t4e teac4er** le"d, u$(rella,$ rie"d* t4roP,(all,4i rie"d*7* Prite,letter,'ra"d$a8* oer,loPer,teac4err _I_* Reor$ulai ur$toarele #ro#o)iii& oloi"d #re#o)iia to au or du# ca)*5* I (ou'4t Mie a do'*

;* Oe 'a%e To$ o$e #ree"t** I c4oe $ iter a "ice #ree"t** Mar 4oPed t4e teac4er 4er co$#o)itio"** T4e e"t t4eir #are"t a #arcel*7* id ou $ae Oele" t4i "eP cardi'a"W8* id 4e 'i%e 4i $ot4er a (u"c4 o loPerW=* I ordered $ iter a le$o"ade*__* Traducei +" li$(a e"'le):a15* Co"'reul al _II,lea al #artidului a luat 4otr.ri de $are +"e$"tate #e"tru #o#orul "otru i #e"tru

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 #ro'reul #atriei*;* Ai citit )iarul de ieriW* u# u" $o$e"t de '."dire& ele%ul a r #u" #erect la toate +"tre(rile $ele** ?uriul a +"$."at #re$ii c.ti'torilor +"trecerii** Ne,a$ ditrat oarte (i"e la #etrecerea uroriii #riete"ului $eu*7* Cred c a$ luat #ria altcui%a*8* Stiloul ete al lui Bo*=* Ce tii de#re cli$a acetei riW6* 3roeorul a %or(it $ai (i"e de o or  de#re #ro'reul tii"ei*5* Ele%ii i,au oerit +"%toarei lor u" (uc4et de lori*55* Ar i (i"e  "e +"t.l"i$ aca la Maria*5;* 3u(licarea acetei ci a +"e$"at u" ucce deoe(it*

 (15* Cea $ai $oder" #oet a "oatr  a %or(it de#re ulti$ul ei %olu$ de #oe)ii*;* Vei i +"oi de iul i iica $ea** Nu tiu ci"e -oac rolul #ri"eei** Nu ia$ %)ut #e u"c4iul i $tua $ea de c.te%a lu"i** Ne#oata ei cea $ai $ic ete $ote"itoarea caei*7* Veci"ul $eu a lat ua dec4ii a uitat de ea*

 pag: 0-7 

0& Articolul i ali -eterminani "T#e Article an- ot#er 1eterminer*%0&(& Categoria -eterminrii*5*5* Cate'oria deter$i"rii a a#rut +" li$(a e"'le)& ca i +" li$(a ro$."& di" "eceitatea de a i"dicau" ele$e"t u"ic 0t4e a"u(e1 au #eciic 0t4i $a"1 di"tr,o cate'orie& au de a de"u$i o +"trea'cate'orie de ele$e"te de acelai el 0T4e lio" i a tro"' a"i$al1*2" li$(a e"'le) eit $ai $ulte #i de %or(ire care #ot deter$i"a u" u(ta"ti%: t4e irt tPotude"t* Ele or$ea) +" 'ra$atica tructuralit claa deter$i"a"ilor& care ete u(di%i)at +"

 #redeter$i"a"i& deter$i"a"i #ro#riu,)ii i #otdeter$i"a"i*Aceat ter$i"olo'ie a ot ta(ilit #e (a)a cate'oriei 'ra$aticale #e care o re#re)i"t acete cu%i"te

 #e l."' u(ta"ti% 0deter$i"area1 i #e (a)a #o)iiei #e care o ocu# u"ul a de altul: Oal 0#redeter$i"a"t1 t4e 0deter$i"a"t #ro#riu,)i1 eco"d 0#otdeter$i"a"t1 c4a#ter*0&(&& 1eterminanii propriu6zii& 2" calaa deter$i"a"ilor #ro#riu,)ii i"tr  articolul i alte #i de%or(ire care #ot +"locui articolul +"ai"tea u"ui u(ta"ti%: ad-ecti%ul de$o"trati% 0t4i& t4at& t4ee&

t4oe1& ad-ecti%ul #oei% 0$& our& 4i etc*1& ad-ecti%ul "e4otr.t 0eac4& e%er& eit4er etc*1 i u"elead-ecti%e i"tero'ati%e 0P4at& P4ic41 i "e'ati%e 0"o& "eit4er1:a (oo t4e (oo "o (oo eac4 (oo e%er (oo eit4er (oo t4i (oo $ (oo P4at (oo eter$i"a"ii #ro#riu,)ii ai u(ta"ti%uluieter$i"a"tul Ee$#le

Articolul 4otr.tArticolul "e4otr.tArticolul )erot4e $a"a tree9 a" a##le$e"9 tree& a##leAd-ecti%ul de$o"trati% t4i "eP#a#er& t4at $a'a)i"et4ee article& t4oe #a#erAd-ecti%ul #oei% $ 4oue9 our car9 4i Patc49 4er dre9it tail9 our c4ool9 t4eir claroo$*

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Ad-ecti%ul i"tero'ati% 4at (oo do ou Pa"t W4ic4 (oo do ou Pa"t W4oe (oo do ou Pa"t WAd-ecti%ul "e4otr.t Eac4 #u#il& e%er da& eit4er ide9o$e (oo9 a" tude"t9"o c4ildre"9 "eit4er tude"t*

 pag: 0-&Articolul ocu# u" loc ce"tral +" cadrul deter$i"a"ilor& "ea%."d alt u"cie dec.t cea de deter$i"are au(ta"ti%ului* Ali deter$i"a"i #ot u"cio"a i"de#e"de"t de u(ta"ti%ele #e care le #reced& ca

 #ro"u$e:I Pa"t t4i/o$e* 4at i t4i W3e l."' deter$i"a"ii #ro#riu,)ii& u(ta"ti%ele $ai #ot i #recedate i de alte clae de cu%i"te:

 #redeter$i"a"i& "u$erale cardi"ale i ordi"ale / cua"tiicatori 0#ot deter$i"a"i1*Acete dou clae au ot ta(ilite #e (a)a #o)iiei lor a de deter$i"a"i +" relaie u"ul cu altul*0&(&0& Pre-eterminanii& 3redeter$i"a"ii e "u$ec atel deaorece ei a#ar +"ai"tea deter$i"a"ilor:a1 all t4e (oo

 (ot4 $ (oo4al t4ee (oo

 (1 dou(le t4e / t4ee a$ou"ttPice t4e / t4ee a$ou"t

t4ree ti$e t4e / t4ee a$ou"tc1 i"e,t4ird t4e ti$et4ree uarter t4e / t4ee a$ou"tC."d u"t ur$ai de u(ta"ti%e& #redeter$i"a"ii #ot a#rea +" trei co"trucii:all o t4e c4ildre"all t4e c4ildre"all c4ildre"

 (ot4 o t4e teac4er (ot4 t4e teac4er (ot4 teac4erC."d deter$i"a"ii u"t ur$ai de #ro"u$e& co"trucia cu o ete o(i'atorie: all o t4e$& (ot4 o t4e$&4al o it*3redeter$i"a"ii all& (ot4 i 4al #ot i oloii i ca #ro"u$e:

All u"dertood t4e teac4erH e#la"atio"*Bot4 u"dertood t4e teac4erH e#la"atio"*Oal u"dertood t4e teac4erH e#la"atio"*2" ca)ul lui all& e oloete deter$i"a"tul )ero +" ca)ul u(ta"ti%elor "u$ra(ile la #lural oloite'e"eric: All t4e #u#il Pe"t i"to t4e claroo$* ar: All oldier $ut Pear u"ior$ 0'e"eric1*

 pag: 0--All #oate i de ae$e"ea oloit cu articolul )ero +" e#reii ca: all 0t4e1 da / $or"i"' / "i'4t& +" #ecial+"tr,u" co"tet "e'ati%: I 4a%e"Ht ee" 4er all da:Ca deter$i"a"t& all #recede:a1 u(ta"ti%e 0"e1"u$ra(ile co"crete 0rar1 au a(tracte la i"'ular& a%."d e"ul de +"tre'& tot:S4e i"terru#ted 4i$ all t4e ti$e* 2l +"treru#ea tot ti$#ul*Oe did"Ht #e"d all 4i $o"e* Nu i,a c4eltuit toi (a"ii*Oe 4a"Ht read all t4e tor*

Oe 4a"Ht read t4e P4ole tor* (1 u(ta"ti%e "u$ra(ile la #lural& a%."d e"ul de toi& toate:4ere are all our (oo W U"de u"t toate cile tale WAll #oate i oloit at.t ca #redeter$i"a"t c.t i ca #ro"u$e "e4otr.t: Oa%e ou dru" all t4e $il W Aiut tot la#tele W Oa%e ou ee" all W Ai %)ut tot W All 0t4e1 #eo#le ca$e i" ti$e* All 0o t4e$1 Pere

 #u"ctual*Bot4* Bot4 +"ea$" a$."doi& a$."dou& ii"d oloit #e"tru reerirea la dou #eroa"e 0acce"tuat1:Bot4 c4ildre" are %er uit* A$."doi co#iii u"t oarte tcui*Bot4 #oate i oloit at.t ca #redeter$i"a"t: Bot4 0o1 t4ee eature are %er i$#orta"t*c.t i ca #ro"u$e: Bot4 are i$#orta"t*

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Oal* Oal 0-u$tate1 ete oloit at.t cu u(ta"ti%e "e"u$ra(ile: Oe did"Ht a a Pord 4al t4e ti$e 4etaed t4ere*c.t i ca u(ta"ti%e "e"u$ra(ile: Oal t4e tude"t i" t4e tude"t 4otel Pere alee#* Oal ete oloitca:, #redeter$i"a"t: 4al t4e (oo , u(ta"ti%: our 4al i (i''er t4a" $i"e*, #ro"u$e "e4otr.t: 4al 0o t4e$1 let*

 Nu$eralele $ulti#licati%e 0%e)i J *8*1 u"t i"clue +" claa #redeter$i"a"ilor& deoarece ele #ot ie)ate +"ai"tea deter$i"a"ilor: tPice t4e a$ou"t& dou(le t4at #rice*La el i "u$eralele racio"are 0%e)i J**1& care #ot a%ea i co"trucii cu o& +" $od i$ilar cu all& (ot4i 4al:T4e %e'eta(le (oiled i" o"e t4ird 0o1 t4e ti$e t4e $eat did*0&(&4& Po*t-eterminanii& rdi"alele u"t #otdeter$i"a"i* Ele ur$ea) deter$i"a"ii +" 'ru#ul"o$i"al& dar #reced cua"tiicatoriii ad-ecti%ele: T4e irt t4ree i$#orta"t e%e"t*2" claa ordi"alelor i"tr :a1 "u$eralele ordi"ale: irt& eco"d& t4ird& ourt4 etc*

 (1 0a"1ot4er& "et& lat*Cua"tiicatorii ur$ea) deter$i"a"ii i ordi"alele i #reced ad-ecti%ele: T4e irt t4ree i$#orta"t e%e"t*i" claa cua"tiicatorilor ac #arte:a1 "u$eralele cardi"ale: o"e& tPo& t4ree& our& i%e& etc*

 pag: 00 (1 cua"tiicatorii& cu%i"tele care e#ri$ "u$rul 0$a"& eP& e%eral1 au ca"titatea 0$uc4& little1 +"$od "edei"it*Cuatiicatorii u"t oloii:a1 "u$ai cu u(ta"ti%e "u$ra(ile:$a" c4ildre" a 'reat "u$(er o c4ildre"eP c4ildre" a lar'e "u$(er o c4ildre"e%eral c4ildre" a 'ood "u$(er o c4ildre"

 (1 "u$ai cu u(ta"ti%e "e"u$ra(ile:$uc4 ti$e a 'reat/'ood deal o $o"elittle ti$e a 'reat/'ood deal o $o"ea little ti$e 'reat/'ood deal o $o"e$uc4 ti$e a lar'e/$all ua"tit/a$ou"t o $o"e

little ti$e a lar'e/$all ua"tit/a$ou"t o $o"ea little ti$e a lar'e/$all ua"tit/a$ou"t o $o"ec1 cu u(ta"ti%e "u$ra(ile au "e"u$ra(ile 0+" e#ri$area a$iliar 1:a lot o c4ildre"/$o"elot o c4ildre"/$o"e

 #le"t o c4ildre"/$o"eMuc# F mult, mult  e oloete $ai ale +" #ro#o)iii i"tero'ati%e i "e'ati%e: There isn2t muc# sugar left * Nu a r $a $ult )a4r*2" #ro#o)iii air$ati%e e oloete: ery much, a lot of, a great "eal of, a large 3small# amount of,

 plenty of :There is a lot o) sugar in the sugar basin* Ete 0oarte1 $ult )a4r +" )a4ar"i*There is /er$ muc# sugar in the sugar basin* Ete 0oarte1 $ult )a4r +" )a4ar"i*T4ere i #let o u'ar i" t4e u'ar (ai"* Ete oarte $ult )a4r +" )a4ar"i*

!ittle +"ea$"  puin, puin& i"dic o ca"titate i"uicie"t& i$#lic o a#reciere "e'ati%: 4he eats littlebrea" * Ea $"."c #ui" #.i"e 0a#roa#e deloc1*  little i"dic o ca"titate $ic& dar uicie"ti i$#lic o a#reciere #o)iti%: $ eat a little brea" * M"."cce%a #.i"e*Man$ F mul i, multe e oloete $ai ale +" #ro#o)iii i"tero'ati%e bi "e'ati%e: i" he rea" man$

 nglish books W A citit $ulte ci e"'le)eti* $ hae not inite" man$ people to my birth"ay party* Na$i"%itat $ult lu$e la )iua $ea de "atere*2" #ro#o)iii air$ati%e e oloete ery many, a lot of, a great ! large number, lots of :

 He2s rea" a lot o) nglish books* He2s rea" /er$ man$ nglish books*

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 He2s rea" a great number o) nglish books* He2s rea" lot* o) nglish books*e3 F puini, puine i"dic u" "u$r i"uicie"t i i$#lic o a#reciere "e'ati%: e3 people lie to be ahun"re" * 3ui"i oa$e"i tr iec 5 de a"i*A )e3 F c8ia, c8tea i"dic u" "u$r $ic& dar uicie"t i i$#lic o a#reciere #o)iti%: There are )e3

 flowers in the ase* Su"t c.te%a lori +" %a)*2e/eral ete oloit #e"tru $ai $ult de dou #eroa"e:

 He rea" *e/eral books on acia* El a citit $ai $ulte ci de#re acia* He rea" *e/eral books on acia* El a citit c.te%a ci de#re acia* pag: 0

0&& Articolul "T#e Article%0&&(& 1e)iniie& Articolul ete #artea de %or(ire care:a1 co"tituie u" $i-loac de i"di%iduali)a a o(iectelor i e"o$e"elor +"tr,u" co"tet li"'%itic auituaio"al9

 (1 "u are or$e leio"are& ii"d "elei(il di" #u"ct de %edere $orolo'ic9c1 +"de#li"ete u"cia de deter$i"a"t*Articolul ocu# u" loc ce"tral +" cadrul deter$i"a"ilor& ii"d co"iderat "eterminantul propriu*is*Aceata e datorea) a#tului c articolul "u #oate i o #arte de %or(ire i"de#e"de"t& el co"tri(ui"ddoar la deter$i"area u"ic au i"di%idual a u(ta"ti%ului #e care +l +"ote*

Articolul ete redat #ri" articolul 4otr.t the& articolul "e4otr.t a au an au #ri" articolul ero* Acetearticole e oloec #e"tru a reali)a: 51 reeri"a u"ic 0uni9ue reference1 i ;1 reeri"a i"di%idual0in"ii"ual reference1*0&&& 51 Articolul e oloete #e"tru re)erin unic atu"ci c."d e ide"tiic cu u" $e$(ru a"u$e alu"ei clae: T#e boy was running ery fast * Biatul aler'a oarte re#ede*0&&0& ;1 Articolul e oloete #e"tru re)erin in-i/i-ual c."d reerirea e ace la orice $e$(ru alu"ei clae&   ca aceta  ie ide"tiicat +" $od u"ic*3e"tru referina unic& e oloete articolul 4otr.t #e"tru u(ta"ti%e "u$ra(ile i "e"u$ra(ile:here is t#e book $ gae you Where are t#e books $ gae you Where is t#e chalk $ gae you W3e"tru referin in"ii"ual & e oloec:, articolul "e4otr.t a3n#& cu u(ta"ti%e "u$ra(ile la i"'ular:There is a book on the table*There is an orange on the table*, articolul )ero au some/any& cu u(ta"ti%e "u$ra(ile la #lural i u(ta"ti%e "e"u$ra(ile:There are 0*ome1 books on the table*There is 0*ome1 salt on the table*Atenie! Articolul e oloete generic c."d u"ei clae de ele$e"te i e atri(uie o #ro#rietate9 oloirea'e"eric are +" %edere claa i "u a"u$ii $e$(ri ai claei: ?o$* like to play football * Bieilor le #lace -oace ot(al* A boy runs faster than a girl * U" (iat alear' $ai re#ede dec.t o at* T#e tiger liesin the ;ungle* Ti'rul tr iete +" -u"'l*Su(ta"ti%ele oloite 'e"eric "u au diti"cia de "u$r deoarece ele de"u$ec ceea ce ete ti#ic& 'e"eral

 #e"tru $e$(rii u"ei clae* e aceea& oloirea 'e"eric a#are cu cele trei articole: pag: 0/a1 articolul 4otr.t the& articolul "e4otr.t a3n# au articolul )ero #e"tru u(ta"ti%ele "u$ra(ile:T#e co3 gies us milk *

A co3 gies us milk.Co3* gie us milk *

 (1 articolul )ero #e"tru u(ta"ti%ele "e"u$ra(ile: Mil i 'ood or our 4ealt4*0&&4& Numele propriii re)erina unic& Nu$ele #ro#rii u"t u(ta"ti%ele cu reeri" u"ic #ri"ecele"& deoarece ele u"t co"iderate $e$(ri u"ici ai claei di" care ac #arte: Helen, <ount erest,the anube, 'rance, <on"ay.3ri" aceata& "u$ele #ro#rii e deoe(ec de u(ta"ti%ele co$u"e:a1 e criu cu liter  $are: Mr* T4o$o"& t4e E"'li4 C4a""el& t4e Oaue*

 (1 "u au co"tratul articulat,"earticulat: u"ele "u$e #ro#rii u"t oloite cu articolul )ero& altele u"t

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oloite cu articolul t4e&    eite o o#o)iie +"tre ele: Autralia& Ital& Buc4aret& i"dor Catle*c1 "u$ele #ro#rii "earticulate #ri$ec articol c."d e i"te"io"ea) retr."'erea reeri"ei la u" a"u$itti$# au loc care ide"tiic& "u$ele #ri"tr,o #ro#o)iie relati% retricti%& o co"trucie #re#o)iio"alcu o au u"a #ro%e"it di"tr,o #ro#o)iie relati% retricti%:i" Ro$a"iai" t4e Ro$a"ia o todaBuc4arett4e Buc4aret I lieE$i"ecut4e ou"' E$i"ecui" Victoria" E"'la"di" t4e E"'la"d o uee" Victoria0&0& Articolul #otrt "T#e 1e)inite Article%**5* Kor$a articolului 4otr.t* Articolul 4otr.t are or$a u"ic t4e*T4e e #ro"u" Qt)  a1 i"ai"tea u"etelor co"o"a"tice: t4e #u#il9 t4e 4oue9

 (1 +"ai"tea u"etelor e$ico"o"a"tice& re#re)e"tate de o(icei #ri" literele u& & P: t4e u"i%erit& t4ePi"doP& t4e ear& t4e o"e*T4e e #ro"u" Qt)i0:1a1 +"ai"tea u"etelor %ocalice: t4e artit9

 (1 +"ai"tea lui 4 $ut: t4e 4our9 t4e 4o"et $a"9t4e 4o"our9 t4e 4eir9c1 #ro"u"area Qt)i: ete de ae$e"ea oloit #e"tru u(li"iere: T4ee are t4e act*0&0&& unciile articolului #otrt& Articolul 4otr.t ete oloit #e"tru a e#ri$a reeri"a u"ic* El+"de#li"ete $ai $ulte u"cii* Acetea u"t:51 u"cia deictic& cu u(ta"ti%e a cror reeri" ete i$ediat +"elea de %or(itorii li$(ii& ea ii"d#eciic +" co"tetul ituaio"al al co$u"icrii*A"u$ite u(ta"ti%e au deter$i"are deictic +" co"tete ituaio"ale*e ee$#lu:a1 +"tr,o +"c #ere: t4e door& t4e Pi"doP& t4e ta(le& t4e radiator*Cloe t4e Pi"doP& Pill ou W 2"c4ide ereatra& te ro'*

 (1 +"tr,o #dure: t4e Pi"d& t4e & t4e 'rou"d etc*T4e 'rou"d i co%ered Pit4 dr lea%e* 3$."tul ete aco#erit cu ru")e ucate*

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Al

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i "Ot#er 1eterminer*%0&9& A-<ecti/ul -emon*trati/ "T#e 1emon*trati/e A-<ecti/e%2" aar  de articol& $ai #ot u"cio"a ca deter$i"a"i ai u(ta"ti%ului: ad-ecti%ul de$o"trati%& #oei%&i"tero'ati%i "e4otr.t*e$o"trati%ul t4i/t4at& t4ee/t4oe ete oloit ca deter$i"a"t c."d +"ote u" u(ta"ti%: T4i (oo i $ore i"tereti"' t4a" t4at o"e*El #oate i +" oloit i ca #ro"u$e: 4atH t4i W T4oe are (etter t4a" t4ee*0&9&(& 1e)iniie& eter$i"a"tul de$o"trati%& +" ter$i"olo'ie tradiio"al ad-ecti%ul de$o"trati%&deter$i" u" u(ta"ti%& i"dic."d +" #ri"ci#al a#ro#ierea au de#rtarea de %or(itor*Ad-ecti%ul de$o"trati% +" li$(a e"'le) are cate'oria 'ra$atical de "u$r i +"de#li"ete u"ciai"tactic de atri(ut*0&9&& orm& 2" li$(a e"'le)& ad-ecti%ul de$o"trati% are or$e deoe(ite du# "u$r& dar "u du#'e"& ca +" li$(a ro$.": t4i 'irl , t4ee 'irl9 aceat at , acete ete*

0&9&0& Întrebuin

are& Ku"c

iile de$o"trati%ului t4i/t4at& t4ee/t4oe u"t:a1 u"cia deictic& de a i"dica orie"tarea +" #aiu au +" ti$# +"tr,u" co"tet ituaio"al: T4ee c4ildre"&ri'4t 4ere& are uieter t4a" t4oe*T4i/t4ee u"t oloite #e"tru a ar ta c o(iectele e 'ec +" a#ro#ierea %or(itorului: T4i i $ de*T4ee (o are $ (rot4er*T4at*T4oe u"t +"tre(ui"ate #e"tru a i"dica o(iecte alate la o $ai $are de#rtare de %or(itor: Mat4erH #icture i o" t4at Pall* 4at are t4oe c4ildre" doi"' WT4at ete utili)at #e"tru u" o(iect alat la de#rtare de %or(itor& $ai ale c."d aceta ete +" co"trat cualt o(iect& a#ro#iat %or(itorului& care ete ide"tiicat #ri" t4i: T4i i $ eat a"t t4at i our* I liet4ee #icture $uc4 (etter t4a" t4oe*C."d e reer  la ti$#& de$o"trati%ele t4i& t4ee u"t corelate cu #re)e"tul& iar t4at& t4oe cu trecutulau %iitorul: S4e 4a (ee" %er (u t4ee da* T4at tor$ detroed e%ert4i"' lat ear*

 (1 u"cia a"aoric& de reerire la u" o(iect $e"io"at a"terior: I aP our E"'li4 teac4er i" 4i "eP car*T4i car i reall o$et4i"'*

 (1 u"cia cataoric& de reerire la u" o(iect au#ra cruia e ac #reci)ri ulterioare: T4ee littlec4ildre" are %er #rett*

 pag: d1 u"cia e$oio"al& de coatere +" e%ide" a u(ta"ti%ului deter$i"at: T4i To$ Broo i alPa

 #lai"' t4e #ia"o at "i'4t* Loced t4at door Wunciile -emon*trati/uluiBKu"cia Nu$r Si"'ular 3lural5* eictic 0co"tet T4i (oo o%er 4ere* T4ee (oo o%er 4ere*

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ituaio"al1a1 a#ro#iere9

 (1 de#rtare9T4at (oo o%er t4ere* T4oe (oo o%er t4ere*;* A"aoric 0co"tetli"'%itic1Loo at MarH dre!T4i dre i reall o$et4i"'** Cataoric T4oe old Po$e" are are alPa 'oi#i"'** E$oio"al T4i "ei'4(our o $i"e i alPa looi"' 4i e*See" t4at il$W0&:& A-<ecti/ul po*e*i/ "T#e Po*e*i/e A-<ecti/e%0&:&(& 1e)iniie& eter$i"a"tul #oei%& +" ter$i"olo'ie tradiio"al ad-ecti%ul #oei%& +"locuiete

 #oeoruli deter$i" "u$ele o(iectului #oedat:3eterH ta$# collectio" i %er %alua(le*Oi ta$# collectio" i %er %alua(le*Ad-ecti%ul #oei% e acord +" 'e" i "u$r cu "u$ele o(iectului #oedat:Oer (oo , cartea ei9Oi (ie , (icicleta lui9T4eir to , -ucriile lor*

2" #ro#o)iie& ad-ecti%ul #oei% +"de#li"ete u"cia de atri(ut: M (oo are 4ere o" t4e ta(le*0&:&& orm& Ad-ecti%ul #oei% +" li$(a e"'le) are or$e diere"iate du# #eroa"& "u$r i 'e":3eroa" Nu$r Ge"Si"'ular 3luralI $ our II our our III 4i4er itt4eir $aculi"e$i"i""eutruLa #eroa"a a II,a i"'ular i #lural& ad-ecti%ul #oei% are aceeai or$: Loo& t4ere i a l i" our 

ou#* 3ri%ete& e o $uc +" u#a ta* pag: 1Ge"ul ete $arcat doar la #eroa"a a III,a i"'ular: , 4i e reer  la u(ta"ti%e "u$e de #eroa" dee (r(tec:?o4"H car i "eP*T4e $a"H car i "eP*Oi car i "eP*iar 4er e reer  la u(ta"ti%e "u$e de #eroa" de e e$i"i":MarH u$(rella i old*T4e Po$a"H u$(rella i old*Oer u$(rella i old*It e reer  la u(ta"ti%e a"i$ate 0"u$e de a"i$ale1 i i"a"i$ate 0"u$e de o(iecte1:T4e catH tail i lo"'*

It tail i lo"'*T4e door o t4e roo$ i o#e"*It door i o#e"*0&:&0& Întrebuinare& Ad-ecti%ul #oei% ete oloit ca deter$i"a"t al u(ta"ti%ului& +"locui"d "u$ele

 #oeoruluii deter$i"."d "u$ele o(iectului #oedat:?o4"H ee are (lue*Oi ee are (lue*S#re deoe(ire de de$o"trati%ele t4i/t4at& t4ee/t4oe& care #ot i oloite at.t ca deter$i"a"i 0t4i

 (oo1 c.ti ca #ro"u$e 0I Pa"t t4i1 or$ele $& our& 4i& 4er& it& our& our& t4eir "u #ot i oloitedec.t ca deter$i"a"i: i t4i our (rot4er W

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Kor$ele #oei%e #ro"o$i"ale +" li$(a e"'le) u"t dierite de cele ad-ecti%ale:Co$#arai:Ad-ecti% #oei% 3ro"u$e #oei%T4i i $ (oo*T4at i our (oo*T4at i 4er/4i/it ood*T4i i our claroo$*T4at i t4eir claroo$*T4i (oo i $i"e*T4at (oo i our*T4at ood i 4er/4i*T4i claroo$ i our*T4at claroo$ i t4eir*

 pag: 5Atenie! ituaie #articular  +" li$(a e"'le)& o #re)i"t u(ta"ti%ele de"u$i"d #i ale cor#ului0han", hea", bo", leg 1 i articolele de +$(raca$i"te 0coat, umbrella, hat, shoes# care u"t +"totdeau"a

 #recedate de ad-ecti%ul #oei% +" li$(a e"'le)& #re deoe(ire de li$(a ro$."& u"de el ete de o(iceio$i* He has a hat on #i* hea". Are o #brie #e ca#* =en" me $our umbralla, will you> 2$#ru$ut,$ite ro' u$(rela 0ta1*0&;& A-<ecti/ul interogati/ "T#e Interrogati/e A-<ecti/e%

0&;&l& 1e)iniie& eter$i"a"tul i"tero'ati%& +" ter$i"olo'ia tradiio"al ad-ecti%ul i"tero'ati%& deter$i""u$ele o(iectului au#ra cruia e cer i"or$aii: >#at nglish books hae you rea" lately WAd-ecti%ul i"tero'ati% are cate'oria 'ra$atical de ca): 0G: whose1 i #oate +"de#li"i u"cia i"tacticde atri(ut: >#at ;oke "i" he tell you Wau de $arc& i"troduc."d #ro#o)iii u(ordo"ate:

 $ aske" him 3#at nglish books he ha" rea" lately.0&;&& orm& i" #u"ct de %edere al leiu"ii& P4o are or$e leio"are #e"tru ca)& iar whichi what u"t i"%aria(ile*Ca) 3ro"u$eP4o P4at P4ic4

 No$i"ati% P4o P4at P4ic4Ge"iti% P4oe P4at P4ic4ati% to P4o$ 0or$ literar 1

P4o *** to 0%or(ire cure"t1P4at P4ic4Acu)ati% P4o$ 0or$ literar 1P4o 0%or(ire cure"t1P4at P4ic40&;&0& Întrebuinare& Ad-ecti%ul i"tero'ati% ete oloit ca deter$i"a"t #e l."' "u$ele o(iectuluiau#ra cruia e cer i"or$aii: >#at film "i" you see last night >hat #ri%ete o(iectul re#ecti%   reerire la alte o(iecte: >#at "ay is to"ay >hich ete electi%: >#ic# "ress "oes she want >hose e oloete at.t cu "u$e de #eroa"e c.t i cu "u$e de a"i$ale i o(iecte: >#o*e pen "i" youborrow W >#o*e walls "i" they paint W

 How much e reera la ca"titate i e oloete cu u(ta"ti%e "e"u$ara(ile co"crete: Do3 muc# money"i" you spen" W Do3 muc# rice "i" you buy W

 pag: 6  How many e oloete cu u(ta"ti%e "e"u$ra(ile: $ "on2t know how many e?ercises he wrote.U"ele i"tero'ati%e e oloec i ca ad-ecti%e i ca #ro"u$e:>#ic# book is more important >>#ic# of these is more important >>#at 0 ;oke1 "i" he tell you W >#o*e 0book 1 is this WAlte i"tero'ati%e e oloec "u$ai ca #ro"u$e: >#o came first W To 3#om "i" you write the letter>0&('& A-<ecti/ul ne#otrt "T#e In-e)inite A-<ecti/e%0&('&(& 1e)iniie& eter$i"a"tul "e4otr.t& +" ter$i"olo'ie tradiio"al ad-ecti%ul "e4otr.t& deter$i"u(ta"ti%ul +"tr,u" $od 'lo(al 0all the books& e/er$ pupil 1 au #ar ial 0eac# pupil & eit#er si"e1*

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0&('&& orm& Ad-ecti%ul "e4otr.t ete i"%aria(il ca or$i +"de#li"ete u"cia i"tactic de atri(ut:Eac# pupil must "o his homework.0&('&0& Întrebuinare& 2ome& Ad-ecti%ul "e4otr.t some F ce%a& "ite& #ui"& u"ii& u"ele& c.i%a& c.te%a&%reu"& %reo& e +"tre(ui"ea) +" #ro#o)iii air$ati%e i i"dic eite"a u"ui "u$r retr." de lucruri&ii"e& a u"ei ca"titi retr."e* Ete oloit cu u(ta"ti%e "u$ra(ile la #lural i cu u(ta"ti%e"e"u$ra(ile la i"'ular: There are *ome books on his "esk. 4he bought *ome cheese.4ome #oate i oloit +" #ro#ro)iii i"tero'ati%e +" ur$toarele ca)uri:a1 +" #ro#o)iii +" care e oer  u" lucru: ill you hae *ome cake W

 (1 c."d +"tre(area "u e reer  la some: i" she ask father to gie me *ome money WAn$* ny F %reu"& %reo& "ici u"0ul1& "ici o& "ici u"a& e +"te(ui"ea):a1 +" #ro#o)iii air$ati%e cu e"ul: oricare& orice: An$ pupil in your form coul" in the 9uestion.

 (1 +" #ro#o)iii i"tero'ati%e i "e'ati%e: i" you meet an$ W There isn2t any bytter in the fri"ge.Ad-ecti%ele "e4otr.te each, eery, either #re)i"t deoe(iri de e":E/er$& ery e reer  la $e$(rii u"ui 'ru#   a,i i"di%iduali)a: E/er$ wor" of it is true. Kiecarecu%."t ete ade%rat* The chil"ren engage" his e/er$ thought * Toate '."durile lui erau la co#il*

 ery ete oloit i cu u(ta"ti%e de"u$i"d u"iti de ti$# au dita" #e"tru a i"dica caracterulre#etat:eery other "ay , di" dou +" dou )ileeery three "ays , di" trei +" trei )ile

 pag: 7 

eery now an" then , di" c."d +" c."deery other mile , di" dou +" dou $ile

 ery ete oloit doar ca deter$i"a"t* 2$#reu" cu *bo"y, *one, *thing, *where or$ea) #ro"u$e iad%er(e "e4otr.te: eerybo"y, eeryone, eerything i eerywhere.Eac#* ach e reer  la $e$(rii u"ui 'ru# luai i"di%idual: Eac# pupil must bring some scrap iron to

 school * Kiecare co#il 0+" #arte1 tre(uie  aduc ier %ec4i la coal* ach #oate i oloit i ca #ro"u$e: He talke" with eac# of us* How much are these peaches > 'ie pens eac#*i cu reerire la dou #eroa"e: Eac# o) these 0two1 chil"ren is right.Eit#er* ither F iecare 0di" doi1: There is no light at eit#er en" of the street * Nu ete lu$i" la "iciu"ul di" ca#etele tr )ii*

 ither #oate i oloit at.t ca deter$i"a"t& c.ti ca #ro"u$e "e4ott* ither ete oloit cure"t cu u(ta"ti%ul si"e: There are trees on eit#er si"e of the roa" * Su"t co#aci #e

a$(ele #i ale dru$ului*2" acet co"tet& either ete a#ro#iat ca e" de both& diere"a ii"d ur$toarea: both F a$."doi0+$#reu"19 either F iecare di" doi 0e#arat1*hateer was ri"iculous in eit#er character increase" the aersion the rea"er ha" for bot#* Tot ceeace era ridicol +" iecare di"tre cele dou #ero"a-e $rea a%eriu"ea cititorului #e"tru a$."dou*0&('&4& A-<ecti/ul negati/ "The )egatie ";ectie%& Ad-ecti%ele "e'ati%e u"t ad-ecti%e "e4otr.teoloite +" #ro#o)iii cu e" "e'ati% i %er(ul la or$a air$ati%* Ele u"t o u(di%i)iu"e a ad-ecti%elor "e4otr.te& care i"dic a(e"a o(iectelor au a calitilor acetora:No F "ici u"0ul1& "ici u"a 0di" $ai $ulte1* )o letter F "ici o crioare* He has ma"e no mistakes* Nu acut "ici o 'reeal*

 )either F "ici u"ul di"& "ici u" 0di" doi1: $ aske" him two 9uestions but he answere" neit#er o) them* )either #oate i oloit ca deter$i"a"t au ca #ro"u$e:Neit#er solution is acceptable*

Neit#er 0of these solutions1 is acceptable* )o ete oloit "u$ai ca deter$i"a"t& cu e"ul de not any au not a:There are no letters to"ay*There arent an$ letters to"ay*

 He was no fool * He was not a fool *Kor$a no ete #reerat lui not any!not a +" %or(irea cure"t*

 pag: &Gru#ul "o$i"al3redetre$i"a"i eter$i"a"i

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0#ro#riu,)ii13otdeter$i"a"i Ad-ecti% Su(ta"ti%rdi"ale Cua"tiicatori

 (ot4 $ c4ildre"all t4e "eP #u#ilt4e irt t4ree #a'edou(le t4e a$ou"ta lot o Ro$a"ia" tude"t

o"e t4ird t4e ti$et4e "et our c4a#terE_ERCIIII& Kor$ulai #ro#o)iii cu cu%i"tele di" #ara"te)e #e"tru a eera u"cia a"aoric a articolului 4otr.t*

 ?emplu:a1 I 4a%e a letter a"d a #otcard* 0 from my family1*The letter is from my family*

 (1 S4e 4a o$e "ote(oo a"d tet(oo* 3on the table#.The notebooks are on the table*(& Oe 4a a $otor(ie a"d a (iccle* 0in the car*park 1* ;* S4e 4a a te"t a"d a lee#i"' (a'* 0in the car 1** I 4a%e a ca$era a"d o$e il$* 0in my bag 1* * Au"tie 4a o$e (a' a"d o$e #arcel* 0at the

 station1*II& 'ormulai propoiii cu cuintele "in parantee pentru a e?ersa funcia cataforic a articolului

hot 

r8t cu substantie nenum

rabile

i substantie num

rabile la plural: ?emplu:a1 Oitor ca" (e i"tereti"' 0of @omania1*The history of @omania is interesting.

 (1 So$e coi" are %alua(le* 0he has1The coins he has are aluable.5* Muic $a (e (eautiul* 0compose" by +eorge nescu1* ;* So$e road are da"'erou* 0in themountains1* * Sta$# $a (e %alua(le* 0in my collection1* * So$e il$ are i"tereti"'* 0about animals1* * 3oe$ ca" (e (eautiul 0he has written1* 7* So$e c4ildre" are i"telli'e"t 0 $ know1* 8* Oo"ei delicio 0 $ bought yester"ay1 =* i"e ca" (e %re 'ood 0ma"e in @omania1* 6* Ve'eta(le are uuallre4 3they sell here1* 5* Arc4itecure $a (e i$#rei%e 0of Aran Bastle1*III& Trecei urmtoarele propoiii la plural, pentru a e?ersa funcia generic a articolului ero.

 ?emplu:T4e 4ore i a ueul a"i$al*

 Horses are useful animals*5* T4e ti'er i a Pild a"i$al* ;* T4e l i a" i"ect* * A c4air i a #iece o ur"iture* * A c4ild liePeet* * T4e ele#4a"t i a tro"' a"i$al* 7* A i4 ca" Pi$* 8* A cit i a (i' toP"* =* A tuli# i a

 (eautiul loPer*IV& Bompletai spaiile libere cu articole, acolo un"e este caul:5* 3eter Oill& P4o i***** 3roeor o Oitor at***** U"i%erit o C4ica'o& i'"ed****** article* ;* T4e'e"erall 4a%e****** (reaat at = oHcloc* * It i "ot %ii(le at ******** "i'4t* * ****** (eaut i i" dee#***** $il 4e (ou'4t Pa our* 7* *** Ro$a"ia lie i"*** eat o *** Euro#e* 8* Oe tra"lated t4e (oo ro$ ***E"'li4 i"to *** Ro$a"ia"* =* I *** Ger$a" la"'ua'e diicult to lear"W 6* ****a4i"'to" C i *** ca#italo *** U"ited State o A$erica* 5* #e" *** (oo at *** #a'e te" a"d read *** uetio"*55* *** oe are"ot *** do$etic a"i$al* 5;* S4e 'oe to c4ool i"*** $or"i"'* 5* I our at4er *** Porer 5* *** do' i*** do$etic a"i$al* 5* **** Miii##i i ***lar'et ri%er i" *** Nort4 A$erica* 57* o ou "oP P4ere***Lido 4otel iW 58* It tae $e *** 4our to 'et to 3loieti* 5=* OoP $a" ti$e *** Pee do ou 4a%e

34icW 56* o ou lie *** $uicW ;* e a"d I ca" #la (ot4 *** #ia"o a"d *** %ioli"* ;5* Bro" ***E"'li4 #oet& Pa *** i$#orta"t re#ree"tati%e o *** Ro$$a"tici$*V* spun"ei la urmtoarele Cntrebri folos"in" articolul hot r8t, nehot r8t sau ero "up cum estecaul:5* 4at i"d o tate i Ro$a"iaW ;* 4ere doe Ro$a"ia lieW * 4at tate doe Ro$a"ia (order o"W * 4at tate doe R$a"ia (order o"W * 4at i Buc4aretW 7* 4at i Ro$a"iaD

 #o#ulatio"W 8* OoP $a" #eo#le li%e i" Buc4aretW =* OoP $a" cou"tie i Ro$a"ia di%ided i"toW6* 4ic4 i t4e lo"'et ri%er i" Ro$a"iaW 5* 4ic4 i t4e 4i'4et $ou"tai" i" Ro$a"iaW 55* 4atea i R$a"ia (ordered ( to t4e out4,eatW 5;* 4at lae or ri%er i "ear our toP"/%illa'eW 5*

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4at i t4e "a$e o t4e $ot i$#orta"t $ou"tai" ra"'e i" Ro$a"iaW 5* 4at are t4e Car#atia"di%ided i"toW 5* 4ere doe t4e Tra"il%a"ia" Ta(lela"d lieW 57* 4ere i t4e a"u(e 3lai"W 58*4at toP"/%illa'edo ou li%e i"W 5=* 4at treet do ou li%e i"W 56* 4at i$#orta"t (uildi"' aret4ere i" our toP"/%illa'eWVI* R #u"dei la ur$toarele +"tre(ri de#re itoria Ro$."iei& oloi"d articolul 4otr.t& "e4otr.t auero& du# cu$ ete "ecear:5* 4o are t4e a"cetor o t4e Ro$a"ia"W ;* 4o Pa t4e $ot i$#orta"t acia" i"'W * 4e" didacia (eco$e a Ro$a" #ro%i"ceW * 4ic4 Pere t4e $ot i$#orta"t #ri"ce i" $edie%al Ro$a"iaW *4at do Pe cele(rate o" ?a"uar ;t4W 7* 4e" did Ro$a"ia Pi" it i"de#e"de"ce ro$ t4e TurW8*4e" did ca#itali$ (e'i" to de%elo# i" Ro$a"iaW =* 4e" did Ro$a"ia e"ter t4e Kirt orld arW6* 4e" Pa t4e Ro$a"ia" Co$$u"it 3art et u#W 5* 4at ca" ou a a(out Ro$a"ia

 #artici#atio" i" t4e Seco"d orld arWVII* Traducei +" li$(a e"'le):A* 5* Ce )i ru$oa! ;* du)i" de ace cot u" #e""* * Tre(uie  %or(eti cu %oce $ai tare* * Ai%e"it cu auto(u)ulW * e c.te ori #e  #t$." ai i)ica W 7* u"rea tra%erea) $ai $ulte rieuro#e"e* 8* Co#iilor le #lac oarte $ult -ocurile*B* 5* La #a#etrie e %."d tilouri& creioa"e& 'u$e& #ate de li#it i cer"eal* ;* U"de ete tiloul #e carel,a$ cu$#rat ieriW * 2$i #lace $u)ica i$o"ic* * 2$i #lace $u)ica co$#u #e"tru #ia"* * Lacoal tudie$ itoria #o#orului ro$."* 7* Studie$ de ae$e"ea itoria u"i%eral* 8* 2" Ca"ada u"tdou li$(i oiciale: e"'le)a i ra"ce)a*

C* 5* U"de u"t ai tiW Bu"icul e +" #at& (u"ica e +" (ucrie& $a$a e la coali tata e la er%iciu* ;* eo(icei $er' aca cu auto(u)ul& dar u"eori $er' cu tra$%aiul* * Niciodat "u #ot  dor$ +" $ai"au +" tre"* * Ma$a e tre)ete deeori "oa#tea ,i dea de $."care co#ilului*VIII* 2"locuii u(ta"ti%ele la 'e"iti% cu ad-ecti%ele #oei%e core#u")toare:Ee$#lu:T4e $a" 4air i P4ite*Oi 4air i P4ite*5* T4e (o 4oe are dirt* ;* T4e Po$e" 4at i #rett* * T4e Po$e" 4at are #rett* * 4ere it4e (ird "et W * T4e 'irl dre i "eP* 7* T4e $a" ee are (lue* 8* T4e #u#il (oo are o" t4ede*I_* R #u"dei la +"tre(ri co"or$ $odelului:5* A: 4ic4 a"Per i ri'4t 0Pro"'1WB: T4i o"e i* T4at o"e Pro"'*

;* A: 4ic4 leo" are ea 0diicult1WB: T4ee are* T4oe are diicult*5* 4ic4 c4ool(a' i 4ea%W 0li'4t1 ;* 4ic4 #a#er are i$#orta"tW 0u"i$#orta"t1 * 4ic4 e'' arere4W 0(ad1 * 4ic4 'la i clea"W 0dirt1 * 4ic4 tor i i"tereti"'W 0(ori"'1 7* 4ic4 dre i"ePW 0old1 8* 4ic4 a##le are 'oodW 0(ad1_* Co$#letai #aiile li(ere cu e%er& eac4 au eit4er:5* ***** o t4e t4ree lecture 4a a dei"ite u(-ect* ;* It i i$#oi(le to #redict t4e iue Pit4 t4ee tPoca"didate: *** ca"didate $a Pi"* * *** eP Pee 4e aP o$et4i"' "eP to (u* * Ill (e (ac i" a$i"ute& $ dear au"t a"d u"cle9 4e aid "odded cooll to *** * * T4e Pere all $e" o a(ilit& *** i" 4ioP" Pa* 7* *** uet 4ad a e#arate roo$* 8* 'o to Por *** da* =* T4i $ut (e decided ( t4ei"di%idual -ud'e$e"t o *** reader*_I* Traducei +" li$(a e"'le):, e ce dor$ oa$e"ii "oa#teaW

, ar tu c."d dor$i arieW, Tot "oa#tea* 2"& %ara $ai ale& ",a dor$i deloc*, ar ce,ai aceW, M,a culca #e iar(* 2" cu aa +" u $,a culca* Ai"e oc4ii dec4ii* ac ,ar #utea  "u cli#ec&",a cli#i* A #ri%i telele* i #ri%i"du,le& $i,a +"c4i#ui c u"t li(er*

 pag: /

4& Numeralul "T#e Numeral%4&(& 1e)iniie

 Nu$eralul ete #artea de %or(ire care:

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a1 e#ri$ u" "u$r& deter$i"area "u$eric a o(iectelor 0"u$eralul cardi"al1 au ordi"ea o(iectelor  #ri" "u$rare 0"u$eralul ordi"al19 (1 +"de#li"ete $ai $ulte u"cii i"tactice& +" u"cie de oloirea lui u(ta"ti%al& ad-ecti%al auad%er(ial9c1 "u are cate'orii 'ra$aticale dec.t +" oloirea u(ta"ti%al 0milion * millions1*

 pag: //4&& Cla*i)icare4&&(& Co"or$ 'ra$aticii tructuralite& "u$eralul +"tr  +" claa deter$i"a"ilor*

 ouble, twice, three times etc* la el ca i raciile one thir", two fifths etc* u"t co"iderate #redeter$i"a"i& ii"d ae)ate +"ai"tea deter$i"a"ilor t4e/t4i/$ +" cadrul 'ru#ului "o$i"al: -ouble theamount & one t#ir- 0o) 1 the time*

 Nu$eralul cardi"al: one, two, three etc* i "u$eralul ordi"al: the first, the secon" etc* u"t co"iderate #otdeter$i"a"i& ele ur$."d deter$i"a"ii the!this!my +" cadrul 'ru#ului "o$i"al +" ordi"ea "u$eralordi"al , "u$eral cardi"al: t#e )ir*t t#ree c4ildre"& t#e la*t t3o #ero"*4&&& 2" cadrul 'ra$aticii tradiio"ale& eit co"tro%ere cu #ri%ire la "u$eral& "u$eralul "eii"d o

 #arte de %or(ire o$o'e"* Ma-oritatea 'ra$aticilor tradiio"ale diti"' ur$toarele cate'orii de"u$erale: "u$eralul cardi"al& "u$eralul ordi"al& "u$eralul racio"ar& "u$eralul colecti%& "u$eralul$ulti#licati%& "u$eralul ditri(uti% i "u$eralul ad%er(ial*4&0& Numeralul car-inal "T#e Car-inal Numeral%

 Nu$eralul cardi"al e#ri$ "u$rul 0one, two, three1 au deter$i"area "u$eric a o(iectelor 0 four 

books, one hun"re" years1*4&0&(& orma numeralului car-inal& Nu$eralele cardi"ale de la 5 la 5; +" li$(a e"'le) u"tur$toarele:5 one; two three four  fie7 si?8 seen= eight 6 nine5 ten

55 eleen5; tweleCira 0 0 ero1 ocu# u" loc #ecial +" cadrul "u$eralelor cardi"ale*Ea e #oate citi )ero Q)i  r  u& oh Q  u& nil & nithing au loe*

 Dero ete oloit #e"tru +" $ate$atici #e"tru i"dicarea te$e#raturii: $ is tem "egrees below zero*La "u$erele de teleo"& e #ro"u" Q  u: ial 6070 Qi   u e%"   u an" ask for e?tension-0 Q"ai"   u*

 )il Q"il au nothing u"t oloite +" e#ri$area corului la oot(al: =ee"s Enite" won 1.0. 3four nil ! for to nothing 1*

 =oe Qla% ete oloit +" te"i:  stase lea"s 0.0 0Thirty , lo/e1* Nu$eralele cardi"ale +"tre 5i 56 e or$ea) cu a-utorul uiului ,teen adu'at la "u$etele , 6:5 thirteen5 fourteen

5 fifteen57 si?teen etc* Nu$eralele 5i 5 #re)i"t deoe(iri orto'raice i de #ro"u"ie a de "u$eralele i de la care auor$at:5 thirteen Qt :Hti:"5 fifteen QiHti:"

 pag: /Toate "u$eralele +" ,tee" au dou acce"te: eighteen QeiHti:"& dar c."d u"t oloite ca ad-ecti%etrea) "u$ai #ri$ul acce"t: seenteen years Qe%"ti:" -   :)*

 Nu$ele )ecilor e or$ea) de la u"itile ; , 6& la care e adau' uiul ,ty:

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; twenty thirty forty fifty etc*

 Nu$eralele ;& & i #re)i"t #articulariti orto'raice i de #ro"u"are a de "u$ele u"itilor de la care ,au or$at:; two , ; twenty three , thirty four ,  forty fie ,  fiftyNot: Nu$ele )ecilor la #lural: tPe"tie& t4irtie& ortie& itie etc*& #recedate de articolul t4e au altdeter$i"a"t& u"t oloite #e"tru a e#ri$a o #erioad au %.rt:T4e literature o t4e t4irtie* Literatura a"ilor * S4e Pa a 'ood,looi"' Po$a" i" 4er ortie* Era oe$eie ru$oa +"tre i de a"i*2" li$(a e"'le)& "u$ele )ecilor e lea' de u"iti direct& cu a-utorul u"ei li"iue de u"ire:7= it,ei'4t86 e%e"t,"i"eNot: 2" li$(a e"'le) cri& "u$eralele curte e redau de o(icei cu litere& iar cele $ai lu"'i cu cire: I4a%e te" lei i" $ #ocet* T4ere are ; #eo#le i" t4e co"ere"ce 4all* Buc4aret 4a a #o#ulatio" o tPo $illio" i"4a(ita"t* Ro$a"ia 4a a #o#ulatio" o a(out ;;&& #eo#le*

 Nu$eralele care de"u$ec ute& $ii au $ilioa"e u"t le'ate #ri" a"d de cele care de"u$ec )eci iu"iti: 55 F a/o"e 4u"dred a"d itee"9 & F t4ree t4oua"d a"d i%e*2"tre claele u"ui "u$r +"tre' e #u"e %ir'ul ca +" li$(a e"'le)i "u #u"ct ca +" li$(a ro$.": &9&5* 03u"ctul i"dic )eci$ale: *1*

 Not: 2" e#ri$area cure"t& $iile e tra"or$ +" ute: OoP $uc4 $o"e 4a%e ou 'otW Sitee"4u"dret lei 0F5&71C."d u"t oloite la i"'ular& "u$eralele 4u"dred& t4oua"d i $illio" u"t +"totdeau"a #recedate dearticolul "e4otr.t au de u" "u$eral: 5 o"e/a 4u"dred (oo& 55 a 4u"dred a" ort,o"e9 5&; at4oua"d a"d tPo 4u"dred*C."d u"t #recedate de "u$rul u"itilor i aceta ete $ai $are dec.t 5& "u$eralele 4u"dred it4oua"d "u #ri$ec la #lural: t4ree 4u"dred9 & i%e t4oua"d*Atenie Acete "u$erale #ri$ec ter$i"aia c."d u"t oloite:a1 ca u(ta"ti%e: T4oua"d 4a%e read t4i (oo 

 (1 c."d u"t ur$ate de #re#o)iia o: T4e "u$(er o ou"' #eo#le tudi"' i" our c4ool a$ou"t to4u"dred o t4ou"a"d

 pag: /14&0&& 2"tre(ui"area "u$eralului cardi"al* 2" li$(a e"'le)& "u$eralul cardi"al ete oloit:a1 #e"tru e#ri$area "u$elor "u$erelor a(tracte: o"e& tPo& t4ree& our etc* au a deter$i"rii "u$ericea o(iectelor: t4re a##le& o"e 4u"dred #u#il*

 (1 #e"tru e#ri$area datei 0a"ilor1* A"ii e citec: 56= , o"e t4oua"d "i"e 4u"dred a"d ei'4t au"i"etee" 4u"dred a"d ei'4t , +" tilul oicial9 56= , "i"etee" ei'4t , +" e"'le)a %or(it*c1 #e"tru i"dicarea "u$rului u"ui a"u$it o(iect 0#a'i"& lecie& ca#itol& ca& auto(u)1: Leo" 5&C4a#ter & Klat 55& (u "o* 5 etc*d1 +" e#ri$area ti$#ului cro"olo'ic* 2" acet ca)& #ro#o)iia +"ce#e de o(icei cu #ro"u$ele it: It i tPooHcloc* It i i%e oHcloc 4ar#* Ete ora ci"ci i* Hcloc e oloete "u$ai cu ora ii e #oateo$ite: 4atH t4e ti$e W Ki%e*

3e"tru a i"dica raciu"ile de ore #." la Xi -u$tateY e $e"io"ea) "u$rul $i"utelor ur$at de #re#o)iia #at i de ora re#ecti%: It i te" 0$i"ute1 #at "i"e* Ete 0ora1 6 bi 5 0$i"ute1*Kraciu"ile +"tre -u$tate i ora ur$toare e redau +" li$(a e"'le) #u"."."d "u$rul $i"utelor&

 #re#o)iia to i a#oi ora: It i tPe"t 0$i"ute1 to i* Ete ae   ; 0de $i"ute1* It i a uarter toei'4t* Ete o#t   u" ert* It i i%e to ele%e"* Ete 55   ci"ci*

 pag: /5* 2" e"'le)a a$erica" e oloec i #re#o)iiile ater i (eore +" loc de #at i to: =: 5 It i te"0$i"ute1 ater =*=: It i tPe"t 0$i"ute1 (eore 6* iar #e"tru Xi -u$tateY e $e"io"ea) ora it4irt: =: ItH ei'4t t4irt*e1 #e"tru a i"dica u" "u$r de teleo"

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 Nu$erele de teleo" e citec cir  cu cir : 68;57 F i%e "i"e e%e" tPo o"e i9ac #ri$ele au ulti$ele dou cire u"t la el& e oloete cu%."tul dou(le: ;;= , dou(le tPo t4reeei'4t9

 Nu e oloete cu%."tul dou(le dac cirele di" $i-loc u"t aceleai: ; , t4ree o4 o4 o"e*1 +" e#ri$area o#eraiilor arti$etice2" acet ca) %er(ul #oate i oloit la i"'ular au #lural:; F 8 TPo #lu i%e i/are e%e"*8 , F Se%e" $i"u t4ree $ae/$ae our*'1 #e"tru e#ri$area %.rtei: OoP old are ou W C.i a"i ai W I a$ te" ear old* A$ )ece a"i*4&4& Numeralul or-inal "T#e Or-inal Numeral%

 Nu$eral ordi"al i"dic ordi"ea +" ti$# au +" #aiu a o(iectelor au a aciu"ilor: Oe Pa t4e irt toco$e* T4e eco"d 4oue roud t4e cor"er i $i"e*4&4&(& orma numeralului or-inal& Nu$eralele ordi"ale u"t alctuite di" ur$toarele ele$e"te:"u$eralul cardi"al& care #oate i co"iderat radicalul& articolul 4otr.t t4e& care #recede radicalul&iuiul ,t4& care e adau' la radical: , our , t4e out49 8 , e%e" , t4e e%e"t4*

 Nu$eralele ordi"ale de la 5 la au or$e care e a(at #ar ial de la aceat re'ul9 t4e irt& t4e eco"d&t4e t4ird*C.te%a "u$erale ordi"ale #re)i"t diiculti orto'raice* , t4e it4= , t4e ei'4t4

6 , t4e "i"t4 etc*La "u$eralele co$#ue& "u$ai ulti$ul "u$r #ri$ete ,t4: ;8 , t4e tPe"t,e%e"t49 ;7 , t4e tPo4u"dred a"d t4irt,it4*

 Nu$eralele ordi"ale cu#ri")."d cu%i"tele 4u"dred& t4oua"d& $illio" #ot i #recedate "u$ai de o"e& "ui de a& iar articolul 4otr.t #oate i o$i: t4e o"e 4u"dred a"d t4irt,eco"d*A(re%ierea "u$eralelor ordi"ale e ace #ri" adu'area ulti$elor dou litere la cir : 5t9 ;"d9 rd9 t49;5t etc*

 pag: /6 5 t4e irt t4e 5t 5 t4e itee"t4 t4e 5t4; t4e eco"d t4e ;"d 57 t4e itee"t4 t4e 57t4 t4e t4ird t4e rd 58 t4e e%e"tee"t4 t4e 58t4 t4e ourt4 t4e t4 5= t4e ei'4tee"t4 t4e 5=t4 t4e it4 t4e t4 56 t4e "i"etee"t4 t4e 56t4

7 t4e it4 t4e 7t4 ; t4e tPe"tiet4 t4e ;t48 t4e e%e"t4 t4e 8t4 ;5 t4e tPe"t,irt t4e ;5t= t4e ei'4t4 t4e =t4 t4e t4irtiet4 t4e t46 t4e "i"t4 t4e 6t4 5 t4e t4irt,irt t4e 5t5 t4e te"t4 t4e 5t4 ; t4e t4irt,eco"d t4e ;"d55 t4e ele%e"t4 t4e 55t4 t4e ortiet4 t4e t45; t4e tPelt4 t4e 5;t4 5 t4e 4u"dret4 t4e 5t45 t4e t4irtee"t4 t4e 5t4 55 t4e 4u"dreda"d irtt4e 55t5 t4e ourtee"t4 t4e 5t4 5 t4e o"et4oua"dt4t4e 5t4

4&4&& Întrebuin

area numeralului or-inal& 2" li$(a e"'le)

& "u$eralul ordi"al ete oloit:a1 la e#ri$area datei: A#ril ;t4& t4e ;t4 o A#ril*2" e#ri$area datei& "u$eralul ordi"al #oate i ae)at +"ai"te au du# "u$ele lu"ii*ac "u$eralul ordi"al #recede de"u$irea lu"ii& aceta ete ur$at de o: I Pa (or" o" t4e ;=t4 o A#ril567*ac "u$eralul ordi"al ete ae)at du# de"u$irea lu"ii& o ete o$i: A"" Pa (or" o" A#ril 0t4e1;=t4*2" e"'le)a a$erica" ordi"ea ete lu"a , data , a"ul*: *;*56=5 , Ma t4e ;"d56=5*

 (1 #e"tru a i"dica ordi"ea +"tr,o erie:t4e Seco"d orld a

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t4e t4ird actt4e te"t4 loor c1 #e"tru a e#ri$a re#etarea la i"ter%ale re'ulate: e%er eco"d da F do" dou +" dou )ile/la iecaredou )ile9 e%er t4ird $o"t4 F di" +" lu"i& o dat la lu"i*2" acete e#reii articolul t4e ete o$i*4&5& Numeralul )racionar "T#e ractional Numeral%

 Nu$eralul racio"ar arat u"a au $ai $ulte #i ale +"tre'ului: o"e& t4ird& t4ree te"t4*4&5&(& orma numeralului )racionar& Nu$eralele racio"are u"t redate u( or$a u"or racii*

 Nu$rul raciei ete e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" "u$eral cardi"al& iar "u$itorul #ri"tr,u" "u$eral ordi"al: 5/; Fa/o"e 4al F o -u$tate& o doi$e9 5// F a/o"e t4ird F o trei$e*

 pag: /7  Nu$itorul e citete la #lural c."d "u$torul e#ri$ o u"itate $ai $are de 5: ;/ tPo,t4ird9 /t4ree uarter/t4ree,ourt*Su(ta"ti%ul deter$i"at de o racie ordi"ar  ete la i"'ular:5/; 4our F 4al a" 4our9 / to" F t4ree uarter to"*Su(ta"ti%ul deter$i"at de "u$eralul 5 0o"e1 +$#reu" cu o racie ordi"ar  ete oloit la #lural +" cri&dar e citete la i"'ular du# +"tre' i la #lural du# racie: 5 / $ile , o"e $ile a"d t4ree uarterau o"e a"d t4ree uarter $ile*Su(ta"ti%ul deter$i"at de u" "u$eral $ai $are dec.t 5& +$#reu" cu o racie ordi"ar & e al+"totdeau"a la #lural: 5/; to" F our a"d o"e 4al to" au our a"d a 4al to"*

2" ca)ul racbiilor )eci$ale& +"tre'ul e de#arte de )eci$ale #ri"tr,u" #u"ct: *; F t4ree #oi"t tPo i%e* Nu$eralele +"ai"te de #u"ct e citec ca u" i"'ur "u$r& iar cele care ur$ea) #u"ctului& cir  cu cir :5=*8 F ei'4tee" #oi"t e%e" i%e*2" ca)ul racbiilor )eci$ale& )ero e citete "ou'4t +" A"'lia i )ero +" SUA : 5* F o"e #oi"t "ou'4ti%e 0+" #ro"u"area (rita"ic19 5* F o"e #oi"t )ero i%e 0+" #ro"u"area a$erica"1*Su(ta"ti%ul deter$i"at de o racie )eci$al e al la i"'ular c."d #artea +"trea' ete )ero i la #lural+" toate celelalte ca)uri: *8 $etre F "ou'4t #oi"t e%e" i%e o a $etre9 *; $etre F our #oi"t tPoi%e $etre*4&7& Numeralul colecti/ "T#e Collecti/e Numeral%

 Nu$eralul colecti% arat c o(iectele u"t co"iderate +" 'ru# i "u i)olat*4&7&(& orma numeralului colecti/& Nu$eralele colecti%e u"t: cou#le& #air& tea$& do)e"& core& oe*

 Nu$eralele cou#le& #air& tea$& oe "u$ec 'ru#e de doi: a cou#le o eco"d F dou ecu"de9 a #air o 4oe F o #erec4e de #a"toi9 tPo tea$ o cattle F dou #erec4i de %ite9 our oe o oe" F #atru

 #erec4i de (oi9 tPo #air01 o 4ore F dou #erec4i de cai* Nu$eralele do)e"& core "u$ec 'ru#e $ai $ari de doi: do)e" F du)i" tPo do)e" e''9 core F ;94al a core F 59 a core o #eo#le F dou)eci de oa$e"i*4&7&& Întrebuinarea numeralului colecti/& Ma-oritatea "u$eralelor colecti%e u"t oloite cau(ta"ti%e: I (ou'4t a "eP #air o 4oe eterda*

 Nu$eralel colecti%e e oloec la i"'ular c."d u"t #recedate de u" "u$eral cardi"al au "e4otr.t:tPo do)e" o e''& e%eral #air01 o 4oe*

 pag: /&C."d "u$eralele colecti%e "u u"t #recedate de u" "u$eral& i"diere"t dac tau i"'ure au u"t ur$atede #re#o)iia o& ele e oloec la #lural: T4e #u#il e"tered t4e claroo$ i" cou#le* I 4a%e aed 4i$a(out it do)e" o ti$e*4&9& Numeralul multiplicati/ "T#e Multiplicati/e Numeral%

 Nu$eralul $ulti#licati% arat $ura +" care crete o ca"titate 0dou(le t4e a$ou"t1 au o aciu"e

0A'ricultural out#ut 4a i"creaed i%e ti$e1*4&9&( orma numeralului multiplicati/& Nu$eralul $ulti#licati% are or$e dierite& +" u"cie de tilula$iliar& te4"ic& oicial etc* +" care el ete oloit*2" %or(irea cure"t& "u$eralele $ulti#licati%e de la 5 la au ur$toarele or$e: o"ce , odat9 tPice , dedou ori9 t4rice , de trei ori* 0Kor$a t4rice ete +"%ec4it1*e la "u$rul +" co"ti"uare& "u$eralele $ulti#licati%e co"i" +" tructura lor u" "u$eral cardi"alur$at de u(ta"ti%ul ti$e 0ori& di1: our ti$e& i%e ti$e& i ti$e etc*Kor$a cu ti$e ete oloiti +" locul lui t4rice: t4ree ti$e*2" tilul literar& te4"ic au oicial& e oloete "u$eralul $ulti#licati% or$at di" "u$eralul cardi"al iuiul ,old: tPoold& t4reeold& a 4u"dredold: a t4reeold ua"tit F o ca"titate tri#l*

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3e"tru u"itatea 5& or$a "u$eralului $ulti#licati% ete i"'le& iar #e"tru ; e oloete le l."' tPooldi or$a dou(le*4&9&& Întrebuinarea numeralului multiplicati/& Nu$eralul $ulti#licati% e oloete ca

 #redeter$i"a"t: dou(le t4e a$ou"t*au ca ad%er(: T4e rate o i"dutrial de%elo#$e"t 4a rie" t4ree ti$e* Rit$ul de)%oltrii i"dutriale acrecut de trei ori*4&:& Numeralul -i*tributi/ "T#e 1i*tributi/e Numeral%

 Nu$eralul ditri(uti% e#ri$ 'ru#area "u$eric a o(iectelor* (er%ai c.te%a $odaliti de a e#ri$aaceeai idee: tPo at a ti$e9 tPo ( tPo9 ( tPo9 tPo a"d tPo9 i" toP 0i" #air1:T4e #u#il let t4e claroo$ tPo ( tPo/i" tPo* Ele%ii au #it claa c.te doi* Oe ra" doP" t4reete# at ti$e* A co(or.t crile c.te trei odat*4&;& Numeralul a-/erbial "T#e A-/erbial Numeral%

 Nu$eralul ad%er(ial arat:a1 de c.te ori are loc o aciu"e: o"ce& tPice& t4ree ti$e 0t4rice19 te" ti$e& a 4u"dred ti$e9 (i9 o"ce$ore9 o"ce a'ai"9 tPice a at etc*T4e 4a%e E"'li4 tPice a Pee* Au e"'le)a de dou ori #e  #t$."* I told ou a 4u"dred ti$e "otto lie to $e* i,a$ #u de o ut de ori  "u $ $i"bi*E_ERCIIII* Citii +" li$(a e"'le) ur$toarele:a1 cire: 569;=9;9;697=*

 (1 a"i: 5=;59 5==9 59 5779 565=c1 ore: 55*9 5;*59 5*9 ;*9 *;*d1 "u$ere de teleo": 65*6*759 8*5=*9 77*57*9 6*==*5*e1 "u$erale ordi"ale i racio"are: rd9 =t49 ;t49 8t49 t49 6t49II* Scriei ur$toarele date:;*_*5669 5*II*56=9 5*V*569 ;*VIII*56III* Traducei +" li$(a e"'le):5* ; Ia"uarie i 5 ece$(rie u"t r(tori "aio"ale ale #o#orului "otru*;* ec4idei cartea la #a'i"a = i citii ca#itolul 5 +"c o dat** Locuiec #e trada S#iru Oaret "r* ** C.i a"i aiW A$ 5; a"i** La ora doui -u$tate iau auto(u)ul 5 i $ duc  %i)ite) e#o)iia*7* C.t cot o #erec4e de #a"toiW

8* A$ cu$#rat u"t& o du)i" de oui 5 '* de  i"*=* 2"tre )ece   )ece i )ece i )ece a%e$ #au)a $are*6* Te ate#t de $ai $ult de o -u$tate de or *5* A$ or$at *86*86*; i a#oi a$ ate#tat*55* Cred c a #lecat cu tre"ul de 7*

 #a': 5;65& Pronumele "T#e Pronoun%5&(& 1e)iniie3ro"u$ele:a1 re#re)i"t o cla etero'e"& u"ele #ro"u$e #ot +"locui u(ta"ti%e +" co$u"icare T4e $a" i 4ere9Oe i 4ere9 alte #ro"u$e dee$"ea) direct %or(itorul i aculttorul 0I& ou1 au dee$"ea) 'lo(al au

 #ar ial o(iecte au e"o$e"e 0all& eac419 (1 are cate'oriile 'ra$aticale de #eroa"& 'e"& "u$r i ca)9

c1 +"de#li"ete u"ciile i"tactice de u(iect& "u$e #redicati%& atri(ut a#o)iie& co$#le$e"t* #a': 55&&Rolul -e *ub*titut al pronumelui2" 'ra$atica tradiio"al& #ro"u$ele ete #artea de %or(ire care i"e locul u"ui u(ta"ti% au 'ru#"o$i"al:Jo#n is a stu"ent *De is a stu"ent.Peter an- Mar$ are stu"ents*T#o*e $oung people are stu"ents.T#e$ are stu"ents.

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3ro"u$ele re#re)i"t +" o cla etero'e"* U"ele #ro"u$e co"tituie u" utitut al u(ta"ti%ului 0he, she, it, they1& altele dee$"ea) direct %or(itorul i i"terlocutorul 0 $, you19 iar #ro"u$e ca all, eery,each dee$"ea) 'lo(al au #ar ial o(iecte i e"o$e"e*2" 'ra$atica tructuralit& e oloete ter$e"ul de substitut #e"tru cu%i"tele care #ot a#rea +" locul +"care a#ar u(ta"ti%ele au ter$e"ul de pro6)orm #e"tru toate acele cu%i"te care +"locuiec alte #i de%or(ire*5&0& Categoriile gramaticale ale pronumeluiU"ele #ro"u$e au cate'oriile 'ra$aticale de #eroa"& 'e"& "u$r i ca)*Cate'oria de #eroa" ete #eciic #ro"u$elui i %er(ului: #eroa"a I& a II,a& aIII,a: $ am ! %ou are ! 

 He is*Cate'oriile de 'e"& "u$r i ca) e +"t.l"ec i la u(ta"ti%& dar la #ro"u$e ele #re)i"t a"u$ite

 #articulariti*S#re deoe(ire de u(ta"ti%& #ro"u$ele are:a1 'e"ul $arcat doar la #eroa"a a III,a i"'ular: $aculi"/e$i"i"/"eutru: he!she!it.

 (1 "u$rul $arcat #ri" u#leti%i$ 0cu%i"te dierite1: $!we, he!they.c1 co"tratul +"tre ca)ul "o$i"ati%i acu)ati%/dati%: $!me, he!him, who!whom.Per*oana i numrul* 3ro"u$ele #ero"ale& relei%e i #oei%e au or$e diti"cte #e"tru #eroa"i"u$r:3eroa"a I i"'ular: $ myself mine

 #lural: we ourseles ours

3eroa"a a II,a i"'ular: you yourself yours #lural: you yourseles yours3eroa"a a III,a i"'ular: he himself his

 she herself hersit itself *

 #lural they themself theirsGenul* 3ro"u$ele #ero"ale& relei%e i #oei%e u"t $arcate or$al #e"tru 'e" la #eroa"a a III,ai"'ular:Maculi": He!him himself hisKe$i"i": she!her herself hers

 Neutru: it itself , pag: La #ro"u$ele relati%e eit o diti"cie +"tre #ro"u$ele #e"tru "u$e de #eroa"a 0who& whom1 i

 #e"tru "u$e de o(iecte au a"i$ale 0which1*Cazul* Su(ta"ti%ele i $a-oritatea #ro"u$elor +" li$(a e"'le) au dou ca)uri $arcate or$al: ca)ulco$u" 0"o$i"ati%& acu)ati%/dati%1 i ca)ul 'e"iti%:Baul comun: T#e po*tman is at the "oor *2omebo-$ is at the "oor *

 $ can see t#e po*tman at the "oor * $ can see *omebo-$ at the "oor *Baul geniti: T#e po*tman* bag 2omebo-$* bag 3ro"u$ele #ero"al i #ro"u$ele P4o au trei ca)uri $arcate or$al:"o$i"ati%ul& dati%/acu)ati% i 'e"iti%ul:

 No$i"ati%: $ we he she they whoati%/acu)ati%: me us him her them who3m#

Ge"iti%: my our his her their whoseCo"or$ tradiiei 'ra$aticale& #ro"u$ele #ero"al la ca)ul 'e"iti% ete cu"ocut u( "u$ele de ad-ecti% #oei%*5&4& Cla*i)icarea pronumelui3ro"u$ele or$ea) o cla etero'e"& deoarece "u toate #ro"u$ele au or$e leio"are #e"tru aceleaicate'orii 'ra$aticale*3ro"u$ele #ero"ale& relei%e i #oei%e u"t co"iderate ce"trale claei de #ro"u$e& ele a%."d or$editi"cte #e"tru #eroa"& 'e"& "u$r i ca)*Cla*i)icarea pronumelor8%3ro"u$ele ce"trale ,#ero"al

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,relei%,#oei%3ro"u$ele relati%3ro"u$ele i"tero'ati%3ro"u$ele de$o"trati%3ro"u$ele "e4otr.t #o)iti% u"i%eral *each*all ,eria eeryair$ati% *many, much, few, little, seeral, enough,one,eria some"eair$ati% ,eria any,either "e'ati% ,eria no,neither 

 pag: /5&5& unciile *intactice ale pronumelore re'ul #ro"u$ele +"locuiec u(ta"ti%ele* U"eori ele +" deter$i" u(ta"ti%ele*

C."d #ro"u$ele +"locuiete u" u(ta"ti%& e %or(ete de %aloarea u(ta"ti%al 0au #ro"o$i"al1 a #ro"u$elui& iar c."d aceta deter$i" u" u(ta"ti%& e %or(ete de#re %aloarea deter$i"a"t 0auad-ecti%al1 a #ro"u$elui*i" #u"ct de %edere al %alorii u(ta"ti%ale au de deter$i"a"t& #ro"u$ele +" li$(a e"'le) #ot a%ea:a1 "u$ai %aloare u(ta"ti%al: $, you, heF mine, yoursF somebo"y, something etc*

 (1 "u$ai %aloare de deter$i"a"t: eery, my, no, etc*c1 %aloare u(ta"ti%ali de deter$i"a"t: this!that, these!those, some!any etc*Valoarea u(ta"ti%ali cea deter$i"ati% co"iio"ea) u"ciile i"tactice ale #ro"u$elui* #ro"u$eleoloite ca deter$i"a"i "u #ot +"de#li"i dec.t u"cia i"tactic de atri(ut:M$ book is new*T#i* book is new*E/er$ book is new*

 #e c."d #ro"u$ele oloite cu %aloare u(ta"ti%al 0#ro"u$ele #ro#riu,)ie1 #ot +"de#li"i di%ere

u"cii i"tactice:u(iect: I am a member of the committee*"u$e #redicati%: He is always #im*el) *co$#le$e"t i"direct: 4how me your stamp collection, please*co$#le$e"t direct: he taught u* a lesson*co$#le$e"t #re#o)iio"al: He will talk about #im*el) *etc*3ro"u$ele relati%e i i"tero'ati%e +"de#li"ec i u"cia de $arc a u"or ra#orturi i"tactice& i"troduc."d

 #ro#o)iii ecu"dare +" ra): The man 3#o is speaking is our teacher. $ won"ere" 3#at he meant *5&7& Pronumele per*onal "T#e Per*onal Pronoun%3ro"u$ele #ero"al dee$"ea) #eroa"ele ce #ot a#rea +"tr,u" dialo' 0%or(itorul& i"terlocutorul1 au+"locuiete o(iectul de#re care e %or(ete& are cate'oriile 'ra$aticale de #eroa"& 'e"& "u$r i ca) i

 #oate +"de#li"i u"ciile i"tactice de u(iect& "u$e #redicati%& atri(ut& a#o)iie i co$#le$e"t*

3ro"u$ele #ero"al are or$e u#leti%e #e"tru cate'oriile 'ra$aticale de #eroa"& 'e"& "u$r i ca)*Acete cate'orii 'ra$aticale "u a#ar +" la toate or$ele #ro"u$elui #ero"al*5&7&(& Categoria per*oanei la pronumele per*onal& 2" li$(a e"'le) #ro"u$ele i %er(ul u"ti"'urele #i de %or(ire care au cate'oria 'ra$atical a #eroa"ei: I am a teacher * Eu u"t #roeor*De i* a chemist * El ete c4i$it*eoarece %er(ul ete $arcat de re'ul #e"tru #eroa" "u$ai la #eroa"a a III,a i"'ular& #ro"u$ele$."e i"'urul i"dicator al celorlalte #eroa"e*

 pag: e aceea #ro"u$ele #ero"al ete de o(icei $e"io"at la co$u"icare +" li$(a e"'le)& #re deoe(ire deli$(a ro$.": I speak nglish* 0Eu1 %or(ec e"'le)ete*

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Not: 2" li$(a e"'le)& #ro"u$ele I e crie +"totdeau"a cu liter  $are: Oe #ea E"'li4 (etter t4a" Ido*Co"or$ dei"iiei tradiio"ale& #eroa"a I dee$"ea) #eroa"a care %or(ete& #eroa"a a II,a &

 #eroa"a cu care e %or(ete& iar #ero"a a III,a i"dic #e cel de#re care e %or(ete*Not: Aceat dei"iie ete i"co$#let* 3ro"u$ele I dee$"ea) #e cel care %or(ete i care ace actulde %or(ire #oi(il*3ro"u$ele de #eroa"a a II,a you ete #eroa"a care rece#tea) dicurul*3ro"u$ele de #eroa"a a III,a he!they re#re)i"t $e$(rul "e$arcat al corelaiei* Acet #ro"u$e "u ace

 #oi(il +"ce#erea actului de %or(ire& ci de urarea lui lo'ic* He!they +"de#li"ete o u"cie a"aoric+" dicur& cea de reerire la ele$e"te de-a i"trodue +" dicur: Peter was ery tire" as #e ha" worke" har" all "ay*2" acet el& #ro"u$ele he!they "u e reer  la o #eroa" +" acelai $od ca i #ro"u$ele $ i you*3ro"u$ele #ero"ale +" li$(a e"'le) u"t oloite i cu %aloare 'e"eric 0 generic person1 *3ro"u$ele he!she ete oloit cu %aloare 'e"eric +" #ro#o)iii care e#ri$ u" ade%r u"i%eral: Dewho laughs last laughs best * Ci"e r.de la ur$ r.de $ai (i"e*2" ae$e"ea co"tete& %aloarea lui 4e ete cea a u"ui deter$i"a"t de$o"trati%: T#at one who***3ro"u$ele ou ete oloit i cu e"ul "edei"it de one: ou can neer tell * Nu e tie "iciodat*iar they& cu e"ul de Xoa$e"i +" 'e"eralY: T#e$ make bicycles in this factory*5&7&& Categoria genului la pronumele per*onale& 3ro"u$ele #ero"al are cate'oria 'ra$atical a'e"ului "u$ai la #eroa"a a III,a i"'ular:

 He ete oloit #e"tru a +"locui "u$e de #eroa"e de e (r(tec:Tom ?ro3n = De is the centre forwar".2#e ete +"tre(ui"at #e"tru "u$e de #eroa"e de e e$eiec: ?arbara = 2#e is my sister *

 $t +"locuiete "u$e de o(iecte au de a"i$ale: T#e -og = It barke" when the 9uests came* Not: He!she u"t oloite #e"tru a +"locui i u"ele u(ta"ti%e a"i$ate au i"a"i$ate& care u"t de o(icei"eutre: T#e *#ip/2#e 4a alread arri%ed*2" li$(a e"'le)& #ro"u$ele #e"tru #eroa"a a III,a #lural they "u are or$e diti"cte #e"tru 'e"& ca +"li$(a ro$."b:T#e girl* are here*Ketele u"t aici*T#e$ are here*Ele u"t aici*

T#e bo$* haen2t come yet *ieii "u au %e"it +"c*T#e$ haen2t come yet *Ei "u au %e"it +"c*T#e*e bir"s are ery pretty*Acete #ri u"t oarte ru$oae*T#e$ are ery pretty.Ele u"t oarte ru$oae*

 pag: 15&7&0& Categoria numrului la pronumele per*onal 3ro"u$ele #e"tru #eroa"a I #lural we "ure#re)i"t $ai $uli de $ ci $ G he:Ban 3e come at eight WBan #e an- I come at eight W

Aceat +"tre(ui"are a lui we ete cu"ocut u( de"u$irea de e?clusie XPeY* alt u"cie a #ro"u$elui we ete de a i"clude i #e aculttor 0inclusie XPeY F $ G you1:ell, how are 3e feeling to"ay WEi& cu$ "e $ai i$i$ at)i WNot: e #oate i oloit atel de ctre u" doctor& o #roeoar  au o or  $edical care e adreea)u"ui co#il& #e"tru a crea u" e"ti$e"t de olidaritate +"tre %or(itori aculttor*Kor$a you ete oloit at.t #e"tru #eroa"a a II,a i"'ular& c.ti #e"tru #eroa"a a II,a #lural: $ tol" $ou to sit "own* V,a$ /i,a$ #u  tai -o*3luralul #eroa"ei a II,a ete de ae$e"ea u" #lural i"clui% ca i la #eroa"a I: %or(itorul re#re)e"tat

 #ri" $ au i"terlocutorul& re#re)e"tat #ri" you +i aocia) celelalte #eroa"e ale dialo'ului: we $ G he

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3G you# you you G 3G you#.oar #luralul #eroa"ei a III,a re#re)i"t u" #lural #ro#riu,)i: they he G he G he.Not: 2" li$(a e"'le) "u eit #ro"u$e de #olitee ca +" li$(a ro$."* %ou #oate +"e$"a at.t tu, oic.t i "umneata, "umneaoastr & +" u"cie de co"tet* La el he, she #ot +"e$"a el, ea au "umnealui,"umneaei*5&7&4& Categoria cazului la pronumele per*onal& 3ro"u$ele #ero"al are or$e #e"tru ca)ul"o$i"ati%i #e"tru dati%/acu)ati% 0cu ece#ia lui youi it 1:

 No$i"ati%: ati%/Acu)ati%3eroa"a I i"'ular: $ me3eroa"a I #lural: we us3eroa"a a II,a i"'ular/#lural: you you3eroa"a a III,a i"'ular: he him

 she her it it 3eroa"a a III,a #lural: they them*7** Ku"ciile i"tactice ale #ro"u$elui #ero"al* 3ro"u$ele #ero"al ete oloit +"totdeau"a cu%aloare u(ta"ti%al* #ro"u$ele #ero"al +"de#li"ete $ai $ulte u"cii i"tactice& du# ca)ul +" care eal:a1 "o$i"ati%: , u(iect , Oe is a stu"ent., "u$e #redicati% , $t is #e who "i" it.

 (1 dati%: co$#le$e"t i"direct , Ban you tell me a story >c1 acu)ati%: , co$#le$e"t direct , $ like #er&, co$#le$e"t #re#o)iio"al , =ook at t#em

 pag: 55&9& Pronume re)le+i/ "T#e Re)le+i/e Pronoun%3ro"u$ele relei% +"locuiete o(iectul au#ra cruia e eecit aciu"ea %er(ului i care ete ide"tic cuu(iectul %er(ului9 are cate'oriile 'ra$aticale de #eroa"& 'e"& "u$r i ca) i +"de#li"ete u"cia deco$#le$e"t& "u$e #redicati% au a#o)iie**8*5* Cate'oriile 'ra$aticale ale #ro"u$elui relei%* 3ro"u$ele relei% #re)i"t ur$toarele

 #articulariti +" ceea ce #ri%ete cate'oriile 'ra$aticale de #eroa"& 'e"& "u$r i ca):a1 are #eroa"a I& a II,a& aIII,a& ca i #ro"u$ele #ero"al i cel #oei%9

 (1 are or$e diti"cte de 'e" "u$ai la #eroa"a a III,a i"'ular:$aculi": 4i$el 

e$i"i": 4erel "eutru: itel c1 are ter$i"aia ,el la i"'ular i ,el%e la #lural*3eroa"a Si"'ular 3lural3eroa"a I myself ourself 3eroa"a a II,a yourself yourself 3eroa"a aIII,a:$aculi" himself e$i"i" herself themseles"eutru itself 5&9&& Întrebuinarea pronumelui re)le+i/& 3ro"u$ele relei% ete oloit $ai ale +" #ro#o)iii +" careco$#le$e"tul direct au #re#o)iio"al ete ide"tic cu u(iectul*A1 Atel& #ro"u$ele relei% +"de#li"ete +" #ri"ci#al u"cia de co$#le$e"t direct al u"or %er(e

tra")iti%e* i" #u"ct de %edere al relei%itii& %er(ele +" li$(a e"'le) e +$#art +":a1 %er(e ur$ate +" $od o(li'atoriu de #ro"u$e relei%e ca: absent oneself 3from#, aail oneself 3of#,behae oneself, busy oneself 3with#, pri"e oneself 3on#:Oe (uied 4i$el Pit4 4i #a#er* I #ride $el o" $ cooi"'* Be4a%e ourel !

 (1 %er(e care #ot i ur$ate au "u de u" #ro"u$e relei%& +"tre cele dou +"tre(ui"ri eit."d diere"ede e": apply 3oneself#, aail 3oneself# con"uct 3oneself#, "epart 3oneself#:Oe a##lied 4i$el to t4e ta* A de#u toate eorturile #e"tru +"de#li"irea arci"ii* Oe a##lied or a -o(*A  cut o cerere de er%iciu*c1 %er(e du# care #ro"u$ele relei% e #oate o$ute   a #roduce $odiicri   e": a";ust, comb,"ress, 9ualify, shae, wash:

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S4e Pe"t i"to t4e (at4roo$ a"d Pa4ed 4erel*S4e Pe"t i"to t4e (at4roo$ a"d Pa4ed*

 pag: 6 B1 3ro"u$ele relei% ete oloit ca #arte a u"ui co$#le$e"t #re#o)iio"al& c."d co$#le$e"tul

 #re#o)ii"al ete aceeai #eroa" cu u(t"ati%ul: Loo ater ourel& Pill ou* Tae care o ourel*S4e looed at 4erel i" t4e $irror* I do"Ht "oP P4at to do Pit4 $el*Atenie 5* 2" co"truciile #re#o)iio"ale care e#ri$ relaii #aiale +"tre ele$"te co"crete& eoloete #ro"u$ele #ero"al +" ca)ul acu)ati%& c4iar dac co$#le$e"tul #re#o)iio"al ete aceeai

 #eroa" cu u(iectul: I 4a%e "o (oo o" $e* e 4a%e t4e P4ole Pee (eore u* S4e looed a(out4er*;* 3ro"u$ele relei% ete oloit +" ae$e"ea ca)uri doar cu %aloare e$oio"alb: S4e Pa (eide 4erel Pit4 ra'e** Eiti ituaii +" care u)a-ul ocilea) +"tre #ro"u$ele relei% i cel #ero"al: Oe cloed t4e door 

 (e4i"d 4i$0el1* S4e 'at4ered t4e c4ildre" arou"d 4er0el1*3ro"u$ele relei% are "u$ai %aloare u(ta"ti%al* El #oate +"de#li"i ur$toarele u"cii i"tactice:, co$#le$e"t direct: S4e 4el#ed #er*el) to a"ot4er #iece o cae*, co$#le$e"t i"direct: Oe alloPed #im*el) a (rea*, co$#le$e"t #re#o)iio"al: I looed at m$*el) i" t4e $irror*, "u$e #redicati%: S4e i alPa #er*el)&5&9&0& Pronumele -e .ntrire "T#e Emp#atic Pronoun%& 3ro"u$ele relei%e e oloec:

a1 ca #ro"u$e relei%e 0"o",e$#4atic ue1: Oel# ourel ! Ser%ete,te* (1 ca #ro"u$e de +"trire 0e$#4atic ue1: Oel# 4er ourel* A-ut,o tu +"ui*3ro"u$ele de +"trire u(li"ia) #artici#area la aciu"e a %or(itorului& a i"terlocutorului au a o(iectuluide#re care e %or(ete& are cate'oriile 'ra$aticale de #eroa"& 'e"& "u$r i ca) i +"de#li"ete u"ciai"tactic de a#o)iie*3ro"u$ele de +"trire e u(ordo"ea) direct u"ui #ro"u$e #ero"al au u"ui u(ta"ti%:Oe 4i$el a"Pered t4e #u#ilH uetio"*T4e cie"tit 4i$el a"Pered t4e #u#ilH uetio"*3o)iia "e$arcat a #ro"u$elor de +"trire ete i$ediat du# #ro0"u$ele1 #e care,l u(li"ia): T4e

 #u#il t4e$el%e Pored i" t4e c4ool 'arde"*C."d 0#ro1"u$ele +"oit de #ro"u$e de +"trire ete u(iectul #re#o)iiei& #ro"u$ele de +"trire e

 #oate ae)a:, la +"ce#utul #ro#o)iiei: T4e (o 4i$el dreP t4e $a#*

, la .r itul #ro#o)iiei: T4e (o dreP t4e $a# 4i$el*3ro"u$ele de +"trire ete acce"tuat +" %or(ire*Ka#tul c #ro"u$ele de +"trire de#i"de +"totdeau"a de u" u(ta"ti% au #ro"u$e +i co"er  acetuia%aloare ad-ecti%al*3ro"u$ele de +"trire +"de#li"ete u"cia i"tactic de a#o)iie: T4e 4ead$ater 4i$el 4el#ed t4e

 #u#il*C."d ete #recedat de #re#o)iia (& o au or& #ro"u$ele de +"trire are e"ul de i"'ur& i"'ur &i"'uri& i"'ure:I $ade t4e dre ( $el* T4e 'la craced o itel* I Pa"t to ee or $el*

 pag: 7 5&:& Pronumele po*e*i/ "T#e Po**e**i/e Pronoun%3ro"u$ele #oei% +"locuiete at.t "u$ele o(iectului #oedat c.t i al #oeorului& are cate'oriile'ra$aticale de #eroa"& 'e"& "u$r i ca) i #oate +"de#li"i u"ciile i"tactice de u(iect& "u$e

 #redicati%& atri(ut& a#o)iie& co$#le$e"t*Kor$ele #ro"u$elui #oei% u"t:3eroa"a I i"'ular $i"e

 #lural our3eroa"a aII,a i"'ular/#lural our3eroa"a aIII,a $aculi" i"'ular 4i #lural t4eire$i"i" i"'ular 4er #lural t4eirI t4i our #e"cil W No& itH "o $i"e* A Mar i i 4er* I it our& Mar WAte"ie! 3ro"u$ele #oei%e 0%e)i ee$#lele de $ai u1 "u deter$i" u(ta"ti%e ca ad-ecti%ele

 #oei%e& ci le +"locuiec* (er%ai $ai -o diere"a di"tre ad-ecti%ul i #ro"u$ele #oei% i #ro"u$ele

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 #ero"al +" ca)ul dati%/acu)ati%Ad-ecti%e #oei%e 3ro"u$e #oei%e 3ro"u$e #ero"alItD $ car ItD $i"e It (elo"' to $eItD our car ItD our It (elo"' to ouItD 4i car ItD 4i It (elo"' to 4i$ItD 4er car ItD 4er It (elo"' to 4er ItD it car ,, It (elo"' to itItD our car ItD our It (elo"' to uItD our car ItD our It (elo"' to ouItD t4eir car ItD t4eir It (elo"' to t4e$5&;& Pronumele interogati/ "T#e Interrogati/e Pronoun%3ro"u$ele i"tero'ati% i"e locul& +" #ro#o)iii i"tero'ati%e& cu%i"telor ate#tate ca r #u" la +"tre(are&

 #oate a%ea cate'oria 'ra$atical de ca) i +"de#li"ete u"cia i"tactic de u(iect& co$#le$e"t auu"cia de $arc& i"troduc."d #ro#o)iii u(ordo"ate +" ra)* 3ro"u$ele i"tero'ati%e #ot i oloite:a1 "u$ai ca #ro"u$e: 4o i 4e W

 (1 "u$ai ca deter$i"a"i: 4at i"d o $a" i 4e Wc1 ca #ro"u$e au ca deter$i"a"i: 4at do ou Pa"t W 4at (oo do ou Pa"t W3ro"u$ele i"tero'ati%e u"t #eciali)ate:P4o ete oloit #e"tru ii"e&P4at #e"tru lucruri

P4ic4 #e"tru ii"e i lucruri&4oP $uc4 #e"tru ca"titi&4oP $a" #e"tru "u$r&P4at i"d o #e"tru caliti etc*

 pag: &i" #u"ct de %edere al leiu"ii& P4o are or$e deoe(ite #e"tru iecare ca)* Celelalte #ro"u$ei"tero'ati%e u"t i"%aria(ile*O are ur$toarele or$e: N*: ho > ci"e9 : 3to# whom F cui W4o e reer  "u$ai la #eroa": 4o did ou $eet WKor$a P4oe e #oate reeri i la lucruri i a"i$ale:A: 4oe ood i t4i WB: ItH t4e do'H ood*4o$ ete oloit $ai ale du# #re#o)iii: B P4o$ Pa t4e #oe$ Pritte" W 2" %or(irea cure"t& P4o

ete oloit +" locul lui P4o$& iar #re#o)iia e a la .r itul #ro#o)iiei:4o Pa t4e #oe$ Pritte" ( WNot: Atu"ci c."d P4o +"de#li"ete u"cia de u(iect& el ete ur$at de u" %er( la i"'ular: >#o is

 speaking W dar atu"ci c."d +"de#li"ete u"cia de co$#le$e"t acordul cu %er(ul e ace +" "u$r: >#ois waiting )orW >#o are they waiting )orWHT ca #ro"u$e i"tero'ati% e reer  la u(ta"ti%e au +"locuitori ai acetora de orice 'e"& #recu$ ila #ro#o)iii +"tre'i:>#at is she W >#at is the meaning of this wor" W>#at "i" he tell you W

 Not: Atu"ci c."d P4at +"de#li"ete u"cia i"tactic de u(iect& %er(ul ete la i"'ular: >#at ishappening hereW 0Ce e +"t.$#l aiciW1 dar c."d +"de#li"ete u"cia de co$#le$e"t& acordul cu %er(ule ace +" "u$r: >#at are they "oing W 0Ce ace eiW1hat e traduce +" li$(a ro$." #ri":

a1 CE& atu"ci c."d e #reu#u"e u" r #u" #ri" care e arat #roeiu"ea au u"cia: >#at is your  father W >#at are you W (1 CARE: >#at are the "ays of the week W >#at is your faourite game Wc1 CT: >#at time is it What i$#lic o elecie di"tr,u" "u$r "edei"it de o(iecte: >#at books "o you like best WOICO ca #ro"u$e i"tero'ati% ete u" "o$i"ati%: >#ic# is shorter, Aetty or Iane W au u" acu)ati%:>#ic# of these books "o you prefer Which i$#lic elecia di"tr,u" "u$r li$itat de o(iecte: >#ic# of the two "resses will you take W>#ic# of the girls "o you like WC."d #ro"u$ele au ad-ecti%ul i"tero'ati% ete +"oit de o #re#o)iie aceata +l #recede +" li$(a cri:

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rom 3#at country "oes she come W2" %or(irea cure"t& #re#o)iia e aea) la .r itul #ro#o)iiei:>#at country "oes she come )rom W5&('& Pronumele relati/ "T#e Relati/e Pronoun%*5*5* 3ro"u$ele relati% e reer  la u" u(ta"ti% au +"locuitor al acetuia care a ot de-a $e"io"at iel ace le'tura +"tre #ro#o)iia +" care e ali cea #e care o +"oeate: $ know people 3#o "on2t likethis writer *

 $ know people t#at "on2t like this writer * pag: -3ro"u$ele relati%e u"t: who, which i that *ho& /Ac* who3m#, G* whose e reer  la u" u(ta"ti% au +"locuitor de 'e" $aculi" au e$i"i":The girl 3#o sang is my cousin*  carpenter is a man 3#o makes chairs an" tables* He is a writer 3#o*e works are ery well*known*hich& whose e reer  la u(ta"ti%e de 'e"ul "eutru: Tom is wearing a coat 3#ic# is too large for him*The trees& 3#o*e leaes are yellow an" re" *** Co#acii& ale cror ru")e u"t 'al(e"e i roii***That e reer  la u(ta"ti%e& i"diere"t de 'e" i ca):The "og t#at ran across the street is mine*The "og 3#ic# ran across the street is mine*The man t#at showe" you the way is ery ol" *

The man 3#o showe" you the way is ery ol" *Not: 3ro"u$ele relati%e i #ro"u$ele i"tero'ati%e P4o& P4ic4 i P4at e #ot aocia cu ad%er(ele e%er i oe%er #e"tru a or$a #ro"u$e relati%e& re#ecti% #ro"u$e i"tero'ati%e co$#ue:whoeer f #e orici"e* >#oe/er comes must wait here* rici"e %i"e tre(uie  ate#te aici*whicheer , #e oricare* He will take 3#ic#e/er is his* /2l %a lua #e oricare ete a/al lui*5&('&& Întrebuinarea pronumelui relati/& ho, whom, whose i"troduc +"deoe(i #ro#o)iii relati%edecri#ti%e 0#ro#o)iii care aduc i"or$aii u#li$e"tare& "eee"iale& de#re a"tecede"t1: <y wife& to3#om you were speaking ;ust now, wants you to come to "inner * Soia $ea& creia +i %or(eai acu$&dorete  %ii la "oi la $a*Acete #ro"u$e relati%e #ot i"troducei #ro#o)iii relati%e retricti%e 0#ro#o)iii care aduc i"or$aiia(olut "eceare #e"tru clariicarea e"ului1: The boy 3#o threw the stone will be punishe" *hich i"troduce at.t #ro#o)iii relati%e decri#ti%e 0a1 c.t i retricti%e 0(1:a1 4wimming & 3#ic# is an en;oyable sport, makes people strong an" healthy*

 (1 The glass 3#ic# you are "rinking out of has ;ust been washe" *That e oloete "u$ai +" #ro#o)iii retricti%e: The chair t#at was broken yester"ay has been men"e".3ro"u$ele relati%e who, which, th e o$it +" #ro#o)iiile retricti%e c."d e 'ec +" ca)ul acu)ati%: The

 girl 03#o"m%% you hae ;ust met is my niece. The magaine 0t#at1 you lent me is ery interesting.5&('&0& !ocul pronumelui relati/* 3ro"u$ele relati% tre(uie ae)at& #e c.t #oi(il& l."' a"tecede"tulu* Nere#ectarea acetei re'uli #oate da "atere la co"u)ii: He met the girl in the street t#at youknow* A +"t.l"it ata #e trada #e care o cu"oti* $n the street, he met the girl t#at you know* A +"t.l"itata #e care o cu"oti #e trad*C."d #ro"u$ele relati% +" acu)ati% ete +"oit de o #re#o)iie& aceata ete ae)at +"ai"tea #ro"u$eluirelati% +" li$(a cri* 2" e#ri$area a$iliar & #ro"u$ele relati% e o$ite de o(iecei& iar #re#o)iia eea) du# %er( au co$#le$e"tul direct: This is the man to 3#om $ gae the parcel 0cri1* This isthe man 03#om1 $ gae the parcel to 0a$iliar1*

 pag: 10

5&((& Pronumele ne#otrt "T#e In-e)inite Pronoun%5&((&(& 3ro"u$ele "e4otr.t dee$"ea) 'lo(al 0all 1 au #ar ial 0each, either 1 o(iecte au e"o$e"e*3ro"u$ele "e4otr.te u"t oloite:a1 "u$ai ca #ro"u$e:There is *omebo-$ here.There is *omet#ing here*None of them was in time*

 (1 ca deter$i"a"i au #ro"u$e: $2e got *ome* $2e got *ome nglish books*

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The teacher talke" with eac# parent *The teacher talke" with eac# of them."N%eit#er boy can "o it *"N%eit#er of you can "o it *All chil"ren are here*All of them are here*5&((&& Întrebuinarea pronumelor ne#otrte& 2ome F ce%a& "ite& #ui"& #ui"& u"ii& u"ele& c.i%a&c.te%a& %reu"& %reo& e +"tre(ui"ea) +" #ro#o)iii aor$ati%e i i"dic eite"a u"ui "u$r retr. delucruri& ii"e& a u"ei ca"titi retr."e* Ete oloit cu u(ta"ti%e "u$ra(ile la #lural i cu u(ta"ti%e"e"u$ra(ile la i"'ular: There are *ome on his "esk. 4he bought *ome*4ome #oate i oloit +" #ro#o)iii i"tero'ati%e:a1 c."d Pe #u"e acce"tul #e o #arte di" o(iectul au o(iectele $e"io"ate: i" you rea" *ome of thebooks the teacher recommen"e" W

 (1 +" #ro##o)iiile +" care e oer  ce%a: ill you hae *ome Wc1 c."d +"tre(area "u e reer  la o$e: i" you ask father to gie me *ome WAn$ F %reu"& %reo& "ici u"0ul1& "ici o& "ici u"a e +"tre(ui"ea):a1 +" #ro#o)iii air$ati%e cu e"ul: oricare& orice: An$ of you coul" answer this 9uestion.

 (1 +" #ro#o)iii i"tero'ati%e i "e'ati%e: Hae you got an$ W $ haen2t got an$* Co$#uii lui some, anyi no 0no ete oloit doar ca deter$i"a"t u"t #ro"u$e "e4otr.te:

 somebo"y!someone * anybo"y!anyone * nobo"y!no one none

 something * anything * nothing Acetea u"t oloite "u$ai ca #ro"u$e* Nu #ot i oloite i ca deter$i"a"i:

 $ saw *omebo-$ in your room* $ saw *omet#ing in your room* $ saw nobo-$ in your room* $ saw not#ing in your room.3e"tru +"tre(ui"area co$#uilor lui some, any, no& +" #ro#o)iii air$ati%e& i"tero'ati%e i "e'ati%e*Eac# e reer  la $e$(rii u"ui 'ru# luai i"di%idual: Eac# of them wante" to try* Kiecare 0di"tre ei1dorea  +"cerce*

 pag: 1Eit#er 0or$a "e'ati% neit#er1 F iecare 0"ici u"ul1 di" doi ete oloit $ai ale +" #ro#o)iiii"tero'ati%ei "e'ati%e: Hae you seen eit#er of them W L,ai %)ut #e %reu"ul di"tre ei 0doi1 W2" #ro#o)iii air$ati%e& eit4er are e"ul de orici"e& oricare: Eit#er of you can "o it * ricare di"tre %oi

0doi1 #oate ace acet lucru*E/er$ ete oloit doar ca deter$i"a"t: E/er$ pupil must "o his homework * Co$#uii lui e%er +" u"toloii doar ca #ro"u$e "e4otr.te: E/er$bo-$ is present * Toi u"t #re)e"i* $ hae e/er$t#ing $ nee" * A$ tot ce,$i tre(uie*All F tot& toat& toi& toate& e#ri$ totalitatea lucrurilor au ii"elori +"locuiete u(ta"ti%ele"u$ra(ile la #lural: $2e rea" them all* Le,a$ citit #e toate*au u(ta"ti%e "e"u$ra(ile la i"'ular: $2e rea" all about this sub;ect * A$ citit tot +"( le'tur  cuacet u(iect*All #oate i oloit i ca #redeter$i"a"t: +ie me all the books $ nee" *2" %or(irea cure"t& all ete +"locuit de o(icei de eerybo"y au eerything & +" u"cie de e": All arehere F E/er$bo-$ is here* Tell me all about it F Tell me e/er$t#ing about it.One F u"& u"ul& u"a ci"e%a& are o i"'ur  or$& i"diere"t de 'e"& "u$r i ca): There were two womenin the room: one was young an" one was ol" *

Jne cu %aloare i$#ero"al e +"tre(ui"ea) +" e" oarte 'e"eral: One shoul" always perform his"uty* Tre(uie +"totdeau"a i aci datoria*Jne e acord cu he, she, it i cu or$ele core#u")toare: his, him, her etc*: One of the boys sai" #ewoul" stay at home*5&(& Pronumele negati/ "Negati/e Pronoun*%3ro"u$ele "e4otr.te cu e" "e'ati% u"t co"iderate de u"ii autori o cla a#arte de #ro"u$e ,

 #ro"u$ele "e'ati%e*3ro"u$ele "e'ati%e dee$"ea) li#a o(iectelor au a e"o$e"elor* Koloirea lor eclude eite"a altor "e'aii +" #ro#o)iie* 3ro"u$ele "e'ati%e u"t: nobo"y, no one 0"i$e"i1& none 0"ici u"ul1& neither 0"iciu"ul di" doi1& nothing 0"i$ic1: Neit#er of the is right * Nici u"ul di"tre ei 0doi1 "u are dre#tate* hat 

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hae you bought W Not#ing* Ce,ai cu$#rat W Ni$ic*E_ERCISESI* Bompletai punctele cu a";ectiul sau pronumele posesi necesar:5* Bett ca"Ht eat*****(irt4da cae alo"e* ;* T4i i "ot $ (oo9 itH****** 3eter&*****roo$ i o" t4elet&****** i o" t4e ri'4t* * ?a"e& ou $ut 'o a"d Pa4***ace* * g claroo$ i u""9 Pe lie it* 7*?ac i %er (ri'4t or g a'e* 8* Oe $a tae t4e (all& itH g =* T4ee record (elo"' to t4e$* T4eareg 6* T4at i $ (oo& (ut t4i i "otg 5* I "eeded a" u$(rella a"d I aed Alice i I could

 (orroPg pag: 1/II*  spun"ei la urmtoarele Cntrebri. 'olosii pronumele $ ca subiect, Cnlocuii substnatiele cu

 pronumele: <o"el : 4o le"t t4e (oo to t4at tude"t W $ lent it to him*5* 4o told t4e tor to t4e c4ildre"W ;* 4o Prote t4e letter to Mr 4iteW * 4o e"t t4e #ree"t toBo(W * 4o (ou'4t t4e (oo or ?a"e W * 4o 'a%e t4e a##le to t4e (oW 7* 4o e#lai"ed t4eleo" to t4e "eP tude"tW 8* 4o 4oPed t4e toP" to t4e touriteW

 $$$. 'olosii forma corect  a pronumelui:5* Loo& t4ereH 'eor'e* 4o i"%ited*****W;* T4e ilo" a"d I decided to a 4i$*****t4ou'4t 4e Pould e"-o it** IH$ looi"' or $ trouer* Oa%e ou ee"****W* oe our (o rie"d #ea E"'li4W*****4ould tud it i 4e doe"Ht*

* T4e Peat4er i 'etti"' colder* g Po"Ht i$#ro%e or t4e "et tPo or t4ree da7* Oa%e ou read t4i (ooW g i %er i"tereti"'*8* S4e i a "ice 'irl* o ou "oP gW=* e oered A"" o$e loPer*6* S4e i"%ited g to 4er (irt4da #art*IV* Bompletai spaiile punctate cu pronume relatie acolo un"e este caul:5* T4e 'irl**** i itti"' at t4e de i our t#it*;* T4e (oo***** 4e i readi"' 4a (ee" #u(li4ed rece"tl** T4at i t4e $a"****** 4el#ed t4e c4ild cro t4e treet** I t4i t4e Po$a"**** old ou t4e E"'li4 dictio"arW* I do"Ht re$e$(er t4e -oeg 4e told u*7* T4at i a tude"tgalPa 'et ecelle"t $ar*8* Oe i t4e oot(all #laergcored t4ree 'oal*

=* I t4i t4e 4oueg Pa (uilt ( our (rot4erWV* Tra"ucei Cn limba engle:Birici 3oli"a r $aer * 2i luar  ecerile #e u$r i #or"ir  a$."doi #re locurile lui Tudor Blou* 3edru$& 3oli"a +i #ue di" "ou c "u e #oate a-u"'e la o +"ele'ere cu tatl ei dac au  tea i ,lte#te #e el  e +$#ace* Ea +l cu"oate $ai (i"e* 3$."tul tre(uie luat cu or a* Biric +i r #u"e corice lucru e #oate lua cu or a cu$ ar i  )ice$ u" cal& o cru& o %it9 +l iai cu or a i +l duci cu ti"e*ar #$."tul ",ai cu$ ,l iai* 3e"tru #$."t tre(uie or$e la "otariat i "u$ai atu"ci #oi  )ici c eal tu* S#u"."du,I acet lucru& Biric +ii atrae luarea a$i"te c.t e ea de #roat c."d +i +"c4i#uie c "u,a '."dit la toate elurile la ituaia lor* 3oli"a r #u"e ctie ea de or$e& c4iar $ai $ult dec.t credeel* i a"u$e c dac te oloeti de u" lucru $ai $uli a"i i aduci $artori c at.ia a"i lucrul acela a otal tu& #oi ,I aci or$e c e al tu& c4iar dacla "u %rea* Biric +i decrei ru"tea i #ue cu $ult$irarei ad$iraie c )u& a dracului "aie de $uiere $ai ete ea* 3oli"a e  cu roie au)i"du,l cu$ olaudi +i r #u"e c cu alde tat,u ea i,a luat '."dul de la o$e"ie* Nu tre(uie  $ai trice o$e"ia

 #e ei* C.t a ot at $are "u i,a cu$#rat "ici o a& "ici u" #etic& a u$(lat decul la 4or 9 el& Biric&cu"oate i el (i"e #o%etea ata** Ar tre(ui  +"elea' c altce%a "u $ai e de  cu* Merer  $ult +"cere i el "u,i r #u"e dec.t t.r)iu* 2i atrae luarea a$i"te c tatl ei +l #oate da +" -udecat* 2l d +"

 -udecati iee r u* 3oli"a +l +"treru#e #u"."d c ata ",are  +"dr )"eac el ,o ac* Ea ,a $ritati are dre#tul la #$."tul #e care l,a $u"cit* i dac tatl ei are  ac #roce are  ai( ea 'ri- ,icoat #roceul #e "a*0 <arin Pre"a * <oromeii1

 pag: 17& A-<ecti/ul "T#e A-<ecti/e%7&(& 1e)iniie

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Ad-ecti%ul ete #artea de %or(ire care:a1 e#ri$ o calitate a u"ui o(iect 0an intere*ting lecture, on ol- man19

 (1 are cate'oria 'ra$atical a co$#araiei: He is taller than his brother *c1 +"de#li"ete u"ciile i"tactice de atri(ut& a#o)iie& "u$e #redicati%& ele$e"t #redicati% u#li$e"tar*7&& Comparaia a-<ecti/elor "T#e Comrari*on o) A-<ecti/e*%S#re deoe(ire de li$(a ro$."& u"de ad-ecti%ul are leiu"e de 'e"& "u$r i ca) i co$#araie&ad-ecti%ul di" li$(a e"'le) "u e c4i$( du# 'e"& "u$r i ca)* Si"'urul $od de $arcare or$alete co$#araia:u" ele% i"teli'e"t,a cle/er schoolboyo ele i"teli'e"t , a cle/er schoolgirl ele%i i"teli'e"i , cle/er schoolchil"renLecia a doua ete $ai 'rea dec.t #ri$a lecie* , =esson / is more -i))icult than =esson .Co"i"ul cate'oriei 'ra$aticale a co$#araiei co"t +" a#tul c la o(iectele di" lu$ea +"co"-ur toarecalitile #ot a#rea +" $ur  e'al: The <aths teacher is a* ol- a* the Psysics teacher *au +" $ur  i"e'al: The maths teacher is ol-er t#an the Pasysics teacher *Cate'oria 'ra$atical a co$#araiei ete co"creti)at +" li$(a e"'le) ca i +" li$(a ro$."& +" trei'rade de co$#araie:Gradul #o)iti% "e$arcat arat #re)e"a "or$al a u"ei caliti a o(iectelor&   a e ace %reoco$#araie:

 He is tall* 4he is beauti)ul*Gradul co$#arati% co$#ar  dou o(iecte& i"dic."d #re)e"a calitii la o(iectele co$#arate +" $ur e'al 0co$#arati%ul de e'alitate: He is a* tall a* his sister 1 au +" $ur  i"e'al 0 $ am $ounger t#an#er1 au de i"erioritate: This lesson is le** intere*ting than the preious one1*La 'radul co$#arati%& ter$e"ul co$#araiei #oate i e#ri$at: He is more punctual than the others*au "ee#ri$at: He is more punctual*Gradul u#erlati% arat c u" $e$(ru al u"ui 'ru# #oed calitatea co$#arat +" cel $ai +"alt 'rad& #ri"i"ter$ediul u"ei co$#araii directe 0co$#arati%ul relati%: 4he is t#e cle/ere*t of all 1 au   co$#araiedirect 0u#erlati%ul a(olut : 4he is /er$ cle/er1*Atenie! Atu"ci c."d e co$#ar  "u$ai dou "oiu"i e oloete 'radul co$#arati% #recedat dearticolul t4e +" locul u#erlati%ului: 4he is t#e $ounger an" t#e more beauti)ul of the two sisters.

 pag: 117&0& ormarea comparati/uluii a *uperlati/ului7&0&(& Comparaia *intetic& A1 Ad-ecti%ele $o"oila(ice or$ea) co$#arati%ul i u#erlati%ul +" $od

i"tetic* Ele #ri$ec ,3e#r la co$#arati% i the *3e#t la u#erlati%: small * smaller * the smallest  short * shorter * the shortest Ortogra)ieB51 Ad-ecti%ele ter$i"ate +"tr,o co"oa" #recedat de o %ocal curt du(lea) co"oa":big * bigger * the biggest hot * hotter * the hottest 

 fat * fatter * the fattest thin * thinner * the thinnest ;1 Ad-ecti%ele ter$i"ate +" *y #recedat de o co"oa" tra"or$ #e $ +" i: "ry * "rier * the "riest 1 Ad-ecti%ele ter$i"ate +" *e au *ee& #ierd #e *e i"al +"ai"tea lui *er au *est : nice * nicer * the nicestF

 free * freer * the freestFB1 2" $od i"tetic e co$#ar i ad-ecti%ele (iila(ice ter$i"ate +" *y, *le, *er, *ow i , some:happy * happier * the happiestFcleer * cleerer * the cleerest 

narrow * narrower * the narrowest E+cepii: eager, proper, fertile, hostile, fragile e co$#ar  "u$ai cu morei the most *U"ele ad-ecti%e #ot a%ea $a(ele or$e de co$#arati%i u#erlati%:, cu #reeri" #e"tru or$e i"tetice:a1 ad-ecti%e $o"oila(ice: calm, fot, huge, ;ust, keencalm * calmer * the calmest 

 (1 ad-ecti%e (iila(ice ter$i"ate +" *y au *ly: angry, clumsy, sleepy, mustyFangry * angrier * the angriest , cu #reeri" #e"tru or$ele a"alitice:a1 ad-ecti%e (iila(ice cu acce"tul #e #ri$a ila(: actie, ciil, common, fertile, hostile, constant,

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 pru"ent, pleasant, stupi", su""enF actie * more actie * the most actieF (1 ad-ecti%e (iila(ice cu acce"tul #e ulti$a ila(: concise, remote, precise, seere, profoun", polite.E+cepie: ad-ecti%e (iila(ice ter$i"ate +" dou co"oa"e: correct, "istinct, e?act, intact etc* or$ea)co$#arati%uli u#erlati%ul "u$ai cu morei the most : a more "istinct pronunciation F o #ro"u"ie $aiclar 9c1 ad-ecti%ele or$ate di" trei ila(e cu u" #rei "e'ati%: unhappy, unlucky, unpleasant, insecureFunpleasant * more unpleasant * the most unpleasant *Koloirea or$ei i"tactice au a"alitice au toate acete ad-ecti%e de#i"de deeori de rit$ul #ro#o)iiei&de "e%oia de e#rei%itate*2" li$(a %or(it u"t #reerate or$ele i"tetice& +" ti$# ce +" cri e oloec $ai ale or$ele a"alitice*

 pag: 157&0&& Comparaia analitic& A1 Ad-ecti%ele or$ate di" dou au $ai $ulte ila(e or$ea)co$#arati%uli u#erlati%ul a"alitic cu a-utorul lui morei the most:careful * more careful * the most careful "ifficul * more "ifficult * the most "ifficult B1 Ad-ect%ele co$#ue or$ea) 'radele de co$#araie +" elul ur$tor:a1 c."d #ri$ul ele$e"t ete u" ad-ecti% care +i #trea) e"ul& aceta e c4i$( la co$#arati% iu#erlati%:well*known * betterknown * the best*knownill*pai" * worse*pai" * tyhe worst*pai" 

intelligent*looking, * more intelligent*looking * the most intelligent*looking  (1 c."d cele dou ele$e"te or$ea) u" tot di" #u"ct de %edere al e"ului co$#araia e reali)ea) cua-utorul lui morei t4e most :heart*broken * more heart*broken * the heart*broken

 far*fetche" * more far*fetche" * the most far*fetche" 7&0&0& ormarea comparati/ului -e egalitatei in)erioaritate& Co$#arati%ul de e'alitate e e#ri$

 #ri" ad-ecti%ul la 'radul #o)iti% #recedati ur$at de co"-u"cia a*: <y room is a* large as hers* Ca$era$ea ete la el de $are ca a ei*Co$#arati%ul de i"erioritate e e#ri$ #ri" ad-ecti%ul la 'radul #o)iti% #recedat de not so!as i ur$atde as au #ri" less***than: <y homework is not a* ea*$ a* yours* Te$a $ea "u e la el de uoar  ca a ta*This lecture is le** intere*ting than the preious one* Acet cur e $ai #ui" i"terea"t dec.t curula"terior*7&0&4& ormarea *uperlati/ului ab*olut& Su#erlati%ul a(olut e co"truiete cu a-utorul ad%er(elor 

ery, too, highly, e?tremely, utterly:The story he tol" us was /er$ amu*ing* $t is e+tremell$ -i))icult to reach the top*7&4& Comparaia neregulat a a-<ecti/elorU"ele ad-ecti%e or$ea) co$#arati%ul i u#erlati%ul +" $od "ere'ulat:

 goo" bun * better * the best  ight is a goo- mark * )ine is better than eight * Ten is t#e be*t mark *ba" F r u worse , the worst ill F (ol"a% worse , the worst They are both ba- bo$*& but Peter is 3or*e than Tom. Jf all the ba" boys $ know Peter is t#e 3or*t*much F $ult more , the most many F $uli more , the most 

 pag: 16 

e haen2t muc# butter left * $ nee" more help* This plate has t#e mo*tmeat on it late F t.r)iu , later F $ai t.r)iu F the lastest F cel $ai t.r)iurece"t $ai rece"t cel $ai rece"t* the latter F cel de,al doilea0di"tre dou ele$e"te1 aceta di" ur$0o#u lui the former 1, the last F ulti$ul 0di"tre $ai $ulte ele$e"te10o#u lui the first 1The late e"ition of this paper appears at p.m. There is a later one at 5 p.m. Iohn an" Tom are tall boys: t#e )ormer is the catain of the basketball team an" t#e later is a goo" footballer * hat2s t#e

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la*te*t news W Care u"t ulti$ile tiri W His la*t noel is still unpublishe" * Ulti$ul u ro$a" ete +"c"e#u(licat* 0"u a $ai cri alte ro$a"e1*ol" F (tr." %ec4i, ol"er F $ai (tr."$ai %ec4i, el"er F $ai +" %.rt 0de#re $e$(rii aceleai a$ilii oloit atri(uti%1 0o#u lui younger 1, the ol"est F cel $ai (tr."9 cel $ai %ec4i, the el"est F cel $ai +" %.rt 0de#re $e$(rii acelelai a$ilii& oloit atri(uti%1

 <y brother is ol-er than me. Kratele $eu ete $ai $are dec.t $i"e* <y elder brother is a "octor.Kratele $eu $ai $are ete doctor* 4he is my eldest sister * Ea ete ora $ea cea $ai $are*

 Not: 5* Kor$ele elder i t4e eldet e oloec u"eori i #e"tru #eroa"e di" aara a$iliei: The elder 

 girls in our school sing in the chorus. An elder officer ;* Elder #oate i oloit i ca u(ta"ti% "e"u$ra(il la #lural: 4he followe" the a"ice of her elders.

"ear F a#roa#e, "earer F $ai a#ro#iat 0+" #aiu& rude"ie1, t4e "earet F cel $ai a#ro#iat 0+" #aiu& rude"ie1, t4e "et F ur$torul 0+" ti$#& ordi"e1

 Peter is a near relation of mine. 3eter ete o rud a#ro#iat de,a $ea*Ban you show me the nearest tabacoconist2s > 2$i #utei ar ta tutu"'eria cea $ai a#ro#iat W

 <rs +reen was the next person to arrie. oa$"a Gree" a ot ur$toarea #eroa" care a oit*little F #ui"le , t4e leat

 $ hae little time. <y frien" has less time than $ hae. Tom has the least of all.ar F de#rtatart4er F $ai de#rtat 0dita"1 , t4e art4eturt4er F $ai de#rtat 0dita"1 u#li$e"tar& adiio"al& +" #lu , t4e urt4et7&5& Întrirea comparaiei a-<ecti/elorAd%er(ele $uc4 i ar ae)ate +"ai"tea co$#arati%ului i ( ar ae)at du# co$#arati% +"trec ideeae#ri$at de ad-ecti%ul re#ecti%: T4i (oo i $uc4 $ore i"tereti"'/ar $ore i"tereti"' ( ar t4a"t4e ot4er (oo 4e 4a Peritte"* Cartea aceata ete $ult $ai i"terea"t dec.t celelalte ci #e care le,acri*

 pag: 17 

Co"trucia cu c8t ... co$#arati% *** cu at8t... co$#arati% e red #ri" dou co$#arati%e #recedatede the:The longer the "ays, the shorter the nights. Cu c.t u"t )ilele $ai lu"'i cu at.t u"t "o#ile $ai curte*Co"truca "in ce Cn ce mai ... tot mai... e red +" li$(a e"'le) %or(it #ri" re#etarea co$#arati%ului ii"tercalarea co"-u"ciei an": It i colder a"d colder* Ete di" ce +" ce $ai ri'& T4e old $a" elt Porea"d Pore* Btr."ul e i$ea di" ce +" ce $ai r u*ac ad-ecti%ul ete #luriila(ic& e re#et ad%er(ul more!less i e i"tercalea) co"-u"cia an":Oi lecture are $ore a"d $ore i"tereti"'* our torie are le a"d le credi(le*Acelai e" e red +" tilul oicial i +" cri #ri" oloirea ad%er(ului eer +" aa co$#arati%ului: T4e

 #u(li4ed i" t4i cou"tr are e%er $ore i"tereti"'*7&7& unciile *intactice ale a-<ecti/uluii" #u"ct de %edere i"tactic& ad-ecti%ele #ot i:a1 atri(uti%e& +"de#li"i"d u"cia de atri(ut au a#o)iie +" #ro#o)iie: To$ 4a a "eP (ie*

 (1 #redicati%e& +"de#li"i"d u"cia de "u$e #redicati% +" #ro#o)iie: To$H (ie i "eP*Atenie Ver(ele co#ulati%e: be, stan", seem, appear, look, become, grow, get, turn, keep, remain,continue u"t ur$ate de ad-ecti%e 0i "u de ad%er(e1 cu %aloare de "u$e #redicati%e: Oe i cle%er* S4e i'etti"' old* T4e are ee#i"' ile"t*Ver(ele e#ri$."d #erce#ia e")orial: look, smell, soun", taste, feel u"t de ae$e"ea ur$ate dead-ecti%e: ou loo (eautiul* T4e ou# tate 'ood*i" #u"ct de %edere al oloirii atri(uti%e au #redicati%e& ad-ecti%ele +" li$(a e"'le) e +$#art +" trei$ari 'ru#e:a1 ad-ecti%e care #ot i +"tre(ui"ate at.t atri(uti% c.t i #redicati%: T4e old $a" 4a co$e a'ai"* Oe i%er old*

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 (1 ad-ecti%e care "u #oit i oloite dec.t atri(uti%* 2" aceat 'ru# i"tr :, ad-ecti%e ter$i"ate +" *en& #ro%e"ite de la u(ta"ti%e co"crete:S4e 4a a Poolle" dre*, ad-ecti%e i"dic."d #u"ctele cardi"ale: Ro$a"ia lie i" Eater" Euro#e*, ad-ecti%ele deri%ate di" u(ta"ti%e: a $edical c4ool9 ato$ic e"er'9 a cri$i"al attac*, u"ele ad-ecti%e di" care #ot i deri%ate ad%er(e: $ or$er rie"d9 4er late 4u(a"d9 u" utter ool*c1 ad-ecti%e care u"t +"tre(ui"ate "u$ai #redicati%:, ad-ecti%ele: ill& Pell& dru": Oe i ill*, ad-ecti%ele deri%ate cu #reiul a,:ablae F a#ri"& +" lriafrai" F #eriatalone F i"'ur ashame" F rui"at

 pag: 1&aghast F +"ricoatalert F ate"t& %i'ile"talike F la el& ide"ticalie F %iu& +" %iaasleep F ador$itaerse F #otri%"ic& o#uaPae F trea)aware F co"tie"tT4e little (o Pa till u"lee#& (ut 4i $ot4er i aPae*

 Not: 5* U"ele di" acete ad-ecti%e #ot i oloite atri(uti% c."d u"t #recedate de u" ad%er(: a fully

awake person9 a very ashamed chil" 9 the half asleep girl ;* C.te%a ad-ecti%e #redicati%e au u" i"o"i$ cu %aloare atri(uti%: afrai" * frightene"F alike * similarFalie * liingF alone * lonelyT4e c4ild Pa araid to a or 4el#/ T4e ri'4te"ed c4ild did"Dt a or 4el#* T4ee tPo dree are %er$uc4 alie/ T4ee are i$ilar dree*7&9& !ocul a-<ecti/elor .n propoziiea# ";ectiul folosit atributi #reced u(ta"ti%ul #e care +l deter$i"9 a high mountainF a difficult 

 problem. (1 +" c.te%a ca)uri ad-ecti%ul& atri(uti% ete +" $od o(li'atoriu ae)at du# u(ta"ti%:

, +" 'ru#uri de cu%i"te: mbassa"or ?traor"inary, secretary general, postmaster general, attorney general, court martial, heir apparent, knight errant, poet laureate, from time immemorialF, #ro"u$ele "e4otr.te care e ter$i" +" *bo"yF *oneF *thing u"t de o(icei ur$ate de ad-ecti%e: S4e

 (ou'4t o$et4i"' "ice* Oe aid "ot4i"' i"tereti"'*c1 C."d $ai $ulte ad-ecti%e deter$i" u" u(t"ati%& ad-ecti%ul al crui +"ele ete cel $ai le'at deu(ta"ti% e aea) +" i$ediata lui a#ro#iare& iar celelalte +l #reced +" ordi"ea 'radului de a#ro#iere al+"eleului lor de cel al u(ta"ti%ului* Nu eit re'uli tricte #ri%i"d ordi"ea ad-ecti%elor& ele e ucced+" ordi"ea ur$toare: +"uire& di$e"iu"e& or$& %.rt culoare& "aio"alitate& ori'i"e& ad-ecti% %er(al:S4e (ou'4t a eP lar'e red a##le* I $et t4ree tall ou"' Kre"c4 'irl tu"de"t* T4e $all rou"d a"cie"tC4i"ee (o Pa i" t4e ta(le*d1 C."d u" u(ta"ti% ete deter$i"at de dou ad-ecti%e la co$#arati%& u"ul $ai curt i cellalt $ailu"'& cel curt +l #recede #e cel lu"': S4e Pa taller a"d $ore (eautiul*e1 Ad-ecti%ul cu deter$i"are ur$ea) u(ta"ti%ul: It Pa a 4oue u'l Pit4 deca* Era o ca ur.t di"

cau)a de'radrii*1 Ad-ecti%ul oloit #redicati% ur$ea) %er(ul co#ulati%: Oe i ill* S4e ee$ tired* ou loo #ale*EKERCI2E2I* 3u"ei ad-ecti%ele di" #ara"te) la or$a corect:5* Su$$er i 3goo"# eao" o t4e ear* ;* I" u$$er t4e da are 3long# a"d t4e "i'4t are 3short# t4a"i" #ri"'* * T4e ;;"d o ?u"e i 3long# da o t4e ear* * I" ?ul t4e da (eco$e 3warm# a"d 3warm#** 3<any# #eo#le #la oot(all i" u$$er* 7* Koot(all i 3popular# 'a$e i" Ro$a"ia* 8* I t4i" autu$"i a 3beautiful# a u$$er* =* T4eP Peat4er i"Dt a 3warm# a i" u$$er& (ut t4e tree are 3beautiful#t4a" i" u$$er* 6* i"ter i 3ba"# eao" o t4e ear* It i cold a"d Pet* 5* So$e #eo#le t4i" it i3interesting# eao" o t4e ear& (ecaue t4e ca" & ate or #la Pit4 "oP

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II* Ale'ei or$a corect a ad-ecti%elor di" #ara"te):5* Kro$ t4ee tPo dree t4e c4ea#er i 3the best, the better#* ;* Si"ce 4e 4a retired& 3less an" less,

 fewer an" fewer# rie"d 4a%e %iited 4er* * Mie a"d Bo( are tude"t* T4e or$er tudie $edici"e&3the secon", the latter# tudie arc4itecture* * Oer 3ol"er, el"er# iter did "t co$e to t4e #art* * T4edoctor aed 3the nearest, the ne?t# #ero" to co$e i"*III* Traducei +" li$(a e"'le):5* Ai citit ulti$ul ro$a" al lui Mari" 3redaW ;* i ,a #rut $ai i"terea"t dec.t celelalte ro$a"e ale luiW* A ot #e de#arte cea $ai #lcut %aca" #e care a$ #etrecut,o %reodat #e $are* * Ei tudia) di"ce +" ce $ai $ult i o(i" re)ultate di" ce +" ce $ai (u"e* * Cu c.t era $ai ate"t cu at.t $ai #ui"e'reeli  cea* 7* 2l cu"oti #e ratele ei $ai $areW 8* Roc4ia ta ete $ai $oder" dec.t a $ea* =* Careete #la"eta cea $ai +"de#rtatW9& A-/erbul "T#e A-/erb%9&(& 1e)iniieAd%er(ul ete #artea de %or(ire care:a1 arat o caracteritic a u"ei aciu"i& a u"ei tri au a u"ei caliti9

 (1 #oate a%ea cate'oria 'ra$atical a co$#araiei9c1 +"de#li"ete u"cia i"tactic de co$#le$e"t circu$ta"ial*

 Not: 5* Ad%er(ul $ai #oate a#rea #e l."' u" u(ta"ti% 0de o(icei #recedat de articolul "e4otr.t1:Oe i uite a $a" "oP* It Pa o"l a cat& au u" #ro"u$e: I t4i (oo reall $i"eW;* U"ele ad%er(e #ot or$a i"'ure #ro#o)iii: @eally> ownK 'asterK +la"ly. lmost. %es. )o. <aybe.

 )ow. )eer.9&& !ocuiuni i con*trucii a-/erbiale9&&(& !ocuiunile "peri)razele% a-/erbiale u"t e#reii ie cu %aloare de ad%er(e: at present F +"

 #re)e"t9 as a rule F de o(icei9 by the way F a#ro#o9 as a matter*of*fact F de a#t9 at once F i$ediat9once in while, now an" then F di" c."d +" c."d9 to*an" fro F +"coace i +"colo etc*9&&& Con*truciile a-/erbiale u"t co"trucii #re#o)iio"ale care #ot i oloite ca ad%er(e: OePatc4e TV i" t4e e%e"i"'* S4e Pe"t out t4e roo$*

 pag: 50U"ele co"trucii ad%er(iale e oloec:a1 c."d "u e #ot or$a ad%er(e de la ad-ecti%: S4e #oe Pit4 diicult*

 (1 c."d co"trucia ad%er(ial ete $ai ireac dec.t ad%er(ul: S4e addreed t4e doctor i" a (roe"%oice*c1 c."d adu'area uiului,l ar c4i$(a +"eleul: S4e #oe i" a 4i'4 %oice* 0S4e #oe 4i'4l o 4i$*

9&0& orma a-/erbelorC."d $ai $ulte ad%er(e de $od e or$ea) #ri" adu'area uiului *ly la or$a ad-ecti%ului: Oe i aloP Paler* Oe Pal loPl*La el e or$ea)i u"ele ad%er(e de ti$#& uiul *ly ii"d adu'at u"ui u(ta"ti%: T4i $a'a)i"e i

 #u(li4ed e%er Pee*T4i $a'a)i"e i #u(li4ed Peel*Atenie Nu toate cu%i"tele ter$i"ate +" ,l u"t ad%er(e* U"ele u"t "u$ai ad-ecti%e: rie"dl& lo%el&liel& ti$el& i u"t oloite ca #i ale u"or co"trucii ad%er(iale: Oe ca$e at a ti$el $o$e"t* S4e#oe to u i" a rie"dl Pa*Ad%er(ele de ti$# ter$i"ate +" l #ot i oloite at.t ca ad-ecti%e& c.t i ca ad%er(e: T4i i a dail

 #a#aer* It co$e out dail*Ortogra)ieB2" 'e"eral& adu'area uiului ,l "u $odiic or$a i"iial a cu%."tului:

Oe i a carele** dri%er* Oe dri%e carele**l$&ac ad-ecti%ul e ter$i" +" ,e& aceta e #trea) +"ai"tea uiului ,l: entire * entirelyF e?treme *e?tremely.Ece#ii: true - truly; due - duly; whole - wholly.

ac ad-ecti%ul e ter$i" +" ,l& ad%er(ul %a a%ea ,ll& #ri" adu'area ter$i"aiei ,l: (eatiul l F (eautiull*9&4& Mo-i)icri -e ortogra)ie, Ad-ecti%ele ter$i"ate +" , +l tra"or$ +" ,i +"ai"tea uiului ,l 4a## , 4a##il9 da , dail*, Ad-ecti%ele ter$i"ate +" ,ll #ierd u" ,l: ull , ull9, Ad-ecti%ele ter$i"ate +" ,le ila(ic #ierd ,e i adau' ,: i$#le , i$#l9 #ro(a(le , #ro(a(l9

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, Ad-ecti%ele ter$i"ate +" ,ic adau' u" ,all #e"tru a de%e"i ad%er(e:e"t4uiatic , e"t4uiaticall9ar #u(lic , #u(licl9, Ad-ecti%ul 'ood de%i"e ad%er(ul Pell: S4e i a 'ood #u#il* S4e #ea E"'li4 Pell*, U"ele ad%er(e au or$e #eciale 0o"l& ote"& e%er etc*1& #e c."d altele u"t o$o"i$e cu alte #i de%or(ire& +" #ecial cu ad-ecti%e: S4e arri%ed earl/at/late toda*

 pag: 52" alte ca)uri ad%er(ele #ot a%ea dou or$e cu diere"ieri de e":Kor$   ,l Se" Kor$ cu ,l Se"S4e ca$e cloe a"dlooed at $e*a#roa#e I olloPed t4ei"tructio" cloel*+"dea#roa#eOe du' dee# i" t4e'rou"d*ad."c& +" ad."ci$e Oe Pa dee#lco"cer"ed*oarte tare& #rou"dT4e Pe"t direct

4o$e*, direct& dre#t& de,adre#tul 'o& co$e&e"d,   i"ter$ediar 

 #ero"alT4e car Paco$i"' directltoPard $e*S4e Pa directlaected*T4e ca$e directlater lu"c4*

I 'ot u# directl t4e (ell ra"'*, direct& dre#t, +" $od direct, +"dat 0i$ediat1, de +"dat ceTae it ea!?ut 'o ea!Ea co$e& ea'o!e#reii +" e"'le)a%or(it: uor& cal$&+"cet9

I ol%ed t4e #ro(le$ eail*cu uuri"& uor 

 #la air i'4t air +" a"u$itecolocabii: corect&ci"tit9Oe Pa treatedairl*

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Oi #a#er i airl'ood*, dre#t& corect& cu$e cu%i"e, detul deAll $e$(er aread$itted ree*'ratuit T4e critici)ed 4i$reel*li(er& "eco"tr."Por/tud/dri"/rai" 4ardoarte $ult& di"'reu& tareI could 4ardlu"derta"d 4er*Oe reco%ered4ardl P4at 4e 4adlot (eore*de,a(ia& cu 'reu& cu

'reutate& di" 'reuT4e #la"e leP4i'4 i" t4e air*u Oe Pa 4i'4la##reciated*oarte& etre$ deS4e 4a -utarri%ed*toc$ai Oe Pa -utlor'i%e"*

 #e dre#tS4e arri%ed late* t.r)iu I 4a%e"Ht ee" t4e$latel*

+" ulti$a %re$eOe alPa tra%elli'4t* (a'a-e Oe treate%ert4i"' li'4tl*u#ericial& cuuri"S4e Por $ot* cel $ai $ult T4e %illa'e i$otl o Poode"4oue*, +" cea $ai $are

 #arte9 +" 'e"eralT4e li%e uite a#roa#e& l."' Oe Pored "earl a#roa#e 0de1

"ear* te" 4our*T4e Pere "earl4o$e*It i #rett late* detul de S4e dree

 #retttil*dr 'uCo$e a uic aou ca"*+" e"'le)a a$iliar :re#ede

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Oe #oe uicla"d co"ide"tl*+" e"'le)a +"'ri-it:re#edeS4e i 4ere ri'4t"oP*c4iar Oe -ud'ed ri'4tl* (i"e& corectGo ri'4t to t4e e"do t4e treet*dre#t& direct S4e i ri'4tlco"idered t4e

 (ri'4tet #u#il i"t4e cla*

 #e dre#tOe 'ueed t4ea"Per ri'4t*

 (i"e& +"toc$ai Oe ri'4tl 'ueed4er a'e*

 (i"e corectT4e door Pa Pide

o#e"*T4e are PideaPae*de tot& +" +"tre'i$e Oe 4a tra%elledPidel*T4e are Pideldiere"t*, $ult& #e ou#raa $are, +"tr,o $areur & oartea"Per/'ue/-ud'e/"ote Pro"'*

'o/treat Pro"'*'reit& r u& #rot T4e Pord PerePro"'l #elled* OePa Pro"'li"or$ed*+" $od 'reit

 pag: 5/La acete ad%er(e& or$a +" *ly are de o(icei u" e" $ai a(tract au i'urat* Alte ad%er(e cu douor$e u"t: cheap * cheaplyF "ear * "early.2" alte ca)uri e #oate oloi ie or$a ad-ecti%al& ie cea ad%er(ial&   "ici o c4i$(are de e": 4hetalke" loud an" clearloudly an" clearly.

3e"tru o $ai $are lue" +" e#ri$are& or$a ad%er(ial ide"tic cu cea a ad-ecti%ului ete adeea+"tre(ui"at +" co$#araia ad%er(elor& c4'iar dac la #o)iti% a#are or$a +" ,l: Oe ru" uier / loPer 

t4a" $e* Oe 4outed loudet*9&5& Cla*i)icarea a-/erbeloru# e"ul lor leical& ad%er(ele e +$#art +" #atru $ari cate'orii: ad%er(e de $od& ad%er(e de loc&ad%er(e de ti$# i #articule ad%er(iale*9&5&(& A-/erbele -e mo- "A-/erb* o) manner%& Ad%er(ele de $od i"dic $odalitatea #ro#riu,)i:well, ba"ly, 9uickly, slowly etc.Ele $ai #ot i ad%er(e:, de +"trire: acctually, certainly, obiously, reallyF, de a$#liicare: absolutely, completely, greatly, barely, har"lyF, de air$aie au "e'aie: yes, no, of course, not at allF

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, de #ro(a(ilitate: maybe, perhaps, probally.9&5&& A-/erbele -e loc "A-/erb* o) Place%U"ele ad%er(e de loc i"dic locul #ro#riu,)i: here, there, somewhere.Altele i"dic direcia: asi"e, fowar"3s#, backwar"3s#, righ, left.Ma-oritatea ad%er(elor de loc #ot i oloite #e"tru a e#ri$a at.t locul c.t i direcia:Loc: He "oesn2t lie far 0Nu locuiete de#arte1*irecie: He "i"n2t go far 0Nu ,a du de#arte1*9&5&0& A-/erbele -e timp "A-/erb* o) Time%&Ad%er(ele de ti$# i"dic:, $o$e"tul aciu"ii: now, nowa"ays, to"ay, thenF, ucceiu"ea +" ti$#: afterwar"s, before, eentually, formerly, preiosly, soonF, durata: lately, recently, since, still, yetF, rec%e"a: dei"it: weekly, three times a "ayF"edei"it: often, usually, sel"om, once in a while.

 pag: 59&7& Comparaia a-/erbelor "Compari*on o) A-/erb*%Co$#araia ad%er(elor a#are "u$ai la u"ele ad%er(e de $od& loc i ti$#*Ea are acelelai caracteritici ca i co$#araia ad-ecti%ului*Co$#arati%ul ete oloit #e"tru co$#ararea a dou #eroa"e au o(iecte& iar u#erlati%ul #e"truco$#ararea $ai $ultor #eroa"e au o(iecte*9&7&(& Gra-ul comparati/&Co$#arati%ul de u#erioritate e or$ea) cu a-utorul uiului ,er +" ca)ul9

ad%er(elor $o"oila(ice i a ad%er(ului earl: fast * fasterF early * earlier i cu a-utorul cu%."tului $ore+" ca)ul ad%er(elor (i, i #luriila(ice: 9uickly * more 9uicklyF carefully * more carefully.2" e"'le)a a$iliar & or$a de co$#arati% a ad-ecti%elor ete u"eori oloit +" loc de cea a ad%er(elor:S4e lau'4erd louder t4a" a"o"e ele* Ea r.dea $ai tare dec.t toi ceilali*Comparati/ul -e egalitate e or$ea) cu a-utorul lui a***a:S4e #ea E"'li4 a lue"tl a 4er (rot4er&iar comparati/ul -e in)erioritate, cu a-utorul lui "ot o / a***a:4he "oesn2t learn as fast as her classmates,au less... than:

 He "ries less carefully than his wife.Co$#arati%ul ad%er(elor e reali)ea) +" doi ter$e"i& ca i la ad-ecti%: 3aul Por a ra#idl a t4eot4er 0do1* t4e tPo (o& a" Por t4e $ore t4orou'4l*9&7&& Gra-ul *uperlati/& 2uperlati/ul ab*olut e or$ea) cu a-utorul u"or ad%er(e ca %er& uite&

$ot care #reced ad%er(ul re#ecti%:S4e i"' %er (eautiull*S4e i"' $ot (eautiull*A4e i"' uite (eautiull*S#re deoe(ire de 'radul co$#arati%& u#erlati%ul a(olut e reali)ea) +"tr,u" i"'ur ter$e": ur teac4er e#lai" t4i"' $ot clearl*2uperlati/ul relati/ ete de dou eluri:a! "uperlativul relativ de superioritate# e#ri$at #ri" 0t4e1***,et +" ca)ul ad%er(elor $o"oila(ice i aad%er(ului earl:Oe ru" 0t4e1 ated 0o all1*i #ri" 0t4e1 $ot ad%er( +" ca)ul ad%er(elor (i, i #luriila(ice: Oe a"Per 0t4e1 $ot i"telli'e"tl 0o all1*$! "uperlativul relativ de inferioritate# e#ri$at #ri" 0t4e1 leat ad%er(: S4e #ell Pord 0t4e1 leat

correctl 0o all1*Articolul t4e di" or$a u#erlati%ului #oate i o$i& $ai ale +" li$(a %or(it: Oe ru" ated o all* pag: 512" ca)ul u#erlati%ului relati%& al doilea ter$e" #oate i $e"io"at au o$i: 0o t4e t4ree c4ildre"& Mar

 #la t4e #ia"o t4e (et*Ad%er(ele care au or$e ide"tice cu ad-ecti%ele e u#u" acelorai re'uli o"etice i orto'raice la'radele de co$#araie: early * earlier * earliestF late * later * latest.9&7&0& Comparaia neregulat a a-/erbelor& U"ele ad%er(e or$ea) 'radele de co$#araie +" $od"ere'ulat:Gradul #o)iti% Gradul co$#arati% Gradul u#erlati%

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well 0(i"e1 better 0$ai (i"e1 3the# best 0cel $ai (i"e1ba"ly 0r u1 worse 0$ai r u1 3the# worst 0cel $ai r u1much 0$ult1 more 0$ai $ult1 3the# most 0cel $ai $ult19&9& Cte/a a-/erbe *peciale "2ome 2pecial A-/erb*%E"ou'4 0detul de1 e aea) du# ad-ecti%e i ad%er(e: T4e #u#il did"Ht Por OAR e"ou'4* Oe iL e"ou'4 to u"derta"d t4i*

 Not: C."d e"ou'4 ete oloit ad-ecti%al& deter$i"."d u" u(ta"ti%& el #oate i ae)at +"ai"te au du#aceta:%ou hae enough time to write your composition.%ou hae time enough to write your composition.Ai detul ti$#  crii co$#o)iia*Ai ti$# detul  crii co$#o)iia*ar 0de#arte1 e oloete de o(icei +" #ro#o)iii "e'ati%e au i"tero'ati%e*2" #ro#o)iii air$ati%e& el ete ie +"oit de alte ad%er(e au #re#o)iii& ie +"locuit de a***Pa: Oe did"Ht'o ar* Oe Pe"t o"l a 4ort Pa* Oe li%e ar aPa / "ot ar ro$ 4ere*ir*t ".nti%B at )ir*t "la .nceput%&

 t first e oloit cu e"ul de at t4e (e'i""i"' / to (e'i" Pit4 i ete adeea ur$at de (ut* 2" alte ituaiie oloete first : %irst $ went for a walk an" then $ went to be". At first $ "i"n2t like the town, $ut then

 $ began to loe it.Dar-l$, barel$, *carcel$

Acete trei ad%er(e au u" e" a#roa#e "e'ati%*Oardl e oloete de o(icei +"#reu" cu any, eer au cu %er(ul can& cu e"ul:, cu 'reu& de,a(ia: Oe ca" 4ardl #ea*au:, oarte rar& a#roa#e "iciodat: Oe 4ardl e%er co$e to ee $e*

 &arely +"ea$" X a(ia& doar& "u$aiY i ete de oloit cu ad-ecti%e ca e"ou'4 au uicie"t: Oe 4ad (arel e"ou'4 ti$e to catc4 t4e trai"* Oe i (arel ei'4tee"* Are "u$ai 5= a"i* "carcely co$(i" e"urile lui 4ardl i (arel:, cu 'reu& a(ia: I carcel 4eard P4at 4e aid*, a#roa#e de loc: Oe carcel ate a"t4i"'*In #ere "aici%L out t#ere "acolo%&

 pag: 55Ad%er(ele here i there a#ar adeea +"oite de cu%i"te ca:

in, out, up, "own, oer:ItH 4ot i" 4ere* o"Ht ta doP" t4ere* ItH cooler u# 4ere* Ca" ou ee t4e cat ru""i"' out t4ere W T4eteac4er i ta"di"' o%er t4ere*

 'ust now* Ad%er(ul -ut "oP are dou e"uri:, c4iar acu$& toc$ai& +" acet $o$e"t: 3u#il are 'oi"' o" 4olida -ut "oP*, adi"eauri: Oe ca$e i" -ut "oe*

 (ong. Ad%er(ul lo"' ete +"locuit +" #ro#o)iii air$ati%e de a lo"' ti$e: id ou ta t4ere lo"' W e*I taed t4ere a lo"' ti$e* Ai tat $ult acolo W a& a$ tat $ult 0ti$#1 acolo*

 )uch 0$ult1& %er $uc4 0oarte $ult1*Muc4 a#are i"'ur +" #ro#o)iii "e'ati%e i i"tero'ati%e*2" #ro#o)iii air$ati%e& el ete #recedat de %er: o ou lie Pi$$i"' $uc4 W e* I lie it %er $uc4*Muc4 #oate i oloit i +"ai"tea co$#arati%ului: It i $uc4 (etter to co$e i" ti$e* Ete $ult $ai (i"e %ii la ti$#*

*nly 0"u$ai& doar1 e #oate ae)a:, +"ai"tea cu%."tului #e care +l deter$i": "l OE ca$e to ee $e* Oe ca$e to ee $e o"lESTERA*, +"ai"tea %er(ului 0+" li$(a %or(it1: Oe o"l CAME to ee $e eterda*2" acet ca) cu%."tul la care e reer  o"l %a i acce"tuat: Oe o"l ca$e to ee $e eterda*

 +resently 0+" #re)e"t& +" cur."d1*Koloit ca u" %er( la #re)e"t& ad%er(ul #ree"tl ete i"o"i$ cu at #ree"t& $ai ale +" e"'le)aa$erica": S4e i #ree"tl tai"' Pit4 u*3ree"tl ete i"o"i$ cu oo" c."d ete oloit cu u" %er( la %iitor: IHll #ree"tl (e Pit4 ou:

 "till# yet.

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Ad%er(ul till 0+"c1 e#ri$ durata& co"ti"uarea*4till ete oloit +" #ro#or ii air$ati%e i i"tero'ati%e: I Mar till at t4e eaide W e& 4e i till t4ere*Still #oate a#rea i +" #ro#o)iii "e'ati%e #e"tru a u(li"ia co"ti"uarea u"ei aciu"i "e'ati%e: I till do"Htu"derta"d P4at t4i i a(out* Tot / 2"c "u +"ele' de#re ce ete %or(a*%et 0+"c& #." acu$& #." atu"ci1 e reer  la u" $o$e"t i e +"tre(ui"ea) +" #ro#o)iii "e'ati%e ii"tero'ati%e: Oa it to##ed rai"i"' et W Oe 4a"Ht et arri%ed*C."d ad%er(ul et are e"ul Xde-aY& el ocu# #o)iia i"al: Oa%e t4e ee" t4at il$ et W Au %)ut de-ail$ul We)ate la +"ce#utul #ro#o)iiei& ori du# co"-u"ciile (ut& a"d& ad%er(ele till i et u"t i"o"i$e cu allt4e a$e 0totui& cu toate acetea1 i au %aloare de co"-ucii:Still I do"Ht u"derta"d 4i$*et I do"Ht u"derta"d 4i$*All t4e a$e I do"Ht u"derta"d 4i$*

 pag: 56 Cu toate acetea "u,l +"ele'*,ery 0oarte1 #oate $odiica:, ad-ecti%e: S4e i %er TALL*, #artici#ii trecute +"tre(ui"ate atri(uti%: S4e 4ad a %er SUR3RISE loo*, ad%er(e: Oe #oe %er LUL*ac ad-ecti%ul ete la 'radul co$#arati%& au dac #artici#iul trecut ete oloit #redicati%& %er tre(uie

+"oit au +"locuit de $uc4 au de alte ad%er(e de a$#liicare: 'reatl& 4i'4l& ( ar etc*:S4e Pa ( ar / $uc4 TALLER t4a" 4i$* S4e Pa %er $uc4 SUR3RISE at 4i (e4a%iour*EKERCI2E2

 $. ?primai* acor"ul cu afirmaiile "e mai ;os, folosin" a"erbe "e mo".Ee$#lu:A* Mar i a" eicie"t Porer*B* e& 4e Por eicie"tl*A* Alice i a 'ood i"'er B* e& 4e i"' Pell*5* 3eter i a loP Porer* ;* A"" i a 'ood da"cer* * ur teac4er i a lue"t E"'li4 #eaer* * Oe i a

 (ad actor* * ori i a 4ard Porer* 7* Nic i a at Pi$$er* 8* Mot4er i a careul t#it* =* Kat4er ia carele dri%er* 6* Oe i a" i"telli'e"t teac4er* 5* Oe i a" o#ti$itic #eaer* 55* Oe i a "oi eater*5;* 3aul i a" atte"ti%e lite"er* 5* Oe i a e"i(le #eaer* 5* ia"a i a uic ru""er*

 $$. Tra"ucei Cn limba engle:5* Ea $u"cete oarte $ult la coal* ;* A  #at ad."c +" #$."t* * Era #e dre#t co"iderat cel $ai (u"ele% di" cla* * Cu 'reu #ot i %d aa +" +"tu"eric* * Tre"ul a oit cu +"t.r)iere* 7* A ot ad."c$icat de (u"tatea ei* 8* A 'it r #u"ul corect* =* 3rile )(oar  la +"i$e* 6* Nu l,a$ %)ut +"ulti$a %re$e* 5 Ete oarte a#reciat #e"tru $u"ca a* 55* Se +"rudete de a#roa#e cu $i"e* 5;* Ia,o+"cetior! 5* 2" 'e"eral u"te$ #lecai du$i"ica* 5* E a#roa#e $ie)ul "o#ii* 5* Ce te dera"-ea) cel$ai tareW 57* El e c4iar +" %.r* 58* ec4ide $are 'ura*:& Prepoziia "T#e Prepo*ition%:&(& 1e)iniie&3re#o)iia ete #artea de %or(ire "elei(il care:a1 e#ri$ ra#orturi i"tactice de de#e"de" +"tre #ile u"ei #ro#o)iii* Ea lea' #i de %or(iredierite: u(ta"ti%e& ad-ecti%e& %er(e au ad%er(e de u(ta"ti%e au u(titute ale acetora: I Pa

 #leaed at t4e t4ou'4t o 'oi"' to t4e t4eatre* A$ ot +"c."tat de ideea de a $er'e la teatru*

 pag: 57  (1 ete "elei(il di" #u"ct de %edere $orolo'ic9c1 #re#o)iia "u +"de#li"ete o u"cie i"tactic +" #ro#o)iie ci $arc4ea) u"cii i"tactice: I 'a%e t4e

 (oo to Mar 0co$#le$e"t i"direct1* T4e roo o t4e 4oue 0atri(ut1 i red*:&& Caracteri*tici ale prepoziiilor englezeti:&&(& 3re#o)iiile e"'le)eti cer ca)ul acu)ati%: Loo AT 4i$* I a$ BEKRE 4er*3re#o)iiile o& to i or #re)i"t o ituaie #ecial* Co"trucia cu #re#o)iia o ete oloit caec4i%ale"t al u"ei co"trucii 'e"iti%ale:T4e (oH coat i "eP*T4e coat o t4e (o i "eP*

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iar #re#o)iia to i or $arc4ea) ca)ul dati%: I 'a%e it to 4i$* I (ou'4t it or 4er*:&&& Ma-oritatea #re#o)iiilor e"'le)eti u"t ur$ate de u(ta"ti%e articulate& #re deoe(ire de li$(aro$.": T4e c4ildre" are #lai"' IN t4e 'arde"* Co#iii e -oac 2N 'r di"*:&&0& C.te%a #re#o)iii a#ar +" co"trucii +" care u(ta"ti%ul "u ete articulat:at homeF at breakfast!lunch!"innerFat playF at warF at seaFatinto school, college, church.$y car, bus, train, plane, boatFinto be", class, townFKoloirea articolului cu u"ul di"tre acete u(ta"ti%e aduce c4i$(ri de e"& de e*: reerirea la oa"u$it ca& coal etc*: He is AT home* 0El1 ete aca* She is AT the home of her firiends. 0Ea1ete +" caa #riete"ilor ei* au He is AT sea on a ship!. 0El1 ete #e $are 0#e u" %a#or1*:&&4& Ver(e #recedate de #re#o)iii iau or$a +" *ing 3+erun"#: I a$ 'ood AT re$e$(eri"' #eo#leH"a$e* 2$i a$i"tec cu uuri" "u$ele oa$e"ilor*E+cepii: Aut i e?cept u"t ur$ate de i"i"iti%ul curt: T4e did "ot4i"' BUT lau'4* N,au  cut "i$ic0altce%a1 dec.t  r.d*:&&5& U"ele cu%i"te u"t ur$ate +" $od o(li'atoriu de a"u$ite #re#o)iii:a1 Su(ta"ti%e:* interest, progress, satisfaction G inF* cause, chance, opportunity G ofF

* e?ception, initation, kin"ness G toF (1 Ad-ecti%e:* an?ious, enthusiastic G a$out;

* alarme", amae", astonishe", cleer, goo" G at;

* boun", eager, famous, fit, sorry G for F* "isappointe", rich, successful G in;

* afrai", ashame", aware, characteristic, fon", full, ;ealous, prou", sure, tire", typical, worthy G of F* affectionate, appropiate, attentie, contrary, cruel, "eaf, in"ifferent, kin", parallel, polite, ru"e,thankful G toF* angry, busy, charme", consistent, "elighte", "iy, faint, i"entical, pale, satisfie", stiff, wet G with;

 pag: 5&c1 Ver(e:* aim, arrie, fire, gae, glance, look G at F

* account, ask, blame, care, leae long G for F* conceal, "ie, "iffer, escape, hi"e, preent, protect G from;

* aboun", beliee, en", fail, originate, succee" 3G*ing#, G in;

* accuse, boast, cure, "eprie, "ie, remin" take care G of;

* agree, comment, concentrate, congratulate, me"iate G on;

* a"apt, a";ust, apply, attribute, belong, cling, conform, consent, link, listen, prefer, re"uce, refer,report, sell, sail, subscribe, turn G to;

* complete, flush, glow, shake, shier, si"e, subscribe, supply, threaten, tremble G with.

Ate"ie !agree with smb. on a thingF to a proposalFcomplain to smb. a$out smthF complain of an illnessFconsist of a consta "inF in a consta CnFlie to smb. a$out smth.F

 part from smb.F with smth. suffer for a causeF fromwith a "isease, in;uryFthink of smth.F a$out 3me"iate#Ftranslate from a language into another languageFwait for smb!smth.F on smb 3sere#Fwarn of 3the "anger#F against 3the enemy#Fbite, kick, point, throw G to 3scopul aciunii este atins#F

 get on off a bus, boatF get into! out of a car, plane. Not: *mbFo$e(od9 *mt#Fo$et4i"'*

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:&0& Poziie3re#o)iia a#oare +" 'e"eral +"ai"tea cu%."tului la care e reer : T4e #u#il are IN t4e claroo$* Ele%iiu"t +" cla*Ea ete oloit du# aceta:a1 +" +"tre(ri #eciale 0>#,uetio"1: hat is he writing A&*/T > 3bout what is he writting > For$al1: e#re ce crie W

 (1 +" #ro#o)iii relati%e: The flat $ lie 1 is on the 0th floor 3The flat in which $ lie is on the 0th floor F or$al1* A#arta$e"tul +" care locuiec ete la eta-ul 5* pag: 5-c1 +" ecla$aii: hat photos they are looking AT K 3  At what photos they are looking K F or$al1 La ceoto'raii e uit !d1 +" co"trucii #ai%e: The chil"ren were looke" A%T23 by their gran"morher. Bu"ica a%ea 'ri- deco#ii*e1 +" co"trucii i"i"iti%ale: This is a goo" firm to work T4.

Aceata ete o ir$ (u" cu care  lucre)i*:&4& Relaii e+primate -e prepoziii2" co$(i"aie cu alte #i de %or(ire& #re#o)iiile e#ri$ relaii %ariate:LC: at# in# within.

 n 0+"1 i"dic #aiul +" 'e"eral au +" i"teriorul cruia are loc aciu"ea: in a continent * country * town *illageF in a s9uare * street * roomF in a forest * woo" * fiel"F

 At 0+" la1 i"dic u" #u"ct a"u$it di" #aiu au u" loc $ai $ic: at a small illage * a""ress * certain pointF at homeF at workF at playFithin 0+"& +"tre1 0or$al1 i"dic #o)iia +"tr,u" #aiu li$itat au dita"a li$it 0la dita" de & +"1:

 <any important "ocuments are kept within the walls of this museum. Multe docu$e"te i$#orta"te u"ttrate +"tre #ereii acetui $u)eu* There is nobo"y within these four walls ! within hearing ! within amile.Atenie at a bui"ing 3instituia#F in a buil"ing 3cl "irea#: He is at school. E ele%* He is in school. E+" coal* He lies in )ew %ork 3ora mare#. They stoppe" at Arussels on their way to )ey %ork 0#u"ct

 #e 4art& traeu1*?$, be*i-e, ne+t to, near, clo*e to, again*t

 &y 0l."'& la1 i"dic %eci"tatea i$ediat: <ary is stan"ing $y the win"ow. &eside# next to 0l."'& la& alturi/a#roa#e de1 i"dic a#ro#ierea i$ediat: There is a night table $eside

my be". The post office is $eside next to the hotel. )ear, close to 0l."'b& a#roa#e de1 i"dic a#ro#ierea

+" 'e"eral: He lies near close to his office. Against 0li#it / re)e$at de1 e#ri$ ideea de co"tact i #ri-i"* The bookcase is against the wall. Tomleant against the bookcase.O/er, abo/e, on, top o)L un-er, beneat#, belo3, un-erneat#*ver 0deau#ra1i under 0u(& dedeu(#1 i"dic o direcie %ertical au a#ro#ierea: There2s a pictureover the fireplace. The "og is under the chair.

 A$ove 0deau#ra1i $elow 0u(& dedeu(t1 arat doar c u" o(iect e al $ai u au $ai -o dec.t altul:Their flat is a$ove ours. 4ome part of Hollan" is $elow sea leel.*n top of 0#e1 i underneath 0u(1 arat c u" o(iect +l ati"'e #e cellalt: The T( serial is on top of thehouse. The book you nee" is underneath those papers.

 &eneath 0u(& #e u(1 arat o dita" $ai $ic dec.t (eloP au ete u" ec4i%ale"t or$al al lui u"der:The 8mboia rier passes $eneath seeral bri"ges.In )ront o), be)oreL be#in-, a)ter

 n front of 0+" aa1 ete oloit +" e"'le)a %or(it& cu reerire la o(iecte: There is a tree in front of our house. 3ar: They were outside the cinema#. &efore 0+" aa& +"ai"tea1 e#ri$ ordi"ea ae)rii #eroa"elor& +" li$(a literar : He was $efore me. pag: 60 &ehind 0+" #atele& +"a#oia1 i"dic #o)iia: The cat was $ehind the tree. After 0du#& +" #atele1 i"dic ordi"ea& +" #aiu au +" ti$#: He walke" "own the stairs after his wife.?et3een, amoung

 &etween 0+"tre1 F u" o(iect e al +"tre altele dou au +"tre $ai $ulte dac "u$rul acetora etedei"it: Jur school is $etween the hotel an" the hospital. 'rance lies $etween the hotel an" thehospital. 'rance lies $etween Aelgium, est +ermany, 4witerlan" an" 4pain.

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 Amoung 0+"tre& #ri"tre1 F u" o(iect e al +"tre $ai $ulte o(iecte: There2s a "ictionary amoung thesebooks.IRECIE: to, into, onto, to3ar-*&Acete #ro#o)iii u"t oloite cu %er(e de $icare& #e"tru a i"dica direcia:To 0la1 , $icarea #." la u" #u"ct: He came to school early.

 nto 0+"1 , #tru"derea: They went into the house.*nto 0#e1 , $icarea #e o u#raa: The actor walke" onto the stage.Towards 0ctre& #re1 , direcia ctree u" #u"ct& dar "u i ati"'erea deti"aiei 0ca to1: They slowlytowards the rier.Atenie a1 2" %or(ire in i on u"t adeea oloite +" loc de intoi onto& du# %er(e ca put, place, lay etc.: 4he

 put her money in her bag!on the table. (1 Ver(ul arrie ete ur$at de #re#o)iia at : They arrie" at home early.T#roug#, acro**, o/erThrough 0#ri" i"dic tra%erarea i #tru"derea: on2t walk through the park, walk aroun" it.

 Acrossover 0#ete1 i"dic "u$ai tra%erarea: The train went overacross the bri"ge. They saile" across

the ocean.Up, -o3n, along/p and down 0+" uul i +" -oul1 e#ri$ o $icare #e %ertical: The chil"ren ran up and down the

 stairs ! hill.

au #e ori)o"tal 0de,a lu"'ul1: They walke" up and down the street!platform. 0i"o"i$ cu alo"'1Pa*t, b$

 +ast 0#e l."'1 i"dic $icarea #e l."'i di"colo de: alk past the hitel, turn righ an" you2ll get tothepost*office.

 &y 0#e l."'1 i"dic o $icare   o#rire au cu o +"treru#ere curt: They "roe $y the lake without  stopping.About, aroun-

 Around 0+" -urul1 i"dicb o #o)iie ai $icare circular : He has a muffler around his neck. A$outaround * 0+" -urul& +" #rea-$& #ri"1 i"dic o #o)iie/$icare "edei"it: There aren2t manycinemas a$outaround here. They walke" a$outaround town all "ay.O)), out o), )rom*ff 0de #e& de la& di"1 e#ri$ e#ararea& de#ri"derea de o u#raa: The ase fell off the table.*ut of 0di"1 e#ri$ ieirea& coaterea di"tr,u" %olu$: 4he came out of the house.

%rom 0de& de la1 i"dic de#irea& dita"a& locul de u"de a #or"it aciu"ea: 4he came straight home from school.TIM3: At, on, in

 At a time: at the!that time, at & o2clock, at noon, at night, at "inner 3time#, at the weeken". pag: 6*n a day: on 4un"ay, on <on"ay morning, on )ew %ear2s "ay, on the st of <arch, on the following "ay.

 n a period5 in the 3late# afternoon, in Iuly, in summer, --0, in the following months, in the /0thcentury.?$, be)ore, a)ter

 &y F "u $ai t.r)iu de: %ou will hae my answer $y the en" of the week. &efore F +"ai"te de: $ talke" to him $efore noon. After F $ai t.r)iu de& du#: @ing me up after the meeting.

rom&&& to, till=untilTo #oate e#ri$a relaii de ti$# au direcie& tilluntil "u$ai de ti$#*%rom 0di"& de la1 i"dic $o$e"tul +"ce#erii aciu"ii& totill 0#." +"& #." la1 .r itul ei: 4he staye" withus from Ianuary totill pril last year.Tilluntil i "u to1 tre(uie oloit dac li#ete ro$: He waite" for you until - o2clock./ntil i"dic .r itul u"ei aciu"i #o)iti%e au +"ce#utul u"ei aciu"i "e'ati%e: e worke" until noon3anmm" stoppe" then#. e "i"n2t work until noon 3e began then#.URATA: 1uring, )or, "all% t#roug#=t#roug#out, o/er

 uring 0+" ti$#ul1& e#ri$ #erioad +" ti$#ul creia a a%ut loc o aciu"e 0+" $od i"ter$ite"t1: e werein Aucharest during summer. e isit the rt +alleries during our stay in Aucharest.

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%or 0de& ti$# de1& i"dic durata u"ei aciu"i "e+"treru#te: e staye" in Aucharest for three weeks.All! throughthroughout 0to& tot ti$#ul1 F de la +"ce#ut #." la .r itul #erioadei: e worke" har" all 

through the year. $t raine" throughout the summer.*ver 0de& la1 , i"dic o #erioad li$itat 0r(tori& %aca"1 : e went to the mountains over theweeken".Atenie 3re#o)iiile de ti$#/durat e o$it:a1 +" e#reii cu la*t 6 ne+t, t#i* 6 t#at, *ome 6e/er$

 $ saw a film last night .0aear 1 He came this morning 0+" aceat di$i"ea1* $ go to school every day

0+" iecare )i1 (1 +" e#reii +"ce#."d cu all : He staye" there all "ay!week 0"u or all da/Pee1MO1, IN2TRUMENT, CANTITATEBith 0cu1& without 0 1& in... mannerway 0+" $odul1 e#ri$ $odul +" care are loc aciu"ea: 4he

 spoke with confi"ence ! without hesitation ! in the usual way.

 (ike 0ca1 oloit ca #re#o)iie ete ur$at de u" u(ta"ti%& #ro"u$e au Geru"d* (ike e#ri$ $odul: o ae$"are / co$#araie +"tre doi ter$e"i: 4he walks like a "ancer. He is erymuch like his mother.

 &y 0cu& #ri"& de1 i on 0#e& la1 i"dic $i-locul cu care e %.r it aciu"ea:4he entere" $y the back "oor. This "ress is ma"e $y han". He goes to work $y bus ! on foot. $ listen tothe news on the ra"io. He watches the news on teleision.ith 0cu1 #recede i"tru$e"tul: The little chil" has learne" to write with a pen. 4he opene" the "oor with a key.

 n 0cu1 e#ri$ $odul au $aterialul oloit: 4he wrote the letter in ink. &y 0la& cu1 e#ri$ ca"titatea: Bloth is sol" $y the yar". ggs are sol" $y the "oen. pag: 6/REERINB

 As to# as for# regarding# in regard to# concerning 0or$al1 F cu #ri%ire la& 0c.t1 de#re: As to our  gran"mother, eerybo"y loes her. 4ome interesting "ocuments concerning our ancient history hae ;ust been foun". A$out# on 0de#re1:A(out ete oloit cu %er(e ca: chat, 9uarrel, talk:They talke" a$out their school "ays.Jn ete oloit #e"tru acti%iti or'a"i)ate& du# %er(e ca lecture, write speak : He lecture" on 4cottishliterature*

BED : ?ecau*e o), on account o) 0or$al1& )rom, out o), )or, t#roug# 0di" cau) de1:e put off our trip becau*e o) the weather * 4he was late on account o) the heay trafffic. He coun"n2t 

 speak )or shame* He "i" it )rom pity / out o) curiosity* 4he lost her gloes t#roug# her carelessness*4BJP : )or 0#e"tru1 $ went to the chemist2s )or some aspirin*4E@4 /J@$+$) : )rom 0di"1 He comes )rom 'rance*

 +)T : b$ 0de& de ctre1: 4he was e?amine" b$ a specialist *BJ)B4$ : in *pite, -e*pite 0or$al1& )or all, 3it# all 0a$iliar1 F +" ciuda& cu toat / toate: Theyen;oye" the trip& in *pite of the ba" weather * 1e*pite her illFness, she still goes skiing. He was a goo" man& )or all his "efects*

 ?cepie: e+cept )or, but 0cu ece#ia1: erybo"y left but the hea"master.:&5& 1i)erena .ntre propoziii .n limba romni .n limba englez2"tre oloirea #re#o)iiilor +" li$(a e"'le) i li$(a ro$." eit "u$eroae diere"e& care #re)i"tdiiculti #e"tru ele%ii ro$."i* U"ele di"tre acetea u"t:

in the street 0E"'l* a$eric* , on the stret 1 , pe tradin the playgroun" , pe tere"ul de #ortin the sky , pe cer in the sun , la oarein the open air , la aer curaton the way to , Cn dru$ #reon the st floor , la eta-ul 5roun- the corner , "up colat present , .n #re)e"tat the some time , .n acelai ti$#

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at this moment , .n acet $o$e"tat last , .n .r itin a yearLs time , peste u" a"in my opinion , "up  #rerea $eabe$on- control , in"epen"ent de %oi"a***in all probability , "up toate #ro(a(ilitileb$ my watch , "up ceaul $eub$ heart , pe di"aar b$ mistake , "in 'reealto go on a trip! on holi"ay , a $er'e Cn ctorie Cn %aca"to go 0out 1 )or a walk , a $er'e la #li$arelo look out o) the win"ow , a #ri%i pe ereatr to get in t#roug# the win"ow , a i"tra pe ereatr heLs the tallest in the class , e cel $ai +"alt "in claout*i-e the cinema , Cn faa ci"e$ato'raului

 pag: 6:&7& 1i)erene .ntre prepoziii .n limba engleza britanici prepoziii .n engleza americanEit u"ele diere"e i +" oloirea #re#o)iiilor +" %aria"ta (rita"ici a$erica" a li$(ii e"'le)e:E"'le)a (rita"ic E"'le)a a$erica"towar"s

in the street at the back of...at the weeken" it2s ten minutes pa*t si?it2s a 9urter to one

 $2ll see you on 4un"aytowar" on the street in back of...on the weeken" it2s ten minutes a)ter si?it2s a 9uarter be)ore one

 $2ll see you 4un"ay

:&9& Particule a-/erbiale "A-/erbial Particle*%3articulele ad%er(iale u"t ae$toare ca or$ cu u"ele #re#o)iii au ad%er(e* Ele e deoe(ec +"de acetea #ri" u"cia lor*3articulele ad%er(iale $odiic e"ul %er(elor #e care le +"oec& tra"or$."du,le +" %er(e cu #articulead%er(iale: They hae put o)) the meeting again They hae po*tpone- the meeting again* Au a$."atdi" "ou edi"a*3articulele ad%er(iale cel $ai rec%e"t oloite u"t: about, across, along, aroun", away, back, by,"own, in, of, on, out, oer, past, rou", through, up*

 Not: Multe di"tre acete #articule ad%er(iale #ot i oloite i ca ad%er(e #ro#riu,)ie: He is in* Ete+"u"tru* / Ete +" ca*au ca #re#o)iii: He is in the kitchen* Ete +" (ucrie*:&9&(& Întrebuinarea particulelor a-/erbialea1 +" $a-oritatea ca)urilor& #articulele ad%er(iale $odiic total e"ul %er(elor la care u"t ataate: He

came roun- after the acci"ent * i,a rectat cu"oti"a / i,a re%e"it du# accide"t* (1 2" alte ca)uri& e"ul %er(ului cu #articul ad%er(ial #oate i dedu di" a"ali)a ele$e"telor co$#o"e"te: go in, come, bring back, take away*c1 Koloirea u"or #articule ad%er(iale #e l."' a"u$ite %er(e +"trete doar ideea e#ri$at de acetea:"rink up 0(ea tot/#." la u"d1& stan" up, lie "own*:&9&& !ocul particulelor a-/erbiale .n propoziie& 3articulele ad%er(iale e aea) i$ediat du# u"%er( i"tra")iti%: He turne" roun- an" looke" at me* S,a +"tor i ,a uitat la $i"e*ac %er(ul ete tra")iti% i ete ur$at de u" co$#le$e"t direct e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" #ro"u$e au altdeter$i"a"t& #articula ad%er(ial ete ae)at du# co$#le$e"tul direct: e saw TDEM o)) to the

 station* I,a$ co"du la 'ar * Pick TDE2E up& please* Ridic atea& te ro'*

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 Not: 3ri" aceat caracteritic& %er(ele cu #articole ad%er(iale e deoe(ec de %er(ele ur$ate de #re#o)iii o(li'atorii& deoarece #re#o)iiile "u #ot i e#arate de %er(* Co$#arai: Please look ME upwhen you come to Aucharest * 0upF#articola ad%er(ial14he was looking at DIM 0at F #re#o)iie1

 pag: 61ac co$#le$e"tul direct ete e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" u(ta"ti%& #articula ad%er(ial #oate i ae)at +"ai"teau du# aceta 0$ai ale +" %or(irea a$iliar 1: He gae bac TDE ?OO * He gae TDE ?OO bac * A +"a#oiat cartea*acb co$#le$e"tul direct ete lu"'& au ete e#ri$at #ri"tr,o #ro#o)iie u(ordo"at& #articulaad%er(ial ete ae)at i$ediat du# %er(: He gae back t#e boo #e #a- borro3e-* A +"a#oiat cartea

 #e care o +$#ru$utae*EKERCI2E2I* Co$#letai #aiile li(ere cu #re#o)iii de loc au direcie:5* I li%e***** & Kra"li" treet* M lat i**** t4e 5t4 loor* ;* T4e tallet (uildi"'**** t4e Porld i**** NePor* * Kat4er dro%e**** t4e cor"er loPl& P4ile I Pe"t**** t4e 4o#* * eHll lea%e***** Brao%to$orroP* * T4eDll to#***3ari***t4eir Pa***Lo"do"* 7* T4e ra"*** c4ool***t4e (u to#* 8* ePe"t***radea*** a (ui"e tri# lat Pee* =* 3eter i"Dt***4o$e* Oe $ut (e *** c4ool* 6* T4e arri%ed ***ci"e$a earl* 5* M u"cle dro%e *** $e *** 4i car& (ut 4e did"Dt ee $e* 55* T4e coi" ell*** 4i #ocet*5;* S4e carried t4e (o***t4e tair***4er roo$* 5* LetD it*** t4e u"* 5* Oe lea"t*** t4e Pall* 5* o"Dt'o *** t4e treet o" a red li'4t*

II* Co$#letai #aiile li(ere cu #re#o)iii de ti$# au durat:5* IHll (e i" t4e cou"tr**** ?ul***** Se#te$(er* ;* T4e tra%elled*******t4e da a"d le#t******"i'4t* *E$i"ecu Pa (or"******** ?a"uar 5& 5=* * Oe ca$e****5 oHcloc****t4e a$e ti$e Pit4 4i rie"d* *It i %er 4ot 4ere *** u$$er* 7* I #4o"ed all $ rie"d*** NeP earD a* 8* e 'o to c4ool *** t4e$or"i"'* =* I 4o#e IDll 4a%e i"i4ed $ 4o$ePor***6 oDcloc* 6* e taed at 4o$e***t4e Peee"d* 5*ID%e (ee" li%i"' i" Buc4aret*** te" ear* 55* T4eDll (e 4ere***te" $i"ute* 5;* T4e $a"a'er Po"Dt (e

 (ac***later t4i ater"oo"* 5* Sc4ool (e'i"*** Se#te$(er a"d e"d*** ?ul* 5* I did"Dt u"derta"d4i$***irt*

 $$$. Tra"ucei Cn limba engle:5* La ce te uiiW ;* El e uit #e ereatr * * 3e ci"e ate#iW * C.t e ora du# ceaul tuW * Oai $er'e$ la #li$(are* 7* E +" #ital de dou  #t$."i* 8* e ce i,e tea$W El e +"totdeau"a a$a(il cu

 #acie"ii* =* 2i u"t recu"octor #e"tru er%iciul #e care $il,a  cut* 6* L,a$ elicitat #e"tru ucceulu* 5* Tre$ura de ri'* 55* Nu $ $i"i! 5;* i$i"eaa ,au #li$(at #ri" ora& du#,a$ia)a au tat

aca* 5* Curul a durat o lu" +"trea'* 5* Au #or"it,o #re r.u* 5* edi"a a +"ce#ut la ora 55di$i"eaa i a durat #." la ora ; du#,a$ia)* 57* A ot #lecat +" ti$#ul %aca"ei* 58* Au ctorit cade o(icei* 5=* i"e o co"eri" de#re arta co"te$#ora"* 56* Ta(loul a ot #ictat +" ulei& "u +"acuarel* ;* E u" #ro'ra$ (u" la tele%i)or diear *

 pag: 65;& Con<uncia "T#e Con<unction%;&(& 1e)iniiea1 e#ri$ ra#orturi de coordo"are au de u(ordo"are +"tre dou #ro#o)iii& ra#orturi de coordo"are+"tre dou #i de #ro#o)iie au +"tre o #arte de #ro#o)iie i o #ro#o)iie9

 (1 ete "elei(il di" #u"ct de %edere $orolo'ic9c1 "u +"de#li"ete "ici o u"cie i"tactic +" #ro#o)iie dar $arc4ea) ra#orturile de coordo"are iu(ordo"are +" cadrul #ro#o)iiei i al ra)ei*;&& Con<unciile coor-onatoare "Co6or-inating Con<unction*%

Co"-u"ciile coordo"atoare lea' #i de #ro#o)iie cu aceeai u"cie i"tacic au #ro#o)iii deacelai el: $ isite" the (illage <useum and the rt +alleries yester"ay. $t starte" to rain $ut the gamecontinue".;&&(& Cla*i)icare& u# relaiile #e care le ta(ilec& co"-u"ciile coordo"atoare #ot i:a1 co#ulati%e: an" , i9 as well as , #recu$9 both... an" , at.t*** c.t i9 not only... but also , "u "u$ai***dar i9

 (1 di-u"cti%e: or , au9 ori9 either...or , au*** au9 neither...nor , "ici***"ici9c1 ad%erati%e: but , dar& ci9;&&& Întrebuinarea con<unciilor coor-onatoare& ither... or i"dic dou alter"ati%e di" care "u$aiu"a ete #oi(il& +" #ro#o)iii #o)iti%e au i"tero'ati%e: e can either hae a snack now, or we can

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hae lunch at noon. Ban you "rink either milk or tea >3e"tru a e#ri$a o "e'aie e oloete either... or %er( "e'ati% au neither...nor %er( #o)iti%: $ can2t trael either by air or by sea. $ can trael neither by air nor by sea.;&&0& Poziie& Co"-u"ciile coordo"atoare e aea) +"tre u"itile i"tactice #e care le u"ec: He opene" the "oor A" 2(( A" the win"ow.Co"-u"ciile coordo"atoare "u- #ot i ae)ate la +"ce#utul ra)ei: an finishe" his homework and went out for a walk * a" i,a ter$i"at leciilei a ieit la #li$(are*;&0& Con<unciile *ubor-onatoare "2ubor-inating Con<unction*%Co"-u"ciile uordo"atoare lea' #ro#o)iiile ecu"dare di" ra) de ele$e"tele lor re'e"te: $ went to the

 post office, 4232 bought a "oen postcar"s* M,a$ du la #o& u"de a$ cu$#rat dou#re)ece%ederi*

 pag: 66 ;&0&(& Cla*i)icare& u# elul #ro#o)iiilor #e care le i"troduc& co"-u"ciile u(ordo"atoare #ot i:(% uni/er*aleB that , c9 if, whether , dac9 care #ot i"troduce $ai $ulte eluri de #ro#o)iiidu(ordo"ate: 42T423 he will $e punctual remains to be seen. 0#ro#o)iie u(iecti%1* The best way is % you go there yourself. 0#ro#o)iie #redicati%1 @emember T4AT we must get there in time.0co$#leti% direct1*% *pecializateBa1 de loc: where * u"deF whereer * oriu"deF

 (1 de ti$#: when , c."d9 since , de c."d9 till!until , #." c."d9 while!as , +" ti$# ce9 before , +"ai"te ca9

after , du# ce9c1 de $od: 3e?actly# asF 3;ust# as , 0aa1 cu$9 3e?act# cu$9d1 de cau): as, since, because , deaorece& ii"dc9e1 de co#: so that, in or"er that!so 3that# 0$ai or$al1 , 0#e"tru1 ca& cu co#ul ca*Sco#ul "e'ati% ete e#ri$at de: for fear 3that# , de tea$ 9 in caseF lest 0or$al1 , ca  "u91 co"diio"ale: if , dac9 proi"e" 3that# ! on con"ition 3that# as long as!so longs as , cu co"diia9unless , aar  dac& "u$ai dac "u9'1 co"ecuti%e: so that , +"c.t9 so 0a$iliar1 , +"c.t9 so!such... 3that# , aa/atel*** +"c.t941 co"cei%e: though, although 0$ai or$al1& while, whereas 0or$al1& een if.though , dei& cu toate c&c4iar dac9i1 co$#arati%e: as...as , $ai 0$ult1*** dec.t9 as if!as though * ca i cu$& de #arc*;&0&& Întrebuinarea con<unciilor *ubor-onatoare& hen# as 0te$#orale1hen i"dic i$ulta"eitatea a dou aciu"i: hen $ am tire" $ go for a walk. C."d u"t o(oit ac o

 #li$(are* 0acce"tul ete #e $o$e"tul aciu"ii1 au ucceiu"ea lor i$ediat +" ti$#: hen she rang thebell, he came to the "oor. C."d ea a u"at la o"erie& el a %e"it la u*

 As ete oloit #e"tru aciu"i #aralele: 4he wept as she spoke. 3l."'ea +" ti$# ce %or(ea* 0acce"tul ete #e aciu"ea +"i19au ca i"o"i$ al lui P4ile: As $ was crossing the street, $ hear" somebo"y call my name. 2" ti$# ce / 3ec."d tra%era$ trada& a$ au)it #e ci"e%a tri'."du,$i "u$ele*

 As# since# $ecause 0cau)ale1 As e#ri$ cau)a& $oti%ul #e"tru aciu"ea di" #ro#o)iia re'e"t: As like" the "ress, she bought it.Kii"dc i,a #lcut roc4ia& a cu$#rat,o*

 "ince #reu#u"e u" ar'u$e"t ad$i de i"terlocutor: "ince you nee" this book, $2ll get for you.eoarece ai "e%oie de carte& a$ i,o iau*

 f not# unless 0co"diio"ale1 f not ete o#uul lui if 0dac "u1: f you get sick, you2ll nee" a "octor. f you "on2t get sick, you won2t 

nee" a "octor./nless ete o#uul lui #ro%ided / #ro%idi"' t4at 0doar dac& cu co"diia ca1& iar c."d ete oloit unless%er(ul di" #ro#o)iia co"diio"al ete la or$a #o)iti%: %ou may see the "octor provided you hae anappointment. 3oi  i"tri la doctor cu co"diia  ii #ro'ra$at* %ou can2t see the "octor unless youhae an appointment. Nu #oi  i"tri la doctor dec.t dac eti #ro'ra$at*

 pag: 67 /nless "u ete oloit #e"tru a i"troduce #ro#o)iii co"diio"ale ireale: He coul"n2t hae seen the "octor if he ha"n2t ha" an appointment. N,ar i #utut  i"tre la doctor dac ",ar i ot #ro'ra$at*;&0&0& Poziie& Co"-u"ciile u(ordo"atoare e aea) la +"ce#utul #ro#o)iiei ecu"dare& care #oate

 #recede au ur$a #ro#o)iia re'e"t: A" the wether was ba", we staye" home all "ay. A(T4*/4 

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 she spoke ery slowly, $ coul"n2t un"erstan" her. $ can2t help you with your homework &28A/"2 $2mbusy right now. =y"ia like" the book "* much T4AT she rea" it three times.S#re deoe(ire de co"-u"ciile coordo"atoare& co"-u"ciile u(ordo"atoare #ot i #recedate de alteco"-u"cii: He left early because he wasn2t feeling ery well A1 because the party was boring. A

 #lecat de%re$e #e"tru c "u e i$ea oarte (i"e i #e"tru c #etrecerea era #licticoa*EKERCI2E2

 $. 'ormai frae "in propoiiile urmtoare cu a;utorul con;unciilor "in parantee:5* Alice 4ad too $uc4 to eat* Cat4 did"Ht* 0(ut1* ;* I 4a%e"Ht i"i4ed t4e (oo* I ca"Ht retur" it to t4eli(rar et* 0o1 * I 4all (u t4at Patc4* It i "ot e#e"i%e* 0i1** ou Po"Ht u"derta"d* ou lite" careull* 0u"le1* * Mar (ou'4t a "eP dre* S4e did"Dt reall"eed o"e 0alt4ou'41* 7* 3eter 'ot 'ood $ar i" 4i ter$ #a#aer* Oe Pored %er 4ard* 0(ecaue1* 8*Kat4er 4a (ou'4t a %ioli"* Ala" ca" lear" 4oP to #la 0o t4at1* =* ou $ut do* ou are told 0eactla1* ID$ tudi"'* I lie to lite" to radio* 0P4ile1* 5* Bo( i 4a%i"' a" ea$ to$orroP* Oe ca"Dt co$eto our #art* 0i"ce1* 55* Oe 4ad tudied E"'li4 or e%e" ear* Oe couldDt #ea i lue"tl* 0e%e"t4ou'41* 5;* 3aul i ee"o" te""i* Oe #la e%er da 0o***t4at1* 5* It Pa a %er diicult eercie*Mar could"Dt do it* 0uc4***t4at1

 $$. Bompletai spaiile libere cu con;unciile potriite ca sens "in parantee:5* 3aul Pa "ot*****(ri'4t****4i (rot4er Pere* 0alt4ou'4& a****a& #ro%ided t4at1* ;* But 4e 4ad alPaPored 4arder***** t4e e%er 4ad* 0t4a"& P4erea& (eore1 * Oe Pould 'et a c4olar4i#***** 4e #aed t4eea$ toda 0o& #ro%ided& u"til1* * I" a Pa 4e did "ot reall care*** 4e Po" t4e c4olar4i# or "ot

0P4et4er& i& u"le1* * But 4e Pa"ted to do 4i ea$ *** 4e Pa"Dt eeli"' %er Pell* 0i" cae& let&t4ou'41* 8* Oe lite"ed to t4e i"%i'ilator careull***4e $i'4t ail to catc4 all t4e i"tructio"* 0u##oi"'&or ear& P4et4er1* =* T4e i"%i'ilator #ro"ou"ced all t4e "a$e loPl*** eac4 o t4e$ $i'4t 4ear 4i "a$eclearl* 0o t4at& uc4***t4at& #ro%ided t4at1

 pag: 6& $$$. Tra"ucei Cn limba engle:Au a-u" ara la 4a"ul lui o$"u Vailiu* Vitoria tia c acolo are  'eac ce%a* 2"tr,ade%r& a 'it*2" at la Su4a& e t.r"ie oarecare )%oa"* S#u"eau u"ii i alii c ar i "e%oie  %ie %reu" -udector dela t.r'&  cercete)e cu$ a ot cu %.")area oilor* S %ad dac e al 4.rtia lor de cu$#tur  de laor"a& i dac 'o#odarii di" Su4a au c4ita" de #aralele #e care le,au dat lui Li#a"* Nu #u"e "i$e"ee ae$e"ea 'o#odari cu %a) ar i +" tare a %.r i o a#t rea , dar e (i"e i arate +"dre#trile*Aar  de ata a $ai #u "u tiu ci"e c "u$ai dec.t ci"tiii 'o#odari tre(uie  arate $artorul oriartorii care ,au 'it a la %.")are au la "u$toarea (a"ilor* E la +"ele'erea oriicui c "u$ai

ae$e"ea tr i" au tr i"i& care ,au alat de a& au #utut  ur$reac #e Li#a"& i ,i r  #eac (a"iioilor* S,ar #utea ca aceti $artori  ie cu totul "ecu"ocui* Nici Calitrat& "ici Ilie Cuui "u i,au %)ut

 #." atu"ci& "ici de atu"ci* C4iar dac ar i aa&  arate ce +" are a%eau& ce cai i ce traie* i" #ui"&e #ot ala $ulte i   #taii ie la i%eal*0Mi4ail Sado%ea"u , Balta'ul1('& Inter<ecia "T#e Inter<ection%('&(& 1e)iniiea1 3ri" i"ter-ecie e eteriori)ea) e")aii& e"ti$e"te& $a"ietri de %oi" au e re#roduc u"ete i)'o$ote di" "atur 9

 (1 i"ter-ecia ete o #arte de %or(ire "elei(il& "eii"d $arcat de cate'orii 'ra$aticale9c1 i"ter-ecia #oate co"titui ie u" ele$e"t de +"trire #e l."' o #ro#o)iie& ie o #ro#o)iiei"de#e"de"t au o #arte de #ro#o)iie*('&& Cla*i)icare

Cu a-utorul i"ter-eciilor e eteriori)ea):(% *enzaii i *entimenteBa1 (ucurie: h K Joh K Iippee K Hurray K 3a, ah, uraK#.

 (1 ur#ri): Jh K ow K 3a, ah, ohK#. *h , what a nice "ress Kc1 $irare: Jh, "ear K ear me K $n"ee" K 0%ai dra'& %ai de $i"e& +"tr,ade%r1 *h# dear# $can2t fin" my

 purse. ear me 9 hat are you "oing oer there >d1 ad$iraie: hew K0a4& doa$"e1: hew , how beautiful she is Ke1 +"ele'ere: ha K 0a& a4a!1: Aha , these gloes are e?actly what $ was looking for.1 di#re: 'ie K Pshaw K hat a shameK 03tiu& #a4& ce rui"e!1: %ie upon you K %ou ought to be ashame" at what you hae "one.

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'1 de)'ut: EghK 3ChK#: /gh# how "irty your han"s are K41 a#ro(are: ell "one K Bongratulations K 0Koarte (i"e! Kelicitri!1 ell do"e& 3eter ! ouH%e #aedall our ea$ (rillia"tl*i1 de)a#ro(are: No"e"e! 4at a "uia"ce! 03rotii ! Ce #acote!1: 4at a "uia"ce! NoP IHll 4a%e todo it all o%er a'ai"!

 -1 re'ret: A4! 4! 4at a #it! 0a!& o4! ce #cat!1: 4at a #it ou could"Ht co$e! It Pa a 'ood #la*1 durere: uc4! P! 0%ai& a4& aoleu!1: ouc4& it 4urt!% mani)e*tri -e /oinBa1 o ru'$i"te& u" +"de$": JhK HelpK 0o4! A-utor!19 4shK HushK 4ilanceK 0St& li"ite!1: 4ush9 Thebaby2s sleepingK

 (1 o +"cura-are: Bheer upK Bome onK 0Cura-! Oaide!1: 8ome on# "on2t be afrai"K %ou2ll manage.c1 o a%erti)are: =ook JutK 'ireK 0Ate"ie! Koc!1: %ire 9 The house is on fireK1 e re#roduc u"ete i )'o$ote di" $ediul +"co"-ur tor: Aow * wow K

 <iaowK AaaK AuK 0Oa$ , 4a$ ! Miau! Be4! B))!1: AangK BlickK BrashK('&0& Întrebuinarea inter<eciilorU"a i aceeai i"ter-ecie #oate a%ea e$"iicaii dierite& +" u"cie de co"tet: Ah , here you are at last K0(ucurie1& dar i: Ah , it2s painful K 3"urere#.U"ele i"ter-ecii u"t oloite cu #recdere de (r(ai: )o fear K+oo" lor" K Iolly goo" K

 #e c."d altele u"t #eciice li$(a-ului e$i"i": owK Jh, "earK Jh, my K ear meK <y goo"nessK

EKERCI2E2 $. Tra"ucei urmtoarele propoiii Cn limba rom8n:5* uc4& $ le'! ;* o4& t4i icecrea$H deliciou! * ?i##ee& PeH%e Po" t4e $atc4! * oP& i"Ht 4ecle%erW * ell do$e& 3eter* 7* S4! Gra"d$a i lee#i"'* 8* M 'ood"e! 4at dreadul Peat4er! =*Grr! I"t it cold! 6* Looout! A car i co$i"'* 5* M$! T4i crea$ caeD %er 'ood* 55* ell& I $ut

 (e 'oi"'* 4& I ee* 5;* ell& 'ood luc! 4& t4a" ou* 5* A4& t4ere ou are! 5* ear $e!ou do loo ill!* 5* 4at a #it Pe did"Dt 'o o" a #ic"ic eterda* NoP itD rai"i"'* 57* Tut& tut! ouare "au'4t (o! 58* elco$e 4oe& $ dear!

 $$. Bompletai spaiile libere cu inter;ecii potriite ca sens:5* ***! eHre 4a%i"' a 4olida to$orroP! eHre 'oi"' o" a tri#! ;* ***** T4at Pa a Po"derul 4oP! I4ad"Ht t4ou'4t I Pould e"-o it o $uc4! * **** IH%e #ilt $ tea! * ***** 4at a $e! * *** itD #ai"tul!7* *** t4atD eactl P4at I "eeded* 8* *** 4oP Po"derull 4e i"'! =* *** Kat4er i Pori"'* 6* ***T4ereDa (u co$i"'! 5* ***ou do loo #ale! 55* *** 3eter 4a (roe" t4at Pi"doP a'ai"! 5;* ***! ou ca" co$e

Pit4 u e%e" i ou are tired* ouDll 4a%e a 'ood ret t4ere* pag: 703artea a II,a2INTAKA PROPOHIIEI"T#e 2imple 2entence%II&'& GeneralitiII&'&(& 1e)iniie3ro#o)iia ete u"itatea de (a) a i"taei* Ea re#re)i"t cea $ai $ic u"itate a i"taei care #oatea#rea de i"e ttoare i care co$u"ic o -udecat lo'ic au o idee cu caracter aecti% au %oliio"al*II&'&& Cla*i)icare51 i" #u"ct de %edere al co#ului co$u"icrii& #ro#o)iiile e +$#art +":a% propoziii enuniati/e, care tra"$it o i"or$aie: Colu$(u dico%ered A$erica i" 56;* Colu$( adeco#erit A$erica +" 56;* Oe did"Ht "otice 4er* Nu a o(er%at,o*

b% propoziii interogati/e, #ri" care e olicit o i"or$aie: ould ou lie to co$e to our #art WVrei  %ii la #etrecerea "oatr  Wc% propoziii imperati/e, care e#ri$ o #oru"c& o ru'$i"te& +"de$": #e" t4e (oo! ec4idecartea* SPitc4 o" t4e radio& #leae* ec4ide radioul& te ro'*-% propoziii e+clamati/e, care e#ri$ o tare aecti% 0ur#ri"dere& "e$ulu$ire& atiacie etc*1: 4&4oP attracti%e 4e i ! 4& ce ru$oa ete!;* i" #u"ct de %edere al tructurii& #ro#o)iiile e +$#art +":a% propoziii *imple 0U"ete"ded Si$#le Se"te"ce1& alctuite "u$ai di" u(iect i #redicat: T4ec4ildre" are lee#i"'* Co#ii dor$* o' (ar* C.i"ii latr *b% propoziii -ez/oltate 0Ete"ded Si$#le Se"te"ce1& care cu#ri"d& #e l."' u(iect i #redicat& i alte

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i de #ro#o)iie: eterda 4e Pe"t to c4ool ( (iccle* Ieri ,a du la coal cu (icicleta*c% propoziii eliptice 0Elli#tical Si$#le Se"te"ce1& di" care li#ec a"u$ite #i de #ro#o)iie& ele

 #ut."d i co$#letate cu uuri": 0IH%e1 "e%er 4eard a(out 4i$* 4o i $ii"' W ?o4" 0i $ii"'1* pag: 7II&'&0& Tipuri -e propoziiiStructura #ro#o)iiilor i$#le i de)%oltate #oate i detaliat +" u"cie de #ile de #ro#o)iie careur$ea) +" $od o(li'atoriu a"u$ite %er(e*Ver(ele e +$#art +" trei clae $ari: co#ulati%e& i"tra")iti%e i tra")iti%e& di" #u"ct de %edere alco$#li"irii %er(ale& al #bilor de #ro#o)iie care #ot i oloite du# ele*a% Verbul copulati/ #ri" ecele" ete %er(ul (e* Aceta "u #oate i ur$at dec.t de u" "u$e #redicati%au de u" co$#le$e"t circu$ta"ial de loc:They are workers.They are in the factory.b% Verbele intranziti/e "u #ot i ur$ate de co$#le$e"te directe*c% Verbele tranziti/e u"t %er(ele ur$ate de co$#le$e"te directe*II&'&4& Lu."d +" co"iderare #o)i(ilitile de co$#li"ire %er(al& e o(i" ur$toarele u(ti#uri de

 #ro#o)iii:Propoziia *implBa1 u(iect %er( i"tra")iti%: He swims. El +"oat*

 (1 u(iect %er( co#ulati% "u$e #redicati%:

 He is a treacher. El ete #roeor* He is competent. El ete co$#ete"t*Propoziia -ez/oltatBa1 u(iect %er( i"tra")iti% co$#le$e"t circu$ta"ial: He swims in the sea* El +"oat +" $are*

 (1 u(iect %er( co#ulati% co$#le$e"t circu$ta"ial: The teacher is here!in classroom. 3roeorulete aici /+" clac1 u(iect %er( tra")iti% co$#le$e"t direct: 4he has foun" the book. 0Ea1 a 'it cartea*d1 u(iect %er( tra")iti% co$#le$e"t direct co$#le$e"t direct:The man aske" the boy seeral 9uestions. $ul i,a #u (iatului $ai $ulte +"tre(ri*e1 u(iect %er( tra")iti% co$#le$e"t direct co$#le$e"t i"direct: 'ather gae the toy to the littleboy. Tatl i,a dat -ucria (iatului*1 u(iect %er( tra")iti% co$#le$e"t direct ele$e"t #redicati% u#li$e"tar: They appointe" himchairman. L,au "u$it #reedi"te*

'1 u(iect %er( tra")iti% co$#le$e"t direct co$#le$e"t #re#o)iio"al: $ helpe" him withhomework. L,a$ a-utat i ac te$ele*II&'&5& Pile -e propoziie "T#e Part* o) t#e 2entence%ile de #ro#o)iie e claiic +":(% pi principale -e propoziieB u(iectuli #redicatul9% pi *ecun-are -e propoziieL co$#le$e"tul direct& i"direct& #re#o)iio"al& ele$e"tul #redicati%u#li$e"tar& co$#le$e"te circu$ta"iale 0de ti$#& loc& $od& cau) etc*1 i atri(utul*2" li$(a e"'le)& acete #i de #ro#o)ibie #ot i ide"tiicate cu a-utorul ur$toarelor caracteritici:a1 #ri" ce #i de %or(ire u"t e#ri$ate9

 pag: 7/ (1 locul #e care,l ocu# +" #ro#o)iie9c1 tr turi #eciice: acord& trecerea la diate)a #ai% etc*92ubiectul 3The 4ub;ect#:

a1 ete e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" 'ru# "o$i"al 0#ri"tr,u" u(ta"ti% au u(titut al acetuia& +"oit au "u dedeter$i"a"i1 au #ri"tr,o #ro#o)iie u(ordo"at cu u"cie de u(iect9 (1 e aea) +"ai"tea #redicatului +" #ro#o)iiile e"u"iati%ei du# %er(ul auiliar / $odal +" #ro#o)iiilei"tero'ati%e9c1 e acord +" "u$r i #eroa" cu #redicatul*Pre-icatul 3The Pre"icate#:a1 ete e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" %er( tra")iti% au i"tra")iti% la u" $od #ero"al au #ri"tr,u" %er( co#ulati%cu o co$#li"ire "o$i"al9

 (1 e aea) de re'ul du# u(iect9c1 are acord deter$i"at de u(iect*

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Complementul -irect 3The irect Jb;ect#:a1 ete e#ri$at& ca i u(iectul& #ri"tr,u" 'ru# "o$i"al au #ri"tr,o #ro#o)iie u(ordo"at cu u"cie"o$i"al9

 (1 ur$ea) de re'ul 'ru#ul u(iect , #redicat9c1 de%i"e u(iectul #ro#o)iiei +" tra"or$area #ai%*Complementul in-irect 3The $n"irect Jb;ect#:a1 ete e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" 'ru# "o$i"al9

 (1 ur$ea) co$#le$e"tul direct i are #re#o)iia e#ri$at 0to au or19I 'a%e t4e (oo to Mar*c1 "u #oate i oloit   u" co$#le$e"t direct*Numele pre-icati/ 3The Pre"icatie Part of a )ominal Pre"icate#.a1 ete e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" 'ru# "o$i"al& u" ad-ecti% au #ri"tr,o #ro#o)iie u(ordo"at cu u"cie"o$i"al9

 (1 ur$ea) %er(ul co#ulati% (e au alte co#ulati%e: (eco$e& tur" etc*:c1 "u de%i"e u(iect al #ro#o)iiei +" tra"or$area #ai%*Elementul pre-icati/ *uplimentar 3The Pre"icatie ";unct#:a1 ete e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" 'ru# "o$i"al& u" ad-ecti% au #ri"tr,o #ro#o)iie u(ordo"at cu u"cie"o$i"al9

 (1 ur$ea) 'ru#ul u(iect , #redicat: T4e (oat Pe#t cloe T4e a##i"ted 4i$ c4air$a"* I let t4e$eeti"' a little #ertur(ed*

c1 "u de%i"e u(iect al #ro#o)iiei +" tra"or$area #ai%: Oe Pa a##oi"ted c4air$a"*Complementul circum*tanial 3The "erbial#:a1 ete e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" ad%er(& co"trucie ad%er(ial au #ro#o)iie u(ordo"at circu$ta"ial&

 #ri"tr,u" 'ru# "o$i"al au o co"trucie #re#o)iio"al9 (1 ete de o(iecei $o(il& adic #oate ocu#a $ai $ulte locuri +" #ro#o)iie9c1 ete de o(icei o#io"al& adic #oate i adu'at au eli$i"at di"tr,o #ro#o)iie   ca ea  de%i""e'ra$atical*

 pag: 7((& 2ubiectul "T#e 2ub<ect%((&(& 1e)iniieSu(iectul ete #artea #ri"ci#al de #ro#o)iie de#re care e #u"e ce%a cu a-utorul #redicatului*((&& E+primarea *ubiectului2" li$(a e"'le)& u(iectul ete de o(icei e#ri$at& c4iar atu"ci c."d ete i$#ero"al au 'e"eric& %er(ul

e"'le) a%."d #ui"e dei"e"e care  $arc4e)e or$al #eroa"a i "u$rul 0#re deoe(ire de li$(aro$."1: I read t4e #a#er e%er $or"i"'* Citec )iarul +" iecare di$i"ea* ItH rai"i"'* 3lou* ou $utdo our dut* Tre(uie i aci datoria*Su(iectul #oate i e#ri$at:a1 #ri"tr,u" 'ru# "o$i"al co"i"."d u" u(ta"ti%& cu au   deter$i"a"t& au u" u(titut al acetuia:Sutde"t Por 4ard to #a t4eir ea$* Stude"ii e #re'tec erio ca  #ro$o%e)e ea$e"ele*E%er(od Pa #ree"t* Toi erau #re)e"i* T4ree are $ii"'* Trei li#ec* T4e Poi"ded Pere tae" to4o#ital* R "iii au ot dui la #ital*

 (1 #ri"tr,o co"trucie cu i"i"iti%ul& #articu#iul 0#re)e"t au trecut1 au or$a Geru"d& co"trucieoloit de o(iecei #e"tru reducerea u"ei #ro#o)iii u(ordo"ate u(iecti%e i "u$it u(iect co$#le:e ee$#lu:6 nominati/ul cu in)initi/B S4e i aid to (e a 'ood doctor* Se #u"e c ea ete o doctori (u"*6 in)initi/ul cu )or6toB It i u"uual or 4er to (e a uiet* Ete "eo(i"uit ca ea  ie at.t de tcut*

6 o con*trucie gerun-ialB ?o4"H / Oi co$i"' late Porried u* 2"t.r)ierea lui ?o4" "e,a +"'ri-orat*c1 #ri"tr,o #ro#o)iie u(ordo"at u(iecti%: T4at "ot4i"' ca$e out o it irritated 4i$* Ka#tul c "u aieit "i$ic di" ata +l e"er%a*d1 #ri"tr,u" ele$e"t care "u are e" de i"e ttor , aa "u$itul u(iect i"troducti% ir au t4ere , carea"tici#ea) u(iectul real& lo'ic al #ro#o)iiei: It ia ea to do t4i eercie* Acet eerciiu ete uor decut* T4ere are t4ree #u#il i" t4e claroo$* Su"t trei ele%i +" cla*((&0& 2ituaii *peciale55**5 Su(iectul 'e"eric #oate i e#ri$at #ri" #ro"u$ele one, you, he, they, au #ri" u(ta"ti%ul

 people.3ro"u$ele one, you, he, they i u(ta"ti%ul people e oloec ca u(iecte #e"tru a dee$"a o #eroa"

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+" 'e"eral au u" 'ru# "edei"it de #eroa"e:%ou can2t "o two "ifferent things at a time. Nu e #ot ace dou lucruri dierite +" acelai ti$#* *ne can

 fin" this phone number in the telephone "iectory. Acet "u$r de teleo" e #oate 'i +" cartea deteleo"* +eople "rink a lot of coffee in this country* 2" ara "oatr  e (ea $ult caea*

 pag: 71((&0&& Pronumele it e*te *ubiect imper*onalBa1 al %er(elor i$#ero"ale: t often rains in autumn. eeori #lou toa$"a* t snows a lot in themountains. Ni"'e $ult la $u"te*

 (1 al #ro#o)iiilor #ri" care e e#ri$ ti$#ul& %re$ea& dita"a: $t2s nearly si? o2clock. Ete a#roa#e oraae* $t2s col". Ete ri'* $t2s 9uite far from here. Ete detul de de#arte de aici*((&0&0& 2ubiectul intro-ucti/U"ele #ro#o)iii co"i" u" u(iect 'ra$atical 0or$al1i u"ul lo'ic 0real1& ade%ratul u(iect al

 #ro#o)iiei*e o(iecei u(iectul real ete a"tici#at #ri" #ro"u$ele it au ele$e"tul t4ere 0care "u ete ide"tic cuad%er(ul t4ere1*51 It i"troducti% ete oloit c."d u(iectul #ro#o)iiei ete:a1 u" i"i"iti%: t is necessary to start at once. Ete "ecear  #or"eti i$ediat* It tae $e 4al a" 4our to 'et to $ oice* 2$i tre(uie o -u$tate de or   a-u"' la er%iciu*

 (1 u" 'eru"d: It Pa "o ue our cri"'* Ai #l." de'ea(a*c1 o #ro#o)iie u(iecti%: It i tra"'e t4at 4e 4a"Ht acce#ted our i"%itatio"* Ete ciudat c ea "u a

acce#tat i"%itaia "oatr * It ee$ 4e i ri'4t* Se #are c are dre#tate*;1 Su(iectul i"troducti% t4ere ete oloit +" #ro#o)iiile +" care u(iectul real "u ete dei"it: T4ere areo$e (oo o" t4e ta(le* Su"t c.te%a ci #e $a*2" tilul literar& there ete ur$at i de alte %er(e& $ai ale happen i occur:There happene" that an ol" man remembere" something about her. S,a +"t.$#lat ca u" (tr." ia$i"teac ce%a de#re ea* #ro#o)iie i"trodu #ri" there ete ur$at de o(icei de alta #ri" care e ac #reci)ri: There is a manat the "oor. He wants to speak to you. Ete u" o$ la u* Vrea  %or(eac cu ti"e*((&4& !ocul *ubiectului .n propoziieSu(iectul ete ae)at:a1 +"ai"tea %er(ului +" #ro#o)iiile e"u"iati%e 0air$ati%e i "e'ati%e1:

 )ary is a goo" swimmer. "he "oesn2t swim eery "ay. (1 du# %er(ul auiliar au $odal& +" #ro#o)iiile i"te'orati%e: Ban you swim > oes she want to rea" 

this book >c1 du# %er(& c."d el ete a"tici#at de u" it au t4ere i"troducti%: There is a teacher in the room. $t 

 seems she has left.

 #a': 58(& Pre-icatul "T#e Pre-icate%(&(& 1e)iniie3redicatul ete #artea #ri"ci#al de #ro#o)iie care atri(uie u(iectului o aciu"e& o tare au o +"uire*(&& Cla*i)icareKu"cia de #redicat #oate i +"de#li"it de %er(e tra")iti%e i i"tra")iti%e la u" $od #ero"al& #recu$ ide %er(e co#ulati%e& atu"ci c."d au co$#li"iri "o$i"ale*(&&(& Ver(ele tra")iti%e i cele i"tra")iti%e or$ea) #redicatul %er(al claic: Bird l* 3rile )(oar *Oe Prote a" i"tereti"' ea* A cri o co$#o)iie i"terea"t*(&&& Pre-icatul nominal "t#e Nominal Pre-icate%ete alctuit di":

A1 u" %er( co#ulati% B1 u" "u$e #redicati%*A% Verbele copulati/e u"t %er(e care i,au #ierdut total au #ar ial e"ul leical i +"de#li"ec u"cia'ra$atical de $arc a ra#ortului #redicati% di"tre dou "u$e& +" cadrul #redicatului "o$i"al*Gra$atica tradiio"al diti"'e $ai $ulte clae de %er(e co#ulati%e:51 %er(ul be 3(erb of Aeing#, total 'olit de e" loical: Oe i cle%er* El ete dete#t*

 Not: C."d %er(ul (e ete oloit cu e"ul a eita& a e ala& a e 'i& a a%ea loc& etc* el or$ea)i"'ur #redicatul #ro#o)iiei: here is my pen> The school festial is on 4atur"ay;1 Ver(e #ar ial 'olite de e" leical:a% /erbe ale -e/eniriiB become, get, grow, turn: Her hair has turned grey. A +"cru"it* 4he is getting 

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old. 2$(tr."ete*b% Verbe ale continurii .n aceeai *tare : continue, keep, remain, hol", stay.

 He kept silent. cea*c% /erbe ale apareneiB appear, look, seem: 4he seemed ill . 3rea (ol"a%& He looks pale. Ete #alid*i"tre %er(ele co#ulati%e& %er(ul be #re)i"t cele $ai $ulte #o)i(iliti co$(i"atorii 0cu oricare #arte de%or(ire care #oate +"de#li"i o u"cie "o$i"al1& datorit 'olirii ale totale de e" leical:

 He is a teacher. He is ery competent. He is a"mire" by his frien"s. #a': 587Celelalte %er(e co#ulati%e e +$(i" doar cu c.te%a #i de %or(ire:, toate cu ad-ecti%e:The chil" fell ill.The chil" felt ill.The chil" got ill.The chil" looked ill., u"ele i cu #artici#ii trecute:

 He seemed impressee". He appeared impresse". He looked impresse".

, iar altele i cu u(ta"ti%e:4he may turn an e?cellent teacher.4he may $ecome an e?cellent teacher.B1 Nu$ele #redicati% or$ea) +$#reu" cu %er(ul co#ulati% #redicatul #ro#o)iiei* Nu$ele #redicati%ete e#ri$at:a1 #ri"tr,u" u(ta"ti% au ec4i%ale"t al acetuia:

 <y nephew has become a doctor.

 (1 #ri"tr,u" ad-ecti%& i"'ur au cu o co$#li"ire: 4he was happy. 4he was eager to come.

c1 #ri"tr,u" #artici#iu trecut: The illage seeme" deserted.

Locul "u$elui #redicati% +" #ro#o)iie ete du# %er(ul co#ulati%: Those boys are students.

(&0& !ocul pre-icatului .n propoziiee o(icei #redicatul ete ae)at du# u(iect i +"ai"tea co$#le$e"tului: The sun was shining brightly*Soarele tr lucea #uter"ic*

2" u"ele ca)uri aceat ordi"e ete i"%erat:a1 +" #ro#o)iiile i"tero'ati%e: s <ary in the library >

 (1 +" #ro#o)iii co"diio"ale +" care co"-u"cia i ete o$i& iar #redicatul co"i"e u" %er( auiliar au$odal: 4ad $ time, $ shoul" take a walk. ac a a%ea ti$# $,a #li$(a*c1 #e"tru a accce"tua o a"u$it #arte di" #ro#o)iie: 12,23 shall $ forget what he "i" for me. N,a$ uit "iciodat ce a  cut #e"tru $i"e*(0& Acor-ul *ubiectului cu pre-icatul "2ub<ect 6 Verb Concor-%2" li$(a e"'le)& ca i +" li$(a ro$."& %er(ul #redicat e acord cu u(iectul +" #eroa"i "u$r*

 pag: 77 (0&(& Acor-ul .n per*oana1 C."d u(iectul #ro#o)iiei ete u" #ro"u$e #ero"al& %er(ul #redicat au %er(ul auiliar e acord cu

 #ro"u$ele #ero"al la #eroa"a re#ecti%:  A) @omanian. "he " my best frien". 4e *2"1 T remember a wor".

 (1 2" #ro#o)iiile relati%e& %er(ul e acord +" #eroa" cu u(ta"ti%ul au cu #ro"u$ele #ero"al la caree ace reerirea: $t is he who 2"23,2" all the praise.  say it, who A) his sister.c1 ac +" u(iectul ete e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" alt #ro"u$e au #ri"tr,u" u(ta"ti%& %er(ul #redicati%ete la #eroa"a a III,a i"'ular i #lural: ho " that man > These lessons A32 "ifficult.d1 C."d u(iectul #ro#o)iiei ete e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" u(ta"ti% au #ro"u$e #ero"al& coordo"at cu u"alt #ro"u$e #ero"al #ri" i"ter$ediul co"-u"ciei a"d& %er(ul e #u"e la #eroa"a a III,a #lural c4iar dac ulti$ul #ro"u$e& co"or$ re'ulilor de #olitee& ete I::ou and A32 going to the theatre tonight.:ou and A32 going to the theatre tonight.:ou and A32 going to the theatre tonight.

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e1 C."d u(iectul coordo"at #ri" either * or re#re)i"t #eroa"e dierite& %er(ul e acord cu #ro"u$ele #ero"al cel $ai a#ro#iat: 2ither my mother or A) at home in the eening. Not: 2" %or(irea cure"t& co"truciile ca cea de u u"t e%itate& #ri" oloirea u"ui %er( auiliar au$odal care ete i"%araia(il #e"tru #eroa": Eit4er $ $ot4er or I ILL (e at 4o$e i" t4e e%e"i"'*au #ri" oloirea a dou #re#o)iii coordo"ate: M $ot4er IS at 4o$e i" t4e e%e"i"' a"d o a$ I*(0&& Acor-ul .n numrAcordul +" "u$r e ace:51 du# or$ 0acordul 'ra$atical19;1 du# +"ele91 #ri" atracie9(0&&(& Acor-ul gramatical "Gramatical Concor-%A& Acor-ul *ub*tanti/elor /ariabileRe'ula 'e"eral a acordului +" "u$r +"tre u(iect i #redicat +" li$(a e"'le) ete ur$toarea: un*ubiect la numrul *ingular *e acor- cu un /erb la numrul *ingular, iar un *ubiect la numrulplural *e acor- cu un /erb la numrul plural& Aceta ete "u$it +" 'ra$atic acordul du# or$au acordul 'ra$atical i e a#lic la u(ta"ti%ele "u$ra(ile di" li$(a e"'le)& care u"t %aria(ile caor$& a%."d at.t "u$rul i"'ular c.t i "u$rul #lural: T4e "o%el IH$ readi"' IS %er i"tereti"'*Ro$a"ul #e care,l citec ete oarte i"terea"t* T4ee dictio"arie ARE %er ueul* Acete dicio"areu"t oarte oloitoare*

 #a': 58=

?& Acor-ul *ub*tanti/elor in/ariabile la *ingular2" ca)ul u(ta"ti%elor i"%aria(ile& #redicatul ete ie "u$ai la i"'ular& du# u(ta"ti%e i"%aria(ile lai"'ular& ie "u$ai la #lural& du# u(ta"ti%e i"%aria(ile la #lural& cu c.te%a ituaii #eciale +" a$(eleca)uri*Su(ta"ti%ele i"%aria(ile la i"'ular e acord cu %er(ul #redicat la i"'ular* i" aceat cla deu(ta"ti%e ac #arte:51 u(ta"ti%e "e"u$ra(ile co"crete: &utter 8*1TA1" animal fat * U"tul co"i"e 'r i$e a"i$al*;1 u(ta"ti%e "e"u$ra(ile a(tracte: His knowledge of nglish " goo". Cu"oti"ele lui de e"'le)u"t (u"e* <y homework for to"ay " "ifficult. Te$ele #e"tru a)i u"t 'rele*1 u(ta"ti%ul "eP: The news " goo". Vetile u"t (u"e*1 "u$ele de (oli: )umps " infectious. reio"ul ete o (oal i"ecioa*1 "u$e de tii"e i o(iecte de tudiu: )athematics " more "ifficult than +eography* Mate$atica ete$ai 'rea dec.t 'eo'raia*

71 "u$e de -ocuri: &illiards " a game for a"ults. Biliardul ete u" -oc #e"tru aduli*81 u"ele u(ta"ti%e #ro#rii: Athens is the capital of +reece. Ate"a ete ca#itala Greciei*=1 ad-ecti%e i #artici#ii a(tracte u(ta"ti%i)ate: $n most fairy*stories the good %4T" against theeil. 2" $a-oritatea (a$elor& (i"ele lu#t +$#otri%a r ului*E+cepii* U"ele di"tre u(ta"ti%ele i"%aria(ile la i"'ular e acord cu %er(ul la #lural +" a"u$iteituaii:51 u(ta"ti%e "u$ra(ile co"crete e acord cu %er(ul la #lural c."d de"u$ec %arieti: @omanianwines A32 famous. Vi"urile ro$."eti u"t %etite*;1 U"ele "u$e de (oli ca $u$# e acord cu %er(ul la i"'ular au la #lural&   deoe(ire de e":

 )umps "A32 infectious.1 Nu$ele de tii"e e acord cu %er(ul la #lural c."d e reer  la a"u$ite #ro#rieti au la o ituaiea"u$e: The acoustics of the Palace Hall A32 ery goo". Calitatea acutic a / Acutica lii 3alatuluiete oarte (u"*

C& Acor-ul *ub*tanti/elor in/ariabile la pluralSu(ta"ti%ele i"%aria(ile la #lural e acord cu %er(ul #redicat la #lural* i" aceat cla de u(ta"ti%eac #arte:51 u(ta"ti%e care de"u$ec o(iecte or$ate di" dou #i e'ale , u"elte au articole de +$(r $i"te, 0 summation plurals1: here A32 my glasses > U"de,$i u"t oc4elarii W These tights A32 too long.Aceti ciora#i #a"talo" u"t #rea lu"'i*;1 alte u(ta"ti%e oloite "u$ai la #lural& ter$i"ate de re'ul +" ,:0 pluralia tantum1 ll the valua$les

 4A,2 been locke" in the safe. Toate o(iectele de %aloare au ot +"cuiate +" ei* #a': 5861 u(ta"ti%e "e$arcate la #lural: The cattle A32 graing. Vitele #ac* +eople walk in this park on

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4un"ays. Lu$ea e #li$( +" acet #arc du$i"ica*1 ad-ecti%ele au #artici#iile #ero"ale u(ta"ti%i)ate: The handicapped ATT21 special schools.Oa"dica#aii rec%e"tea)coli #eciale*1 u"ele u(ta"ti%e #ro#rii: The Alps A32 the highest mountains in urope. Al#ii u"t cei $ai +"ali$u"i di" Euro#a*Ece#ii* Su(ta"ti%ul #ro#riu the Enite" 4tates e acord cu %er(ul la i"'ular c."d ete #ri%it ca ou"itate: The /nited "tates lies in )orth merica.1& Acor-ul *ubiectelor prece-ate -e cuanti)icatoriSu(iectul e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" u(ta"ti% deter$i"at de $a" a e acord cu %er(ul #redicat la i"'ular:

 )any a young girl 32A)" to become a teacher.Su(iectul e#ri$at #ri" u(ta"ti% deter$i"at de a great 3a goo"# "eal, e acord cu %er(ul la i"'ular&deoarece +"ote u" u(ta"ti% "e"u$ra(il:  great 3a goo"# "eal of the flour A" of the best 9uality. great 3goo"# many e reer  la u" u(ta"ti% "u$ra(il la #lural i e acord cu #luralul: 

 great many of the stu"ents 232 present.Su(ta"ti%ele deter$i"ate de a lot, plenty e acord cu i"'ularul c."d u"t ur$ate de u(ta"ti%e"e"u$bra(ilei cu #luralul c."d u"t ur$ate de u(ta"ti%e "u$ra(ile: There " a lot of plenty of 

$read on the table. There A32 a lot of plenty of children in the schoolyar".E& Alte *ituaiiAll deter$i" acordul la i"'ular c."d oloete u" u(ta"ti% "e"u$ra(il: All the $utter " on thetable.i acordul la #lural c."d deter$i" u" u(ta"ti% "u$ra(il: All the pupils 4A,2 left.

Acordul 'ra$atical e ace cu #ro"u$ele #ero"ale i de$o"trati%e: 4e " ery goo" at maths. They A32 listening to the ra"io. These A32 his chil"ren.Cu #ro"u$ele "e4otr.t one& co$#uii lui eery, some, any i no, each one, 3n#either, much i little,acordul e ace la i"'ular: "ome$ody 4A" tol" me about his arrial. (ittle " knoun about 4hakespeare2s life. 2very one 4A" his hobby. *ne *2"1 t like hae one2s wor" "oubte". 1either of them " right.

 Not: 5* 3ro"u$ele none e #oate acorda i cu u" %er( la #lural +" e"'le)a co"te$#ora"a c."d e reerala u" u(ta"ti% cu e" de #lural: 1one of the pupils H( "one their homework for to"ay.;* ei #ro"u$ele "e4otr.te co"i"."d bo"y au one u"t ur$ate de %er(e la i"'ular& #ro"u$ele

 #ero"ale& relei%e au #oei%e care e reer  la ele u"t adeea la "u$rul #lural: 2very$ody waswriting as fast as they coul". 1o one ha" faile" in their "uty.(0&&& Acor-ul -up .nele* "Notional concor-%Acordul du# +"ele ete acordul +"tre u(iect i #redicat +" co"or$itate cu ideea de "u$r e#ri$at

de u(iect& care u"eori ete dierit de "u$rul $arcat or$at: ll his family A32 at home.0Su(ta"ti%ul family are or$ de i"'ular +" aceat #ro#o)iie& dar e" de #lural: Toi $e$(rii a$ilieiu"t aca1*Acordul du# +"ele are loc la ur$toarele clae de u(ta"ti%e:, u(ta"ti%e "u$ra(ile care #ri$ec dei"e"a )ero la #lural: "eer, Bhinese, worksF, u(ta"ti%ele colecti%e: au"ience, committee, crew, crow", family etc.F, u(ta"ti%ele care e#ri$ ca"titatea au elul: ariety, number, sort. kin"F, u(iectele co$#ue9, u"ele #ro"u$e*

 pag: &0A& Acor-ul *ub*tanti/elor numrabile cu pluralul zeroU"ele 'ra$atici co"ider  c u(ta"ti%ele "u$ra(ile cu dei"e"a )ero la #lural: sheep, Bhinese,

 species etc*& e acord cu %er(ul #redicat du# +"ele i "u du# or$& deoarece "u #ot i ide"tiicate

ca ii"d la "u$rul i"'ular au #lural dec.t cu a-utorul co"tetului: This sheep is ery ol" * aia aceatae oarte (tr."* These sheep give ery goo" wool. Acete oi au l." oarte (u"* Not: Alte 'ra$atici $e"io"ea) acete u(ta"ti%e +" cadrul acordului 'ra$atical& ele ii"d ur$ate de%er(e la i"'ular au #lural la el ca i celelalte u(ta"ti%e "u$ra(ile:There I2 a German in the managerMs office*There I2 a Japane*e in the managerMs office.There ARE some German* in the managerMs office.There ARE some Japane*e in the managerMs office.La u(ta"ti%e "u$ra(ile care au or$a de #lural ide"tic cu i"'ularul 0#lural )ero1: sheep, Iapanese,

 species etc*& "u$rul u(ta"ti%ului e recu"oate du# or$a %er(ului #redicat*

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Aceta ete la i"'ular c."d u(ta"ti%ul ete oloit cu e" de i"'ular: There I2 a -eer at the oo* Eu" cer( la 'r di"a )oolo'ic*i la #lural c."d u(ta"ti%ul ete oloit cu e" #lural: There ARE some -eer at the oo* Su"t c.i%acer(i la 'r di"a )oolo'ic* 03e"tru u(ta"ti%ele care ac #arte di" aceat cla& %e)i: J;**;*1*?& Acor-ul *ub*tanti/elor colecti/eSu(ta"ti%ele colecti%e , cu or$ de i"'ular , e acord cu %er(ul la #lural c."d reerirea ete la$e$(rii colecti%itii: ll the cre3 ARE on "eck * Tot ec4i#a-ul ete / Toi $e$(rii ec4i#a-ului u"t #e

 #u"te* The committee DAVE finally agree" on the agen"a of the ne?t meeting * Me$(rii co$itetului au)ut +" .r it de acord au#ra ordi"ii de )i a ur$toarei edi"e*Su(ta"ti%ele colecti%e iau +" or$ de i"'ular au de #lural i e acord cu %er(ul #redicat la i"'ular i la #lural re#ecti%& c."d i"t oloite ca u(ta"ti%e "u$ra(ile& de"u$i"d colecti%itatea ca u" +"tre':The committee I2 ma"e up of twenty people* Co$itetul ete or$at di" dou)eci de #eroa"e*C& Acor-ul *ub*tanti/elor e+primn- cantitatea *au /arietateaSu(ta"ti%e ca: ariety, number, kin", sort e acord cu %er(ul la i"'ular au la #lural +" u"cie de e":The number of foreign tourists isiting @omania INCREA2E2 eery year *  great number of foreigntouristis DAVE isite" this country this year * The ariety of goo"s in "isplay at the )ational 

 ?hibition I2 impressie*  great ariety of goo"s ARE on sale at the ?hibition. Not: Su(ta"ti%ele i"d i ort e acord cu %er(ul la #lural +" e"'lea a$iliar : These in- of toolsARE ery useful.

 #a': 5=5

1& Acor-ul *ubiectelor compu*eSu(iectele alctuite di" dou au $ai $ulte ele$e"te care or$ea) o u"itate e "u$ec de o(iceiu(iecte co$#ue i e acord cu %er(ul #redicat la "u$rul i"'ular* Ele #ot i e#ri$ate #ri":51 dou u(ta"ti%e le'ate #ri" a"d: The poet an- mu*ician >A2 inite" to talk about his work * 3oetul$u)icia" a ot i"%itat  %or(eac de#re creaia a*;1 u" u(ta"ti% #recedat de dou ad-ecti%e coodo"ate:  blue an" white cloth >A2 for sale* Vi"deauu" $aterial al( cu al(atru*1 dou au $ai $ulte i"i"iti%e coordo"ate #ri" a"d: To take care of the chil"ren, to "o the shopping an" cook the meals I2 ery e?hausting * S ai 'ri- de co#ii&  aci cu$#turilei  'teti $."careaete oarte o(oitor*1 e#reii "u$erice: T#ree an- t#ree MAE2 si?* T3o ilo* o) apple* I2 all $ nee" * ort$ pupil*MEAN2 a lage class* i/e ilometre* I2 a short "istance*Not: 2" u"ele calcule arit$etice e #oate oloi i #luralului:

T#eree an- t#ree I2 si?* our time* )i/e MAE twenty.T#eree an- t#ree ARE si?* our time* )i/e MAE2 twenty.1 #ro#o)iii u(iecti%e: T#at t#e$ are lea/ing *o earl$ ANNO2 me*E& Acor-ul pronumelor interogati/e3ro"u$ele which i what u"t ur$ate de %er(ul #redicati% la i"'ular au #lural +" u"cie de "u$rulu(ta"ti%ului #e care +l +"locuiec: >#at MAE2 him behae like that W Ce,l ace  e co$#orteatel W >#ic# ARE yours W Care u"t ale tale W3ro"u$ele i"tero'ati% who ete co"truit de o(icei cu i"'ularul: >#o I2 coming to "inner W Ci"e %i"ela ci" W2" li$(a %or(it& e +"t.l"ete u"eori i u" %er( la #lural du# who: >#o ARE at the table W Ci"e ete la$a W(0&&0& Acor-ul prin atracie "Concor- b$ Attraction%Co"or$ acordului #ri" atracie& %er(ul #redicat e acord cu u(ta"ti%ul au #ro"u$ele cel $ai

a#ro#iat* 2" li$(a e"'le) eit $ai $ulte ituaii de acord #ri" atracie:A& Acor-ul *ubiectelor coor-onateCo"or$ re'ulii de acord 'ra$atical& dou au $ai $ulte u(iecte +" ra#ort de coordo"are 0u(iectcoodo"at1 e acord cu u" %er( #redicat la #lural: at#er an- Mot#er ARE going to the theatretonight * Romanian an- Czec# beer ARE lighter than Aritish beer * Rea-ing an- 3riting ARE taught in the first form* ?ot# #er in-ne** an- #er competence DAVE been appreciate" *La u(iectele coordo"ate #ri" either , or, not only * but also& acordul cu #redicatul e ace +" #ri"atracie: Eit#er $our )rien-* or $our neig#bour I2 at the "oor * Eit#er $our neg#bour or $our)rien-* ARE at the "oor * Not onl$ Paul but al*o #i* parent* ARE sen"ing you their best regar"s*La el e +"t.$#l cu u(iectele coordo"ate #ri" neither * nor :

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Neit#er #e nor #i* *i*ter DA2 phone" *dei +" %or(irea cure"t eit te"di"a de acord cu %er(ul la #lural& +" $od i$ilar cu u(iectelecoordo"ate #ri" both * an" :Neit#er #e nor #i* *i*ter DAVE phone" *Atenie! C."d u(iectele u"t le'ate cu a-utorul u"or cu%i"te ca with, together with, as well as, no lessthan, like, but, e?cept & acordul e ace cu #ri$ul ele$e"t*

 #a': 5=;M$ *i*ter, a* 3ell a* m$ brot#er, DA2 learne" to "rie* M$ )rien-*, togeter 3it# t#eir teac#er,ARE going fishing *?& Alte *ituaiiAcordul +"tre u(iect i #redicat e ace #ri" atracie i +" ur$toarele ca)uri:51 +" #ro#o)iiile cu u(iect i"troducti% there: TDERE I2 a pen, a rubler an- *ome pencil* in the

 pencil*case*;1 +" #ro#o)iii i"trodue de here: DERE ARE $our boo* an- bag*

 Not: C."d u(ta"ti%ele di" e"u$eraie or$ea) +" u" a"a$(lu& %er(ul ete de o(icei la #lural& c4iar dac #ri$ul u(ta"ti% ete la i"'ular: Here ARE $our coat an- glo/e** There ARE a table, )ourc#air* an- a *o)a in this room.1 +" #ro#o)iii i"tero'ati%e: here I2 m$ coat an- #at W1 acordul #ri" atracie are loc i du#: more than one, one or two:More t#an one pupil DA2 e?presse" his satisfaction with the new teacher * One or t3o c#il-ren ARE

 still playing in the park *EKERCI2E2I*  sii subiectele propoiiilor "e mai ;os i spunei prin ce sunt e?primate:5* S4e tarted looi"' or 4er 'lae* ;* To$& Ouc a"d ?oe decided to ru" aPa at da(rea* * T4e

 (e'i""i"' o t4e tor i "ot i"tereti"'* * E%er(od a 4e i i""oce"t* * 4o aed ou t4atuetio"W 7* To loe all #our (oo loo lie carele"e* 8* T4e uture o Arica i i" t4e 4a"d o itoP" #eo#le* =* T4ere are "o a"dPic4e let* 6* 4et4er 4e "eP a(out it or "ot Pa P4at trou(led4i$* 5* S4e i "oP" to (e a 'reat o#era i"'er* 55* It i ee"tial or u to 'et (etter reult i" our Por*II* Tra"ucei urmtoarele propoiii. @emarcai mo"ul "e e?primare al subiectului impersonal sau

 generic:5* Se #u"e c %o$ a%ea o toa$" lu"'* ;* Tre(uie  ii oarte ate"t c."d co"duci #e o trad aa dea'lo$erat* * 2" aceatar  e (ea $ult (ere* * Nu e tie "iciodat*

* Ete $ai uor  $er'i cu (icicleta c."d %."tul (ate di" #ate* 7* Nu lua +" ea$ ce )ice lu$ea* 8* Secrede c recolta de a"ul aceta %a i oarte (u"a*III* legei forma corect  a erbelor "in parante , in8n" seama "e acor"ul "intre subiecti pre"icat:5* T4e local #olice 04a/4a%e1 4el#ed t4e ire$e" to #ut out t4e ire* ;* 0a/ere1 t4e "eP 'oodW *0I/Are1 $at4e$atic our a%ourite u(-ectW * Kortu"atel all t4e creP 0Pa/Pere1 a%ed* *Kortu"atel all t4e creP 0Pa/Pere1a%ed* * I Pa"t to "oP i t4i #ecie 04a/4a%e1 ur%i%ed* 7* T4e

 #oultr 0i/are1 ed t4ree ti$e a da* 8* Se%eral C4i"ee 04a%e/4a1 co"tri(uted "eP data to a"i$#orta"t #iece o reearc4* =* T4e ro$a"ia" ar$ 04a%e/4a1 alPa ou'4t or t4e cou"trDi"de#e"de"ce* 6* T4e $o"e 0i/are1 o" t4e ta(le* 5* A 'reat "u$(er o #u#il 04a%e/4a1 #e"t t4eir 4olida i" #io"eerD ca$#* 55* T4e %ariet o ruit o" di#la 0attract/attract1 t4e cuto$er*

 #a': 5=IV* Tra"ucei urmtoarele propoiii Cn limba engle. fiin" ateni la acor"ul subiectelor e?primate

 prin substantie colectie sau substantie inariabile la singular sau plural:

5* Ka$ilia $ea co"t di" tata& $a$a& ratele $eu i $i"e* ;* Ele%ii di" cla au ot "edu$erii de+"tre(rile #roeorului* * I"or$aiile #ri$ite u"t a%ora(ile* * Eco"o$iile ei au ot #ue la (a"c* *rul ei ete de culoare cata"ie* 7* Statele U"ite e +"%eci"ea) cu Meic i Ca"ada* 8* a$e"ii u"t+"totdeau"a curioi* =* Se d de $."care la #ri acu$* 6* Su"t $ulte a$ilii ti"ere +" acet (loc* 5* Sauc4eltuit o $uli$e de (a"i #e"tru utilarea acetui la(orator* 55* Gi$"atica ete +"dr 'it +" Ro$."ia*5;* la"da e al +" Euro#a de Vet*V* Bompletai spaiile libere cu forma potriit  a erbului be:5* Lati" 'ra$$ar***%er dii%ult* ;* S4ae#eareD #la ***#eror$ed all o%er t4e Porld* * 4o***t4oe'irlW * ***e%er(od#ree"tW * Neit4er o t4e$***ea'er to (e'i"* 7* Eit4er ou or I *** Pro"'* 8* T4ere***a lot o ood till let* =* T4ere*** a lot o #eo#le o" t4e #lator$*

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VI* Tra"ucei urmtoarele propoiii Cn limba engle , fiin" ateni la acor"ul subiectelor e?primate prin pronume sau prece"ate "e all cu erbul pre"icati "in propoiie:5* Ci"e%a $i,a luat u$(rela di" 'reeal* ;* Toi ele%ii u"t +" cla* * Nici u"ul di"tre cei doi "u $aiete t."r* * Toat $."carea ete +" ri'ider* * Toat lu$ea a oit i toat lu$ea e i$te (i"e* 7* Sauei au el a  cut ata* 8* Nici u"ul di" ei "u are dre#ate* =* Ci"e a  cut acet lucruW 6* Care ci u"t aletaleW 5* El ete de %i"& "u ea*VII* Bompletai spaiile libere cu forma corect  a erbelor "in parantee:5* T4e cat& to'et4er Pit4 itte"& 0(e1 #lai"' i" t4e u"* ;* M at4er& a a Pell a $ $ot4er& 0(eea'er to "oP ou* * ?o4"& alo"' Pit4 4i rie"d& "e%er 0 $i1 a (aet(all $atc4* * T4e #rici#le o"P4ic4 4e Pored& a Pell a t4e Pa 4e act& 0(e a##reciated1 ( 4i elloP tude"t* Eit4er $ #are"tor $ elder (rot4er 0acco$#a"1 $ ou"'er iter to c4ool* 7* Eit4er ?a"e or 4er iter 0Pa41 t4edi4e ater lu"c4* 8* Cri$e a"d 3u"i4$e"t 0ra"1 a$o"' t4e (et "o%el o Porld literature* =* To treatt4e$ t4i Pa 0(e1 u"air* 6* 4ere 0(e1 t4e ciorW* 5* T4ee ort o $u4roo$ 0(e1 "ot 'oo toeat*VIII* Tra"ucei urmtoarele propoiii Cn limba engle , fiin" ateni la acor"ul "intre subiect i

 pre"icat:5* de $i"ute e u" ti$# curt #e"tru o te)* ;* Ma-oritatea articolelor ale u"t de critic literar * *

 Nu$rul turitilor ro$."i care +i #etrec co"cediul la $are crete +" iecare a"* * e (l."dee i+"ele'ere ete "e%oie acu$* * Ci"e eteW E tata i $a$a* 7* 3oti$ crioareai oc4elarii& (u"icule* 8*u$i"ica& l BroP" i oia $er' de o(icei la ar * =* l* BroP"& +$#reu" cu a$ilia +i #etrec %aca"a

la $are* 6* 2" Su(car#ai e al cr(u"e& ier i #etrol* 5* Ei u"t cei care ara"-ea) totul* 55* 3atru ori)ece ac #atru)eci* 5* Vi"ul al( i cel rou di" Ro$."ia ete %etit*

 #a': 5=(4& COMP!EMENTU! 1IRECT "T#e 1irect Ob<ect%(4&(& 1e)iniieCo$#le$e"tul direct ete #artea ecu"dar  de #ro#o)iie care deter$i" u" %er( tra")iti% cu u"cia de

 #redicat +" #ro#o)iie*(4&& In-icii )ormali ai complementului -irectI"dicii or$ali ai co$#le$e"tului direct u"t:a1 ca)ul acu)ati% c."d co$#le$e"tul direct ete e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" #ro"u$e #ero"al 0cu ece#ia lui it 1au #ri" #ro"u$ele i"tero'ati%,relati% who: $ haen2t seen #im for a long time* Nu l,a$ %)ut de $ult*Tell me 3#om you met there* S#u"e,$i #e ci"e ai +"t.l"it acolo*

 (1 locul +" #ro#o)iie& du# #redicatul e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" %er( tra")iti%: $ "rink mil eery "ay* Beau

la#te +" iecare )i*c1 tra"or$area la diate)a #ai%& +" care co$#le$e"tul direct de%i"e u(iectul or$al al #ro#o)iiei:The ol" woman recognie" t#e -ri/er* Btr."a l,a recu"ocut #e oer* T#e -ri/er was recognie" bythe ol" woman* oerul a ot recu"ocut de (tr."*(4&0& E+primarea complementului -irectCo$#le$e"tul direct #oate i e#ri$at #ri":a1 u" u(ta"ti% au u" ec4i%ale"t al acetuia: He is writing a letter* El crie o crioare* $ saw t#em

 yester"ay* I,a$ %)ut ieri* Jf all the books they showe" us we bought t#ree* i"tre toate cile #e care"i le,a ar tat a$ cu$#rat trei*

 (1 o co"trucie co$#le , acu)ati%ul cu i"i"iti%ul au cu #artici#iul #re)e"t& care ete de o(icei utili)at #e"tru reducerea u"ei #ro#o)iii u(ordo"ate co$#leti%e directe: e know #im to be our best tennis player * e know t#at #e i* our best tennis player * ti$ c el ete cel $ai (u" -uctor de te"i al "otru* $ saw #im cro**ing the street F $ saw t#at #e 3a* cro**ing the street *

L,a$ %)ut tra%er."d trada*c1 o #ro#o)iie u(ordo"at co$#leti% direct: $ suggest t#at $ou *#oul-& p#one #im at once* Eu )ic,i teleo"e)i i$ediat*(4&0&(& Complementul -irect e+primat prin pronume per*onal&E#ri$area co$#le$e"tului direct

 #ri" #ro"u$ele #ero"al it & #ri" #ro"u$ele relei% i #ri" #ro"u$ele reci#roic #re)i"t u"ele #articulariti*C."d ete e#ri$at #ri" #ro"u$ele #ero"al it & co$#le$e"tul direct #oate i: 51 a"tici#ati%9 ;1"ee$"iicati%*

 #a': 5=51 It ete oloit a"tici#ati%& #e"tru a i"troduce o #ro#o)iie co$#leti% direct& o co"trucie cu

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i"i"iti%ul au or$a +erun" du# %er(e ca think, consi"er, fin", belieeF $ consi"er IT important t#at $ou *#oul- tell t#em t#e trut#* Co"ider i$#orta"t ca tu  le #uiade%rul* $ foun" IT "ifficult to brea the news* Mi,a ot 'reu  le #u" %etile* $ think IT most "angerous $our climbing the mountain alone* Cred c ete oarte #ericulo  urci $u"tele i"'ur*;1 It "ee$"iicati%* A"u$ite %er(e i"tra")iti%e au de)%oltat u" it& care t #e locul u"ui co$#le$e"tdirect& ii"d u" co$#le$e"t direct& ii"d u" co$#le$e"t direct or$al: to lor" it F a o ace #e t #."ul9to carry it F a +"%i"'e9 to catch it F a o #i9 a o +"caa9 to fool it F a $er'e #e -o9 to rough it F a acea& a e decurca*The e?ploresrs ha" to roug# it when they got into the ;ungle* E#loratorii au tre(uit  e decurce c."dau a-u" +" -u"'l*(4&0&& Complementul -irect e+primat prin pronume re)le+i/&i" #u"ct de %edere al elului +" care%er(ele tra")iti%e +" li$(a e"'le) #ot i ur$ate au "u de u" co$#le$e"t direct e#ri$at #ri" #ro"u$erelei%& ele e +$#art +":a1 %er(e ur$ate +" $od o(li'atoriu de #ro"u$e relei%e9 behae oneself, calm oneself, en;oy oneself,e?cuse oneself, help oneself :e en<o$e- our*el/e* at the cinema* Ne,a$ ditrat la ci"e$ato'ra*Delp $our*el) ! Ser%ete,te*

 (1 %er(e ur$ate de #ro"u$e relei%e au #ero"ale +" u"cie de #eroa"a au#ra creia e r r."'eaciu"ea %er(ului: 4he washe" #er*el) * 0Ea1 ,a #lat 0#e i"e1* 4he washe" #im* 0Ea1 l,a #lat 0#e el1*

 He hurt #er* 0El1 a lo%it,o* He hurt #im*el) * 0El1 ,a lo%it*

Alte %er(e de acelai el u"t: "ress, comb, shae, hi"e* Not: 2" li$(a %or(it e ti"de #re o$iterea #ro"u$elui relei%: 4he washe" an" "resse" in a hurry*S,a #lat i +$(r cat +" 'ra(*c1 %er(e care #ot i ur$ate au "u de #ro"u$e relei%e& cu diere"iere de e": He applie- #im*el) tothe task * S,a a#ucat de trea(* He applie- for a ;ob* A  cut cerere de er%iciu*(4&0&0& Complementul -irect e+primat prin pronume reciproceCo$#le$e"tul direct ete e#ri$at:a1 #ri" #ro"u$ele reci#roce each other F u"ul #e altul / cellalt& c."d ete %or(a de dou #eroa"e: Thetwo boys helpe" eac# ot#er to "o the translation* Cei doi (iei ,au a-utat 0u"ul #e altul1  actraducerea*

 (1 #ri": one another F u"ul #e altul / cellalt& c."d ete %or(a de $ai $ulte #eroa"e: The chil"renhelpe" one anot#er in cleaning the classroom* Co#ii ,au a-utat u"ul #e altul  ac cur e"ie aca*(4&4& Întrebuinarea complementelor -irecte

Co$#le$e"tele directe u"t +"tre(ui"ate du# ur$toarele clae de %er(e:a1 Ver(e tra")iti%e ur$ate de u" co$#le$e"t direct: seat, "rink, loe, meet, nee", rea", seek, write:I nee- your a"ice* A$ "e%oie de atul tu*

 #a': 5=7 (1 Ver(e tra")iti%e ur$ate de dou co$#le$e"te directe: ask, eny, sae, strike, teach: He taug# the chil"ren arithmetic* Le,a #redat co#iilor arit$etica* e a*e- him seeral 9uestions* Ia$ #u $ai $ulte +"tre(ri*c1 Ver(e tra")iti%e ur$ate de u" co$#le$e"t direct i u" co$#le$e"t i"direct:bring, gie, han", len", offer, rea" etc*:

 He ga/e sweets to the chil"ren* Le,a dat co#iilor dulciuri* He #an-e- her the letter * I,a +"$."atcrioarea*d1 Ver(e tra")iti%e ur$ate de u" co$#le$e"t direct i u" co$#le$e"t #re#o)iio"al: accuse of, comparewith, congratulate on, preent from:

e congratulate- him on his promotion* L,a$ elicitat #e"tru #ro$o%are*Complementul -irect intern 0The Bognate Jb;ect 1Eit i u"ele %er(e i"ta")ii%e care #ot a%ea u" co$#le$e"t direct* Aceta ete e#ri$at #ri"tr,u"u(ta"ti% care #ro%i"e di" aceeai r ci" cu %er(ul deter$i"at au ete +"rudit e$"atic cu el: smile a

 smile, sing a song, laugh a laugh, fight a fight ! a battle, "ance a "ance.2" acet ca)& %er(ul e co$#ort ca u" %er( tra")iti%: He li/e- a long an" happy life* A tr it o %ialu"'i ericit* =ast night I -reamt a strange -ream* Noa#tea trecut a$ %iat u" %i ciudat*Not: Co"truciile cu co$#le$e"te i"ter"e u"t caracteritice li$(ii literare i du# cu$ e %ede i di"ee$#lele de $ai u& co$#le$e"tele u"t de o(icei +"oite de atri(ute*(4&5& Verbe tranziti/e cu un complement -irect

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Acete %er(e re#re)i"t $a-oritatea %er(elor tra")iti%e di" li$(a e"'le)* Ee$#lele u"t "u$eroae:"rink, eat, loe, meet, nee"N, rea" etc*!ocul acetor co$#le$e"te directe +" #ro#o)iie ete i$ediat du# %er(ul tra")iti%& +"ai"teaco$#le$e"telor circu$ta"iale: 4he speaks Engli*# well * Vor(ete (i"e e"'le)ete* $ nee" t#e boo tomorrow* A$ "e%oie de carte $.i"e*Tran*)ormarea pa*i/* C."d o #ro#o)iie co"i"."d u" #redicat e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" %er( tra")iti%i u"co$#le$e"t direct ete tra"or$at la diate)a #ai%& co$#le$e"tul direct de%i"e u(iectul diate)ei

 #ai%e& iar u(iectul e tra"or$ +" co$#le$e"tul de a'e"t: The pupils loe" t#eir teac#er& T#eteac#er was loe" by his pupils* 3roeorul era iu(it de ele%ii lui*(4&7& Verbele tranziti/e cu -ou complemente -irecteAcete %er(e u"t #ui"e la "u$r: ask, eny, sae, strike, teach:

 i" she a* you any 9uestions W i,a #u %reo +"tre(are Wi"tre cele dou co$#le$e"te directe& #ri$ul dee$"ea) o #eroa" iar al doilea u" o(iect: He taught TDE CDI!1REN a ne3 le**on* Le,a #redat ele%ilor o "ou lecie* They enie" U2 our *ucce*** Nei"%idiau #e"tru ucceul "otru*Not: 2" li$(a ro$."& co$#le$e"tul #eroa"ei ete de re'ul i"direct* 0Ve)i traducerile ee$#lelor de$ai u1

 #a': 5=8Tran*)ormarea pa*i/* Co"truciile cu dou co$#le$e"te directe au dou tra"or$ri #ai%e:

 He taught us a lesson.

de%i"e:51 e were talught a lesson*au:;1  lesson was taught to us*Varia"ta rec%e"t ete 051 cu co$#le$e"tul #ero"al oloit ca u(iect +" co"trucia #ai%&co$#le$e"tul o(iectului ii"d rei"ut*2" %aria"ta 0;1& co$#le$e"tul o(iectului de%i"e u(iectul #ro#o)iiei& iar co$#le$e"tul #eroa"ei etei"trodu de #re#o)iia to*(4&9& Verbele tranziti/e cu un complement -irecti un complement in-irectAcete %er(e u"t ur$ate de cele dou co$#le$e"te +" ordi"ea co$#le$e"t direct , co$#le$e"ti"direct: $ bought the blouse for mother * A$ cu$#rat (lu)a #e"tru $a$a* $ gae the notebook to

 <ary* I,a$ dat caietul de "otie Mariei* Not: 5* rdi"ea co$#le$e"t direct , co$#le$e"t i"direct ete oloit deeori #e"tru acce"tuare: %ou

must pay the money to #er "not to #im%* Tre(uie ,i #lteti ei (a"ii 0"u lui1*;* 2" alte ca)uri aceat ordi"e ete o(li'atorie:a1 c."d co$#le$e"tul i"direct ete ur$at de o #ro#o)iie u(ordo"at: He gae a book to his frien" who is isiting him. I,a dat o carte #riete"ului #e care +l %i)ita*

 (1 c."d cele dou co$#le$e"te u"t e#ri$ate #ri" #ro"u$e #ero"ale: $ gae it to her * I,a$ dat,o ei*c1 du# %er(ele ca: a""ress, announce, comunicate etc.: $ communicate" the result of the e?periment toeerybo"y concerne". A$ co$u"icat re)ultatul e#eri$e"tului tuturor celor i"tereai*rdi"ea celor dou co$#le$e"te #oate i i: %er( tra")iti% co$#le$e"t i"directco$#le$e"t direct*2" acet ca)& #re#o)iia to au for ete o$i: $ bought mother a blouse. $ gae <ary the notebook.Tran*)ormarea pa*i/* C."d #ro#o)iia cu u" co$#le$e"t directi u"ul i"direct ete tra"or$at ladiate)a #ai%& a$(ele co$#le$e"te #ot de%e"i u(iecte:Acti%: They showe" u* t#e #ou*e&a1 3ai%: >E were shown t#e U2*

Co$#le$e"tul direct de%i"e u(iect& iar cel i"direct +i #trea) u"cia& ete co$#le$e"tul i"directrei"ut 0retai"ed i"direct o(-ect1* (1 T#e #ou*e was shown to U2*Co$#le$e"tul direct de%i"e u(iect& iar cel i"direct +i #trea) u"cia& ete co$#le$e"t i"directrei"ut 0retaine" in"irect ob;ect#.irecia di"tre cele dou %aria"te co"t +" a#tul c #ri$a acce"tuea) #eroa"a iar cea de a douao(iectul& $ai rec%e"t +" %or(irea cure"t ii"d #ri$a*

 #a': 5==(4&:& Verbele tranziti/e urmate -e un complement -irecti unul prepoziionali" aceat cla ac #arte %er(e ca: blame smb. for smth* F a da %i"a #e ci"e%a #e"tru ce%a& charge

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 smb. with smth*F a acu)a #e ci"e%a de ce%a9 cure smb. of smth. F a %i"deca #e ci"e%a de ce%a& "eprie smb.of smth*F a li#i de ci"e%a de ce%a& help smb.with smth. F a a-uta #e ci"e%a cu ce%a& etc*: i" the "octor manage to cure the chil" of the chil" that "isease W A reuit doctorul  %i"dece co#ilulde (oala aceea W They charge" him with an important mission* I ,a dat o $iiu"e i$#orta"t*rdi"ea acetor co$#le$e"te +" #ro#o)iie ete: %er( tra")iti% co$#le$e"t direct co$#le$e"t

 #re#o)iio"al: $ helpe" him with his homework *C."d co$#le$e"tul direct are o co$#li"ire au ete e#ri$at #ri"tr,o #ro#o)iie u(ordo"at&co$#le$e"tul #re#o)iio"al ete ae)at i$ediat du# %er(: They accepte" with great pleasure theinitation sent by our foreign tra"e company* Au acce#tat cu $are #lcere i"%itaia tri$i de+"tre#ri"derea "oatr  de co$er  eterior*2" tran*)ormarea pa*i/ a u"ui %er( tra")iti% ur$at de u" co$#le$e"t direct i u"ul #re#o)iio"al&co$#le$e"tul direct de%i"e u(iectul or$al al #ro#o)iiei& iar cel #re#o)iio"al ete rei"ut: econgratulate" him on his success. He was congratulate" on his success.(5& COMP!EMENTU! IN1IRECT "T#e In-irect Ob<ect%(5&(& 1e)iniieCo$#le$e"tul i"direct ete #artea ecu"dar  de #ro#o)iie care i"dic #eroa"a 0rareori lucrul1 au#rareia e rer."'e +" $od i"direct aciu"ea %er(ului*(5&& In-icii )ormali ai complementului in-irectI"dicii or$ali ai co$#le$e"tului i"direct u"t:a1 ca)ul dati%& c."d co$#le$e"tul i"direct ete e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" #ro"u$e #ero"al 0cu ece#ia lui it 1

au #ri" #ro"u$ele i"tero'ati%,relati% who& #recedat de #re#o)iia to au for : Please, sen" a postcar" tome* Te ro' tri$ite,$i o ilutrat* To 3#om "i" you len" the tape recor"er W Cui i,ai +$#ru$utat$a'"etoo"ul W

 (1 locul +" #ro#o)iie:, du# co$#le$e"tul direct #re#o)iia to au for : He sol" his car to #i* neig#bour* i,a %."dut$ai"a %eci"ului* 4he bought a new shirt )or #er brot#er* A cu$#rat o c$a "ou #e"tru ratele ei*,+"ai"tea co$#le$e"tului direct&   #re#o)iie: Tom sol" u* his car * 4he bought #er brot#er a new

 shirt * #a': 5=6c1 tra"or$area la diate)a #ai%& +" care co$#le$e"tul i"direct al #eroa"ei:, poate de%e"i u(iectul or$al al #ro#o)iiei: Peter promise" the tickets to u** >e were promise" thetickets 0( 3eter1*, #oate i co$#le$e"t i"direct rei"ut: They showe" the town to u** The town was shown to u**

(5&0& E+primarea complementului in-irectCo$#le$e"tul i"direct ete e#ri$at de re'ul #ri"tr,u" u(ta"ti% au ec4i%ale"t al acetuia& #recedatde #re#o)iia to au for :e offere" flowers to our teac#er*e offere" flowers to #er*4he bought books )or #er c#il-ren*4he bought books )or t#em*3re#o)iia to au for e o$ite:a1 c."d co$#le$e"tul i"direct e al i$ediat du# %er(: <other gae t#e c#il-ren some san"wiches*Ma$a le,a dat co#iilor "ite a"d%iuri* e sent #er a message. I,a$ tri$i u" $ea-*

 (1 du# %er(e ca: affor", allow, forgie, refuse, spare:Ban you spare me a few minutes W 2$i #utei acorda c.te%a $i"ute W llow me to ask a 9uestion*3er$itei,$i  #u" o +"tre(are*

(5&4& Întrebuinarea complementului in-irectCo$#le$e"tul i"direct ete +"tre(ui"at:a1 du# %er(e tra")iti%e ur$ate de u" co$#le$e"t direct i u"ul i"direct& a cror ordi"e #oate ic4i$(at& +$#reu" cu o$iterea #re#o)iiei for : buy, choose, "o, leae, make, or"er, resere, sae:4he J@@ a new "ress )or #er*el) * 4he J@@ #er*el) a new "ress* i,a co$a"dat o roc4ie"ou*

 (1 du# %er(e tra")iti%e ur$ate de u" co$#le$e"t directi u"ul i"direct& a cror ordi"e #oate ic4i$(at& +$#reu" cu o$iterea #re#o)iiei to: bring, gie, han", offer, owe, promise, re", show etc*

 He showe" the stamp book. to the isitors* He showe" t#e /i*itor* t#e *tamp boo * Le,a ar tat%i)itatorilor claorul*

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c1 du# %er(e tra")iti%e ur$ate de u" co$#le$e"t direct i de u" co$#le$e"t i"direct #re#o)iia to +"aceat ordi"e: a""ress, announce, communicate, "escribe, e?plain, intro"uce, mention, relate, repeat,

 say, translate& etc*:The boy e?plaine" e/er$t#ing to #i* )at#er* Biatul a e#licat totul tatlui u*

 #a': 56(5&5& !ocul complementului in-irectCo$#le$e"tul i"direct +" #ro#o)iie ete ae)at de re'ul:a1 du# co$#le$e"tul direct 0#re#o)iia to au for 1: He sai" goo"bye to t#em* Le,a #u la re%edere*4he ma"e coffee )or all o) u** A  cut caea #e"tru toi*

 (1 +"ai"tea co$#le$e"tului direct* c."d co$#le$e"tul direct ete $ai lu"' au ur$at de o #ro#o)iieu(ordo"at& #re#o)iia to au or ii"d o$i: $ bought Dellen all the nglish books $ saw in thebookshop* I,a$ cu$#rat Ele"ei toate cile e"'le)eti #e care le,a$ %)ut +" li(r rie*

 Not: Co$#le$e"tele i"directe du# %er(ele ur$ate o(li'atoriu du# #re#o)iia to "u #ot i ae)ate dere'ul +"ai"tea co$#le$e"telor directe& iar #re#o)iia to "u #oate i o$i: 4he intro-uce- her husban" to the people present.i,a #re)e"tat oul celor de a*ar i: 4he e?plaine" to him the new regulations ! how she ha" the information* I,a e#licat "oulre'ula$e"t / cu$ a o(i"ut i"or$aia*c1 la +"ce#utul #ro#o)iiei& #e"tru u(li"iere: To her & $ gae the "ictionary, not to him. Ei i,a$ datdicio"arul i "u lui* or #er chil"ren she "oes her best * 3e"tru co#iii ei ea ace totul*(5&7& Tran*)ormarea pa*i/Ver(ele tra")iti%e ur$ate de co$#le$e"te directe i i"directe e +$#art +" dou $ari 'ru#e& du# elul +"care e tra"or$ la diate)a #ai%:a1 U"ele %er(e au o i"'ur  tra"or$are& +" care co$#le$e"tul direct de%i"e u(iectul #ro#o)iiei

 #ai%e& iar cel i"direct ete rei"ut* Ae$e"ea %er(e u"t cele de la #u"ctul 0c1 ca#*5** ur$ateo(li'atoriu de #re#o)iia to: He coneye" the $ea'e to t#em* T4e $ea'e was coneye" to t#em*i de la #u"ctul a1 ur$ate de #re#o)iia for : Hae you left a"ood )or t#e ot#er*W Has a"ood beenleft )or t#e ot#er*W

 (1 alte %er(e ca: gie, tell, show, promise au dou tra"or$ri #ai%e*Tra"or$area $ai rec%e"t ete cea +" care co$#le$e"tul i"direct al #eroa"ei de%i"e u(iect& iar co$#le$e"tul direct ete rei"ut:Acti%: The teacher gae the prie to Mar$*3ai%: Mar$ was gien the prie*Ete #oi(ili tra"or$area:

T4e #ri)e was gien to Mar$& +" care co$#le$e"tul direct de%i"e u(iect& iar co$#le$e"tul i"direct eterei"ut* Aceat tra"or$are ete oloit $ai rar*(7& Complementul prepoziional "T#e Prepo*itional Ob<ect%(7&(& 1e)iniie&Co$#le$e"tul #re#o)iio"al ete #artea ecu"dar  de #ro#o)iie care deter$i" #redicatul #ro#o)iieie#ri$at #ri"tr,u" %er( tra")iti% au i"tra")iti%*

 #a': 565(7&& In-icii )ormali ai complementului prepoziional&I"dicii or$ali ai co$#le$e"tului #re#o)iio"al u"t:a1 ca)ul acu)ati%& c."d co$#le$e"tul #re#o)iio"al ete e#ri$at #ri" #re#o)iie #lu #ro"u$e #ero"al0cu ece#ia lui it 1& #ro"u$e relei% au #ro"u$e i"tero'ati% relati% who: 4he looke" at #im* S,a uitatla el* 4he looke" at #er*el) in the mirror * S,a #ri%it +" o'li"d*

 (1 locul +" #ro#o)iie:

, du# #redicat c."d aceta ete e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" %er( i"tra")iti%: He was talking 3it# #i* )rien-**Vor(ea cu #riete"ii lui*, du# co$#le$e"tul direct c."d #redicatul ete e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" %er( tra")iti%: Has anyonecompare" the translation 3it# t#e originalW A co$#arat ci"e%a traducerea cu ori'i"alulWc1 tra"or$area la diate) #ai% +" care u"ele %er(e i"tra")iti%e cu #re#o)iie o(li'atorie e co$#ort ca%er(e tra")iti%e& #re#o)iia r $."."d ataat de %er(& iar ele$e"tul "o$i"al di" co$#le$e"tul

 #re#o)iio"al de%e"i"d u(iectul or$al al #ro#o)iiei: +ran"mother looke" ATER t#e c#il-ren& T#ec#il-ren were looke" ATER by their gran"mother *(7&0& E+primarea complementului prepoziional&Co$#le$e"tul #re#o)iio"al ete e#ri$at #ri":

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a1 u" u(ta"ti% au ec4i%ale"t al acetuia #recedat de o #re#o)iie: He is looking )or #i* tie* 2i cautcra%ata* $ ran a)ter t#em* A$ u'it du# ei*

 (1 o co"dtrucie i"i"iti%al au 'eru"dial& #recedat de o #re#o)iie: oul" they agree to *tart at onceW Ar i de acord  +"ce#e$ i$ediatW He boasts o) being the best football player in the school * Selaud c ete cel $ai (u" -uctor de ot(al di" coal*c1 o #ro#o)iie u(ordo"at: He boasts t#at #e i* t#e be*t )ootball pla$er in t#e *c#ool&

(7&4& Întrebuin

area complementului prepozi

ionalCo$#le$e"tul #re#o)iio"al ete +"tre(ui"at du#:a1 %er(e i"tra")iti%e cu #re#o)iie o(li'atorie: care for, complain of, "epen" on, hint at, insist on, long 

 for, look at, pass for, warn of, won"er at, worry about: The success of the picnic will 1EPEN1 on t#e3eat#er* Succeul #ic"icului %a de#i"de de %re$e* oul" you CARE )or one o) t#e*e painting* W iar 

 #lace u"ul i"tre acete ta(louriW 4he COMP!AINE1 o) t#e #eat* Se #l."'ea de cldur * (1 %er(e i"tra")iti%e cu dou #re#o)iii: agree with smb about smth, argue with smb about smth*c1 %er(e tra")iti%e cu #re#o)iie o(li'atorie: ac9uaint smb with smth, a"ise smb. about smth, assure

 smb of smth, blame smb for smth, bother smb. with smth, conince smb, of smth, entrust smb with smth,mistake smb. for smth, warn smb about smth:

 #a': 56; $ warne" him about t#e -anger* L,a$ a%erti)at de #ericol*d1 ad-ecti%e au #artici#ii care +"de#li"ec u"cia de "u$e #redicatic +"tr,u" #redicat "o$i"al& ur$ate deo #re#o)iie o(li'atorie:about : He was REA2ONA?!E about #er -eci*ion*at : 4he is GOO1 at c#emi*tr$*in: He is INTERE2TE1 in a*tronom$&of : @omania2s foreign tra"e is ?A2E1 on co6operation an- eual rig#t**with: De i* ANGR 3it# $our be#a/iour*Alte ad-ecti%e i #artici#ii ur$ate de acete #re#o)iii u"t:, angry, gla", happy, ma", annoye", please" worrie" A?OUT9, angry, ba", cleer, hopeless, terrible, alarme", amuse", annoye", "elighte", please" AT9, efficient, fortunate, lucky, persistent, 3un#successful IN9, afrai", certain, conscious, fon", gla", conince", scare" O9, "epen"ent, insistent, keen, lent, set ON9, busy, 3un#comfortable, 3in#compatible, content, furious, 3un#happy, impatient, sick, uneasy, annoye",bore", concerne", "elighte", "isaplointe", e?cite", e?hauste", horrifie", obsesse", occupie", oercome,

 please", satisfie", upset >ITD*(7&5& !ocul complementului prepoziional .n propoziieLocul co$#le$e"tului #re#o)iio"al +" #ro#o)iie ete de o(iecei:a1 du# "u$ele #redicati% e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" ad-ecti% au #artici#iu: 4he was conince" o) #i* lo$alt$*Era co"%i" de loialitatea lui*

 (1 du# co$#le$e"tul direct& +" ca)ul u"ui %er( tra")iti%: )obo"y preents your frien" )rom a*ingt#at ue*tion* Ni$e"i "u,l +$#iedic #e #riete"ul tu  #u" aceat +"tre(area*(7&7& Tran*)ormarea pa*i/U"ele %er(e i"tra")iti%e cu #re#o)iie o(li'atorie: agree about ! on!to, aim, at, argue about, arrange

 for, ask for, beliee in, call for, call on, conceie of, laugh at, look at, look for, look afeter, look into,run oer, sleep in, speek of ! about, talk of, think of, write about etc*& e co$#ort ca %er(e tra")iti%e +"tra"or$area #ai%b*Ele$e"tul "o$i"al di" co$#le$e"tul #re#o)iio"al de%i"e u(iectul #ro#o)iiei #ai%e& iar #re#o)iia

$."e du# %er(:  bus ran OVER t#e neig#bour* a -og& T$#e neig#bour* -ogwas run OVER by a bus*2" tra"or$area #ai% a %er(elor tra")iti%e ur$ate de u" co$#le$e"t directi de u"ul #re#o)iio"al&co$#le$e"tul direct de%i"e u(iectul #ro#o)iiei #ai%e& iar cel #re#o)iio"al ete rei"ut: They bothere" DIM 3it# *ill$ ue*tion*& DE was bethere" 3it# *ill$ ue*tion**

 #a': 56(9& Elementul pre-icati/ *uplimentar "T#e Pre-icati/e A-<unct%(9&(& 1e)iniieEle$e"tul #redicati% u#li$e"tar ete #artea ecu"dar  de #ro#o)iie care deter$i" at.t #redicatul&e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" %er( tra")iti%& c.t i u" u(ta"ti% au +"locuitor al acetuia care are u"cia de

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co$#le$e"t direct al #redicatului: 4he ?OI!E1 t4e e'' har" F 4he ?OI!E1 t4e e''* T4e e'' was#ar-*(9&& E+primarea elementului pre-icati/ *uplimentarEle$e"tul #redicati% u#li$e"tar ete e#ri$at de re'ul #ri":a1 u(ta"ti%& du# %er(e ca appoint, choose, elect, proclaim, call, name:The elect <r Arown 3as# c#airman* L,au ale #e dl*BroP" #reedi"te* They nominate" him Pre*i-ent *L,au dee$"at #reedi"te* They hae name" the baby1an* L,au "u$it #e co#il a"*

 (1 u" ad-ecti% 0care e#ri$ tarea au co"diia ca re)ultat al aciu"ii %er(ului1& du# %er(e ca: boil 04ard1& bake 04ard1& open 0Pide1& "rie 0cra)& $ad1& break 0o#e"1& wash 0clea"1& push 0o#e"& 4ut1&

 paint 0P4ite& 'ree"1& etc*:Ban you push the gate open W 3oi  dec4i)i #oarta W They2e painte" the fence 3#ite* Au %o#it'ardul al(*(9&0& !ocul elementului pre-icati/ *uplimentarLocul ele$e"tului #redicati% u#li$e"tar ete du# co$#le$e"tul direct e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" u(ta"ti%au #ro"u$e +" acu)ati%1 care ur$ea) #redicatul 0e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" %er( tra")iti%1: They electe" himpre*i-ent* Push the "oor open*(:& Con*truciile comple+e "Comple+ Con*truction*%(:&(& 1e)iniieTer$e"ul de co"trucii co$#lee e reer  la co"tuciile i"i"iti%ale& #artici#ialei 'eru"diale& care u"toloite de o(icei #e"tru reducerea u"or #ro#o)iii u(ordo"ate la #i ecu"dare de #ro#o)iie* Acete

co"trucii u"t: #a': 56Acu)ati% cu , i"i"iti%, #artici#iu #re)e"t, #artici#iu trecut

 No$i"ati% cu , i"i"iti%, #artici#iu #re)e"tI"i"iti% cu for , to

 No$i"ati%ul a(olut cu ,i"i"iti, #artici#iu #re)e"t, #artici#iu trecutCo"truciile 'eru"diale(:&& Caracteri*ticile con*truciilor comple+e

(:&&(& Co"truciile co$#lee au caracter pre-icati/& deoarece +"tre cei doi $e$(ri ai co"truciei:ele$e"tul "o$i"al 0re#re)e"tat de re'ul #ri"tr,u" acu)ati% au "o$i"ati%1i ele$e"tul %er(al0re#re)e"tat #ri"tr,u" i"i"iti%& or$ +" ,ing au #artici#iu trecut1& eit u" ra#ort #redicati% i$#licit*Kor$a "e#ero"al a %er(ului u"cio"ea) ca #redicat al ele$e"tului "o$i"al& dar aceat u"cie eteco"iderat i$#licit i "u e#ri$at& deoarece or$ele "e#ero"ale "u u"t $arcate or$al #e"truredarea cate'oriei de #eroa"* Caracterul #redicati% al ra#ortului di"tre cele dou ele$e"te reiee di"u"cia acetor co"trucii& de +"locuire au reducere a u"or #ro#o)iii u(ordo"ate& deci a u"or ele$e"tei"tactice co"i"."d #redicat: e "oP 4er to (e a 'ited actre F e know t#at *#e is a gifte" actress*ti$ c ea ete o actri oarte (u"*5=*;*;* 2"i"iti%ul& #artici#iul #re)e"t i #artici#iul trecut or$ea) +$#reu" cu ele$e"tul "o$i"alco"trucii i$ilare:Co"trucii co$#leecu acu)ati%ul cu "o$i"ati%ul "o$i"ati%ul a(olutAcu)ati% cu i"i"iti%:

They warne" me not to be late& No$i"ati% cu i"i"iti%:I was warne" not to be late*

 No$i"ati% a(olut cu i"i"iti%: He sent the books first & t#e*tationer$ to come later *Acu)ati% cu #artici#iu #re)e"t:4he coul" feel #er #eartbeating&

 No$i"ati% cu #artici#iu #re)e"t:

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De was notice" *tan-ing near the "oor *

 No$i"ati% a(olut cu #artici#iu #re)e"t:T#e /alue o) + being no3n&the alue of Oy can be foun".Acu)ati% cu #artici#iu trecut:

 $ want t#i* 3or )ini*#e-

uicl$*,,

 No$i"ati% a(olut cu #artici#iutrecut:Di* ta* per)orme-& he left theoffice*(:&&0& eoe(irile di"tre cele trei eluri de co"trucii reie di" $odul +" care ete #ri%it aciu"ea:

 #a': 56a1 2" co"truciile i"i"iti%ale "e i"tereea) aciu"ea +" i"e& a#tul #etrecut& care ete %)ut ca +"c4eiat:e saw him come 0Fthat he came1* A$ %)ut c,a %e"it*

 (1 +" co"truciile cu #artici#iul +" ,i"'& aciu"ea ete %)ut +" de urare: e saw him coming 0Fthat he was coming 1* L,a$ %)ut %e"i"d*c1 +" co"truciile cu #artici#iul trecut& aciu"ea ete #ri%it ca u" re)ultat: e foun" the log cabin

"eserte" * A$ 'it ca(a"a #it*5=*;** Ku"ciile i"tactice ale acetor co"trucii u"t ur$toarele:51 co$#le$e"tul direct co$#le 0co"truciile cu acu)ati%ul1: $ saw t#e ambulance coming* A$ %)utoi"d $ai"a al%rii* e ha" our #ou*e repaire- an- painte-* Ne,au re#arat i %o#it caa*;1 u(iect co$#le 0co"truciile cu "o$i"ati%ul1: T#i* part o) t#e lan- is beliee" to #a/e been un"er the sea* Se crede c acet col de #$."t a ot u( a#* De happene" to gi/e the best solution* S,a+"t.$#lat ca el  dea cea $ai (u" oluie* De was seen pa**ing the shop* A ot %)ut trec."d #ri" aa$a'a)i"ului*1 co$#le$e"t circu"ta"ial 0"o$i"ati%ul a(olut1: E/er$bo-$ being pre*ent& the lesson can begin*Toat lu$ea ii"d #re)e"t& lecia #oate +"ce#e* T#e *#opping -one& they returne" home* u# ce i,aucut cu$#turile& ,au +"tor aca*(:&0& Con*truciile cu acuzati/ulCo"truciile cu acu)ati%ul u"t or$ate di"tr,u" u(ta"ti% au #ro"u$e +" ca)ul acu)ati% i u" %er( la

i"i"iti% au #artici#iu: care e al a de #ri$ul ele$e"t +"tr,u" ra#ort #redicati%: $ notice" t#em*#ae han"s* A$ o(er%at ci,au dat $."a*(:&0&(& Acuzati/ul cu in)initi/Ver(ele tr"a)iti%e ur$ate de o(icei de u" acu)ati% cu u" i"i"iti% u"t cele care e#ri$:a1 #erce#ia e")orial: see, hear, watch, feel, notice: i" anyone see Mar$ lea/e the house W A %)ut,oci"e%a #e Mar #lec."d de aca W

 (1 acti%iti $i"tale: think, know, consi"er, e?pect, suppose, beliee, imagine:They knew t#e man to #a/e been ery ill * tiau c o$ul a ot oarte (ol"a%*  lot of people suppose" #er to be right * Mult lu$e credea c ea are dre#tate*c1 dori"a au i"te"ia: want, wish, "esire, mean:4he wante" me to e+plain the rule. A %rut ca eu  e#lic re'ula* i" she mean me to go there in her 

 place W A i"te"io"at ca eu  $er' +" locul ei Wd1 e"ti$e"te: lie, -i*lie, lo/e, #ate, pre)er:

 $ shoul" like t#em to eep their promise* A %rea ca ei i re#ecte #ro$iiu"ea* I 4ate $ou to betrouble-* Nu,$i #lace  ii dera"-at*

 #a': 567e1 u" ordi" au o #er$iiu"e: comman", or"er, re9uest, allow:Jur form teacher allo3e- u* to go to the conference* iri'i"ta "e,a #er$i  $er'e$ la co"eri"*The officer or"ere" #i* *ol-ier* to a-/ance* ierul le,a ordo"at oldailor b +"ai"te)e*1 %er(e cau)ati%e: cause, make, hae, get, in"uce, let :hat mae* $ou t#in so W Ce te ace  '."deti atel W +et t#em come as early as possible*eter$i",i  %i"e c.t $ai de%re$e #oi(il*'1 %er(e declarati%e: "eclare, pronounce, report & de o(icei c."d u(iectul ete a"i$at: eryone

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reporte" #im to be goo" for this ;ob* Toi au #u c el ete (u" #e"tru aceat trea(* They "eclare" t#e c#ie) engineer to be a member of their committee* L,au delcarat #e i"'i"erul e $e$(ru alco$itetului*41 u"ele %er(e #re#o)iio"ale: count on, "epen" on, wait for, hape for etc*:e cannot wait )or t#e 3eat#er to c#ange* Nu #ute$ ate#ta  e c4i$(e %re$ea*Not: 5* Ver(ele de #erce#ie 0cu ece#ia lui perceie1& %er(ele let i makei %er(ul cau)ati% hae u"tur$ate de i"i"iti%ul   to: He ma"e me loug#* M,a  cut  r.d*;* Ver(ul help ete ur$at de o(icei de i"i"iti%ul cu to +" %aria"ta (rita"ic& i de i"i"iti%ul   to +"%aria"ta a$erica" a li$(ii e"'le)e: $ helpe" #er "to% la$ the table* A$ a-utat,o  #u" $aa** U"ele %er(e 0cu ece#ia lui want de la #ct* c1 #ot i ur$ate i de #ro#o)iii u(ordo"ate i"trodue dethat & +"tre oloirea acetora i a co"truciei i"i"iti%ale eit."d a"u$ite deoe(iri:a1 He re9ueste" u* to come in time 0u* , u" u(ta"ti% a"i$at1

 He re9ueste" t#at t#e meeting *#oul- begin on time* 0meeting 6 u(ta"ti% i"a"i$at1 (1 I Pi4 ou to (e careul 0+" 'e"eral1 $ wish $ou 3oul- be careful 0dar "u cred c ai  ii1c1 e think #im to be ery loyal 0+" e"'le)a literar 1e think t#at #e i* ery loyal * 0+" %or(irea cure"t1d1 $ hear #im come 0acu$1

 $ hear t#at t#e$ are a3a$* 0durat1* Acu)ati%ul cu i"i"iti% ete oloit du# %er(ele care e#ri$ o acti%itate $i"tal $ai ale +" li$(a

literar & iar i"i"iti%ul ete cel al %er(ului be* $ beliee him to be honest * Cred c ete ci"tit* $ suppose it to #a/e been a mistake* 3reu#u" c a ot o 'reeal*2" %or(irea cure"t& acete %er(e u"t de o(icei ur$ate de o #ro#o)iie co$#leti% direct i"trodu dethat : $ beliee 0t#at1 #e i* #one*t* $ suppose 0t#at% it 3a* a mi*tae*(:&0&& In)initi/ul cu )or 6 to "The %or - To nfinitive%Co"trucia Acu)ati%ul cu i"i"iti% ete oloit du# a"u$ite clae de %er(e* U" acu)ati% cu i"i"it%

 #oate a#rea i du# u" ad-ecti% au u(ta"ti%& ituaie +" care el ete #recedat de #re#o)iia for : $t wasUNU2UA! )or #im to 3rite such a long letter * e o(icei el "u cria o crioare aa de lu"'* $t wasMA1NE22 )or t#em to lea/e in such weather * Era o "e(u"ie ca ei  #lece #e o ae$e"ea %re$e*Not: Eiti c.te%a %er(e ur$ate de #re#o)iia or& care #ot i oloite cu i"i"iti%ul cu or , to* 3ri"treele e "u$: arrange, ask, hope, long, plan, pray, proi"e, ring, sen", telephone, wait & etc*They arrange" )or #er to come*They planne" )or #er to come*

They sent )or #er to come* #a': 568I"i"iti%ul cu for , to or$at di" #re#o)iia or& ur$at de u" u(ta"ti% au #ro"u$e +" acu)ati% i de u"i"i"iti% cu to& care e al +"tr,u" ra#ort #redicati% a de 0#ro1"u$e: $t was "ifficult )or #im to belie/e

 such a thing * 2i %e"ea 'reu  cread u" ae$e"ea lucru:Aceat co"trucie ete +"t.l"it:a1 du# ad-ecti%e: 0it is!was# necessary, a"isable, imperatie, impossible, easy, "ifficult etc*

 (1 du# u(ta"ti%e: problem, sub;ect, i"ea etc*c1 du# u"ele %er(e i"tra")iti%e*I"i"iti%ul cu for , to ete utili)at #e"tru reducerea u"or #ro#o)iii u(ordo"ate la #i #ri"ci#ale auecu"dare de #ro#o)iie:51 u(iect real i"trodu de it a"tici#ati%: It is a"isable )or #im to learn foreign languages* Etereco$a"da(il ca el  +"%ee li$(i tr i"e* It is -i))icult )or t#em to come* Ete diicil ca ei  %i"*

;1 "u$e #redicati%: The best thing is )or #im tio agree with me* Cel $ai (u" lucru ete ca el  ie deacord cu $i"e*1 co$#le$e"t direct: Oe Pi4ed or t4e #arcel to (e e"t at o"ce* A dorit ca #ac4etul  ie tri$ii$ediat*1 co$#le$e"t #re#o)iio"al: I Pould (e deli'4ted or ou to $eet 4er* A i +"c."tat  o cu"oti*1 co$#le$e"t circu$ta"ial de co#: IH%e (rou'4t o$e $a'a)i"e or ou to read o" t4e trai"* A$adu c.te%a re%ite  le citeti +" tre"*71 co$#le$e"t circu$ta"ial co"ecuti%: T4i (oo i too diicult or $e to read* Aceat carte ete

 #rea 'rea ca ,o citec*(:&0&0& Acuzati/ul cu participiul prezent "T#e Accu*ati/e 3it# t#e Pre*ent Participle%

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Aceata ete o co"trucie ae$toare cu acu)ati%ul cu i"i"iti%& diere"a ii"d de a#ect al aciu"ii%er(ale: oloirea i"i"iti%ului red aciu"ea ca +"c4eiat& au $e"io"ea) doar aciu"ea& #e c."d

 #artici#iul #re)e"t #re)i"t aciu"ea +" de urare: $ hear" them come* 0F T4at $ea" t4e 4a%earri%ed1* I,a$ au)it %e"i"d 0Au %e"it1* $ hear" them coming . 0F I 4eard t4e$ $ai"' "oie P4ile t4ePere co$i"'1* I,a$ au)it %e"i"d 0+" ti$# ce %e"eau1*Acu)ati%ul cu #artici#iul #re)e"t e oloete du#:a1 %er(e care e#ri$b #erce#ia e")orial: see, hear, feel, watch, notice.

 $ hear" the children talking about their holi"ays. I,a$ au)it #e co#ii %or(i"d de#re acan . ewatche" the sun rising from behin" the hills. A$ #ri%it oarele r ri"d de du# dealuri*

 (1 fin", leae, set, catch, sen": $ foun" him mending the ra"io. L,a$ 'it re#ar."d radioul*(:&0&4& Acuzati/ul cu participiul trecut "T#e Acu*ati/e 3it# t#e Pa*t Participle%Aceat co"trucie ete +"tre(ui"at du#:a1 %er(e care e#ri$ #erce#ia e")orial: He hear" his name mentioned. i,a au)it "u$ele $e"io"at*

 (1 %er(e care e#ri$ u" ordi": He or"ere" if finished. A ordo"at  ie ter$i"at*c1 %er(e cau)ati%e 4a%e i 'et: $ must hae these shoes repaired. Tre(uie ,$i dau #a"toii la re#arat*

 pag: -&(:&4& Con*truciile cu nominati/ulCo"truciile cu "o$i"ati%ul u"t alctuite di"tr,u" u(ta"ti% au #ro"u$e +" ca)ul "o$i"ati% i u" %er(la i"i"iti% au #artici#iu #re)e"t +"tre care e al u" %er( la o or$ #ero"al: 4e happene" to $e a

har"*working pupil. "he was seen crossing the street.(:&4&(& Nominati/ul cu in)initi/ *e )olo*ete -up urmtoarele /erbeB51 du# %er(e i"tra")iti%e: seem, appear, happen, changeF proe, turn, out care u"t #erec4i i"o"i$ice:

 4e appeare" to $e please" with the arrangement. 4e seeme" to $e please" with the arrangement.El #rea  ie $ulu$it de ara"-a$e"t* Her brother chance" to $e there. Her brother happene" to $e

there. S,a +"t.$#lat ca ratele ei  ie acolo*;1 du# %er(e declarati%e la diate)a #ai%: say, "eclare, report, annmounce: The old man wasreporte" to have disappeared. S,a a"u"at c (tr."ul a di#rut*1 du# %er(ul co#ulati% (e i u"ul di"tre ad-ecti%ele: likely, unlikely, sure, certain:

 4e is sure to think of eery possible a"antage. Cu i'ura" c e %a '."di la toate a%a"ta-ele #oi(ile*The train is likely to $e late. Ete #oi(il ca tre"ul  +"t.r)ie*NotB 5* 3ri" trecerea #redicatului de la diate)a acti% la cea #ai% 0#ai%i)are F #ai%i)atio"1& u"ele

co"trucii cu acu)ati%ul e tra"or$ +" co"trucii cu "o$i"ati%ul* Atel& "o$i"ati%ul cu i"i"iti%a#are du# %er(e tra")iti%e care #ot i ur$ate de acu)ati% cu i"i"iti% la diate)a acti% cu ece#ia%er(elor e#ri$."d dori"a au i"te"ia i care e#ri$:a1 #erce#ia e")orial: see, hear, feel etc. : "he was seen to leave the office. A ot %)ut #lec."d di"

 (irou* 0No$i"ati%i"i"iti% lu"'1 (1 acti%iti $i"tale: think, know, consi"er, e?pect, un"erstan", beliee, suppose etc. "pace flights are consi"ere" to provide important scientific "ata. Se co"ider  c )(orurile co$iceaduc i$#orta"te date tii"iice*c1 u" ordi" au o #er$iiu"e: comman", or"er, allow, let, etc.: The $oy was allowe" to go out. Biatuluii ,a #er$i  ia aar *d1 deter$i"area : cause, make, hae, force, compel, etc.: 4e was compelle" to start all oer again. El aot o(li'at  ia totul de la +"ce#ut*;* Co"trucia )ominatiul cu infiniti du# %er(e de acti%itate $i"tal "u ete li$itat la e"'le)a

literar  0cu$ ete Acu)ati%ul cu i"i"iti%1& ea #ut."d i +"t.l"it +" %or(irea cure"t 0i cu alte %er(e dec.t (e1: re we suppose" to do this Tre(uie  ace$ ata*(:&4&& Nominati/ul cu participiul prezent "T#e Nominati/e 3it# t#e Pre*ent Participle%Aceat co"trucie ete i$ilar  cu No$i"ati%ul cu i"i"iti%& cu aceeai diere" de a#ect 0u(li"iereaideei de durat& de de urare a aciu"ii19 The old man was seen leaving the house. tr."ul a ot)ut #lec."d de aca*Aceat co"trucie e oloete du# %er(ele ur$ate la diate)a acti% cu acu)ati%ul cu #artici#iul

 #re)e"t 3see, hear, leae, catch, fin"#FThe $a$y was hear" crying . Co#ilul a ot au)it #l."'."d*

 #a': 566

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(:&5& Nominati/ul ab*olut "T#e Ab*olute Nominati/e Con*truction% No$i"ati%ul a(olut ete +"tre(ui"at c."d u(iectul co"truciei #redicati%e cu i"i"iti% au #artici#iu0#re)e"t au trecut1 ete dierit de cel al #ro#o)iiei care co"i"e u" %er( #redicati%*Co"trucia cu "o$i"ati%ul a(olut co"i"e +" tructura a u" u(ta"ti% la "o$i"ati% i u" i"i"iti%&

 #artici#iu #re)e"t au trecut care e al +" ra#ort #redicati% a de u(ta"ti%: They forwar"e" theheay e9uipment by sea, the perisha$les to $e sent by air. Au e#ediat ec4i#a$e"tul 'reu cu %a#orul&ur$."d ca $rurile #eria(ile  ie tri$ie cu a%io"ul* The original text $eing too "ifficult, he aske" 

 for a translation. Tetul ori'i"al ii"d #rea 'reu& a cerut o traducere* 4is hopes attained# he was perfectly happy. S#era"ele lui ii"d +$#li"ite& era oarte ericit* Not: Su(iectul co"truciei No$i"ati%ul a(olut cu #artici#iul #re)e"t#oate i a"tici#at de it au t4ere:There being nothing to say, they sat looking at each other. Nea%."d "i$ic de #u& tteau i e uitauu"ul la altul*Co"truciile cu "o$i"ati%ul a(olut u"t oloite #e #la" i"tactic #e"tru reducerea u"or #ro#o)iiiu(ordo"ate circu$ta"iale la co$#le$e"te circu$ta"iale:a1 de ti$#: inner $eing rea"y, the family sat "own roun" the big, oal "inner table. 3 hen "inner was rea"y...#F

 (1 de cau): He felt e?hauste", his self-control having $een straine" to breaking point. 3as his selfcontrol ha" been straine"...#Fc1 de co"diie: eather permitting# we shall go to the beach tomorrow. 3 $f the weather permits...#.

 Not: Co"truciile cu "o$i"ati%ul a(olut e +"t.l"ec rar +" %or(irea cure"t* Ele u"t caracteritice

e"'le)ei crie& literare*(:&7& Alte contrucii comple+eCon*trucii gerun-iale& 0Geru"d Co"tructio"1* La el i i"i"iti%ul i #artici#iul& or$a Geru"d i"tr  +"co$#ete"a u"or co"trucii co$#lee +" care Geru"d,ul e al +"tr,u" ra#ort #redicati% a deu(ta"ti% au #ro"u$e: our re)u*ing to ee 4i$ ur#ried e%er(od* Reu)ul tu de a,l %edea aur#ri" #e toat lu$ea*Su(ta"ti%ul #oaate i:a1 la ca)ul 'e"iti% i"tetic 0co"trucia cu 'e"iti% e oloit #e"tru u(t"ati%e "u$e de #eroa"e1: He

 seeme" surprise" at )arys expresing ni interest in the sub;ect. A #rut ur#ri" de a#tul c Mar "u aar tat "ici u" i"tere #e"tru aceat #ro(le$*

 (1 la ca)ul acu)ati%: i" you min" himTom 4peaking so lou" > Te,a dera"-at a#tul c el / To$a a%or(it aa de tare WAcu)ati%ul ete oloit:

51 c."d u(ta"ti%ul ete a"i$at au i"a"i$at: $ coil" sense the smell spreading. Si$ea$ cu$ e#."dea $iroul*;1 c."d u(ta"ti%ul ete ur$at de o co$#li"ire atri(uti%: $ remember a friend of mine going on sucha trip. 2$i a$i"tec de u" #riete" al $eu care a $er +"tr,o atel de ecurie*1 +" %or(ire& #e"tru u(ta"ti%e "u$e de #eroa"e& u(ta"ti%e a"i$ate au i"a"i$ate*ac #artea a"i$at a co"truciei ete e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" #ro"u$e aceta #oate i u" #ro"u$e

 #oei%& au& +" %or(ire& u" #ro"u$e +" acu)ati%: $ coul"n2t un"erstan" his acting like that. $ coul"n2t un"erstan" him acting like that. Nu #utea$  +"ele' de ce #roceda aa* $ remember their them saying that. 2$i a$i"tec c au #uata*Co"trucia 'eru"dial ete oloit du# aceleai cu%i"te ca i or$a Geru"d i$#l*Co"trucia 'eru"dial are rolul de a +"locui:

a1 #ro#o)ii u(ordo"ate u(iecti%e: :our trying to convince him was 9uite obious That you tried to convince him was 9uite obious.

 (1 circu$ta"iale: "he $eing a$sent  , nothing coul" be "one F A 4e Pa a(e"t& "ot4i"' could (edo"e*

 pag: /00(;& Complementele circum*taniale "A-/erbial*%(;&(&1e)iniieCo$#le$e"tul circu$ta"ial ete #artea de #ro#o)iie care deter$i" au $odiic u" %er(& u" ad%er(&u" ad-ecti% au o +"trea' #ro#o)iie*Ca deter$i"a"t al %er(ului& co$#le$e"tul circu$ta"ial i"dic +$#re-urarea +" care e #etrece o aciu"e

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0locul& ti$#ul& co#ul& cau)a etc*1: A tai a##eared at t4e cor"er o t4e treet* 0loc1 T4e arri%ed 4al a"4our later* 0ti$#1Atu"ci c."d deter$i" u" ad%er(& ad-ecti% au ec4i%ale"i ai acetora& co$#le$e"tul circu$ta"ial aratcu$ e #re)i"t o +"uire: It Pa "earl dar* Era a#roa#e +"tu"eric* T4e are "earl t4ere* A#roa#e aua-u"*(;&& Cla*i)icareCo$#le$e"tele circu$ta"iale +" li$(a e"'le) e +$#art& ca +" li$(a ro$." +": co$#le$e"tecircu$ta"iale de loc& de ti$#& de $od& de cau)& de co"diie& de co#& co"cei%e& co"ecuti%e etc*(;&0& Complementul circum*tanial -e loc "T#e A-/erbial o) Place%(;&0&(& 1e)iniie& Co$#le$e"tul circu$ta"ial de loc i"dic locul& #u"ctul de #lecare& direcia au li$itau"ei aciu"i au tri*NotB U"ele co$#le$e"te circu$ta"iale de loc e#ri$ate #ri" ad%er(e de loc& i"dic locul #ro#riu,)i:here, there, somewhere. Altele i"dic direcia: asi"e, forwar", right, left. Ma-oritatea ad%er(elor de loc+" #ot i oloite #e"tru a e#ri$a at.t locul& c.t i direcia:!oc: Oe doe"Dt li%e ar* Nu locuiete de#arte*1irecie& Oe did"Dt 'o ar* Nu ,a du de#arte*

 pag: /0(;&0&& Co$#le$e"tul circu$ta"ial de loc ete e#ri$at #ri":a1 u" ad%er( au o #erira) ad%e(ial de loc: 4he is here. He was walking to and fro.

 (1 u" u(ta"ti% cu au   #re#o)iie: Helen is in town for the moment. T4e Pe"t 4o$e*

c1 u" u(ta"ti% +" ca)ul 'e"iti% #recedat de o #re#o)iie: e buy brea" at the $aker s.d1 o #ro#o)iie circu$ta"ial de loc: e "o our shopping where every$ody else does.

(;&0&0& !ocul Co$#le$e"tului circu$ta"ial de loc ete de o(icei du# #redicat 0 co$#le$e"t direct10co$#l* circ* de loc1:4he has been working 3 hard! 1 T42 (&3A3: all "ay.4he was been rea"ing 3 a $ook! 1 T42 (&3A3: all "ay.E+cepiiBCo$#le$e"tul circu$ta"ial de loc #oate i ae)at +"tre %er( i co$#le$e"tul u direct dacco$#le$e"tul direct ete #rea lu"' au ete e#ri$at #ri"tr,o #ro#o)iie u(ordo"at: T4e too i"tot4e readi"' roo$ all t4e dictio"arie t4e "eeded*T4e ou"d i" t4e readi"' roo$ all t4e dictio"arie t4e "eeded*Co$#le$e"tul circu$ta"ial i"dic."d locul #ro#riu,)i #oate a#rea i la +"ce#utul #ro#o)iiei& $ai alec."d ete e#ri$at #ri"tr,o co"trucie #re#o)iio"al: "omewhere near the river the chil"ren were

 playing football.Co$#le$e"tul circu$ta"ial care i"dic direcia e aea) u"eori direct du# %er( 0+"ai"tea ad%er(uluide $od1& dac %er(ul e#ri$ $icarea #re u" loc: He went to school by bus.C.te%a co$#le$e"te circu$ta"iale e#ri$."d direcia #ot a#rea +" #o)iia i"iial:a1 +" li$(a-ul literar& #e"tru a da or  dra$atic e#ri$rii& cu %er(e la #re)e"t au 3at Te"e i$#lu:

 $n they come K way they wentK (1 +" e#ri$area a$iliar & cu %er(e ca go, come, get la #re)e"t au i$#erati% 0ou1: Here she comes.There they go. $n 3be"# you get.NotB Herei there a#ar +" c.te%a e#reii cu %er(ul (e: Here!there you are. 3oti$***0Ata,i #e"truti"e1* There she is. Uite,o! A a-u"* Here we are. A$ a-u" +" .r it 0u"de tre(uia1* There you are. Ve)i a$ dre#tate 0Ata +"trete ce,a$ #u1*Atenie ac u(iectul +" acete e#reii ete e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" u(ta"ti% i "u #ri"tr,u" #ro"u$e& areloc i"%eriu"e +"tre u(iect i #redicat* There he isK There is your fatherK Here they areK Here are your 

 glassesK(;&4& Complementul circum*tanial -e timp "T#e A-/erbial o) Time%(;&4&(& 1e)iniie& Co$#le$e"tul circu$ta"ial de ti$# i"dic:a1 $o$e"tul aciu"ii: now, nowa"ays, to"ay, thenF

 (1 ucceiu"ea de ti$#: afterwar"s, before, eentually, formerly, preiously, soon. pag: /0/c1 durata: lately, recently, since, still, yetFd1 rec%e"a:, dei"it: weekly, three times a "ayF, "edei"it: often, usually, sel"om, once in a while.

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(;&4&& Co$#le$e"tul circu$ta"ial de ti$# ete e+primat #ri":a1 u" ad%er( de ti$#: 4he arrie" yesterday.

 (1 o #erira) ad%er(ial de ti$#: They isit their gran"parents from time to time.

c1 o co"trucie ad%er(ial 0u(ta"ti%/"u$eral cu #re#o)iie etc*1: Tom was born in <=6>.

;1 o co"trucie co$#le& utili)at #e"tru reducerea u"ei #ro#o)iii circu$ta"iale de ti$# la u"co$#le$e"t circu$ta"ial de ti$#9a1 "o$i"ati%ul a(olut cu #artici#iul trecut: 4is homework written the boy went out to play.

 (1 u" #artici#iu #re)e"t au trecut& #recedat de o co"-u"cie te$#oral: He "oesn2t feel 9uite well when travelling $y plane.

c1 u" Geru"d #recedat de o #re#o)iie: *n leaving the house, she aske" me to look after the chil".d1 u" u(ta"ti% cu au   #re#o)iie i"trodu +"tr,o co"-u"cie te$#oral: hile in Australia helearne" nglish. $ playe" this game when a $oy.

1 o #ro#o)iie circu$ta"ial de ti$#: He is always air sick when he travels $y plane.

(;&4&0& !ocul Complementului circum*tanial -e timp .n propoziieA1 Ma-oritatea co$#le$e"telor circu$ta"iale i"dic."d $o$e"tul aciu"ii u"t ae)ate la .r itul

 #ro#o)iiei: He went to the cinema yesterday last night.

 )owa"ays i presently ocu# de o(icei #o)iia i"iial: 1owadays all chil"ren of school*age atten"  school in @omania.ac +"tr,o #ro#o)iie a#ar $ai $ulte co$#le$e"te circu$ta"iale i"dic."d $o$e"tul aciu"ii& aceteau"t ae)ate uccei%& de la #erioada de ti$# $ai curt la cea $ai lu"': He was born on <on"ay, the

-th of 'ebruary -70. $2ll see you at ten o2clock in 4un"ay.au: Jn 4un"ay $2ll see you at ten o2clock.B1 Co$#le$e"tele circu$ta"iale i"dic."d ucceiu"ea aciu"ilor ocu# de o(icei #o)iie i"iial au$edial +" #ro#o)iie: 'irst he rang the bell. )e?t he knocke" on the "oor. He then rang again. n" 

 finnaly he starte" banging on the "oor.C1 Locul co$#le$e"telor circu$ta"iale de ti$# e#ri$ate #ri" ad%er(e de rec%e" 0dei"it i"edei"it1:Ad%er(e care e#ri$ rec%e"a u"ei aciu"i +" $od dei"it: "aily 0)il"ic1& once 0odat1& again 0di" "ou1&twice 0de dou ori1 etc*& u"t de o(icei ae)ate la .r itul #ro#o)iiei: The school boar" meetsweekly!three times a week.rdi"ea $ai $ultor ad%er(e de rec%e" dei"it ete de la u"itatea $ai $ic la cea $ai $are: 4he

 phone" him hourly each "ay.au: ach "ay she phone" him hourly.

Ad%er(ele de rec%e" "edei"it: ussualy 0de o(icei1 always 0+"totdeau"a1& sometimes 0u"eori&c.teodat1& occasionally 0u"eori& c.teodat1& often 0adeea1& neer 0"iciodat1& sel"om 0rar1& u"t deo(icei ae)ate +"tre u(iect i #redicat: $ often go to the theatre.

 pag: /0ac #redicatul co"i"e u" %er( auiliar au u" %erd $odal& ad%er(ul de rec%e" ete ae)at du#aceta: $ hae neer seen her. %ou must always "o your "uty.Ad%er(ele de rec%e" "edei"it e aea) du# %er(ul (e& +"ai"tea "u$eralului #redicati%: He is oftenlate.ac %er(ul ete oloit la diate)a #ai%& ad%er(ul de rec%e" "edei"it ete ae)at du# #ri$ulauiliar: He has neer been seen like this.NotB 4ometimes #oate i ae)at i la +"ce#utul #ro#o)iiei: $ sometimes go for a walk in the woo"s.au : 4ometimes $ go for a walk in the woo"s.U"ele ad%er(e "edei"ite de rec%e" #ot a#rea la +"ce#utul #ro#o)iiei:

, dac aceata ete "e'ati%: enerally 1ormally /sually he "oesn2t "rink coffee., #e"tru +"trire: /sually $ meet her at conferences, but yester"ay $ ran into her in a "epartment store.!ocul a-/erbelor -e )rec/en .n propoziieSituabia Su(iect Ver(au*/$odalAd%*derec%e"Ver( "oio"alau "u$e

 #redicati% 0du#

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 (e1Alte #i de

 #ro#o)iieKor$a%er(ali$#lI "e%er/alPa/uuall/rarel/eldo$/o

 (elie%e t4e$*$eti$eOe ide$ ca$ai u4a ti$e e"ou'4 or 4i rie"d*Ver(auiliar %er("oio"al

T4e 4a%e "e%er/alPa/uuall/o$eti$e/rarel/eldo$ee" 4er*I Pould ide$ ca$ai ueat t4i*Ver( $odal Ver("oio"alS4e ca" ide$ ca

$ai uor'et uc4 i"cide"t*Ver(ul (e "u$e

 #redicati%Oe i ide$ ca$ai uill*S4e 4a ide$ ca$ai u

 (ee" ill*1 rdi"ea $ai $ultor co$#le$e"te circu$ta"iale de ti$# +" #ro#o)iie ete ur$toarea: durat ,rec%e" , $o$e"t: $ went to the country for a month eery year "uring my chil"hoo".

E1 rdi"ea $ai $ultor co$#le$e"te circu$ta"

iale dierite +" #ro#o)i

ie ete: M , loc , ti$#* They playe" ery well in the match yester"ay.Aceat ordi"e #oate i c4i$(at:a1 #e"tru a coate +" e%ide" u" a"u$e circu$ta"ial: ach "ay she phone" him hourly.

 (1 co"truciile ad%er(iale 0$ai lu"'i1 u"t ae)ate de o(icei du# ad%er(e 0$ai curte1: $ was walking earlier in the Aotanical +ar"ens.c1 o #ro#o)iie u(ordo"at circu$ta"ial e aea) du# u" co$#le$e"t circu$ta"ial: e walke" 

 for hours where the ?hibition ba" been. pag: /01(;&5& Complementul circum*tanial -e mo- "T#e A-/erbial o) Manner%

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(;&5&(& 1e)iniie& Co$#le$e"tul circu$ta"ial de $od i"dic $odul +" care e +"de#li"ete o aciu"eau a#are o +"uire*(;&5&& Cla*i)icare& Co$#le$e"tele circu$ta"iale de $od e +$#art +":51 Co$#le$e"tul circu$ta"ial de $od #ro#riu,)i9;1 Co$#le$e"tul circu$ta"ial de $od co$#arati%*(;&5&0& Complementul circum*tanial -e mo- propriu6zi* i"dic elul& $odalitatea +" care decur'eaciu"ea au tarea: well, ba"ly, 9uikly, slowly.Ele $ai #ot reda i alte e"uri:, ca"titatea: enough, much, a littleF, +"trire: actually, certainly, reallyF, a$#liicare: absolutely, completely, greatly, highly, barely, scarcelyF, de air$aie au "e'aie: yes, no, of course, not at allF, #ro(a(ilitate: maybe, perhaps, possibly.Co$#le$e"tul circu$ta"ial de $od #ro#riu,)ie:a1 $odiic o #arte de #ro#o)iie9

 (1 i" locul u"ei #ro#o)iii +"tre'i*a1 Co$#le$e"tul circu$ta"ial de $od #ro#riu,)ie $odiic:, u" %er(: He @$(4 carefully., u" ad-ecti%: He is a little T$@*, u" ad%er(: %ou speak too '4T. $ can2t follow you.

 (1 Cu%i"tele care e#ri$ #ro(a(ilitatea& air$aia au "e'aia i" de o(icei locul u"ei #ro#o)iii +"tre'i: : Ban you ski > A: %es, $ can.au e reer  la o #ro#o)iie +"trea': 4urely you aren2t ill. Si'ur "u eti (ol"a%*NotB Nea%."d o le'tur  tr." cu o a"u$it #arte de #re#o)iie& u"ele 'ra$atici 0#ri"tre care i ceade a1 "u a"ali)ea) acete co$#le$e"te +" cadrul ca#itolului de#re co$#le$e"te circu$ta"iale& ci+" cel de#re Ele$e"te i"de#e"de"te +" #ro#o)iie*(;&5&4& Complementul circum*tanial -e mo- propriu6zi* #oate i e#ri$at #ri":a1 u" ad%er( au #erira) ad%er(ial de $od: He "roe slowly along the mannow roa".

 (1 u" u(ta"ti% au "u$eral +"trodu #ri"tro #ro#o)iie: He "i" this $y mistake. This problem can be sole" in three ways.

c1 o co"trucie 'eru"dial i"trodu #ri" #ro#o)iiile ( au Pit4out: He shoul" hae finishe" $y

thanking his parents for their help.d1 o #ro#o)iie circu$ta"ial de $od: He "roe the car as they had toild him to.

(;&5&5& !ocul Complementului circum*tanial -e mo- .n propoziieA1 Co$#le$e"tul circu$ta"ial de $od #ro#riu,)i e aea) de o(icei du# %er(: S4e dro%e loPl tot4e tatio" eterda*ac %er(ul ete tra")iti% i ur$at de co$#le$e"tul u direct& ad%er(ul de $od ete ae)at:, du# co$#le$e"tul direct: 4he "roe her car slowly to the station sau:, +"ai"tea %er(ului 0rar1: 4he slowly "roe car to the station.

 pag: /05Co$#le$e"tul circu$ta"ial de $od ete ae)at du# %er(ul (e c."d aceta ete oloit la diate)a

 #ai%: The car was slowly "rien into the garage.B1 Circu$ta"ialele de $od i"tri"d ideea e#ri$at de %er( au de alt #arte de %or(ire 0acctually,certainly, obiously, really, surely, honestly, simply, ;ust 1 #reced de re'ul #artea de %or(ire la care ereer :

 $ simply "on2t un"erstan" her behaiour. %ou must beliee me simply on my wor". He speaks 9uite

rapi"ly. 4he is 9uite ill. $n"ee" #oate a#rea i +" #o)iie i"al: Thank you ery much in"ee". $t was ery kin" in"ee" of you tocome.C1 Circu$ta"ialele de $od e#ri$."d ca"titatea& #reced au ur$ea) #ile de %or(ire la care ereer & +" elul ur$tor:- ,ery! $uc4 #recede de o(icei u" #artici#iu oloit #redicati%: He was ery much impresse". ar ur$ea) u" %er( #ri"ci#al 0co$#le$e"tul lui direct1: $ like nglish ery much.- 2nough e aea) du# u" ad-ecti% au %er(: This lesson is 4% enough.ac +" enough ete oloit ca atri(ut #e l."' u" u(ta"ti%& el a#are ie +"ai"te ie du# aceta: Hehas T$< enough. He has enough T$<.

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1 Circu$ta"ialele de $od care a$#liic ideea e#ri$at de %er( 0completely, fully, 9uite, perfectly,ba"ly1 #ot a#rea +"ai"tea %er(ului #ri"ci#al au +" #o)iie i"al: $ ba"ly nee" your a"ice. $ can

 perfectly un"erstan" her behaiour. e like her ery much. o you agree with us enterely >Ad%er(ele (arel& little& carcel& a#ar +"ai"tea %er(ului& a "u$elui #redicati% au +"tre dou auiliare: Hebarely H time to catch the bus. 4he is barely $+HT). 4he BJE= har"ly A "escribe" asbeautiful.(;&5&7& Complementul circum*tanial -e mo- comparati/ ete e#ri$at:a1 #ri"tr,u" u(ta"ti% au #ro"u$e #recedat de #re#o)iia lie: $f fits you like a gloe.

 (1 #ri"tr,u" u(ta"ti% cu #re#o)iie& u" ad-ecti%& u" %er( la i"i"iti% au #artici#iu #re)e"t/trecuti"trodue #ri" as if, as though: 4he crie" as if in a terrible "anger. He behae" as if "eprie" of all hisrights.c1 u" u(ta"ti%& u" ad-ecti%& #ro"u$e au "u$eral& o co"trucie i"i"iti%al au 'eru"dial i"trodue

 #ri" co"-u"ciile as, not so!as, than:4he is as ol" as my sister. Iohn isn2t as goo" at maths as my ol"er brother. $t is warmer here than"ownstairs.d1 o #ro#o)iie circu$ta"ial de $od co$#arati%: 4he crie" as if she were in a terrible "anger. $t iswarmer here than it is "ownstairs.(;&5&9& !oc& Co$#le$e"tul circu$ta"ial de $od co$#arati% e aea) de o(icei:a1 du# %er(ul i"tra")iti%: He swims like a fish.

 (1 du# co$#le$e"tul direct care ur$ea) u"ui %er( tra")iti%: He speaks nglish an nglishman.

 pag: /06 (;&7& Alte complemente circum*tanialeKelul co$#le$e"tului circu$ta"ial Ee$#lu, de +$#re-ur ri +"oitoare He took farewell tired with waiting.

, de cau) 4he was punishe" $ecause of you., de co# The man starte" crying for help.

 He came here to talk to you., co"diio"al $ coul"n2t hae "one it without his

support ., co"ecuti% 4he is too young to speak ., co"cei% Though not a mechanic# he can repair all kin"s of things., de ece#ie They listene" to all the witnesses $ut one.

, de relaie <y frien" has rea" eerything a$out thehistory of the *lympic games.

'& Atributul "T#e Atribute%'&(& 1e)iniieAtri(utul $odiic au deter$i" u" u(t"ati% au #ro"u$e care +"de#li"ete +" #ro#o)iie u"cia de:51 u(iect: The tall boy is my brother.;1 o #arte ecu"dar  de #re#o)iie:a1 co$#le$e"t direct au i"direct: They ma"e an astonishing "iscoery.

 (1 co$#le$e"t circu$ta"ial 0de loc& ti$# etc*1: They often go out ?uiet eenings.'&& E+primarea atributuluiAtri(utul #oate i e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" ad-ecti% au #ri"tr,o alt #arte de %or(ire oloit ca ad-ecti%:a1 u" ad-ecti% #ro#riu,)i: That2s an extraordinary solution. Ete o oluie etraordi"ar *

 (1 u" u(ta"ti% cu %aloare ad-ecti%al: He atten"e" evening classes* El rec%e"ta curul eral*

 pag: /07 c1 u" u(ta"ti% +" ca)ul 'e"iti%: %ou shoul" follow your friend s a"ice. Ar tre(ui  aculi atul #riete"ului tu*d1 u" "u$eral: Twenty persons were waiting for him* 2l ate#tau dou)eci de #eroa"e*e1 u" i"i"iti%: There is only one thing to "o* Ete u" i"'ur lucru de  cut*1 u" #artici#iu #re)e"t au trecut: They watche" the rising ti"e* Ur$reau cu$ crete luul* They sell 

 froen foo"s here* Aici e %."d ali$e"te co"'elate*'1 u" ad%er(: Air"s are chirping in the trees outsi"e.rile c."t +" #o$ii de ar *41 o #erira) #re#o)iio"al au ad%er(ial: The house on the right was built only a few years ago. Caadi" drea#ta a ot co"truit "u$ai cu c.i%a a"i +" ur$*

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i1 u" 'ru# de cu%i"te: He was a small an" not*oer*particulary*taken*care*of boy. Era u" (iat $ic i"u #rea +"'ri-it*

 -1 o #ro#o)iie u(ordo"at atri(uti%: The stu"ent who will guese the right answer will be rewar"e".Ele%ul care %a 'i r #u"ul corect %a i e%ide"iat*'&0& !ocul atributului .n propoziieAtri(utul #recede de re'ul cu%."tul #e care +l +"oeate 0atri(utul #re#u1* 2" u"ele ca)uri +"&atri(utul #oate a#rea du# re'e"tul lui 0atri(utul #ot#u1*'&0&(& Atributul prepu*& Atri(utul #recede u(iectul atu"ci c."d ete e#ri$at #ri" #i de %or(ireoloite ad-ecti%al:a1 u" ad-ecti% #ro#riu,)i: <y youngest brother became a pioneer a week ago. Kratele $eu cel $ai $ic aot  cut #io"er  #t$."a trecut*

 (1 u" de$o"trati%: This e?ercise is less "ifficult than the last one. Eerciiul aceta ete $ai #ui" diicildec.t ulti$ul*c1 u" u(ta"ti%: The siler coins are kept here. Mo"edele de ar'i"t u"t #trate aici*d1 u" u(ta"ti% +" ca)ul 'e"iti%: n elephant2s trunk is so strong it can hol" a log of woo" * Tro$#au"ui elea"t ete aa de #uter"ic +"c.t #oate  ridice o (uturu'*e1 u" "u$eral: Two men spoke at the conference. ou #eroa"e au %or(it la co"eri"*C."d u(iectul ete #recedat de dou ad-ecti%e de acelai el& cel curt ete ae)at +"ai"tea celui lu"': along tiresome oyage * o ctorie lu"'& o(oitoare9 the shortest an" most accurate answer , cel $aicurt i eact r #u"*

Atri(utele e#ri$ate #ri" #i de %or(ire dierite e aea) +" ordi"ea: #redeter$i"a"t: one, half, both deter$i"a"t: the, this, my #otdeter$i"a"t: the first three ad-ecti%: $2e rea" all the three historical noels he has publishe". A$ citit toate cele trei ro$a"e itorice #e carele,a #u(licat*'&0&& Atributul po*tpu*& Atri(utul ete ae)at du# u(iect au alt ele$e"t "o$i"al di" #ro#o)iie&c."d ete e#ri$at:a1 #ri" ad-ecti%ele: present, proper, e?tant:The story proper is much longer. 3o%etea #ro#riu,)i ete $ult $ai lu"'*

 pag: /0& (1 #ri" ad-ecti%e oloite #redicati%: The firemen got into the house ablase. 3o$#ierii au #tru" +" caa+" lri*c1 +" co"trucii ie tradiio"ale: sum total, time immemorial, ambassa"or e?traor"inary.d1 du# #ro"u$e "e4otr.te ter$i"ate +" * bo"y, * one, *thing:

 i" you fin" anything new > Ai 'it ce%a "ou We1 #ri" co"trucii #re#o)iio"ale: $ like this story about flying saucers* 2$i #lace #o%etea aceatade#re aruriile )(ur toare*1 #ri" co"trucii i"i"iti%ale: He ha" the intention to help you. I"te"io"a  te a-ute*'&0&0& U"ele atri(ute e #ot ae)a ie +"ai"tea u(ta"ti%elor& ie du# ele:a1 a#o)iia de)%oltat: +. Bhaucer, the author of Banterbury Tales, lie" in the 1*th century. G*C4aucer& autorul 3o%etirilor di" Ca"ter(ur a tr it +" ecolul _IV*

 (1 atri(utele e#ri$ate #ri" ad-ecti%e deri%ate di" %er(e& ad-ecti%ele e#ri$ate #ri" #artici#ii trecute aucele ter$i"ate +" *able, *ible: isible stars, stars isible, naigable riers, riers naigable.'&4& Apoziia "T#e Apo*ition%'&4&(& 1e)iniie& A#o)iia ete u" atri(ut e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" u(t"ati% care e#lic au dei"eteu(ta"ti%ul de l."' care t* Ea ete de dou eluri: a#o)iia i$#li a#o)iia de)%oltat*'&4&& Apoziia *impl ete e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" u(ta"ti% care #eciic titluri& #roeiu"i& "u$iri

'eo'raice& etc*: +rofessor 4mith, The 4traits of over.Kii"d +" tr." le'tur  cu u(ta"ti%ul #e l."' care t& a#o)iia i$#l "u e de#arte #ri" %ir'ul deaceta: <ount 2verest.

'&4&0& !ocul apoziiei *imple& A#o)iia i$#l #oate  #recead au  ur$e)e u(ta"ti%ul: octor 

 Io;nson, The anu$e elta, the town of u$lin , he rier Thames.

'&4&4& Apoziia -ez/oltat ete $ai #ui" le'at de u(ta"ti%ul la care e reer * 2" e#ri$area oral&ea e citete cu o i"to"aie #ro#rie& iar +" li$(a cri e e#ar  #ri" %ir'ul de u(ta"ti%: <r. 4mith, a

 friend of hers# isite" us last week. l* S$it4& u" #riete" de al ei& "e,a %i)itat  #t$."a trecut*A#o)iia de)%oltat #oate i u"eori +"oit de u" ad%er( care u(li"ia) relaia di"tre a#o)iie iu(ta"ti%: an an" <ary en;oye" watching the animals at the oo, particularly the monkeys. Lui a"

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i Mariei le,a #lcut  e uite la a"i$alele de la 'r di"a )oolo'ic& $ai ale la $ai$ue*'&4&5& A#o)iia de)%oltat ete ae)at du# u(ta"ti%ul au ec4i%ale"tul acetuia #e l."' care t:There hae been great nglish writers, for example "hakespeare. Au eitat $ari criitori e"'le)i& deee$#lu S4ae#eare*A#o)iia de)%oltatb #oate a#rea i +"ai"tea u(ta"ti%ului: A man of fifty# <r. Arown was still eryenergetic. U" o$ de ci"ci)eci de a"i& dl* BroP" era totui oarte e"er'ic*

 pag: /0-(& Elementele in-epen-ente "In-epen-ent Element*%(&(& 1e)iniieEle$e"tele i"de#e"de"te u"t cu%i"te& 'ru#uri de cu%i"te au #ro#o)iii u(ordo"ate care "u au le'tur 'ra$atical cu celelalte #i ale #ro#o)iiei*(&& Cla*i)icareEle$e"tele i"de#e"de"te u"t:a1 i"ter-eciile9

 (1 u(ta"ti%ele au #ro"u$ele +" ca)ul %ocati%& ide"tic ca or$ cu "o$i"ati%ul9c1 cu%i"tele i locuiu"ile #are"tetice*(&0& Inter<eciileI"ter-eciile "u au relaii 'ra$aticale cu celelalte cu%i"te di" #ro#o)iie& u"cia lor ii"d de a da oa"u$it coloratur  co$u"icbrii* Ele #ot e#ri$a:a1 ur#ri)a: JhK

 (1 atiacia& recu"oaterea: hKc1 ur#ri)a deoe(it: owKd1 durerea: JuchK JwK etc.Jh, what a nice presentK 4& ce cadou 'r 'u! h, that2s ;ust what $ was looking forK ! ete eact ceeace cuta$*(&4& A-re*area -irect "Vocati/e%

 Nu$ele u"or #eroa"e au titlurile& de"u$irile& #roeiu"ile& etc*& rotite la +"ce#utul au .r itulco$u"icrii&   le'tur  'ra$atical cu celelalte cu%i"te di" #ro#o)iie& au rolul de a atra'e ate"ia

 #eroa"ei re#ecti%e: Aob, hurry up K e are late. Bo(& 'r  (ete,te& a$ +"t.r)iat ! Hae you got aminute, <r. Arown > 2$i acordai u" $o$e"t& l* BroP" WNot: Vocati%ul #oate i oloit i #e"tru a e#ri$a relaia di"tre %or(itor i aculttor:* 4ir i <a"am de"ot re#ectul a de #eroa"a creia i e ace adrearea*Titluri i "u$e de #roeiu"i: <y =or", %our Honour, %our ?cellency& 3ri$e Mi"iter& octor u"t

oloite ca or$e de adreare +" tilul oicial*, i"tre %ocati%ele oloite +" %or(irea a$iliar  $e"io"$: "a"3"y#, mum 3my#, my "ear, "arling.

 pag: /0(&5& Cu/intelei locuiunile parenteticeAcetea #ot i:a1 de air$aie au "e'aie: certainly, surely, really, to be sure, in"ee", by no means: e are ery happyin"ee". They really hae en;oye" themseles. To be sure, we hae hear" such promises before.

 (1 #ro(a(ilitate: perhaps, maybe, as a matter*of*fact, in fact: Perhaps he has left the town.c1 de le'tur  cu co$u"icarea a"terioar : howeer, moreer, therefore, neertheless, to begin with, toconclu"eF

 $n the en", howeer, they came to an un"erstan"ing. 3." la ur$ totui& au a-u" la o +"ele'ere*d1 cu%i"te au 'ru#uri de cu%i"te cu caracter e#licati%: in my opinion, personally, after all, to tell thetruth:

 Personally, $ "on2t beliee that. Eu #ero"al& "u cred aceata* $n my opinion, you2e ma"e a mistake.u# #rerea $ea& ai 'reit*(&7& !ocul elementelor in-epen-ente .n propoziieEle$e"te i"de#e"de"te #ot ocu#a +" #ro#o)iie:a1 #o)iia i"iial: s a matter of fact, $ was happy $ ha" met him. e a#t& a$ ot ericit c l,a$cu"ocut*

 (1 #o)iia i"al: Bome on, boysK 04ai0de1 (iei!c1 #o)iia $edial: $ really like" the show.& Or-inea cu/intelor .n propoziie ">or- Or-er%&'& Generaliti

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rdi"ea cu%i"telor +" #ro#o)iie a ot tratat +" ca#itolele a"terioare 0ca# 55 , ;51 +" a"ali)a  cut laiecare #arte de #ro#o)iie*2" ca#itolul ur$tor e a"ali)ea) di" "ou ordi"ea cu%i"telor +" #ro#o)iie& +" u"cie de co#ulco$u"icrii: #ro#o)iii e"u"iati%e& i"tero'ati%e& i$#erati%e i ecla$ati%e*2" ca#itolul de a& "e i"tereea) #ri"ci#iile 'e"erale care 'u%er"ea) ae)area cu%i"telor +" #ro#o)iiei u"ele ituaii #eciale*

&'&(&Studierea ordi"ii cu%i"telor +" #ro#o)iie +" li$(a e"'le) #re)i"t o i$#orta" deoe(it* Li$(a

e"'le) ete o li$( i"tetic& a%."d oarte #ui"e or$e leio"are*e aceea locul #e care,l ocu# cu%i"tele +" #ro#o)iie are u" rol i$#orta"t +" ide"tiicarea u"ciilor lor i"tactice*

 pag: /2" #ro#o)iiile ur$toare& de ee$#lu& u(ta"ti%ul $a" are aceeai tructur  $orolo'ic& u"cia a deu(iect i re#ecti% de co$#le$e"t direct +" #ro#o)iie ii"d ide"tiicat doar cu a-utorul #o)iiei i altra"or$rii #oi%e*a1 Acti%: TH <) kille" the tiger.3ai%: The tiger was kille" A% TH <).Su(ta"ti%ul $a" ete u(iectul #ro#o)iiei acti%e& +" care ocu# #o)iie i"iial& i u(iectul lo'ic al

 #ro#o)iiei #ai%e& +" care are u"cia or$al de co$#le$e"t circu"ta"ial de a'e"t* (1 Acti%: TH T$+@ kille" the man.3ai%: The man was kille" A% TH T$+@@.

Su(ta"ti%ul $a" ete co$o#le$e"tul direct al #ro#o)iiei acti%e& ii"d ae)at i$ediat du# %er(ultra")iti%i de%e"i"d u(iectul or$al al tra"or$rii #ai%e*&'&& Studierea ordi"ii cu%i"telor +" #ro#o)iia +" li$(a e"'le) ete i$#orta"ti datorit diere"elor di"tre cele dou li$(i* 2" li$(a ro$." #o)iia #ilor de #ro#o)iie dier  de cea a cu%i"telor e"'le)eti+" dou #ri%i"e:a1 li$(a ro$." are $ai $ulte or$e leio"are dec.t li$(a e"'le)i deci locul cu%i"telor +" #ro#o)iie"u ete at.t de i$#orta"t& iar u(iectul "u ete de o(icei e#ri$at& %er(ul ro$."ec ii"d $arcat or$al

 #e"ru #eroa"i "u$r: $ )(@ see him there. Niciodat "u,l %d acolo*0Eu1 "u,l %d "iciodat acolo*0Eu1 Nu,l %d acolo "iciodat*

 (1 u"ele #i de #ro#o)iie +" li$(a ro$." ocu# de o(icei alte locuri dec.t #ile de #ro#o)iie

core#u")toare di" li$(a e"'le): (@%AJ% went to see the film.0u(iect #redicat co$#le$e"te1Au $er toi  %ad il$ul*0#redicat u(iect co$#le$e"te1

 He speaks )+=$4H well.0u(iect #redicat co$#l*direct circ* de ti$#1El %or(ete (i"e ENGLEZETE*0u(iect #redicat circ*de $od co$#l* direct1

 $ saw him T TH B$)< last night.0u(iect #redicat circ*de loc circ*de ti$#1L,a$ %)ut aear  LA CINEMA*0u(iect #redicat circ*de ti$# circ* de loc1

&'&0& Ordi"ea cu%i"telor di" li$(a e"'le) #re)i"t ur$toarele caracteritici 'e"erale:a1 rdi"ea #ilor #ri"ci#ale de #ro#o)iie ete:, u(iect , #redicat& +" #ro#o)iiile e"u"iati%ei ecla$ati%e: PT@ likes algebra. TH% are not rea"y

 yet. How beatiful 4H isK, #redicat , u(iect& +" #ro#o)iiile i"tero'ati%e: $s H an architect >

 (1 rdi"ea o(i"uit a co$#le$e"telor +" #ro#o)iie ete:%er( tra")iti% co$#le$e"t direct h co$#le$e"te circu$ta"iale 0de $od1%er( tra")iti% 0de loc1 0de ti$#1

 $ rea" the news 9uickly in the "ining*room after "inner. $ walk 9uickly across the park eery morning.

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 pag: //c1 Atri(utul #recede de o(icei #artea de %or(ire "o$i"al #e care o +"ote: Jl" acian implementswere foun" un"er the ruins.d1 Sc4i$(area ordi"ii "or$ale a cu%i"telor +" #ro#o)iie are dou cau)e $ari:, #arte de #ro#o)iie $ai curt ti"de  ie ae)at +"ai"tea celei $ai lu"'i 0di" $oti%e de rit$& ec4ili(rual #ro#o)iiei1: The hostess offere" BQ4 to all the 9uests in the room., #artea de #ro#o)iie au#ra creia %or(itorul dorete  "e atra' ate"ia ete ae)at la +"ce#utul

 #ro#o)iiei& #roduc."d de o(icei i"%eriu"e +"tre u(iect i #redicat R)JH@ was be better receie" than in his natie town.e1 I"%eriu"ea +"tre u(iect i #redicat ete:, total& c."d #redicatul ete e#ri$at doar #ri" %er(ul "oio"al 0o or$ %er(al i$#l1: @arely ha" 

 H time to wach T(., #ar ial& c."d #redicatul ete alctuit di" $ai $ulte cu%i"te: %er( auiliar / $odal %er( "oio"al 0oor$ %er(al co$#u1*2" al doilea ca)& u(iectul e aea) de re'ul du# #ri$ul cu%."t di" or$a %er(ului auiliar / $odal:

 Har"ly ha" TH% finishe" their "inner when somebo"y rang at the "oor. )owhere coul" %JE fin" abetter ;ob.1 Ae)area +" #o)iia i"iial 0#o)iia 1 a #ilor de #ro#o)iie care "u ocu# de o(icei acet loc& cuco#ul de a le u(li"ia& "u #roduce +"totdeau"a i"%eriu"e +"tre u(iect i #redicat* rdi"ea u(iect ,

 #redicat ete $e"i"ut:

, dac u(iectul ete e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" #ro"u$e: Here H comes. erything H says is right., dac ele$e"tul u(li"iat e reer  la ce%a $e"io"at a"terior: Telephone numbers $ can neer remember. Jn 4un"ay the e?hibition ha" been open for a week.&'&4& 3o)iia dieritelor ele$e"te i"tactice +" cadrul #ro#o)iiei +" li$(a e"'le) #oate i #re)e"tatc4e$atic atel:3o)iie 5 ; 7 83arteade

 #ro#o)iie0Co$#le$e"tcircu$ta"ial deti$#/Alt #artede%or(ire

 #e"truSu(ict 0atri(ute13redicat Co$#le$e"tdirectCo$#le$e"ti"direct/Co$#le$e"t

 #re#o)i

io"al/Ele$e"t #redicatCo$#le$e"tcircu$ta"ial de$odCo$#le$e"tcircu$

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ta"ialde loc0Co$#le$e"tcircu$ta"ialdeti$#1

u(li"ier ei%u#li$e"tar Ee$#lu 0Ater di""er1S4e aid 'ood"i'4tto t4e$ uicl i" t4e4all0ater di""er1&(& Reguli pri/itoare la or-inea cu/intelor .n propoziie51 Su(iectul 0 atri(utele ale1 ocu# locul 5 +" #ro#o)iiile e"u"iati%e& #reced."d #redicatul: The manhas left. Jmul a plecat.

;1 Su(iectul au alt ele$e"t "o$i"al di" #ro#o)iie 0alt "u$e1 #oate i #recedat au ur$at de u"ul au de$ai $ulte atri(ute*1 Su(iectul ete #recedat de atri(ute e#ri$ate #ri" #i de %or(ire oloite ad-ecti%al:

 pag: /a1 u" ad-ecti% #ro#riu,)i& u" u(ta(ti%& u" de$o"trati%& u" "u$eral& u" #artici#iu etc*: The tall manleft. These books are interesting. This eening "ress is ery beautiful. Three hun"re" people were

 present at the ceremony. (1 #ri"tr,u" u(ta"ti% +" ca)ul 'e"iti%: The profesor2s lectures are ery interesting.2" cadrul u"ui atri(ut care #recede u(iectul au alt #arte "o$i"al de #ro#o)iie& e #ot creaur$toarele ituaii& dac atri(utul ete e#ri$at #ri" dou au $ai $ulte ad-ecti%e:a1 ou ad-ecti%e de acelai el e aea) +" ordi"ea ad-ecti% $ai curt , ad-ecti% $ai lu"': a SE$T intelligent boyF a =J)+ boring chapterF the T==4T an" most talkatie girl.

 (1 ou ad-ecti%e u"t adeea le'ate #ri" a"d #e"tru u(li"iere: a "ark an" gloomy house, a new an" 

useful e?periment.c1 ou ad-ecti%e dierite ca e" leical e aea) +"ai"tea u(ta"ti%ului +" ordi"ea 'e"eral/u(iecti% ,#eciic/o(iecti%: a )$B new ase, a '$) ol" carpet, a P@TT% re" flower.d1 Se aea) i$ediat +"ai"tea u(ta"ti%ului ad-ecti%ele i"dic."d:culoarea: a "elicate pink asetilul: a beatiful gothic buil"ing "aio"alitatea: a cup of "elicious Bhina tea$aterialul: a useful platic bag.1 rdi"ea atri(utelor e#ri$ate #ri" #i de %or(ire dierite ete: #redeter$i"a"t: all, half, both deter$i"a"t9 the, this, my #otdeter$i"a"t: ordi"al: the first, the secon" cardi"al/cua"tiicator: two,

 seeral ad-ecti% u(ta"ti%: ll the three tall men were teachers.3o)iia deter$i"a"ilor +" cadrul 'ru#ului "o$i"al:Gru# No$i"al Gru#

Ver(al3redeter$i"a"teter$i"a"t3otdeter $i"a"trdi"alCardi"alCua"tiica

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tor Caliic Su(ta"ti%Oal $T4eirtlattPo Pori"'u$$er da$o"t4Pa 'o"e*Pere %er4ot*1 Su(iectul 0au alt ele$e"t "o$i"al di" #ro#o)iie1 ete ur$at de atri(ute e#ri$ate:a1 #ri" ad-ecti%ele: present, proper, e?tant:They "roe from the suburbs to the city proper. The people present listene" to him attentiely.

 (1 +" co"truciile ie tra"diio"ale: sum total, time immemorial c1 #ri" ad-ecti%e oloite #redicati%: the house ablaed1 du# #ro"u$e "e4otr.te ter$i"ate +" *bo"y, *one, *think: There2s nithing unusual in what he says.e1 #ri" co"trucii #re#o)iio"ale 0u(ta"ti% 3RE3ZIIE1 : $2ll show you a picture of my son.

1 #ri" co"trucii i"i"iti%ale: This is the 9uestion to be settle".1 U"ele atri(ute #ot a#rea ie +"ai"te& ie du# u(ta"ti%:a1 a#o)iia de)%oltat: Henri Boan"  , a scientist of worl" renown, was a great loer of nature.

 scientist of worl" renown. Henri Boan"  was a great loer of nature. pag: /1 (1 Atri(utele e#ri$ate #ri" ad-ecti%e deri%ate di" %er(e au le'ate de acetea& ca de ee$#lu ad-ecti%elee#ri$ate #ri" #artici#ii au ad-ecti%ele ter$i"ate +" *able, *ible #recede "u$ele c."d e acce"tuea)caracterul lor ad-ecti%al 0e#ri$area u"ei caliti1 i ur$ea) "u$ele c."d e acce"tuea) caracterul lor %er(al:Caracterul ad-ecti%al:4he is an a"opte" chil".Caracter %er(al:The classification a"opte" is ery simple. 3wich has been a"opte"#

Caracterul ad-ecti%al: ll the aailable copies were put at our "isposal.Caracter %er(al:

 ll the copies ailable were put at our "isposal.c1 ac u" u(ta"ti% ete +"oit de $ai $ulte ad-ecti%e & u"ele di"tre ele +l #reced& iar altele +l ur$ea)&

 #e"tru reali)area rit$ului #ro#o)iiei: Aefore him stretche" the ast forest, "ark, "ense an" mysterious.71 3e locul +" #ro#o)iie& +"ai"tea u(iectului 0 atri(utele ale1 e #ot ala:a1 co$#le$e"tul circu$ta"ial de ti$# care e#ri$ o #erioad dei"it de ti$#: last year, in summer,on <on"ay, yester"ay.3o)iia i"iial a circu$ta"ialului de ti$# ete $ai rar oloit dec.t #o)iia i"al& de o(icei +"

 #ro#o)iii lu"'i& cu $ulte co$#le$e"te: %ester"ay she une?pecte"ly left for 4uceaa by the morning  plane.au c."d e ace reerire la ce%a $e"io"at a"terior: t eight she ha" been waiting for you half an hour.

 (1 i alte #i de #ro#o)iie #ot ocu#a #o)iia & #e"tru u(li"iere: 4lowly an" carefully he wrote hisname.81 2" a"u$ite ituaii u(iectul ocu# locul ; +" #ro#o)iie& #ri" i"%eriu"e total cu #redicatul 0e#ri$at

 #ri" %er(ul (e au 4a%e la 3ree"t au 3at Te"e: $s H at home > Hae %JE a "og >au #ri" i"%eriu"e #ar ial cu %er(ul auiliar au $odal care i"tr  +" alctuirea #redicatului: Hae %JE met him > hat can $ "o >Su(iectul ocu# locul ; +" #ro#o)iie:a1 +" #ro#o)iii i"tero'ati%e: Boul" you get me some fruit >

 (1 c."d u(iectul lo'ic ete #recedat de u" u(iect i"troducti% 0it au t4ere1: $T is unusual for him to be so silent. There are beautiful pictures in this book.

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c1 c."d o #arte de #ro#o)iie& +" #ecial co$#le$e"tul circu$ta"ial e#ri$at #ri" ad%er(e "e'ati%e auretricti%e i"'ure: scarcely, har"ly, sel"om, rarely, little, een less, nor, neither, at no time, neer, etc.,

 sau prece"ate "e J)=%: only by chance, only yester"ay, only then, only with "ifficulty, only by luck ete ae)at #e locul #e"tru u(li"iere: =ittle "oes he realie how foolish he looks. Jnly by chance "i" 

 $ hear that they ha" returne" from their trip.=1 3redicatul ocu# de o(icei locul ; +" #ro#o)iie& du# u(iect: He came later.3redicatul au o #arte a #redicatului #oate ocu#a locul 5 +" #ro#o)iie& #ri" i"%eriu"e total au #ar ialcu u(iectul& +" ituaiile e"u$erate la #u"ctul 8*61 3redicatul #oate i #recedat de a"u$ite co$#le$e"te circu$ta"iale 0neer, often, har"ly1 i eteur$at dac ete tra")iti%& de co$#lde$e"tul direct& iar dac ete i"tra")iti%& de co$#le$e"tecircu$ta"iale* +" ordi"ea: $od& loc& ti$#: e often swim in the sea. e ha" great fun at the party last night.

 pag: /551 3redicatul ete de o(icei #recedat de co$#le$e"te circu$ta"iale e#ri$ate #ri":, a"erbe "e frecen ne"efinit : often, always, usually, neer, rarely, sel"om, sometimes., ad%er(e retricti%e: har"ly, scarcely, only.Acete ad%er(e #reced #redicatul e#ri$at #ri"tr,o or$ %er(al i$#l: They rarely hae isitors. au%er(ul "oio"al care i"tr  +" alctuirea #redicatului +$#reu" cu u" %er( auiliar au $odal: He hasJ'T) lent me his pen. %ou can H@=% e?cuse yourself for this reason.Ver(ul (e ete ur$at de acete ad%er(e la or$ele i$#le 03ree"t& 3at1: He is J'T) ill * i #recedat

de ele la or$ele co$#ue: He has J'T) been ill.3e"tru u(li"iere& acete ad%er(e #ot i ae)ate la +"ce#utul au .r itul #ro#o)iiei& cu au  i"%eriu"e +"tre u(iect i #redicat: Jften "i they go for long walks when they were young. They to go

 for long walksF often they walks as far as fie miles eery "ay. They isit their frien"s ery often.551 Ver(ul tra")iti% ete ur$at de 'ru#ul co$#le$e"telor 0direct& i"direct& #re#o)iio"al1& +" $odulur$tor:a1 U" i"'ur co$#le$e"t direct e aea) i$ediat du# %er(: $2e left my notebook at home.Atenie ac %er(ul tra")iti% ete e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" %er( cu #articul ad%er(ial& co$#le$e"tul directe aea):51 du# #articula ad%er(ila& dac el ete e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" u(ta"ti% i"'ur au cu o co$#li"iread%er(ial& dac el ete e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" u(ta"ti% i"'ur au cu o co$#li"ire& au #ri"tr,u" #ro"u$e$ai lu"': Put on your gloes. Put on the gloes $ bought you yester"ay. Pack up eerything.;1 +"tre %er( i #articula ad%er(ial: #o)iie o(li'atorie dac co$#le$e"tul direct ete e#ri$at #ri"tr,u"

 #ro"u$e: Put it on& au %aria"t la 51 dac co$#le$e"tul direct ete e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" u(ta"ti%: Put  your gloes on. (1 ou co$#le$e"te directe e aea) du# %er( +" ordi"ea: co$#le$e"t direct al #eroa"ei&co$#le$e"t direct al o(iectului: He teaches TH BH$=@) mathematics.c1 U" co$#le$e"t direct i u"ul i"direct e aea) +" ordi"ea:51 co$#le$e"t direct i"direct& aceat ordi"e ii"d u"eori oloit #e"tru u(li"ierea co$#le$e"tuluii"direct: $ gae TH )JT to your "eskmate.Atenie Aceat ordi"e ete reco$a"dat:, c."d a$(ele co$#le$e"te u"t e#ri$ate #ri" #ro"u$e: $ gae it to him., du# %er(e ur$ate o(li'atoriu de #re#o)iia to: $ e?plaine" the lesson to them., c."d co$#le$e"tul i"direct ete $ai lu"' dec.t cel direct: $ gae the note to your "eskmate.;1 alt #oi(ilitate ete: %er( tra")iti% co$#le$e"t i"direct   to au or co$#le$e"t direct& careete ordi"ea "or$al& "eutr : $ gae him %JE@ )JT.

d1 U" co$#le$e"t direct i u"ul #re#o)iio"al e aea) +" ordi"e: They compare" TH '$=< with thenoel. pag: /6 e1 Co$#le$e"tul direct ete de ae$e"ea ur$at de ele$e"tul #redicati% u#li$e"tar: They foun" TH 

 P=B a prosperous illage.5;* U" %er( i"tra")iti% ete ur$at de co$#le$e"te circu$ta"iale +" ordi"ea: $od& loc& ti$#: He waite" 9uietly in the for an hour.51 Co$#le$e"te circu$ta"iale de $od u"t ae)at i$ediat du# %er(ul i"tra")iti% au du# %er(ultra")iti%i co$#le$e"tele ale: He smile" prou"ly. he coere" the tube carefully.E+cepiiB

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a1 Circu$ta"ialul de loc e #oate u"eori aea)a +"ai"tea celui de $od& du# u" %er( i"tra")iti%e#r."du,i calea& #e"tru a,i co$#leta e"ul: 4he walke" to school in a hurry yester"ay. $2ll go to thecinema by bus.

 (1 Circu$ta"tialul de loc e #oate ae)a +"ai"tea co$#le$e"tului direct& du# u" %er( tra")iti%& c."dco$#le$e"tul direct ete ur$at de o co"trcuie #re#o)iio"al au o #ro#o)iie u(ordo"at: $ met there a boy who preten"e" to be a frien" of yours.c1 Co$#le$e"tul circu$ta"ial de loc e #oate ae)a la +"ce#utul #ro#o)iiei ie #e"tru u(li"iere& ie

 #e"tru ec4ili(rul #ro#o)iiei* Aceat ae)are #roduce i"%eriu"e +"tre u(iect i #redicat& dac u(iectulete e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" u(ta"ti%: Jff goes your trainK =ower an" lower ben" the ol" man oer the sick chil".rdi"ea u(iect #redicat r $."e "ec4i$(at dac u(iectul ete e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" #ro"u$e: Jff he

 goes K =ower an" lowe he ben".ou au $ai $ulte co$#le$e"te circu$ta"iale de loc e aea) de la cel $ai #eciic la cel $ai'e"eral: He lies et 55, 'ranklin 4treet Aucharest. $ met my frien"s in a little ilage on the Alack 4eaBoast.ac +" #ro#o)iie a#ar dou ad%er(e: u"ul de loc i altul de direcie ad%er(ul de loc e aea) du# celde direcie: the hourse ;umpe" oer the fence 3"irecie# in the gar"en 0loc1 au la +"ce#utul #ro#o)iiei:

 $n the gar"en the hourse ;umpe" oer the fence. pag: /7 51 Co$#le$e"tele circu$ta"iale de ti$# care ocu# #o)iia i"al +" #ro#o)iie u"t cele care i"dic:

, $o$e"tul aciu"ii: yester"ay, at 5 o2clock, two "ays agoF, durata acetuia: three weeks, four agesF, rec%e"a dei"it: once in a while, from time to timeFE+cepiiBa1 u" co$#le$e"t circu$ta"ial de ti$# curt e aea) u"eori +"ai"tea #redicatului au a %er(ului"oio"al di" tructura a: you 3 can# now see that you were wrong. $2ll soon fin" out the truth.

 (1 u" co$#le$e"t circu$ta"ial de ti$# e #oate ae)a +"ai"tea u"ui circu$ta"ial de loc& dac ete$ai curt dec.t aceta: $ saw them yarlier in front of the school.Sau dac e#ri$ durata: $ staye" for two weeks at the seasi"e.Mai $ulte co$#le$e"te circu$ta"iale de ti$# e#ri$."d $o$e"tul aciu"ii e aea) de la $o$e"tul$ai #reci de deter$i"at la cel $ai 'e"eral: Oe Pa (or"e at *5; i" t4e ater"oo" o" Au'ut ;6t4&567=*Mai $ulte co$#le$e"te circu$ta"iale de ti$# dierite e aea) +" ordi"ea: durat , rec%e" ,

$o$e"t: $ went to the seasi"e for two weeks eery summer "uring my chil"hoo".EKERCI2E2

 $. 4chimbai or"inea complementelor. 'olosii prepoiia to sau for Cnaintea complementului in"irect. ?emplu: 4how us the album. 4how the album to us.5* 3leae& #a $e t4e al* ;* S4e (ou'4t 4er o" o$e to* * Tell t4e c4ildre" t4i u"" tor* * Oedid"Ht or'et to (u 4i iter a ticet* * Mot4er 'a%e u o$e 'ra#e* 7* 3leae& e"d our #are"t $re'ard* 8* Ketc4 $e a 'la o Pater* =* Oe oered e%ero"e loPer*

 $$. nlocuii complementele in"irecte "in coloana nr. cu complemente in"irecte potriite ca sens "incoloana nr./ .'acei schimbrile necesare.5 ;5* I #ro$ied t4e$ a dictio"ar* T4e elderl lad*;* illia$ 4a"ded 4er o$e #icture* all P4o 4ad co$e** T4e told u t4e "eP* t4e Po$a" itti"' "et to 4i$*

* S4e 4oPed Mi e"ter t4e al(u$ e%er(od i" t4e (all** I 4a%e Pritte" ?o4" a letter* 4er& "ot to 4i$7* A"dreP oPe Bett o$e $o"a* 4i$& "ot to 4er*

 $$$. Tra"ucei urmtoarele propoiii Cn limba engle:5* ecrie,"e #eia-ul* ;* Te ro' dicte),$i traducerea cu%i"telor "oi* * Co$u"ic,le %etea 'ro)a%* *I,a$ cu$#rat oului $eu o cra%at oarte dr 'u* * Medalia de aur a ot acordat #orti%ei ro$."e

 #e"tru #eror$a"a ei etraordi"ar * 7* Nu ete "e%oie ,$i +"a#oie)i cartea* i,o ac cadou* $(. Bompletai spaiile libere cu prepoiiile care lipsesc pentru a forma complemente prepoiionale:5* S4e "e%er #ea*** t4i u(-ect* ;* S4e Paited**** ou or 4al a" 4our* * Oe till de#e"d**** 4i

 #are"t* * o ou a'ree**** $eW * T4e (o i"ited *** doi"' it 4i$el* 7* 3leae& loo***t4e (oo ID%e

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 (ou'4t*(. Transformai propoiiile urmtoare pentru a folosi erbele "in parante , erbe urmate "e elemete

 pre"icatie suplimentare:Ee$#lu:T4e (et #eaer Pa t4eir re#ree"tati%e* 0$ae1T4e $ade t4e (et #eaer t4eir re#ree"tati%e*5* T4e Piet $a" Pa t4eir #reide"t* 0c4ooe1 ;* T4e (o Pa 'i%e" t4e "a$e o illia$* 0call1 * Mr 4ite Pa t4eir director* 0a##oi"t1 * S4e Pa t4e Pi""er* 0#roclai$1* * Oe Pa t4e co$$a"der o t4ear$ 0declare1* 7* Ric4ard Pa t4eir ecretar* 0elect1($. 'olosii prepoiia to Cnaintea infintiului acolo un"e este caul, Cn construciile cuati cuinfiniti sau )ominati cu infiniti:5* Oe i aid 0(e1 t4e (et oot(all #laer o t4e "atio"al tea$* ;* id ou ee 4er 0#la1 t4i #artW *T4e e#ected u 0co$e1 o" Su"da* * I "oticed 4i$ 0lea%e1 t4e 4oue* * I co"idered 4er 0(e1 $ (etrie"d* 7* e 4a%e ote" 4eard 4i$ 0#ea1 lie t4i* 8* T4e teac4er Pa"ted t4e #u#il 0lite"1 to 4ie#la"atio"* =* I elt 4i$ 0$o%e1 i" t4e roo$* 6* e aP 4i$ 0lea%e1 t4e (uildi"'* 5* Oe i co"idered0(e1 a 'reat cie"ticit*($$. Transferai construciile cuati cu infiniti Cn construcii )ominati cu infiniti.Ee$#lu: T4e "eP 4i$ to (e a 'ood doctor*Oe Pa "oP" to (e a 'ood doctor*5* e e#ected 4er to #ea irt* ;* T4e t4ou'4t 4i$ to (e 'ited i" #ai"ti"'* * I 4eard 4i$ P4itle* *

e ad%ied 4i$ to tae it ea* * T4e told u to Pait* 7* T4e teac4er aed 4i$ to e#lai" t4e rule* 8*e aP 4i$ lea%e t4e roo$* =* e co"ider 4i $et4od to (e %er i"tereti"'*($$$. Punei complementele circumstaniale "in parantee la locul potriit Cn propoiie:5* I a$ Pori"' o" $ 'raduatio" #ro-ect 0"oP1* ;* Oe 4a 4ad 4i di""er 0alread1* * T4ee loPer'roP 0ra#idl& i" dar #lace*1* * T4e lat leo" Pa diicult 0u"uuall19 t4i o"e i ea 0e"ou'41* * I4a%e (elie%ed t4e$ 0"e%er1* 7* Oi (e4a%iour ca""ot (e e#lai"ed 0e"tirel1*8* ur teac4er #ea E"'li4 0%er Pell1* Oe #ea E"'li4 0i" t4e claroo$& alPa1* =* T4at aut4or doe"t Prite true torie 0actuall1* 6* ou ca" ecue ourel or t4at reao" 04ardl1* 5* Oe co$e0o$eti$e& o" Saturda& to $ #lace1* 55* Oe 'oe to t4e t4e eaide 0uuall& i" ?ul1* 5;* Loo att4oe e"te"ce 0to"i'4t1*

 $U. Punei atributele "in parante la locul potriit Cn propoiie:5* e 4ad a lo"' tal Pit4 o$e(od 0i"telli'e"t1* ; T4at c4ild i $ o" 0air,4aired1* * I ca"Dt (elie%et4at tor 0lo"'& o our rie"d1* * T4ere are #le"t o i'4t i" toP" 04itorical o Brao%1* * Oe i a

$a" 04a"do$e& Pit4 tro"' eature*1* 7* Oa%e ou ee" t4e i"cri#tio" 0oldet& eta"t1W 8* e (ou'4to$e Pi"e 0dr& red& i"e#e"i%e1* =* S4e Pa looi"' at Valle 0Pide& (eautiul& 'ree"1 pag: /- U. 4ubliniai apoiiile:5* ou loo tired& Au"t Mar* ;* Oa%e ou read C4a% C4ae& t4e oldet 4itorical E"'li4 (alladW* *3roeor ?o"e Pill lecture o" $oder" art* * eterda I $et t4e S$it4e& t4e rie"d o $ out4* *o ou "oP t4e old ai"' Kirt co$e& irt er%edW* 7* e ad$ired t4e e4i(it& e#eciallt4e"atio"al cotu$e8* Lo"do" i croed ( t4e ri%er T4a$e* =* T4ere Pa o"l o"e carria'e i" t4e %illa'ea"d t4at Pa old To$D t4e (aer*

 U$. Tra"ucei Cn limba engle:Rou G4eor'4e ete oldatul cel $ai $ic& "u "u$ai di" 'ru#a au di" #luto"ul lui& ci di" +"trea'aco$#a"ie* Era at.t de $ic& +"c.t a(ia reuie la recrutare  "u ie reor$at* e a#t la +"ce#ut +l ireor$aer & du# ce $ai +"t.i uee a$."at de dou ori +" doi a"i i dac +" atul lui acet lucru ",ar i

ot ocotit dre#t o dao%ad

 dei"iti%

 de i"ir$itate& Ro

u G4eor'4e ar i #utut

 ia i$ediat tre"ul de lace"trul de recrutare i  #lece +" aceeiai )i aca* 2" aceeai )i +"& tot atul ar i tiut c "u e (u" dear$at& i +" #ri$ul r."d etele** Era ori'i"ar de #ri" Ba"at* Aa e ace c& d."du,e -o de #e c."tarul$edical& Rou G4eor'4e "u ieie di" al& ci e retr ee $ai +"colo& tcut i trit& +"t.r)ii"d c.t #utuede $ult +" ti$#ul +$(r catului* Cu oc4iul lui #."ditor de (ea" li"itit o(er%ae +" c "i$e"i "u erate"t la el* i atu"ci e a$etecae cu ceilali care %e"eau la r."d& e de(r cae i e #re)e"tae iar +" aaco$iiei*0Mari" 3reda , Soldatul ce $ititel10& elurile propoziiilor "in-* o) 2entence%0&'& Cla*i)icare

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i" #u"ct de %edere al co#ului co$u"icrii& #ro#o)iiile #ot i +$#ite +" #atru clae $ari: e"u"iati%e&i"tero'ati%e& i$#erati%ei ecla$ati%e* Kiecare cla #re)i"t a"u$ite caracteritici +" ceea ce #ri%etei"to"aia& #u"ctuaia& to#ica etc*& "eceare #e"tru e#ri$area co"i"utului ei #eciic*0&(& Propoziia enuniati/ "1eclarati/e 2entence, 2tatement%3ro#o)iia e"u"iati% ete utili)at #e"tru tra"$iterea u"ei i"or$aii* Aceata #oate i:a1 air$ati%: He speaks nglish well. 0El1 Vor(ete (i"e e"'le)ete*

 (1 "e'ati%: He "oesn2t speak nglish well. El "u %or(ete (i"e e"'le)ete*I"to"aia #ro#o)iiilor e"u"iati%e ete dece"de"t: $ went to two yester"ay. M,a$ du +" ora ieri*

 pag: //0Or-inea propoziiilor .n propoziia enuniati/2" #ro#o)iiile e"u"iati%e& u(iecte ete de o(icei e#ri$at i #recede #redicatul* rdi"ea cu%i"telor eteatel: 0atri(ut 1 u(iect #redicat 0 co$#le$e"t direct1 0 co$#le$e"te circu$ta"iale de $od& loc&ti$#1: =ittle Tommy learne" a poem at school yester"ay.0&& Propoziia negati/ "T#e Negati/e 2entence%0&&(& E#ri$area "e'aiei +" li$(a e"'le) #re)i"t u"ele deoe(iri a de li$(a ro$."& "eceit."du" tudiu ate"t*E#ri$area "e'aiei +" li$(a e"'le) e ace de re'ul cu a-utorul u"ui i"'ur cu%."t de "e'are& #redeoe(ire de li$(a ro$.": $ "i"n2t say anything to anybo"y. Nu a$ #u "i$ic la "i$e"i*0&&& #ro#o)iie #oate co"i"e dou "e'aii doar dac acetea e reer  la dou #i dierite ale

 #ro#o)iei: $ "i"n2t tell him not to phone. Nu i,a$ #u  "u teleo"e)e*

NotB 3ro#o)iii ca: He ainMt got nothing. El "u are "i$ic& care e #ot +"t.l"i +" u"ele o#ere literare&c."tece au il$e u"t or$e i"corecte di" #u"ct de %edere 'ra$atical& caracteritice %or(irii "eculti%ateau c."tecelor #o#ulare*0&&0& E+primarea *en*ului negati/ al u"ei #ro#o)iii e #oate ace #ri":A1 "e'area %er(ului9 B1 "e'area altei #i de #ro#o)iie*A1 Ne'area %er(ului:a1 Ver(ele (e i 4a%e ca %er(e "oio"ale& %er(ele $odale deecti%ei %er(ele "oio"ale la ti$#urico$#ue or$ea) "e'ati%ul #ri" adu'area "e'aiei "ot du# #ri$ul auiliar / $odal: He is )JT anengineer. $ hae )JT a new bucycle. He can)JT swim. $ hae )JT spoken nglish to"ay. He shoul" 

 )JT hae "one this.NotB ac u" %er( ete ur$at de u" u(ta"ti%& e #oate oloi "o& ec4i%ale"tul lui "ot a": $ hae notime. Nu a$ ti$#* There are no chil"ren in playgroun". Nu e "ici u" co#il #e tere"ul de -oc*2" %or(ire& "e'aia "ot ete co"tra +" "Ht care e crie +"tr,u" cu%."t cu %er(ul: He isn2t an engineer. $ 

haen2t bicycle.E#ri$area co"tra a "e'aiei e $ai #oate ace i #ri" co"tra'erea %er(ului auiliar& acolo u"de ete

 #oi(il: He isn2t here He2s not here. They aren2t working They2re not working. They haen2t rea" the book They2e not rea" the book. He won2t come He2ll not come. 4he woul"n2t speak 4he2" not speak.

 (1 3e"tru or$area "e'ati%ului la ti$#urile 3ree"t Si$#lei 3at Si$#le 0care "u co"i" auiliare +"or$a lor1& e oloete %er(ul auiliar do #e"tru #re)e"t i or$a de 3at Te"e& did& #e"tru 3at Te"e*Auiliarul "o!"i" "e'aia not e aea) +"tre u(iect i %er(& care ete la i"i"iti%ul curt: $ "o not knowhim. $ "i" not see them.La #eroa"a a III,a i"'ular #re)e"t& auiliarul #ri$ete ,e& lu."d or$a doe: He "oes not like

 grapefruit.Atenie 5* Ver(ul auiliar do ete "ecear #e"tru or$area "e'ati%ului la #re)e"t i 3at Te"e i +"ca)ul %er(ului "oio"al do F a ace:

 He "i"n2t "o anything yester"ay. N,a  cut "i$ic ieri* pag: //;* Ver(ul 4a%e #oate or$a "e'ati%ul i cu a-utorul lui do: $ "on2t hae enough money. He "i"n2t haeany frien"s in this town.2" %or(ire& "e'aia "ot ete de o(icei co"tra: $ "on2t know him. $ "i"n2t see them. He "oesn2t like

 grapefruit.orma negati/ a /erbelorVer( rdi"ea cu%i"telor +" #ro#o)iieSu(iect Ver( au*/$odal

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 Nu$e 3redicati%"ot Ver( "oio"al/0alte #i de

 #ro#*15 ;

 (e& 4a%e la3ree"t& 3atTe"eI a$Pa NTa teac4er*Oe 4a4ada (iccle*Ver( "oio"alla a#ectul earePere NTreadi"'*co"ti"uu Pill (e readi"'*

Ver( "oio"alOe iPau"dertood*la diate)a

 #ai%ou arePere

 NT (ei"' olloPed*T4e 4a%e4ad

 (ee" 4oP t4e$ueu$*

Ver( "oio"al Oe 4a co$e*la ti$#uri #erecteT4e 4ad i"i4ed (t4e"*T4e Pill NT 4a%e arri%edet*Mar Pould 4a%e do"e t4i*Ver( "oio"al I dola 3ree"t& 3atTe"eSi$#ledidOe doe NT lie $il*T4eVer( "oio"al %er( $odalou $ut

 NTPi$*4ould 4a%e do"e t4i*

 pag: ///B1 Caracterul "e'ati% al u"ei #ro#o)iii #oate i e#ri$at i #ri" "e'area altor #i de #ro#o)iie:, u(iectul: )obo"y came here yester"ay.

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, "u$ele #redicati%: He is nothing to me., co$#le$e"tul 0direct& i"direct& #re#o)iio"al1: $ saw nothing there. $ spoke to nobo"y about this., co$#le$e"tul circu$ta"ial: He is nowhere to be foun".3e"tru "e'area acetor #i de #ro#o)iii e #ot utili)a #ro"u$e& ad-ecti%e au ad%er(e "e'ati%e ca: "i0o"e1& "o"e& "eit4er$ "ot4i"'& "oP4ere& "e%er etc*: )one of them knew the answer. Nici u"ul di"tre ei0$ai $uli de doi1 "u tia r #u"ul* )either of them knew the answer. Niciu"ul 0di" cei doi1 "utia#u"ul*U"ele di"tre acete $i-loace de e#ri$are a "e'aiei au c.te u" core#o"de"t: any 3one# either,anything, anywhere, eer etc* care ete oloit c."d %er(ul ete la or$a "e'ati%: $ "i"n2t knowanything $ knew nothing.Ele #ot i oloite ca orice #arte de #ro#o)iie& +" aar  de u(iect au #arte di" u(iect: $ coul"n2t seeanything in the "ark.dar: )othing coul" be seen in the "ark.2" $a-oritatea ca)urilor cu%i"tele "e'ati%e au ec4i%ale"te +" #ro#o)iiile air$ati%e:Air$ati%

 $ met 4J< frin"s of mine.A$ +"t.l"it "ite #riete"i de,ai $ei*

 $2e rea" about this 4J<H@.A$ citit u"de%a de#re ata*

 Ne'ati%

 $ "i"n2t meet )% frien"s of mine. N,a$ +"t.l"it "ici u" #riete" de,al $eu* $ haen2t rea" about this any whereAlteori +" e oloec cu%i"te dierite:

 Afirmativ

They2e eaten alrea"y.Au $."cat de-a*

 He is still sleeping.oar$e +"c*

 He sometimes phones me.2$i teleo"ea) u"eori*They rea" too many books.Ei citec #rea $ulte ci*

 <ary is coming , too.Vi"e i Maria*

 1egativ

They haen2t eaten yet. N,au $."cat +"c* He isn2t sleeping any longer. Nu $ai doar$e* He neer!sel"om phones me. Nu,$i teleo"ea) "iciodac/Rar +$iteleo"ea)*They "on2t rea" ery many books.Ei "u citec #rea $ulte ci*

 <ary isn2t coming euther.

 Nu %i"e "ici Maria*Ad-ecti%ele littlei few i ad%er(ele only, sel"om, rarely, har"ly, scarcely, barely ocu# u" loc #ecial*Ele u"t cu%i"te cu e" "e'ati%& dei or$a lor "u arat aceata* 2" co"eci"& #ro#o)iiile care "uco"i" ae$e"ea cu%i"te "u #ot a%ea u" #redicat "e'ati% i e co"truiec cu any i co$#uii i: He

 sel"om speaks to anyone. Arareori %or(ete cu ci"e%a* 'ew people know anything about him. 3ui"ioa$e"i tiu ce%a de#re el*

 pah: //0&&4& 2ublinierea caracterului negati/ al u"ei #i de #ro#o)iie e ace #ri" ae)area ei +" #o)iiei"iial*Cu %er(ele be, hae, aceata atra'e du# i"e i"%eriu"ea total u(iect,#redicat: )(@ has he in

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time. Niciodat "u era #u"ctual*Cu %er(ele "oio"ale are loc i"%eriu"ea #ar ial u(iect , %er( auiliar/$odal: H@=% coul" he talk about that sub;ect. Cu 'reu %or(ea de#re acel u(iect*ac %er(ul ete la 3ree"t au 3at Si$#le& e adau' auiliarul do/doe re#ecti% or$a 3at Te"edid:

 )(@ "oes he listen to anyone. Niciodat "u acult de "i$e"i* )JT +J= "i" their goalkeeper miss. Nu i,a c #at "ici o $i"'e #ortarului lor*0&&5& Negarea unei propoziii .ntregi e reali)ea) cu a-utorul ad%er(ului "o a "ot: o you like him> )o.Ad%er(ul "e'ati% "o ete de o(icei +"oit de u" u(iect e#ri$at #ri" #ro"u$e & de auiliarul %er(uluidi" #ri$a #ro#o)iie i "e'aia co"tra ,"Ht: Hae you seen Tom > )o, $ haen2t.Ad%er(ul "ot ete oloit du# c.te%a %er(e #ri"ci#ale 0t4i"& 4o#e& e#ect1 la ti$#ul 3ree"t au 3atSi$#le& #e"tru a "e'a o #ro#o)iie +"trea': o you think it will rain > $ hope not. ! $ think not. Cre)i co  #lou W Cred c "u / S#er c "u*NotB 5* Acordul u"ei #eroa"e cu o #ro#o)iie "e'ati% e e#ri$ +" li$(a e"'le) cu a-utorulad%er("ului "e'ati% "o i a u"ui r #u" curt 0#re deoe(ire de li$(a ro$." u"de e oloete da*1This is not a suitable "ress for you. )o it isnMt. Nu ete o roc4ie #otri%it #e"tru ti"e* a "u ete*;* Koloirea lui yes +" li$(a e"'le) +"ea$" di$#otri% e#ri$area u"ui de)acord: This is not a

 suitable "ress for you. %es, it is. Nu ete o roc4ie #otri%it #e"tru ti"e* Ba da& ete** Tot #e"tru e#ri$area acordului cu o #ro#o)iie "e'ati% e #ot oloi i co"-u"ciile "eit4er/"or +"

 #o)iie i"iial& ur$ate de u" %er( air$ati%u(iect au either!or +" #o)iie i"al& #recedate de u" %er("e'ati%: $Mm not goo" at gar"ening. )either3)or# am $! $Mm not neither ,, Nu $ #rice# la 'r di"rit*

 Nici eu** Acordul %or(itorului cu u" e"u" air$ati% e ace cu a-utorul ad%er(ului too ae)at la .r itul

 #ro#o)iiei& au o& +" #o)iie i"iial 0i"%eriu"e1 $ like nglish. $ "o, too. 34o "o $#. 2$i #lace e"'le)a* i $ie*0&0& Propoziia interogati/ "T#e Interrogati/e 2entence%3ro#o)iia i"tero'ati% ete oloit #e"tru a cere o i"or$aie de la i"terlocutor* Co"i"utul i"tero'ati%al #ro#o)iiei ete e#ri$at de re'ul #ri" or$a i"tero'ati% a %er(ului*

 pag: //10&0&(& Interogati/ul /erbelor e or$ea):a1 #ri" i"%eriu"e u(iect,#redicat +" ca)ul %er(elor (e i 4a%e oloite ca %er(e "oio"ale& la 3ree"t au3at Te"e: as he at home > Era aca W Has she a new uniform > Are o u"ior$ "ou W

 (1 #ri" i"%eriu"e u(iect,%er( auiliar/$odal +" ca)ul %er(elor $odale deecti%e i al ti$#urilor %er(aleco$#ue: $== TH% hae arie" by now > Vor i oit de-a W B) H come at fie > 3oate %e"i laora ci"ci Wc1 #ri" i"%eriu"e u(iect , %er( auiliar do / did la ti$#ul 3ree"t Si$#le& re#ecti% 3at Si$#le al%er(elor #ri"ci#ale: J %JE un"erstan" me now > +"ele'i acu$ W $ TH% un"erstan" me

 yester"ay > M,au +"ele ei ieri WLa #ero"a a III,a i"'ular #re)e"t& auiliarul do adau' ,e: J4 the postman come eery "ay > Vi"e

 #otaul +" iecare )i WKor$a i"tero'ati% a %er(elor rdi"ea cu%i"telor +" #ro#o)iieVer( Ver( Su(iect Ver( "oio"al Alte #i deauiliar/$odal #ro#o)iie5 ;

 (e& 4a%e& la3ree"t 3atTe"eAreereou i" t4eclaroo$WOa%eOadou a dictio"arW

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Ver( "oio"alla a#ectulco"ti"uu :3ree"tCo"ti"uouAre t4e readi"'W "oPW3atCo"ti"uouere t4e readi"'W at t4i ti$eeterdaW3ree"t 3erectCo"ti"uouOa%e t4e (ee" li%i"' i" e%a or alo"' ti$eWKuture 3erectCo"ti"uouill t4e 4a%e (ee"

 #lai"'all daWVer( "oio"al

la diate)a #ai%:3ree"t IAree%ert4i"'t4e clot4e

 #re#aredW (ei"' Pa4ed3at aereA$ericat4e claroo$dico%ered

 (ei"' clea"ed ( Colu$(uWP4e" ouca$eW3ree"t 3erect Oa%e t4e %iitor (ee" 4oP" t4e "ePe4i(itW3at 3erect Oad t4e c4ool (ee" (uilt ( 568WKuture 3erect ill t4e (a( 4a%e (ee"Pa4ed

 ( t4e"W3erectCo"ditio"alould t4i 4a%e (ee" do"e i t4e 4ad 4ad

t4e $o"e or itW5 ; Ver( "oio"alla ti$#uri

 #erecte3ree"t 3erect Oa%e t4e i"i4ed alreadW3at 3erect Oad t4e Pritte" to ouWKuture 3erect ill t4e 4a%e arri%ed etW3erect

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Co"ditio"alould t4e 4a%e do"e t4iWVer( "oio"alla:o ou lie t4iW3ree"t Si$#le oe t4i (elo"' to ouW3at Si$#le id e%er(od co$e i" ti$eWVer( "oio"al Ver( $odalCa"S4ould4e4e#ea 4a%e co$eE"'li4WtooW

 pag: //50&0&& Se #ot or$ula +"tre(ri i de#re ituaii "e'ati%e& ceea ce re)ult +" #ro#o)iii i"tero'ati% ,"e'ati%e*

2" acet loc i"%eriu"ea are loc +"tre u(iect , %er( auiliar / $odal& iar "e'aia "ot e aea) du#u(iect: $== TJ< not "o it >C."d e oloete or$a co"tra ,"Ht& ea ace cor# co$u" cu auiliarul: on2t Tom "o it > N,a  acTo$ ata W0&0&0& 2" #ro#o)iiile i"tero'ati%e e oloec +" 'e"eral aceleai #ro"u$e ad-ecti%e au ad%er(e ca i +"

 #ro#o)iiile "e'ati%e*Atenie 5* A" i co$#uii lui #ot i oloii i +" #ro#o)iii air$ati%e cu e"ul de orici"e& orice&oriu"de: %ou can take any book you like. 3oi  iei orice carte %rei* nyone can "o this. rici"e #oate ac acet lucru* Take anything you like. Ia tot/orice doreti* %ou can get it anywhere. Se 'ete

 #ete tot / oriu"de*;* So$e i co$#uii lui e tra"or$ +" a" i co$#uii lui +" #ro#o)iii co"diio"ale #e"tru a redae"ti$e"tul "e'ati% al %or(itorului: $f you see any chil"ren in the playgroun", come an" tell me. ac%e)i %reu" co#il #e tere"ul de #ort& %i"o i #u"e,$i*

* So$e ete oloit +" co"tete +" care e oloete de o(icei a"& #e"tru a reda e"ti$e"tul #o)iti% al%or(itorului* $f you see some chil"ren in the playgroun", come an" tell me. ac %e)i "ite co#ii #etere"ul de #ort& %i"o i #u"e,$i*Koloirea or$elor air$ati%e +" +"tre(ri: as there someone there > oul" you like some tea > i"dicorietarea #o)iti% a +"tre(rii& %or(itorul ate#t."d u" r #u" air$ati%& o co"ir$are a +"tre(rii ale: Eade%rat c a ot ci"e%a acolo W orii "ite ceai W3ri" #ro#o)iiile i"tero'ati%e e #ot or$ula $ai $ulte eluri de +"tre(ri: 'e"erale& #eciale& alter"ati%ei di-u"cti%e*

 pag: //6 0&0&4& 2"tre(rile 'e"erale e reer  la #redicat i atea#t u" r #u" curt air$ati% au "e'ati%&e#ri$at de re'ul #ri" e / No #ro"u$e %er( auiliar / $odal: Ban you ski > %es $ can. tii c4ie)i W a& tiu* Hae you written to him > )o, $ haen2t. I,ai cri W Nu& "u i,a$ cri*I"to"aia acetor +"tre(5ri ete ace"de"t: i" you talk to him last night > ↑ %es, $ "i". iar ordi"ea

cu%i"telor ete: auiliarul/$odal u(iect %er( "oio"al 0 co$#le$e"te1: ill you be seeing themtommorrow > 2i +"t.l"eti $.i"e*2"tre(rile 'e"erale #trea) u"eori or$a #ro#o)iiilor e"u"iati%e& co"i"utul lor i"tero'ati% ii"di"dicat doar de e$"ul +"tre(rii i i"to"aia ace"de"t %ou saw him>↑ %es, $ "i".Aceat or$ ete caracteritic e#ri$rii a$iliare& ii"d oloit au c."d %or(itorul atea#t u"#u" air$ati%: %ou lie here > 0Tu locuieti aici W1 au #e"tru e#ri$area ur#ri"derii: ou #aid ai"e W Ai #ltit 0+"tr,ade%r1 a$e"d WKoloirea lui o$e& a"& "o i a co$#uilor lor +" #ro#o)iiile air$ati%e& "e'ati%e i i"tero'ati%e3ro#o)iia

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air$ati%3ro#o)iia "e'ati% 3ro#o)iiai"tero'ati%Ver( air$ati% o$e 0co$#uii1Ver( air$* "o 0co$#uii1Ver( "e'ati% a" 0co$#uii1Ver( i"tero'ati% a" 0co$#uii1IH%e 'ot o$e

 (oo*A$ "ite cbi*IH%e 'ot "o (oo*

 Nu a$ "ici o carte*I 4a%e"Ht 'ot a"

 (oo* Nu a$ "ici o carte*Oa%e ou 'ot a"

 (ooWAi %reo carteWIH%e 'ot o$et4i"'*A$ ce%a*IH%e 'ot "ot4i"'*

 Nu a$ "i$ic*I 4a%e"Ht 'ota"t4i"'*

 Nu a$ "i$ic*Oa 4e 'ota"t4i"'WAre 0el1 ce%aWI ee

o$eo"e/o$e(odd #e ci"e%a*I ee "oo"e/"o(od*

 Nu %d #e "i$e"i*I do"Ht eea"o"e/a"(od*

 Nu %d #e "i$e"i*Ca" ou eea"o"e/a"(odWVe)i #e ci"e%aWIt $ut (eo$eP4ere*

Tre(uie

 ieu"de%a*Oe i "oP4ere to (eou"d*

 Nu e "icieri deit*Oe i"Ht a"P4ereto (e ou"d*

 Nu e "icieri deit*

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Ca" t4i (e ou"da"P4ereWSe 'ete atau"de%aW0&0&5& 2"tre(rile #eciale or$ulea) +"tre(ri de#re o a"u$it #arte de #ro#o)iie i atea#t u"#u" dei"it reeritor la aceata: hen "i" they arrie > =ast night. C."d au oit W Aear *2"tre(rile #eciale u"t i"trodue& de #ro"u$e& ad-ecti%e au ad%er(e i"tero'ati%e:, 4o #e"tru ii"e: ho is coming > Ci"e %i"e W hose is the book > A cui ete cartea W, 4at #e"tru o(iecte: hat sub;ect "o you like best > Ce o(iect de tudiu +i #lace cel $ai $ult W, 4ic4 #e"tru a i"dica ale'erea au #reeri"a di"tre dou au $ai $ulte #eroa"e au o(iecte: hichof these books "o you want > 3e care di"tre acete ci o %rei W, OoP #e"tru i"dicarea $odului: How "i" you get this > Cu$ ai o(i"ut ata W, OoP $a" #e"tru i"dicarea "u$rului: How many 9uests "i" you hae last night > C.i $uairi aia%ut aear  W, OoP $uc4 #e"tru i"dicarea ca"titii: How much rice "i" you buy > C.t ore) au cu$#rat W Howmuch "i" it cost > C.t a cotat W

 pag: //7 , OoP old #e"tru i"dicarea %.rtei: How ol" are you > C.i a"i ai W, OoP ar #e"tru i"dicarea dita"ei: How far "i" he run > C.t de de#arte a aler'at W, 4ere #e"tru i"dicarea locului: here "i" you fin" this > U"de ai 'it ata W

, 4e" / P4at ti$e #e"tru i"dicarea $o$e"tului: hen "i" they arie > C."d au oitW hat time "i"  you get up > La ce or  te,ai culat W, OoP lo"' #e"tru i"dicarea duratei: How long "i" you stay there > C.t 0ti$#1 ai tat acolo W, 4 #e"tru i"dicarea cau)ei: hy are you late > e ce ai +"t.r)iat WI"to"aia +"tre(rilor #eciale ete dece"de"t: hat are you "oing now > ↓ $2m rea"ing.Or-inea cu/intelor .n .ntrebrile *pecialeCu%i"tele i"tero'ati%e ocu# #o)iie i"iial +" +"tre(rile #eciale& iar #redicatul au o #arte a lui #recedede o(icei u(iectul& ordi"ea cu%i"telor ii"d:a1 cu%."t i"tero'ati% 0co$#li"iri1 (e/4a%e 03ree"t/3at i$#le1 u(iect 0co$#le$e"te1: HT has he in his han" > Ce are +" $." WH@ were they last night > U"de au ot aear  W

 (1 cu%."t i"tero'ati% 0co$#li"iri1 auiliar/$odal u(iect %er( "oio"al 0co$#le$e"te1: HJ  <)% postcar"s hae you written to"ay > C.te %ederi ai cri a)i W

c1 cu%."t i"tero'ati% 0co$#li"iri1 #redicat 0co$#le$e"te1 c."d cu%."tul i"tero'ati% ete u(iectul #ro#o)iiei i"tero'ati%e* 2" aceat ituaie "u $ai are loc i"%eriu"ea u(iect , #redicat au u(iect ,auiliar& iar la ti$#urile 3ree"t Si$#le i 3at Si$#le "u e $ai oloete auiliarul do:

 HJ <)% PEP$=4 hae written to you > C.i ele%i i,au cri W HT happene" > Ce ,a +"t.$#lat WHJ rings you up eery "ay > Ci"e +i teleo"ea) +" iecare )i W2" toate cele trei ca)uri cu%."tul i"tero'ati% ocu# #o)iie i"iial* ece#ie o co"tituie ituaiile +"care cu%."tul i"tero'ati% ete #recedat de o #re#o)iie: At P4o$ are ou looi"' W La ci"e te uii Wco"trucie caracteritic e"'le)ei literare*2" %or(ire& #re#o)iia e aea) la .r itul +"tre(rii: 4o are ou looi"' at W0&0&7& Întrebrile alternati/e e reer  la u"a di"tre dou au $ai $ulte alter"ati%e& le'ate #ri"co"-u"cia or: i" you see a film or a play last night > Ai %)ut u" il$ au o #ie de teatru aear  W3ri$a au #ri$ele alter"ati%e au o i"to"aie ace"de"t& iar ulti$a dece"de"t: i" you talk to Peter, ↑

 Iohn ↑ or <ary about it >

2"tre(rile alter"ati%e au tructura ie a u"or +"tre(ri 'e"erale: i" you go there by bus or by tram >ie a u"or +"tre(ri #eciale: How "i" you get there: by bus or by tram >2" co"eci" ordi"ea cu%i"telor +" +"tre(rile alter"ati%e ete aceeai ca +" +"tre(rile 'e"erale au#eciale*0&0&9& Întrebrile -i*<uncti/e cer r #u" au co"ir$are la u" e"u" #o)iti% au "e'ati%& #ri" reluarea&+" i"al a %er(ului auiliar/$odali a u(iectului e#ri$at #ri" #ro"u$e& la or$a i"tero'ati% aui"tero'ati% , "e'ati%& du# cu$ ur$ea):a1 E"u" #o)iti% or$ i"tero'ati% , "e'ati% co"tra: Tom can answer now, can2t he> To$a #oate  #u"d acu$& "u,i aa W 'ather has lost his keys, hasn2t he > Tata i,a #ierdut c4eile& "u,i aa W

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 pag: //&Întrebri *pecialeSituaie Cu%."ti"tero'ati%co$#li"ireVer(auiliar/$odalSu(iect Ver(acio"al co$#li"ire3re#o)iieCu%."tuli"tero'ati%Fu(iectul

 #ro#o)iiei4o ca$eaterdaW4at i 'oi"' o"t4ereW

OoP $a" are #ree"tW4ic4

 (oo4a%e (ee"c4oe"WCu%."tuli"tero'ati%Falt #arte de

 #ro#o)iiedec.tu(iectul4o did ou eeW4at i our "a$eW

4at/4er edo c4ildre"/ou lie/li%eW4e" Pill t4e (e (rou'4tWOoP are ou 'oi"' to doitW4 do t4e lie 4i$W4ic4 (oo 4a 4e c4oe"W4at colour i t4e$aterialWOoP old are ouWOoP lo"' 4a%e t4e tudiedE"'li4W

OoP $uc4 doe t4i cotWOoP ar ca" ou ru"WCu%."tuli"tero'ati%F

 #ro"u$ei"tero'ati% #re#o)iie4at i 4e #eai"' a(outW4at Pere t4e looi"' atW4o doe 4e tae aterW

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4o did ou e"d orW4at 4a t4e $a" 4oP"i"tereti"W4at Pill t4e cie"tit Por o"W4at i t4e Peat4er lieW4at doe 4e loo lieW

 (1 E"u" "e'ati% or$a i"tero'ati%: %ou "on2t watch T( eery night, "o you > Nu te uii la tele%i)or +" iecare ear & "u,i aa W They haen2t come yet, hae they > N,au oit +"c& "u,i aa Wc1 E"u" #o)iti% or$a i"tero'ati% : He comes here eery "ay, "oes he > Ci"e %i"e #e,aici +" iecare)i WI"to"aia +"tre(rilor di-u"cti%e ete:, dece"de"t& dac %or(itorul "u atea#t u" r #u" real& ci doar o co"ir$are or$al a e"u"ului u:The weather is loely to"ay, isn2t it > ↓ %es, it is. Ce %re$e ru$oa e a)i& "u,i aa W Aa e*

 pag: //-, ace"de"t dac el olicit u" r #u"& o co"ir$are au "e'are real a celor #u"e: $t is col" outsi"e,isn2t it>↑ E ri' aar  "u,i aa W #ri"tr,u" r #u" air$ati% au "e'ati%: %es it is ! )o, it isn2t. a& ete*/

 Nu& "u ete*3articulariti ale +"tre(rilor di-u"cti%e2"tre(area di-u"cti% care co"i"e or$a I a$ e ter$i" cu are"Ht: $ am efficient, aren2t > Su"t eicie"t&"u,i aa Wac u(iectul di" #ri$a #arte a +"tre(rii di-u"cti%e ete u" #ro"u$e au ad-ecti% "e4otr.t&

 #ro"u$ele di" #artea a doua ete 4e& 4e& Pe au t4e du# e": ach participant has to fill in a form,"oesn2t he > Kiecare #artici#a"t tre(uie  co$#lete)e u" or$ular& "u,i aa W erybo"y will be"elighte", won2t they > Toi %or i +"c."tai& "u,i aa W(er%ai +"tre(rile di-u"cti%e co"i"."d %er(e $odale:%ou hae to be there at nine, "on2t you > Tre(uie  ii acolo la ora 6& "u,i aa W

 He use" to go finishing in summer, "i"n2t he > (i"uia  $ear' la #ecuit %ara& "u,i aa W%ou2" beter stay, ha"n2t you > Mai (i"e ai r $."e& "u,i aa W%ou2" rather go, woul"n2t you > Ai #reera  #leci "u,i aa W0&4& Propoziia imperati/3ro#o)iia i$#erati% e#ri$ u" ordi"& o ru'$i"te& u" +"de$"& o i"terdicie etc*0&4&(& orma /erbal caracteritic #ro#o)iiilor i$#erati%e ete $odul i$#erati%& a#ectul i$#lu&diate)a acti%*I$#erati%ul are o i"'ur  or$& care coi"cide cu i"i"iti%ul curt al %er(elor& utili)at #e"tru #eroa"a aII,a i"'ular i #lural: @ea" the lesson K Citete / Citii lecia !La #eroa"a I i a III,a i"'ular i #lural& ideea de i$#erati% ete e#ri$at #ri" co"trucia let u(ta"ti%/#ro"u$e #ero"al +" acu)ati% i"i"iti% curt al %er(ului "oio"al: =et me try. S +"cerc i eu*

 =et <ary "o it.  ac Maria ata* =et them come in* S i"tre*La #eroa"a I #lural& #ro"u$ele #ero"al +" acu)ati% ete de o(icei co"tra +" %or(ire: =et us stop now

 =et2s stop now. S "e o#ri$ acu$*Kor$a "e'ati% a i$#erati%ului e co"truiete cu %er(ul auiliar do "e'aia "ot:

 o not rea" the =esson K Nu citi0i1 lecia ! on2t rea" the =esson K Nu citi0i1 lecia ! o not let <ary "o it K "u ac Maria ata ! on2t let <ary "o it K S "u ac Maria ata !

La #eroa"a I #lural u"t #oi(ile dou or$e:a1 cu auiliarul do& caracteritic e#ri$rii a$iliare: on2t let2s stopK

 (1 cu auiliarul do: =et2s not stopK "u "e o#ri$! pag: /0ormele imperati/ului3eroa"a a II,a i"'ular i #lural rite! o"Ht Prite!3eroa"a I #lural Let u/LetH Prite! LetH "ot Prite!Celelalte #eroa"e: I i"'ular& a III,ai"'ulari #lural

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Let $e/4i$/4er/t4e$ Prite! o"Ht let$e/4i$/4er/t4e$ Prite!0&4&& Intonaia #ro#o)iiilor i$#erati%e de#i"de de e"ul lor*I"to"aia ace"de"t ete +"tre(ui"at #e"tru e#ri$area u"ei i"%itaii au a u"ei ru'$i"i: Sit doP"*Stai -o* Gi%e $e t4at (oo* ,$i cartea aceea*I"to"aia dece"de"t ete oloit #e"tru e#ri$area u"ui ordi": Blose your book. 2"c4ide cartea! on2t look at your "eskmateK Nu te uita la %eci"ul de (a"c!0&4&0& i" #u"ct de %edere al tructurii& #ro#o)iiile i$#erati%e #ot i +$#ite +":a1 #ro#o)iii   u(iect9

 (1 #ro#o)iii i$#erati%e cu u(iect9c1 #ro#o)ibii i$#erati%e cu let9d1 alte co"trucii cu %aloare de i$#erati%*a1 #ro#o)iii i$#erati%e   u(iect e co"truiec cu $odul i$#erati%& or$a air$ati% au "e'ati%& ie reer  la #eroa"a a II,a i"'ular au #lural* Aceat or$ ete utili)at +" #ecial #e"tru e#ri$areau"or ordi"e au i"terdicii: on2t park hereK Nu #arcai aici* Park oer thereK 3arcai acolo*

 (1 #ro#o)iii i$#erati%e cu u(iect e co"truiec de ae$e"ea cu i$#erati%ul& u(iectul ii"d +"$e"io"(at*La #eroa"a a II,a i"'ular& u(iectul ete ou acce"tuat& #re)e"a a i"dic."d:, iritarea %or(itorului: %ou min" your own business. Ve)i,i de trea(a ta&, o diere"iere: %ou bring the plates, <ary an" you bring the glasses, Peter. Maria& tu adu aruriile&itu 3etre adu #a4arele*La #eroa"a a III,a& u(iectul #oate i:, u" u(ta"ti%& utili)at #e"tru "o$i"ali)are: Aob an" Bathy come here. Bo( i Cati  %i" aici*, u" #ro"u$e "e4otr.t& c."d i$#erati%ul ete adreat oricrei #eroa"e di"tr,u" 'ru#: 4omebo"y cleanthe blackboar". Ci"e%a tear' ta(la* erybo"y write their names. Toi i crie "u$ele*Kor$a "e'ati% a #ro#o)iiilor i$#erati%e de ti#ul a1 i (1 e co"truiete cu a-utorul lui "o not 3"on2t#:

 on2t open the win"ow. Nu dec4ide ereatra* on2t you lift that case. Tu  "u ridici 'ea$a"ta"ul0acela1!c1 3ro#o)iiile i$#erati%e la #eroa"a I i a III,a i"'ular i #lural e co"truiec cu a-utorul %er(ului let&ur$at de u" u(ta"ti% au #ro"u$e +" acu)ati%i de i"i"iti%ul curt al %er(ului de co"-u'at: =et me "oit * Kac eu ata* =et them come now. %i" acu$*La #eroa"a I #lural& aceat co"trucie e#ri$ de o(icei u" +"de$":

 =et us go for a walk. 0Oai 1  $er'e$ la #li$(are*

 =et2s go for a walk. 0Oai 1  $er'e$ la #li$(are*NotB alt #oi(ilitate de e#ri$are a u"u i +"de$" ete #ri" +"trea(rea 4oP/P4at a(out 'eru"d4at a(out 'oi"' or a PalWd1 Alte co"trucii cu %aloare de i$#erati% u"t:51 co"trucii i$#ero"ale: )o parkingK 3arcarea i"ter)i* )o 3unauthorie"# entryK I"trarea i"ter)i0#eroa"elor "eautori)ate1* et paint K 3roa#t %o#it*;1 #ro#o)iii eli#tice: The sal, please. Sarea& % ro'* Jut with itK ,i dru$ul!1 #ro#o)iii co"i"."d %er(e $odale& oloite #e"tru a e#ri$a:, u" ordi": %ou are to be back at seen. Tre(uie  %e +"toarcei la ora a#te*, u" at / o "eceitate i$ediat: %ou must see that filmK Tre(uie  %e)i / %edei il$ul aceta! %ou must 

 go an" see her. Tre(uie  te duci ,o %e)i*0&4&4 Eit $ai $ulte $i-loace de +"trire i de or$ulare #oliticoa a #ro#o)iiilor i$#erati%e*3e"tru i"trire& i"ite"& e aea) %er(ul do +"ai"tea i$#erati%ului: o speak more 9uietly* Te ro'

%or(ete $ai +"cet*3e"tru or$ulare #oliticoa& de la u" 'rad $ai redu la u" 'rad $ai +"alt de #olitee& e +"tre(ui"ea):, cu%."tul #leae& ae)at la +"ce#utul au $ai rec%e"t la .r itul #ro#o)iiei i$#erati%e: 4witch on thelights, please. A#ri"de lu$i"a& te ro'*, co"truciile 4all $e W i Pill ou W +" #o)iie i"al& care da #ro#o)iiilor i$#erati%e a#ectul u"or +"tre(ri di-u"cti%e: =et2s watch the T( programme shall we > Oaide  ur$ri$ #ro'ra$ul latele%i)or* Turn the olume up, will you > Vrei  dai %olu$ul $ai tare W, Pill ou / Pould ou +" #o)iie i"al  #leae la i"al& care dau #ro#o)iiilor i$#erati%e a#ectul u"or +"tre(ri 'e"erale:ill you answer the "oor, please > Vrei  r #u")i la u& te ro'*

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oul" you answer the "oor, please > Vrei  r #u")i la u& te ro'*, %er(e ca $i"d& Po"der i ad-ecti%e au ad%er(e: kin", kin"ly etc* +" co"trucii i"tero'ati%e auair$ati%e:

 o you min" changing seats > Te u#eri dac c4i$($ locurile Woul" you min" changing seats > Te u#eri dac c4i$($ locurile Will you be so kin" as to hae a look at these papers > Vrei  ii aa de dr 'u  te uii la acete lucr riW $ won"er if you woul" kin"ly rea" this application, etc.0&5& Propoziia e+clamati/3ro#o)iia ecla$ati% e#ri$ o 'a$ lar' de tri aecti%e: ur#ri"derea& atiacia& "e$ulu$irea&di#reul etc*& +":a1 co"trucii #eciic ecla$ati%e9

 (1 +" alte or$e "e#eciice* pag: //0&5&(* I"to"aia #ro#o)iiilor ecla$ati%e ete dece"de"t: How interesting this book is K Cei"terea"t ete aceat carte !0&5&& 3ro#o)iiile ecla$ati%e #ro#riu,)ie u"t cele i"trodue de P4at 0ad-ecti%1 u(ta"ti% au de4oP ad-ecti% / ad%er(: hat 3interesting# stories he knows K Ce #o%etiri 0i"terea"te1 tie! How well he remembers eerythingK Ce (i"e +i a$i"tete totul!Acete #ro#o)iii au or$ air$ati%*rdi"ea cu%i"telor ete: u(iect #redicat etc*& #recedate de #arte de #ro#o)iie de#re care e

e#ri$ ecla$aia* 0Aceata ocu# totdeau"a #o)iie i"iial1* hat won"erful people they met in their tripK Ce oa$e"i $i"u"ai au +"t.l"it +" ecurie! 04at*** / 4oP*** u(iect #redicat 0co$#le$e"te1*U"eori #ro#o)iiile ecla$ati%e u"t eli#tice& #redicatul i u(iectul ii"d "ee#ri$ate: hat a won"erful oice 3she has#K Ce %oce $i"u"at! How true 3this is#K C.t de ade%rat!0&5&0& Propoziii e+clamati/e cu )orm ne*peci)ic u"t ecla$aii e#ri$ate #ri":a1 #ro#o)iii e"u"iati%e: Oer acti"' Pa #erect! I"ter#retarea ei a ot #erect! %ou are a liarK ti u"$i"ci"o!NotB cate'orie a#arte o or$e) #ro#o)iiile i"trodue de 4ere& t4ere& aPa& o& +" care are loci"%eriu"ea u(iect,#redicat dacb u(iectul ete e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" u(ta"ti%: Oere ou are/Oere it i03oti$1dar: There goes the last bus. S,a du i ulti$ul auto(u)!

 (1 #ro#o)iii i"tero'ati% , "e'ati%e +" care %or(itorul atea#t acordul i"terlocutorului cu cele #ue deel: Hans2t she improe"K Nu,i aa c a  cut #ro'ree! $sn2t he cleerK Nu,i aa c,i dete#t!

c1 i"ter-ecii: HushK K ear meK Vai de $i"e!EKERCI2E2

 $. Trecei urmtoarele propoiii la forma negati:5* T4i i a acia car* ;* T4e Pere #lai"' te""i* * S4e "eed 4el#* * I do $ 4o$ePor i" t4ee%e"i"'* * T4e ca$e earl* 7* Oe 4a a iter* 8* T4e $eeti"' (e'a" at i%e oHcloc 4ar#*=* 6* Oe ca"Pi$* 5* S4e 4a lot 4er #e"cil* 55* I lite"e to t4e radio i" t4e $or"i"'* 5;* T4e Pill arri%eto$orroP* 5* Oe told $e o$et4i"'* 5* Oe teac4e E"'li4 i" t4i c4ool* 5* T4ere are $a" #icturei" t4i (oo* 57* T4i re#ort Pa t#ed eterda* 58* Oe 'ot u# late eterda* 5=* Oe 'oe to Por (

 (u* 56* I Prite to 4er e%er Pee* ;* T4e are 'oi"' to %iit t4e Zoo* $$. 'ormulai Cntrebri la care pile "e propoiie scrise cursi s fie r  spunsuri.Ee$#lu:T4e #laed oot(all Qi" t4e #ar*A: 4ere did t4e #la oot(allW

B: I" t4e #ar*5* T4e are Paiti"' Qi" t4e ot4er roo$* ;* Oe did 4i Por Qcareull* * T4e ecretar Pill t#e t4ere#ort Qto$orroP* * Oe i Qte" ear old* * QT4e tude"t i" t4i cla Por %er 4ard* 7* T4e latleo" Pa Q%er diicult* 8* QTPo #u#il are a(e"t toda* =* T4e -ur"alit #oe Qa(out #eace a"ddiar$a$e"t* 6* Oe i Pori"' Q o" 4i t4ei "oP* 5 * T4e teac4er Pill tal Qto our #are"tto$orroP* 55* QKat4erD car (roe doP" eterda* 5;* T4e #u#il $et Qt4eir teac4er i" ro"t o t4ec4ool* 5* T4e #ot#o"ed t4eir tri# Q(ecaue o t4e Peat4er* 5* T4e 4a%e (ee" 4ere a QPee* 5*Oe Pa"t t4e Qred #e"cil* 57* Oi car i Q(lue*

 $$$. Bompletai urmtoarele Cntrebri "is;unctie:5* T4at $a" i our teac4er& **** W ;* ou 4a%e"Ht i"i4ed et&****W * 3eter read i" t4e li(rar&**** W *

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Mar e"t t4e letter eterda&*****W * ou Pill e#lai" t4at to$orroP&****W 7* T4e did"Dt 4a%e a 'oodti$e at t4e #art***W 8* ou ca" do t4i tra"latio"****W=* ?o4" doe"Dt "oP t4e trut4****W 6* Oe 4ould"Dt

 (e4a%e lie t4i& ***W 5* ou 4a%e a "eP dre& ***W 55* E%er(od i" t4i cla #la oot(all Pell&****W5;* Oe "e%er ued to Pear a 4at& ***W 5* eDd (etter Pait or 4er***W 5* ouDd rat4er "ot aa"t4i"'****W

 $(. Trecei urmtoarele propoiii la interogati i negati sub form "e "ialog:Model* T4e are till eati"'*A: Are t4e till eati"'WB: No& t4e are"Dt* T4e are"Dt* eati"' a" lo"'er*5* To$ P4i#ered o$et4i"' to 4i (rot4er* ;* T4e 4oul 4a%e let earlier* * S4e 4a a "eP #e"* * Oedid too $a" eercie eterda* * Oe li%e a lo"' Pa ro$ 4i rie"d* 7* T4e o$eti$e ee eac4ot4er* 8* T4eD%e alread ee" t4at il$* =* T4ere are o$e #eo#le i" t4e treet* 6* T4eDll i"d 4i$* 5*A"o"e ca" do t4i tra"latio"*(. ?primai urmtoarele comeni Cntr*un mo" mai politicos. 'olosii mai multe ariante:5* #e" t4e door* ;* o"Ht i"' i" t4i roo$* * `ee# uiet* * Be careul* * ri%e $ore loPl* 7*o"Ht Pate our ti$e* 8* o"Ht $ae o $uc4 "oie* =* Tae t4e do' or a Pal*($. Bomentai asupra ;ocurilor olimpice folosin" propoiii e?clamatie:Ee$#lu: T4e l$#ic Ga$e are a" i$#orta"t e%e"t*4at a" i$#orta"t e%e"t t4e l$#ic Ga$e are!OoP i$#orta"t t4e l$#ic Ga$e are!

5* Ma" to# at4let co$#ete i" t4e Ga$e* ;* T4e Por %er 4ard* * T4ee i a" at$o#4ere o 'oodPilla"d co,o#eratio" duri"' t4e Ga$e* * T4e Ga$e are %er Pell,or'a"i)ed** * T4e l$#icStadiu$ i 4u'e* 7* T4ere are a lot o #artici#a"t i" t4e l$#ic Ga$e* 8* T4e co$e ro$ lo"'dita"ce* =* Millio" o #eo#le Patc4 t4e Ga$e o" tele%ioa"* 6* T4e Ro$a"ia" re#ree"tati%e arePell,trai"ed* 5* T4e o(tai" 'ood reult at t4e Ga$e*($$. Tra"ucei Cn limba engle:5* Nici u"uia di"tre ei "u i,a #lcut #ectacolul* ;* Nici u"ul di" cei doi ",a +"ele de#re ce %or(eai* *e la ci"e ai #ri$it #ac4etulW * Se duc la $eci& "u,i aaW * N,ai ot "iciodat la 'aleriile de art& "u,iaW 7* S la radioul a#ri" au ,l ti"'W 8* Oai  "e +"toarce$* =* Vrei  ii aa de dr 'u  c."iu" c."tecW 6* Tre(uie ,i teleo"e)i* 5* E $ult %re$e de c."d "u l,a$ %)ut* 55* N,a ot #lecat $ult%re$e* 5;* Nu,$i #lace acet actor i "ici #riete"ului $eu "u,i #lace* 5* Ei "u $ai u"t aici* 5* Cu'reu #utea  %ad ce%a +" ca$era +"tu"ecoa*VIII A"tre"orul tia c "u eit "i$ic $ai (u" c."d %rei ,l +"%ei #e o$ ce%a dec.t ,l a$(iio"e)i&

,l #ui  e +"treac cu alii dac e "e%oie* Iat de ce& de la o %re$e& +"ce#ue  #ro$it $ici #re$iicelor $ai (u"i eecuta"i ai eerciiilor "eceare a"tre"a$e"tului* Luca i$i du# u" ti$#& aa cu$i$te +"%torul care i,a c.ti'at +"crederea ele%ilor i& c e ter$i"ae cu i"dici#li"a* C4iar Le tiealt data at.t de reractar& e ar ta i"tereat de acete -ocuri* 3re$iile "u erau $are lucru& dar "i$e"i "u

 #utea ueri ca altul  i,o ia +"ai"te& aa cu$ e +"t.$#l de o(icei cu toi oa$e"ii*0Eu'e" Bar(u ,, U"#re)ece1

 pag: /5Partea a III6a2INTAKA RAHEI"T#e compoun- an- comple+ *entence%III&'& GeneralitiIII&'&(& U"itatea de (a) a i"taei ete #ro#o)iia*3ro#o)iia #oate i de i"e ttoare: 4he is a teacher, au #oate i +" a"u$ite relaii cu a"u$ite

 #ro#o)iii& i"tr."d +" alctuirea u"ei ra)e: 4he became a teacher when she was twenty three.Kra)a ete u"itatea i"tactic u#erioar  #ro#o)iiei& ii"d co"tituit di" dou au $ai $ulte #ro#o)iii9ea ete +"totdeau"a de i"e ttoare*Atenie 2" li$(a e"'le) "u eit u" cu%."t #ecial #e"tru ra)* Se"te"ce #oate +"e$"a at.t ra) c.ti #ro#o)iie i"de#e"de"t 0care "u ace #arte di"tr,o ra)1* 3e"tru #ro#o)iiile di" cadrul u"ei ra)e eoloete ter$e"ul clause.III&'&& Si"taa #ro#o)iiei tudia) #ro#o)iia #ri%it i"de#e"de"t de le'tura cu alte #ro#o)iii*Si"taa ra)ei tudia) elul cu$ e u"ec #ro#o)iiile #e"tru a alctui ra)e& ra#orturile care e ta(ilec+"tre acete #ro#o)iii +" cadrul ra)ei*III&'&0& Ra#orturile i"tactice di"tre #ro#o)iiile u"ei ra)e u"t aceleai ca i di"tre #ile u"ei

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 #ro#o)iii:, ra#orturi de coordo"are +"tre #ro#o)iiile de acelai el9, ra#orturi de u(ordo"are +"tre #ro#o)iii de#e"de"te u"ele de altele*Kra)ele #ri" coodo"are& alctuite di" dou au $ai $ulte #ro#o)iii #ri"ci#ale& e "u$ec co$#ou"de"te"ce +" li$(a e"'le)& iar ra)ele #ri" u(ordo"are& or$ate di" u"a au $ai $ulte #ro#o)iii

 #ri"ci#alei u"a au $ai $ulte #ro#o)iii ecu"dare& e "u$ec co$#le e"te"ce*Ide"titatea ra#orturilor eite"te +" cadrul #ro#o)iiei i al ra)ei ace ca +" tudierea celor dou u"itii"tactice  e +"t.l"eac cate'orii i$ilare:u(iectului di" #ro#o)iie +i core#u"de +" ra) #ro#o)iia u(iecti%& co$#le$e"tului direct& #ro#o)iiaco$#leti% direct etc*III&'&4& 3ro#o)iiile di"tr,o ra) u"t le'ate +"tre ele:, ai"detic:   a-utorul u"ui cu%."t de le'tur 9, cu a-utorul u"or co"-u"cii 0coordo"atoare au u(ordo"atoare1& #ro"u$e au ad-ecti%e relati%e aui"tero'ati%e& ad%er(e relati%e au ad%er(e cu %aloare de co"-u"cie*

 pag: /6 4& raza prin coor-onare "T#e Compoun- 2entence%4&(& Coor-onareaCoordo"area ete ra#ortul di"tre dou au $ai $ulte u"iti i"tactice care tau #e acelai #la"*2" cadrul ra)ei& #ro#o)iiile alate +" ra#ort de coordo"are u"t #e acelai #la"& +" e"ul c u"t ie toate

 #ri"ci#ale ie toate u(ordo"ate aceluiai ele$e"t re'e"t*

4&& elul coor-onriiu# "atura ra#ortului di"tre ele$e"tele #e care le lea'& coordo"area +" ra)& ca i +" #ro#o)iie& #oatei: co#ulati%& di-u"cti%i ad%erati%*Coordo"area e #oate reali)a at.t ai"detic& #ri" i$#la alturare a #ro#o)iiilor coordo"ate& c.t i #ri"co"-u"cii coordo"atoare #eciice*4&0& Coor-onarea copulati/ "Copulati/e Coor-ination%3ro#o)iiile coordo"ate #re)e"tate de %or(itor ca aociate e "u$ec co#ulati%e*Co"-u"ciile co#ulati%e u"t: a1 an" & (1 both... an" & c1 not only... but also, iar #e"tru #ro#o)iii "e'ati%e:d1 3an"# neither!nor e1 neither... nor.Co"-u"ciile co#ulati%e e aea) +"totdeau"a la +"ce#utul #ro#o)iiilor #e care le i"troduc i "u #ot i

 #recedate de alte co"-u"cii: $ like" tea an" my sister likes milk.0Co$#arai cu o co"-u"cie u(ordo"atoare& care #oate i #recedat de alt co"-u"cie: He went homebecause he was tire" ) because it was late#.

a1 A"d #oate le'a dou au $ai $ulte #ro#o)iii* 2" al doilea ca)& co"-u"cia a#are de re'ul o i"'ur dat& +"ai"tea ulti$ei #ro#o)iii: Phone him at once, inite him to the conference an" ask him to be

 punctual.e dou au $ai $ulte #ro#o)iii coordo"ate #ri" a"d au acelai u(iect& u(iectul di" a doua 0a treiaetc*1 #ro#o)iie ete de o(icei o$i: He went into the shop, 3he# bought a tie an" 3he# pai" for it at thecash "esk.ac #redicatele di" #ro#o)iiile coordo"atoare co"i" acelai %er( auiliar& el e o$ite +$#reu" cuu(iectul: $2e been wainting an" 3$2e been# won"ering where you are.

 (1 Aoth... an" u"t oloite #e"tru coordo"area a dou #ro#o)iii a%."d acelai u(iect& au #e"trucoordo"area a dou u(iecte a%."d acelai #redicat: He both speaks an" writes two foreign languages.

 Aoth Peter an" nn hae won pries. pag: /7 c1 not only... but also. 3e"tru +"trire& not only #oate i ae)at +" #o)iie i"iial& #roduc."d i"%eriu"e

+"tre u(iect i #redicat: )ot only "i" he rea" the whole poem, but he also translate" part of it."# )or!neither ete oloit c."d #ri$a #ro#o)iie ete "e'ati%* )or!neither cere i"%eriu"e +"tre u(iecti #redicat / %er( auiliar i #oate i #recedat de a"d: He "i" not come to the symposium, 3an"# neither ! nor "i" he sen" in his paper.e1 )either... nor u"t oloite i +$#reu" #e"tru a "e'a dou #ro#o)iii le'ate #ri" a"d* Koloirea luineither... nor u(li"ia) caracterul "e'ati% al a$(elor #ro#o)iii*Co$#arai: 4he "i"n2t eat an" she "i"n2t "rink.dar: 4he neither ate nor "rank anything.4&4& Coor-onarea -i*<uncti/ "1i*<uncti/e Coor-onation%Ra#ortul de coordo"are di-u"cti% e ta(ilete +"tre #ro#o)iii coordo"ate care u"t #re)e"tate de

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%or(itor ca eclu)."du,e u"a #e alta +"tr,o $ur  $ai $are au $ai $ic*Co"-u"ciile di-u"cti%e u"t: or i either...or & iar +" #ro#o)iiile +" care e eclud a$(ele alter"ati%e& cuu" %er( la or$a air$ati%& neither...nor.Coordo"area di-u"cti% e ta(ilete de o(icei +"tre dou alter"ati%e& di"tre care u"a ete #reerat +"tru"a"u$it $o$e"t*Alter"ati%a #reerat ete de o(icei $e"io"at +"t.i: 4hall we go for a walk or shall we watch T( >Adu'area lui either +"ai"tea #ri$ei alter"ati%e i"dic de re'ul ecluderea a$(elor alter"ati%e*Eit +" i ituaii +" care coordo"area di-u"cti% lea' trei au $ai $ulte #ro#o)iii& ra#ortul deecludere reci#roc ii"d $ai #ui" e%ide"t: %ou may either rea" a book, watch T( or listen to the ra"io.Ra#ortul di-u"cti% e a#ro#ie de cel co#ulati% i +" ca)ul a dou #ro#o)iii& dac "u ete "ecear a eo#ta #e"tru o i"'ur  alter"ati%*4&5& Coor-onarea a-/er*ati/ "A-/er*ati/e Coor-ination%3ro#o)iiile coordo"ate care e o#u" u"a alteia   a e eclude e "u$ec ad%erati%e*Acetea u"t le'ate de o(icei #ri" co"-u"cia ad%erati% (ut: They woul" like to come but they are toobusy.

 pag: /&La coodo"area ad%erati%& i"terde#e"de"a di"tre cele dou #ro#o)iii ete $ai $are dec.t lacoordo"area co#ulati% i cea di-u"cti%& #ro#o)iiile ad%erati%e "e#ut."du,i c4i$(a locul +"tre ele a e $odiica e"ul: He is el"erly but 3he# 3is# energetic. Ete +" %.rt dar #li" de e"er'ie& dar 0ete1 +" %.rt*

4&7& olo*irea timpurilor .n )razele prin coor-onare2" ra)ele #ri" coordo"are e #ot utili)a orice ti$#uri %er(ale& +" u"cie de i"te"ia %or(itorului: $ went to the seasi"e last yesr ) $2ll go there again ne?t year.E+cepie: e"u$er rile de aciu"i +" tilul "arati% e #u" la acelai ti$# 'ra$atical: #re)e"t& 3at Te"eau %iitor& +" u"cie de $o$e"tul "araiu"ii& #re deoe(ire de li$(a ro$."& u"de ti$#urile #ot alter"a:

 erybo"y was home. elcome. )oises of welcome. <other kisse" him. 'ather aske" him what markshe ha" got. )oises... The noise of curtain rings being pulle" asi"e. His be" was hot an" his face an" bo"y were hot. The nurse aske" him: re you all right > He "i"n2t know, an" the nurse sai": +et back into be". 3;. Ioyce * The Portrait of the rtist as a %oung <an#Toi erau aca* Bi"e,ai %e"it* Z'o$ote de (u" %e"it* Ma$a +l rut* Tata +l +"trea( ce "ote a o(i"ut*Z'o$ote*** Z'o$otul i"elelor de #erdea trae de,a #arte* 3atul lui do'orete i aa i tru#ul +i do'orec*Sora +l +"trea(: , Nu i,e (i"eW Nu tia9 i ora )ie: , Ba',te +"a#oi +" #at* 0?* ?oce , 3ortretulartitului +" ti"eree1

5& raza prin *ubor-onare "T#e comple+ 2entence%Su(ordo"area ete ra#ortul i"tactic eite"t +"tre doi ter$e"i di"tre care u"ul +l deter$i" #e cellalt&de#i"de de el di" #u"ct de %edere 'ra$atical*Ra#orturile +"tr,o ra) de u(ordo"are 0Co$#le Se"te"ce1 e ta(ilec +"tre #ro#o)iiile ecu"dare auu(ordo"are 0Su(ordi"ate Claue1 i #ro#o)iiile lor re'e"te 0$ai" Claue1& care la r."dul lor& #ot i

 #ro#o)iii #ri"ci#ale +" ra) au u(ordo"ate #ro#o)iiei #ri"ci#ale +" ra)*Kra)a: He aske" me where $ bought the "ress $ was wearing. ete alctuit di":. He aske" me 0#ro#o)iia #ri"ci#al1/. where $ ha" bought the "ress 0#ro#o)iie ecu"dar  a de 5 dar re'e"ta lui 1. $ was wearing 0#ro#o)iie u(ordo"at a de ;1*5&(* 3ro#o)iiile u(ordo"ate u"t le'ate de #ro#o)iiile lor re'e"te #ri":a1 co"-u"cii u(ordo"atoare circu$ta"iale9

 (1 u" ele$e"t wh*F

c1 that d1 i"%eriu"e* pag: /-a1 Co"-u"ciile u(ordo"atoare circu$ta"iale u"t cel $ai i$#orta"t $i-loc de i"dicare a u(ordo"rii+" ra)* Ele e claiic +" u"cie de #ro#o)iiile #e care le i"troduc*U"ele co"-u"cii u(ordo"atoare u"t alctuite di" dou ele$e"te: o co"-u"cie care a#are de re'ul +"

 #ro#o)iia u(ordo"ati u" ad%er( care a#are +" #ro#o)iia re'e"t 0correlati%e u(ordi"ator1: He was so ill that they took him to hospital. )o sooner ha" they reache" home than is stope" raining.Co"-u"ciile u(ordo"atoare e aea) de re'ul la +"ce#utul #ro#o)iiei ecu"dare* Aceata #oate

 #recede au ur$a #ro#o)iia re'e"t*

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3ro#o)iiile u(ordo"ate te$#orale& cau)ale 0i"trodue de a/i"ce1& co"diio"ale i co"cei%e a#ar deo(icei +" #o)iie i"iial: s the weather was ba", we staye" home all "ay. lthough she spoke ery

 spoke ery slowly, $ coul"n2t un"erstan" her.3ro#o)iiile i"trodue de (ecaue i #ro#o)iiile co"ecuti%e ocu# de re'ul o #o)iie i"al +" ra): $ can2t help you with your homework because $2m busy right now. =y"ia like" the book so much that sherea" it three times.Co"-u"ciile u(ordo"atoare #ot i #recedate de alte co"-u"cii& #re deoe(ire de co"-u"ciilecoordo"atoare: He left early because he wasn2t feeling ery well ) because the party was boring.ac o #ro#o)iie u(ordo"at are acelai u(iect 0i %er( auiliar1 ca i #ro#o)iia a re'e"t& acetatre(uie $e"io"at: Though he has neer been to this twn, he has often written about it.

 (1 Ele$e"tele wh , re#re)i"t:, #ro"u$e i"tero'ati%e au relati%e: who, whom!whose, which, whatF, ad%er(e relati%e: where, when, how, whyF, co$#uii acetora: whoeer, whicheer, whateer, whereer, wheneer, howeer.Ele$e"tele wh, u"t oloite ca $arc a u(ordo"rii +":, #ro#o)iii i"tero'ati%e i"directe: $ "on2t know who was there., +" #ro#o)iii relati%e: This is the place where $ first saw her.c1 Co"-u"cia t4at ete oloit #e"tru i"troducerea $ai $ultor ti#uri de #ro#o)iii u(ordo"ate*2" %or(ire& co"-u"cia t4at ete adeea o$i: $ knew she was right. $2m sure she was right.That nu poate fi omis c8n" propoiia este subiecti: THT he was so ill alarme" her.

5&& Cla*i)icarea propoziiilor *ubor-onate claiicare u"cio"al a #ro#o)iiilor u(ordo"ate ete +":A1 #ro#o)iii u(ordo"ate i"trodue de t4at& care +"de#li"ec u"ciile u"ui 'ru# "o$i"al& #ut."d a%eau"cia de:, u(iect: That he answere" so well surprise" eerybo"y., co$#le$e"t direct: $ knew that she was right., "u$e #redicati%: The belief is that things will improe.

 pag: /10, a#o)iie: %our opinion, that things will improe, is well foun"e"., co$#le$e"t #re#o)iio"al: $2m sure that they were right.B1 3ro#o)iiile relati%e& care e co$#ort u"cio"al ca "ite ad-ecti%e atri(uti%e: The man who wae" tous was my uncle.C1 #ro#o)iiile circu$ta"iale& care +"de#li"ec u"cia u"or co$#le$e"te circu$ta"iale de ti$#& loc&

co"diie& cau) a de ele$etele lor re'e"te:%ou2ll hear all about it when he comes.%ou2ll hear all about it where you go.%ou2ll hear all about it if you want to.5&0& Re-ucerea propoziiilor *ubor-onate3ro#o)iiile u(ordo"ate #ot i redue de o(icei la co"trucii cu %er(e la or$e "e#ero"ale: a1co"trucii i"i"iti%ale9 (1 co"trucii #artici#iale*a1 Co"truciile i"i"iti%ale 0to , I"i"iti%e No$i"al Claue1

 #ot +"de#li"i u"cia de:, u(iect: 'or him to come so late is unbelieable., co$#le$e"t direct: $ like eeryone to be punctual., "u$e #redicati%: To be a "octor is to be ery har" working., a#o)iie: His "esire to become a eterynary "octor was finally fulfille".

, co$#le$e"t #re#o)iio"al: $2m gla" to be of help. (1 Co"truciile #artici#iale 0i"',No$i"al Claue1 #ot +"de#li"i u"cia de:, u(iect: Helping people in nee" is the main "uty of the @e" Bross., co$#le$e"t direct: $ "on2t like lying to people., co$#e$e"t #re#o)iio"al: $2m prou" of being her pupil., "u$e #redicati%: His hobby is collecting @omanian stamps., a#o)iie: His present ;ob, being secretary of the sports club, re9uires a great "eal of work.A& Propoziiile *ubor-onate i"trodue de t4at 0T4at Claue13ro#o)iiile u(ordo"ate i"trodue de ta4t #ot +"de#li"i $ai $ulte u"cii #e l."' ele$e"tele lor re'e"te* 2" co"eci"& ele e +$#art +" #ro#o)iii u(ordo"ate co$#leti%e directe& u(iecti%e&

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 #redicati%e& a#o)iio"ale etc*5&4& Propoziia completi/ -irect "T#e 1irect Ob<ect Clau*e%5&4&(& 3ro#o)iia co$#leti% direct +"de#li"ete rolul de co$#le$e"t direct al #redicatului di"

 #ro#o)iia re'e"t: @emember that we hae to leae by :00 a.m. S "u uii c tre(uie  #lec$ +" -urul orei 55*5&4&& 3ro#o)iiile e"u"iati%ei i"tero'ati%e trecute la %or(irea i"direct u"t de ae$e"ea co$#leti%edireecte: e aske" him whether he ha" un"erstoo" the instructions* L,a$ +"tre(at dac a +"elei"truciu"ile* He tol" us he ha" un"erstoo" eerything * Ne,a #u c a +"ele tot*

 pag: /15&4&0& Co"-u"cia that ete deeori o$i +" e"'le)a a$iliar  du# %er(e ca: think, beliee, imagine,

 supposeF see, hear, know, remember, un"erstan" say: $ think he will come in time. Cred c o  %i" la ti$#* $ suppose he will come in time. Cred c o  %i" la ti$#*Co"-u"cia t4at tre(uie #trat c."d #ro#o)iiile u"t lu"'i i au $ulte co$#le$e"te circu$ta"iale: $ "on2t suppose that he in"en"s to return until tomorrow. Nu cred c i"te"io"ea)  e +"toarc #."$.i"e*Atenie Nu oloete co"-u"cia t4at du#: $ wish, $2" rather, $2" sooner: $ wish you coul" fin" out thetruth. dori  #oi ala ade%rul*5&4&4& Core*pon-ena timpurilorKoloirea ti$#urilor %er(ale +" #ro#o)iia co$#leti% direct ete $ai trict +" li$(a e"'le) dec.t +"

li$(a ro$."*Ra#ortul lo'ic ta(ilit +"tre ti$#ul #redicatului di" #ro#o)iia #ri"ci#al/re'e"ti ti$#ul #redicatului di"

 #ro#o)iia u(ordo"at ete e#ri$at #e #la" i"tactic #ri"tr,o a"u$it co"corda" au core#o"de"b ati$#urilor %er(ale oloite +" cele dou #ro#o)iii& "u$it +" li$(a e"'le) Seue"ce o Te"e0Core#o"de"a Ti$#urilor1*Eit c.te%a re'uli 'e"erale de core#o"de" a ti$#urilor care e a#lic +" #ri"ci#al la #ro#o)iiaco$#leti% direct:Regula I* ac %er(ul #ro#o)iiei #ri"ci#ale ete la u" ti$# #re)e"t 0#ree"t& 3ree"t 3erect1& +"

 #ro#o)iia co$#leti% e #oate oloi orice ti$# cerut de lo'ica e"u"ului: $ know she has sent the letter. $ know they came yester"ay. $ know he will con"uct the concert tonight.tiu c ea a e#ediat crioarea*

tiu c ei au %e"it ieri*tiu c el %a diri-a co"certul de diear *Regula II& ac %er(ul #ro#o)iiei #ri"ci#ale ete la %iitor& +" #ro#o)iia co$#leti% e #oate oloi oriceti$# aar  de %iitor: $ shall inform him that i nee" his report tomorrow* 2l %oi i"or$a c a$ "e%oie dera#ortul lui $.i"e*Regula III& C."d %er(ul di" #ro#o)iia #ri"ci#al ete la #re)e"t& au 3ree"t 3erect& +" #ro#o)iiaco$#leti% e #oate oloi %iitorul 0#re deoe(ire de celelalte #ro#o)iii u(ordo"ate1: $ know that hewill come tomorrow. tiu c %a %e"i $.i"e*Regula IV&ac %er(ul #ro#o)iiei #ri"ci#ale ete la u" ti$# trecut& %er(ul #ro#o)iiei u(ordo"atetre(uie de ae$e"ea  ie la u" ti$# trecut:e knew 3that# she ha" sent the letter.e knew 3that# they were away.e knew 3that# she woul" help us.

 He ha" menione" 3that# she ha" sent the letter. He ha" menione" 3that# they were away. He ha" menione" 3that# she woul" help us. Noi tia$ / El $e"io"ae c ea a tri$i / tri$iee crioarea* Noi tia$ / El $e"io"ae c ei u"t / erau #lecai di" ora* Noi tia$ / El $e"io"ae c ea "e %a a-uta* pag: /1/ tenieK la traducerea +" li$(a ro$."b!3at 3erect 0#e"tru e#ri$area a"terioritii1 e #oate traduce #ri" $ai,$ult,ca,#erectul& #erectulco$#u ete $ia rec%e"t: tia$ c ea a tri$i crioarea& iar 3at 3e"e 0aciu"i i$ulta"e1 e traduce

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de o(icei #ri" #re)e"t: tia$ c ei u"t #lecai di" ora*Core#o"de"a +"tre ti$#urile di" #ro#o)iia #ri"ci#ali di" co$#leti%a direct 0Seue"ce o Te"e1:Ra#ortul aciu"ii di"

 #ro#o)iia u(ordo"at ade aciu"ea di" #ri"ci#alTi$#ul #redicatului di"

 #ri"ci#alTi$#ul #redicatului di"u(ordo"at5* a"terioritate 3ree"t/3ree"t 3erect/Kuture3ree"t 3erect3at Te"e/3at 3erect 3at 3erect;* i$ulta"eitate 3ree"t/3ree"t3erect/Kuture3ree"t Te"e3at Te"e/3at 3erect 3at Te"e* #oterioritate 3ree"t/3ree"t 3erect KutureKuture 3ree"t3at Te"e/3at 3erect Kuture,i",t4e,3at

Se #oate o(er%a #araleli$ul +"tre ti$#urile #re)e"te ale i"dicati%ului 03ree"t& 3ree"t 3erect1utili)ate #e"tru e#ri$area u"or aciu"i #re)e"te i ti$#urile trecute 03at Te"e& 3at 3erect1+"tre(ui"ate #e"tru redarea u"or aciu"i trecute* U" #araleli$ i$ilar eit +"tre %iitor i %iitor , +" ,trecut:. $ think $ hae met her before.Cred c a$ +"t.l"it,o*

 $ thought $ ha" met her before.A$ cre)ut c o $ai +"t.l"ie$*/. $ think he is right.Cred c are dre#tate*

 $ thought he was right.A$ cre)ut c are dre#tate*. $ think they will come later.

Cred c %or %e"i $ai t.r)iu* $ thought they woul" come later.A$ cre)ut c %or %e"i $ai t.r)iu*E+cepii la regula IVBKac ece#ie de la core#o"de"a ti$#urilor trecute co$#leti%ele directe care e#ri$:a1 a#te cu %ala(ilitate 'e"eral& ade%ruri 0co"iderate1 a(olute: e were tol" that 4hakespeare is the

 greatest nglish writer. Ni ,a #u cb S4ae#eare ete cel $ai $are criitor e"'le)* pag: /1 (1 co$#leti%ele directe du# %er(e ca know, realie, beliee, think, hope, regret care #reu#u" ade%rulco$#le$e"tului direct& aceta ii"d ade%rat i +" $o$e"tul %or(irii:

 $ realie" he is a 4outh merican. Mi,a$ dat ea$a c ete di" A$erica de Sud*Regula V* Koloirea u(-o"cti%ului +" #ro#o)iia co$#leti% direct:a1 u# %er(e ca ask, "eman", re9uire, or"er, urge, suggest, propose. arrange, %er(ul di" u(ordo"ata

co$#leti% e #u"e la u(-o"cti%ul #re)e"t a"alitic 4ould i"i"ti%:The captain or"ers that the crew shoul" aban"on ship. #ita"ul ordo" / a ordo"at ca ec4i#a-ul  #eac %aul*

 (1 Su(-o"cti%ul #re)e"t i"tetic ete oloit +" %aria"ta a$erica" a li$(ii e"'le)e i u"eori +" li$(ae"'le) cri: The captain or"ere" that the crew aban"on ship.Regula VI& Koloirea ti$#urilor du# %er(ul Pi4:Ver(ul wish ete ur$at de:a1 3at Te"e& #e"tru a e#ri$a re'retul a de o aciu"e "ereali)at +" #re)e"t: $ wish3e"# she were!washere with us.  dori/A i dorit/ca ea  ie aici cu "oi*au a de o ituaie de $ai lu"' durat: He wishes!wishe" he lie" in the country. Ar dori/Ar i dorit

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 locuiac la ar * (1 3at 3erect& #e"tru a e#ri$a re'retul a de o aciu"e "ereali)at +" trecut: e wish3e"# she ha"  ;oine" us. A$ i dorit ca ea  i %e"it cu "oi*c1 ould i"i"iti% #e"tru a e#ri$a o dori" #e"tru o aciu"e %iitoare 0care "u are a"e de a ereali)a1: $ wish he woul" come in time 3but $ "on2t think he will#. dori ca el  %i" la ti$# dar "ucred c o %a ace*au o ru'$i"te #oliticoa: $ wish you woul" speak lou"er. dori/%,a ru'a  %or(ii $ai tare*Atenie Ver(ul wish ete ur$at de %er(e la i"dicati% 0#re)e"t& %iitor1 c."d are e"ul de a #era: $ wishhe will come in time $ hope he will come in time. S#er c %a %e"i la ti$#*Regula VI e a#lici la IHd rat4er& IHd oo"er:

 $2" rather he worke" har"er. $2" rather he ha" ma"e more efforts to improe. $2" rather he woul" come tomorrow. $2" sooner he worke" har"er. $2" sooner he ha" ma"e more efforts to improe. $2" sooner he woul" come tomorrow. #reera ca el  $u"ceac $ai $ult* #reera ca el  i  cut $ai $ulte eorturi #e"tru a e #erecio"a* #reera ca el  %i" $.i"e*Atenie i4 ur$at de o co$#leti% direct e traduce +" li$(a ro$." #ri" co"diio"al u(-o"cti%: $ 

wish she were here  dori ca ea  ie aici* $ wishe" she ha" been with us F A i dorit ca ea  i otcu "oi*La el: $2" rather he worke" har"er F A #reera ca el  $u"ceac $ai $ult* etc*

 pag: /115&4&5& Re-ucerea propoziiei completi/e -irecte3ro#o)iia co$#leti% direct #oate i +"locuit de o co"trucie i"i"iti%al c."d u(iectul ei ide"tic cuu(iectul di" #ro#o)iia re'e"t: $ want to talk to him. Vreau  %or(ec cu el*au cu co$#le$e"tul direct& +" care ca) e oloete co"trucia Acu)ati% i"i"iti%: $ want her to talk tothe chil". Vreau ca ea  %or(eac cu co#ilul*u# u"ele %er(e e #oate oloi o co"trucie 'eru"dial +" locul celei i"i"iti%ale& #e"tru a u(li"iale'tura di"tre cele dou aciu"i 0i "u di"tre u(iecte1: $ "on2t like his ringing us up so often. 0acce"tulcade #e aciu"ea de teleoa"e1* Nu,$i #lace c "e teleo"ea) aa de de* ar: $ "on2t like him to ring usto often. 0acce"tul ete #e u(iectul co$#leti%e1* Nu,$i #lace ca el  "e teleo"e)e aa de de*

5&5& Propoziia completi/ prepoziional5&5&(& Aceat #ro#o)iie ete i"trodu de ele$e"te P4, +"oite au "u de #re#o)iii:

 =ook at what she has bought. 3ri%ete la ce,a cu$#rat* =ook at who has come. 3ri%ete la ci"e a %e"it* =ook where he is going. 3ri%ete u"de e duce*5&5&& 2" #ro#o)iia co$#leti% #re#o)iio"al& #re#o)iia e o$ite:a1 c."d #re#o)iia co$#leti% ete i"trodu #ri" t4at:

 t the last moment, she remin"e" me that she coul"n2t go. t the last moment, she persua"e" me that she coul"n2t go. t the last moment, she was "elighte" that she coul"n2t go.2" ulti$ul $o$e"t& ea $i,a a$i"tit c "u #utea  $ear'*2" ulti$ul $o$e"t& ea $,a co"%i" c "u #utea  $ear'*2" ulti$ul $o$e"t& ea a ot +"c."tat c "u #utea  $ear'*

 (1 du# a"u$ite %er(e i ad-ecti%e: $ won"er which of these ties he wants to buy.4he hasn2t "eci"e" which of these ties he wants to buy.

 $2m not sure which of these ties he wants to buy. +"tre( care cra%at %rea ,o cu$#ere*

 Nu ,a 4otr.t care cra%at %rea ,o cu$#ere* Nu u"t i'ur care cra%at %rea ,o cu$#ere*5&5&0& u# a"u$ite %er(e& #re#o)iia co$#leti% #re#o)iio"al #oate i a"tici#at de #ro"u$ele it&care +"de#li"ete rolul de co$#le$e"t #re#o)iio"al or$al +" #ro#o)iia re'e"t: %ou may rely upon it that he will keep his promise. 3oi  ii i'ur c +i %a i"e #ro$iiu"ea*

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 pag: /155&5&4& 2" #ro#o)iiile co$#leti%e #re#o)iio"ale e a#lic core#o"de"a ti$#urilor:e agree" upon it that it ha" been a misun"erstan"ing.e agree" upon it that he was right.e agree" upon it that she woul" apologie.A$ c)ut de acord c a ot o "e+"ele'ere*A$ c)ut de acord c el are dre#tate*A$ c)ut de acord c ea +i %a cere cu)e*u# co"truciile la u" ti$# #re)e"t e#ri$."d e"ti$e"te: be sorry, be surprise" ! astonishe" ! amae", be "isappointe", %er(ele di" #ro#o)iia co$#leti% #ot i #ue:a1 la #re)e"tul i"dicati% au u(-o"cti%ul 4ould i"i"ti% #e"tru e#ri$area u"or aciu"i i$ulta"e:

 $2m amae" that they bring the chil"ren here for the summer. $2m amae" that they shoul" bring the chil"ren here for the summer.Su"t ui$it ci aduc aici co#iii %ara*

 (1 la 3ree"t 3erect / 3at Te"e au 4ould i"i"iti% #erect #e"tru e#ri$area u"ei aciu"i a"terioarecelei di" #ri"ci#al:

 $2m surprise" that he has accepte" their offer. $2m surprise" that he shoul" hae accepte" their offer. ur#ri"de a#tul c a acce#tat oetta lor*ac %er(ul di" #ri"ci#al ete la u" ti$# trecut& e a#lic core#o"de"a ti$#urilor trecute: a1

i$ulta"eitatea: 3at Te"e au 4ould i"i"iti%: $ was "isappointe" they were so late. $ was "isappoite" they shoul" be so late.A$ ot de)a$'it c au %e"it aa de t.r)iu*

 (1 a"terioritate: 3at 3erect au 4ould i"i"iti% #erect: $ was sorry they ha" sol" their car. $ was sorry they shoul" hae sol" their car.Mi,a #rut r u ci,a %."dut $ai"a*2" toate ca)urile oloirea u(-o"cti%ului acce"tuea) ideea: Mi,a #rut r u ci,au #utut %i"de $ai"a*3e c."d i"i"iti%ul coate +" relie aciu"ea care a a%ut loc : Mi,a #rut r u ci,a %."dut $ai"a*5&7& Propoziia *ubiecti/ "T#e 2ub<ect Clau*e%5&7&(& 3ro#o)iia u(iecti% a#are du# au +"ai"tea:a1 %er(elor seem, change, appear, turn out:

 $ seeme" that he was wrong. (1 u"or ad-ecti%e ca: likely, certain, possible, clear, true, important, alarming, etc.: $t2s possible that the tourists hae arrie".c1 a u"or %er(e tra")iti%e e#ri$."d tri uleteti: alarm, amae, attract, confue, "iscourage,embrarrass, reliee, scare, trouble etc.:That she hasn2t written yet amaes me.

 pag: /16 5&7&& !ocul propoziiei *ubiecti/e .n )raz3o)iia "or$al a #ro#o)iiei u(iecti%e ete du# #ro#o)iia re'e"t& #ro#o)iia u(iecti% ii"da"tici#at de #ro"u$ele i"troducti%,a"tici#ati% it cu u"cie de u(iect or$al al re'e"tei: $t is important that you shoul" "o your homework carefully. Ete i$#orta"t i aci te$ele cu 'ri-*2" e"'le)a literar & #ro#o)iia u(iecti% ocu# u"eori #o)iie i"iial: That he has refuse" our offer amaes me.  ur#ri"de c a reu)at oerta "oatrb*

5&7&0& olo*irea timpurilor .n propoziia *ubiecti/2" #ro#o)iia u(iecti% e #oate oloi: a1 $odul i"dicati%9 (1 $odul u(-o"cti%*Koloirea i"dicati%ului arat c aciu"ea di" #ro#o)iia u(iecti% ete %)ut ca u" a#t real& %.r it: $t is strange that they arrie" before us. E ciudat c au a-u" +"ai"tea "oatr *Koloirea u(-o"cti%ului arat c aciu"ea ete %)ut ca o idee& #reu#u"ere: $t is strange that shoul" arrie before us. Ete ciudat ca ei  a-u"' +"ai"tea "oatr *Koloorea ti$#urilor +" #ro#o)iia u(iecti% de#i"de i de ti$#ul %er(ului di" #ro#o)iia re'e"t*A% Mo-ul in-icati/Ba1 U" ti$# #re)e"t +" re'e"t #oate i ur$at de orice ti$# +" #ro#o)iie u(iecti%: $t is unlikely that they hae talke"!will talk about this. Ete #ui" #ro(a(il c ei au %or(it / %or %or(i de#re ata*

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 (1 U" ti$# trecut ete ur$at tot de u" ti$# trecut& co"or$ core#o"de"ei ti$#urilor trecute: $t was a surprise that he ha" phone". $t was a surprise that he behae" like that. $t was a surprise that he woul" come.Modul i"dicati% au u(-o"cti%:a1 u# co"trucii e#ri$."d e"ti$e"te au $irarea: it is strange, alarming, surprising, annoying,

 gratifying, splen"i", %er(ul di" #ro#o)iia u(iecti% e #u"e& #e"tru a e#ri$a:51 i$ulta"eitatea F la #re)e"t au u(-o"cti% 4ould i"i"iti%:

 $t is splen"i" that the chil"ren go to be" early. $t is splen"i" that the chil"ren shoul" go to be" early.;1 a"terioritatea , la 3ree"t 3erect / 3at Te"e au 4ould i"i"iti% #erect:

 $t is gratifying that he waite" until the train arrie". $t is gratifying that he shoul" hae waite" until the train arrie". (1 ac co"truciile de $ai u u"t la 3at Te"e& +" #ro#o)iia u(iecti% e +"tre(ui"ea): pag: /17 51 #e"tru i$ulta"eitate , 3at Te"e au 4ould i"i"iti%:

 $t was alarming that <ary stu"ie" until mi"night. $t was alarming that <ary shoul" stu"y until mi"night.;1 #e"tru a"terioritate: 3at 3erect au 4ould i"i"iti% #erect:

 $t was strange that they ha" arrie" before us.

 $t was strange that they shoul" hae arrie" before us.Koloirea u(-o"cti%ului +" toate acete #ro#o)iii e#ri$ aciu"ea ca o idee& #reu#u"ere& #e c."di"dicati%ul e#ri$ aciu"ea ca u" a#t real& %.r it*I"dicati%: Era ciudat c ei au a-u" +"ai"tea "oatr *Su(-o"cti%: Era cioudat ca ei  i a-u" +"ai"tea "oatr *?% Mo-ul *ub<oncti/Ba1 2" #ro#o)iiile u(iecti%e i"trodue de i is! was a"isable, "esirable, essential, imperatie,important, ineitable, necessary, right, ital e oloete u(-o"cti%ul #re)e"t a"alitic cu 4ould: It i /Pa "ecear t4at 4e 4ould i"d a olutio" i$$ediatel* Ete / Era "ecear ca el  'eac i$ediat ooluie*NotB 2" e"'le)a a$erica"& ete #reerat u(-o"cti%ul #re)e"t i"tetic la or$a air$ati%: $t is!wasnecessary that he fin" a solution imme"iately.

 (1 u# it is possible, it is probable, e +"tre(ui"ea) u(-o"cti%ul #re)e"t a"alitic cu may ! might: $t is

 possible that she may phone me tonight. Ete #oi(il ca ea ,$i teleo"e)e diear *La or$a i"tero'ati% +"& e oloete 4ould i"i"iti%: $s it possible that $ shoul" see you thiseening > Ete #oi(il  te %d diear  W5&7&4& Re-ucerea propoziiei *ubiecti/e& 51 3ro#o)iia u(iecti% #oate i redu la o co"truciei"i"iti%al dac:a1 #ro#o)iia #ri"ci#al co"i"e u" u(ta"ti% au #ro"u$e care #oate i u(iect al i"i"iti%ului: $t waskin" of you to help us. A ot dr 'u di" #artea ta b "e a-ui* $t is my intention to "o it. Ete i"te"ia$ea  ac acet lucru*

 (1 u(iectul 'e"eric au "edei"it al #ro#o)iiei u(iecti%e ete u(+"ele: $t is goo" to be careful. Ete (i"e  ii ate"t*Co"trucia i"i"iti%al #oate i i i"i"iti%ul cu or , to* Kor #ro"u$e e o$ite dac +"eleul reiee di"co"tet: $t is easy for us to say no. 0Ne1 ete uor  #u"e$ "u*;1 Adeeori co"trucia i"i"iti%al ete +"locuit de o co"trucie 'eru"dial:

To lie near school is an a"antage for him. =iing near school is an a"antage for him.Ka#tul c locuiete l."'coal ete u" a%a"ta- #e"tru el*A$(ele co"trucii #ot i a"tici#ate de #ro"u$ele it:

 $t2s not easy to try to persua"e her. $t2s not easy trying to persua"e her. Nu ete uor  +"cerci  o co"%i"'i*1 3ro#o)iia u(iecti% $ai #oate i +"locuiti de "o$i"ati%ul a(olut #artici#iul #re)e"t: erything 

 going wrong alarme" them. Ka#tul c totul $er'ea #rot i,a alar$at* pag: /1&

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5&9& Propoziia pre-icati/ "T#e Pre-icati/e Clau*e%5&9&(& 3ro#o)iia #redicati% ete oloit du# %er(ul ca#ulati% (e*5&9&& olo*irea timpurilorBa1 rice ti$# #oate ur$a u"ui #re)e"t +" re'ul:The important fact is that he was born in this town.The important fact is that he has written about it.The important fact is that the book will be soon publishe".Ka#tul i$#orta"t ete c ,a "cut +" acet ora*Ka#tul i$#orta"t ete c a cri de#re el*Ka#tul i$#orta"t ete c %olu$ul %a i #u(licat +" cur."d*

 (1 u# u" %er( trecut& e a#lic core#o"de"a ti$#urilor +" trecut:The problem was that they ha" phone".The problem was that they were in town.The problem was that tthey woul" come the ne?t "ay.3ro(le$a era c teleo"aer *3ro(le$a era c erau +" ora*3ro(le$a era c %or %e"i a doua )i*5&9&0& 3ro#o)iia #redicati% #oate i redu la o co"trucie 'eru"dial: That is learning by "oing. Arta+"ea$" a +"%a  c."d*5&:& Propoziiile relati/e "Relati/e Clau*e*%

5&:&(& 3ro#o)iiile relati%e e +$#art +":A1 #ro#o)iii relati%e retricti%e& li$it."d +"eleul u"ui "u$e de re'e"t9B1 #ro#o)iii relati%e decri#ti%e& care aduc e#licaii u#li$e"tare de#re u" ele$e"t "o$i"al dere'e"t9C1 #ro#o)iii a#o)iio"ale& cu u"cia de a#o)iie a u"ui "u$e di" re'e"t*5&:&& 3ro#o)iiile relati%e u"t i"trodue de #ro"u$ele relati%e who, what, which i that 0"u$ai relati%aretricti%1& ad-ecti%ele relati%e which, what, whose i ad%er(ele relati%e where, when, why.5&:&0& Propoziia relati/ re*tricti/ ete ee"ial #e"tru +"eleul #ro#o)iiei re'e"te i "u e ede#arte #ri" %ir'ul de aceata* The bus that goes to the station stops at this corner. Auto(u)ul care$er'e la 'ar  o#rete la col*3ro#o)iia relati% retricti% ete i"trodu #ri" #ro"u$e relati%e: who, which, that i #ri" ad%er(erelati%e: where, when etc.

 pag: /1-

3ro"u$ele relati% that & care i"troduce "u$ai #ro#o)iii relati%e retricti%e& #oate i oloit ca u(iect at.t #e"tru #eroa"e& c.t i #e"tru o(iecte 0P4o ete +" #reerat du# u(ta"ti%ul #eo#le i #ro"u$elet4oe1:The stu"ents that are waiting outsi"e are tourists.The people who are waiting outsi"e are tourists.Stude"ii care atea#t aar  u"t turiti*a$e"ii care atea#t aar  u"t turiti*hich ete u"eori oloit ca u(iect #e"tru o(iecte& dar t4at ete $ult $ai rec%e"t:The icecream which has chocolate in it costs more.The icecream that has chocolate in it costs more.2"'4eata care are ciocolat +" ea cot $ai $ult*Ad%er(ele relati%e where i when u"t deeori +"tre(ui"ate #e"tru i"troducerea #ro#o)iiilor relati%e +"loc de #re#o)iie #ro"u$e relati%:

The store in which $ buy groceries is across the street.The store where $ buy groceries is across the street.Ma'a)i"ul +" care cu$#r colo"iale ete %i)a%i*Ma'a)i"ul u"de cu$#r colo"iale ete %i)a%i*3ro"u$ele relati% ete de o(icei o$i c."d u(ta"ti%ul #e care,l deter$i" #ro#o)iia relati% #oate ico$#le$e"t direct al #redicatului di" relati%: $ like" TH '$=< we saw yester"ay. Mi,a #lcut il$ul

 #e care l,a$ %)ut ieri*ac co$#le$e"tul ete #re#o)iio"al& t4at e o$ite& iar #ro#o)iia e aea) la .r itul #ro#o)iieirelati%e: The sport $ am fon" J' is football. S#ortul care +$i #lace ete ot(alul*5&:&4& Propoziia relati/ -e*cripti/& 3ro#o)iia relati% decri#ti% "u ete ee"ial #e"tru +"eleul

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 #ro#o)iiei re'e"te* Adu'."d i"or$aii u#li$e"tare i #ut."d i o$i   ca e"ul  ie aectat&relati%a decri#ti% e de#arte #ri" %ir'ul de #ro#o)iia re'e"t: %our "eskmate, whose name $ canneer remember, has ;ust phone". Toc$ai a teleo"at cole'ul tu de (a"c& al crui "u$e "u $i,la$i"tec "iciodat*5&:&5& olo*irea timpurilor .n propoziiile relati/e2" #ro#o)iiile relati%e e #oate oloi orice ti$#& +" u"cie de i"te"ia %or(itorului& i"de#e"de"t de%er(ul di" #ri"ci#al: $ showe" him the "ress $2ll wear at the school festial tomorrow. I,a$ ar tatroc4ia #e care o %oi #urta $.i"e la er(area colar * Jur new T( set, which we bought two month ago,is ery goo". Tele%i)orul "otru cel "ou& #e care l,a$ cu$#rat acu$ dou lu"i& ete oarte (u"*5&:&7& 3ro#o)iia relati% #oate i redu la:a1 o a#o)iie& care #oate i u" u(ta"ti%& ad-ecti% au #artici#iu i"'ur au cu o co$#li"ire* 0Su(iectul

 #ro#o)iiei redue ete de o(icei u" #ro"u$e au u(ta"ti% di" #ro#o)iia re'e"t1:The teams playing in the Jlympics wear special uniforms.The teams selecte" the Jlympics wear special uniforms.Ec4i#ele care -oac la oli$#iad #oart u"ior$e #eciale*Ec4i#ele electate #e"tru oli$#iad #oart u"ior$e #eciale*

 pag: /50 (1 la o co"trucie i"i"iti%al acti% cu u" e" #ai%: This is not a thing to play with. Aceta "u ete u"lucru cu care  te -oci*c1 dac u(iectul co"truciei i"i"iti%ale "u ete e#ri$at +" #ro#o)iia re'e"t& au ete u(+"ele& ii"d'e"eral au "e4otr.t& el ete #re)e"t u( or$a acu)ati% +" co"trucia i"i"iti%ul cu or,to*The best thing for you to "o is to follow his a"ice. Cel $ai (u" lucru #e care,l ai de  cut ete ,iur$e)i atul*5&:&9& Propoziia apoziional ete de o(icei i"trodu de: when, where, why, how, that, whether.

 #ro#o)iiile a#o)iio"ale +"de#li"ec u"cia de a#o)iii #e l."' u(ta"ti%e di" re'e"t ca opinion,reason, i"ea, problem, impression, "oubt, e?cuse, 9uestion, fact i e co"truiec cu i"dicati%ul: $ "on2t know the @4J) why he left in such a hurry. Nu tiu $oti%ul #e"tru care a #lecat aa de 'r  (it*5&:&:& 2" #ro#o)iiile atri(uti%e a#o)iti%e #e l."' u(ta"ti%e ca wish, suggestion, recommen"ation,re9uest e oloete u(-o"cti%ul a"alitic e#ri$at #ri" 4ould i"i"iti%: The chairman2s @SE4T that he afternoon session shoul" be postpone" was accepte". Cererea #reedi"telui ca edi"a de du#,a$ia)  ie a$."at a ot acce#tat*5&:&;& 3ro#o)iia a#o)iio"al #oate i redu:a1 la o co"trucie i"i"iti%al au 'eru"dial & c."d u(iectul ei ete 'e"eric au "edei"it au c."d el ete

 #re)e"t +" #ro#o)iia re'e"t: The 9uestion of how to sen" the goo"s has to be settle". Tre(uie re)ol%at #ro(le$a #ri%itoare la $odul cu$ %a i e#ediat $ara* His i"ea, to "o eerything by himself, frightens me.Ideea lui& de a ace totul i"'ur& $ +"#i$."t*

 (1 dac #ro#o)iia #ri"ci#al "u co"i"e u" ae$e"ea cu%."t& el %a i e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" acu)ati% +" #ro#o)iia a#o)iio"al +" co"trucia I"i"iti%ul cu or,to: Jur hope for him to return soon is faint. Ela( #era"a ca el  e +"toarc +" cur."d* au #ri"tr,u" #oei% 0acu)ati% 'eru"d1:

 <y impression, of Peter2s en;oying himself, was wrong.c1 3ro#o)iia a#o)iio"al #oate i redu i la u" "o$i"ati% a(olut : This is our way, mother giing intructions an" we following them

 #ro#o)iiile circu$ta"iale 0Ad%er(ial Claue13ro#o)iiile u(ordo"ate circu$ta"iale u"t de $ai $ulte eluri:5&;& Propoziia circum*tanial -e timp "T#e A-/erbial Clau*e o) Time%

5&;&(& 3ro#o)iia circu$ta"ial de ti$# ete i"trodu de co"-u"ciile: when, as, while, until!till,before, after, as soon as, wheneer, since etc.NotB "erbele har"ly, scarcely, no sooner 0de,a(ia1 #ot i ele i"troduce #ro#o)iii te$#orale*

 Har"lyi scarcely u"t ur$ate de co"-u"ciile when& iar no sooner de than: He has har"ly finishe" eating a cake when he begins another. Nici ",a#uc  ter$i"e de $."cat o #r  -itur  ci +"ce#e alta*They ha" no sooner got on the train than it left. Nici ",au a#ucat  e urce +" tre" c a i #lecat*ac ad%er(ele de $ai u ocu# #ri$ul loc +" #ro#o)iie& #e"tru +"t.rire& are loc i"%eriu"e +"tre u(iecti %er(ul auiliar* Har"ly has he finishe" eating a cake when he begins another. )o sooner ha" they got on the train than it left.5&;&& olo*irea timpurilor .n propoziia circum*tanial -e timp

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U" ti$# #re)e"t +" re'e"t ete ur$at de u" ti$# #re)e"t +" circu$ta"iala de ti$#: hen $ hae some"ays off, $ go to the mountains. C."d a$ c.te%a )ile li(ere& $er' la $u"te*U"ui %iitor +" re'e"t +i core#u"de u" #re)e"t +" te$#oral& #e"tru a e#ri$a i$ulta"eitatea aciu"ilor:hile you are getting rea"y, $2ll make a telephone call. 2" ti$# ce te #re'teti& a$  dau u" teleo"*

 $2ll be waiting right here when you come out the e?amination room. Te %oi ate#ta c4iar aici c."d %eiiei di" ala de ea$e"*i u" #re)e"t au 3ree"t 3erect #e"tru a"terioritate: fter the film is oer, we2ll go for a walk. u# cee %a ter$i"a il$ul& %o$ ace o #li$(are* $2ll help you as soon as $ hae finishe" my homework. Te %oia-uta de +"dat ce +$i %oi i ter$i"at leciile*Atenie la diere"a di"tre ro$."i e"'le)* Te %oi a-uta +"dat ce +$i %oi 0i1 ter$i"a0t1 leciile* / A$ te a-ut c."d a$ ,$i ter$i" leciile*U" #redicat la u" ti$# trecut +" #ro#o)iia #ri"ci#al cere 3at Te"e +" #ro#o)iia te$#oral& #e"true#ri$area i$ulta"eitii: hen $ left for school this morning, it was raining heaily. C."d a$ #lecat lacoal a)i de di$i"ea& #loua cu 'leata*i 3at 3erect #e"tru e#ri$area u"ei aciu"i a"terioare celei di" #ri"ci#al: They left the clasroom as

 soon as they ha" finishe" their papers. Au ieit di" cla de +"dat ce / i$ediat du# ce i,au ter$i"atlucr rile*Aceleai re'uli u"t %ala(ile i c."d #redicatul #ro#o)iiei re'e"te ete la %iitor +" trecut:

 $ tol" you $ woul" call on you as soon as ha" finishe" the book. $ tol" you $ woul" call on you when $ ha" some spare time.

Atenie la traducerea acetor #ro#o)iii!2" li$(a ro$." e oloete %iitorul +" te$#oral& #e c."d +" li$(a e"'le) "u$ai 3at Te"e au 3at3erect:i,a$ #u c %oi trece #e la ti"e de +"dat ce %oi i ter$i"at cartea*i,a$ #u c %oi trece #e la ti"e c."d %oi a%ea #ui" ti$# li(er*C."d %er(ul di" #ro#)iia re'e"t ete la $odul co"diio"al& %er(ul di" circu$ta"iala de ti$# ete la3at Te"e: $ woul" try to call on you before you went away. A +"cerca  trec #e la ti"e +"ai"te  #leci+" ora*NotB atorit e"ului& ater #oate i ur$at de 3at Te"e au de 3at 3erect& #e"tru a e#ri$aa"terioritatea aciu"ii di" circu$ta"iala de ti$# a de aciu"ea di" #ro#o)iia #ri"ci#al:

 He rang up all his frien"s after he returne" from the trip. He rang up all his frien"s after he ha" returne" from the trip.2" $od i$ilar& u"till / till #ot i ur$ate de 3at Te"e au de 3at 3erect +" u(ordo"ata de ti$#:

 He "i"n2t leae until he receie" a "efinite answer. He "i"n2t leae until he ha" receie" a "efinite answer. pag: /5/ Nu a #lecat #." "u a #ri$it u" r #u" #reci* Aefore #er$ite olorea lui 3at Te"e au a lui 3at 3erect +" #ro#o)iia #ri"ci#al +"oit de ou(ordo"at te$#oral la 3at Te"e:4he gae him your message before you arrie".4he ha" gien him your message before you arrie".Ea i,a tra"$i / +i tra"$iee $aa-ul tu +"ai"te  oeti tu*2" toate cele trei ca)uri& oloirea lui 3at 3erect u(li"ia) a"terioritatea aciu"ii*S#re deoe(ire de co"-u"ciile de $ai u& P4e" ete ur$at de 3at Te"e #e"tru a i"dica:a1 i$ulta"eitatea aciu"ilor di" cele dou #ro#o)iii: e pai" for the materials when the company"eliere" them. 0P4e" F at t4at $o$e"t1 A$ #ltit #e"tru $ateriale c."d le,a li%rat +"tre#ri"derea*

 (1 ucceiu"ea i$ediat a celor dou aciu"i: hen Peter returne" from school, his mother cooke" "inner. 0P4e" F a oo" a1 C."d 3etre ,a +"tor de la coal& $a$a a a #re'tit $aa*hen ete ur$at de 3at 3erect #e"tru a ar ta c aciu"ea di" u(ordo"ata de ti$# o #recede #e cea di"

 #ri"ci#al: e pai" for the materials when the company ha" "eliere" them. 0t4e$ F ater1 A$ #ltit #e"tru $ateriale du# ce le,a li%rat +"tre#ri"derea*Co"-u"cia since cere oloirea lui 3ree"t 3erect +" #ro#o)iia #ri"ci#al #e"tru a i"dica #erioada deti$# #." la 0au e%e"tual i +"1 $o$e"tul #re)e"t* Cu %er(e care i"dic durata 0e*: li%e& ta& (e& oP"1i"ce #oate i ur$at de acet ti$# i +" #ro#o)iia te$#oral:4ince we came to this town we hae isite" the rt +alleries seeral times.4ince we2e been liing here we hae isite" the rt +alleries seeral times.

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e c."d a$ %e"it +" acet ora& a$ %i)itat Galeriile de Art de $ai $ulte ori*e c."d locui$ aici& a$ %i)itat Galeriile de Art de $ai $ulte ori*5&;&0& Re-ucerea propoziiei circum*taniale -e timp3ro#o)iia circu$ta"ial de ti$# #oate i redu la o co"trucie or$at di"tr,o co"-u"cie de ti$# iu" u(ta"ti%& ad-ecti% au #artici#iu& al crui u(iect ete u(iectul di" #ro#o)iia re'e"t: He always

 sings while shaing. Totdeau"a c."t c."d e (r(ierete*Co"-u"cia #oate i o$i +"ai"tea co"truciei #artici#iale& care #oate i #re)e"t au #erect: alking to school, $ met my nglish teacher. Mer'."d #re coal l,a$ +"t.l"it #e #roeorul de e"'le)* Haing "one my homework, $ went to the cinema. Ter$i"."du,$i leciile / u# ce $i,a$  cut leciile& $,a$du la ci"e$a*u# co"-u"ciile care #ot i oloite i ca #re#o)iii& e oloec co"trucii 'eru"diale: $ swiche" off all the lights before going to be". A$ ti" toate lu$i"ile +"ai"te  $er' la culcare*Co"trucia 'eru"dial i"trodu de on, after sau berfore #oate a%eai u" u(iect dierit de cel di"

 #ro#o)iia re'e"t& e#ri$at #ri"tr,u" #ro"u$e au u(ta"ti% +" ca)ul 'e"iti% au acu)ati%: pag: /5 fter his passing all his e?ams, his frien"s came to celebrate. fter him passing all his e?ams, his frien"s came to celebrate. feter Tom passing all his e?ams, his frien"s came to celebrate. fter Tom2s passing all his e?ams, his frien"s came to celebrate.u# ce To$ / el i,a luat toate ea$e"ele& #riete"ii au %e"it ,l r(toreac*

3ro#o)iia te$#oral #oate i +"locuit i de o co"trucie #re#o)iio"al: fter acia2s "efeat by the @omans, it become a @oman proince. u# +"r."'erea aciei de ctre ro$a"i& ara a de%e"it o #ro%i"cie ro$a"*5&('& Propoziia circum*tanial -e loc "T#e A-/erbila Clau*e o) Place%5&('&(* 3ro#o)iia circu$ta"ial de loc ete i"trodu de ad%er(ele where, whereer i e co"truietecu orice ti$#: oul" you please put those books back where they belong. i %rea % ro'  #u"eiile +"a#oi / u"de le ete locul* hereer we went, we met hopitable people. riu"de $er'ea$&+"t.l"ea$ oa$e"i o#italieri*5&('&* Circu$ta"iala de loc ete de o(icei +"locuit de u" ad%er( de loc au de o co"trucie

 #re#o)iio"al: oul" you please put those books in their right place> e met hospitable peopleeerywhere.5&((& Propoziia circum*tanial -e mo- propriu6zi* "T#e A-/erbial Clau*e o) Manner%Aceata ete i"trodu de 0eactl1 a& 0-ut1 a i e co"truiete cu orice ti$# cerut de lo'ica e"u"ului

di" #ri"ci#al: He will "o ;ust as you tol" him.Va ace eact cu$ i,ai #u*3ro#o)iia circu$ta"ial de $od #ro#riu,)i #oate i redu la:a1 u" #artici#iu #re)e"t au trecut c."d u(iectul #artici#iului ete u(iectul au co$#le$e"tul

 #redicatului di" #ro#o)iia re'e"t: He came to us smiling. Se +"drea#t #re "oi ).$(i"d* He bought the house unrepaire" an" unpainte". A cu$#rat caa "ere#arati "e%ruit*

 (1 o co"trucie 'eru"dial& du# o #re#o)iie: He resembles you in spen"ing ;his spare time rea"ing.Sea$ cu ti"e #ri" a#tul ci #etrece ti$#uil li(er citi"d*c1 #re#o)iie u(ta"ti%: He "iffers from you in "isposition. Se deoe(ete de ti"e la di#o)iie*5&(& Propoziia circum*tanial -e mo- comparati/ "T#e A-/erbial Clau*e o) Compari*on%5&(&(* 3ro#o)iia circu$ta"ial de $od co$#arati% ete i"trodu de co"-u"ciile as, than, as if, asthough.Co"-u"cia a ete #recedat +" re'e"t de u" ad-ecti% la 'radul #o)iti% au de u" u(ta"ti%* Cu%i"tele

as, so, such au the same #ot a"tici#a co"-u"cia as: The film is not as goo" as you thought. Kil$ul "uete at.t de (u" c.t ai cre)ut* They hear" such a noise as they ha" neer hear" before. Au au)it u"ae$e"ea )'o$ot& cu$ "u $ai au)ier  "iciodat* He left for school the same time as $ "i". A #lecat lacoal la aceeai or  la care a$ #lecat i eu*

 pag: /51Co"-u"cia than ete #recedat de u" ad-ecti% la 'radul co$#arati% care e al +" #ro#o)iia re'e"t: Hewas ol"er than we ha" e?pecte". El era $ai +" %."rt dec.t cre)ue$*2" #ro#o)iiile circu$ta"iale de $od co$#arati%e& %er(ul #oate i o$i* 2" acet ca)& #ro"u$ele

 #ero"ale u"t +" ca)ul acu)ati%: $ sang better than he "i". A$ c."tat $ai (i"e dec.t a c."tat el*

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 $ sang better than him. A$ c."tat $ai (i"e dec.t el*3ro#o)iia co$#arati% eli#ticb ete $ai rec%e"t dec.t cea +" care %er(ul ete e#ri$at* Ver(ul "u

 #oate i o$i dec.t dac ete (e au dac at.t re'e"ta c.t i u(ordo"ata co"i" acelai %er(: 4he 4peaks nglish better than him 3Than he speaks it#. Ea %or(ete e"'le)ete $ai (i"e dec.t el*dar: 4he speaks nglish better than she writes it. Ea %or(ete li$(a e"'le) $ai (i"e dec.t crie*5&(&& olo*irea timpurilor .n propoziiile comparati/e3ro#o)iiile co$#arati%e i"trodue de as, than e co"truiec cu orice ti$# co"diio"at lo'ic de

 #redicatul #ro#o)iiei #ri"ci#ale: He was as busy as we ha" thought. He was as busy as a man coul" be. He was as busy as him son is now. He was as busy as you are going to be.2" #ro#o)iia co$#arati% de ti#ul cu c.t***cu at.t& care e co"truiete +" li$(a e"'le) cu a-utorul a douad-ecti%e au ad%er(e la co$#arati% 0u"ul +" #ro#o)iia re'e"t& altul +" #ro#o)iia co$#arati%1&

 #recedate de articolul 4otr.t t4e& e oloec de re'ul %iitorul +" #ri"ci#ali #re)e"tul +" co$#arati%:The har"er you work, the better results you will get. Cu c.t %ei $u"ci $ai $ult& cu at.t %ei o(i"ere)ultate $ai (u"e*au: 3art Te"e 3at Te"e: The more frecently they met, the more they like" each other * Cu c.t e+"t.l"eau $ai de& cu at.t e #lceau $ai $ult*3ro#o)iiile co$#arati%e i"trodue de as if, as though, 0du# u" %er( #re)e"t au trecut1 e co"truiec

cu i"dicati%ul #re)"et au %iitor #e"tru e#ri$area u"ei co$#araii reale: $t looks as if he has been here. 3an" he has#. $t looks as if it is going to rain. 3$t2s clou"y#.i cu 3at Te"e 0i$ulta"eitate1 au 3at 3erect 0a"terioritate1 #e"tru a e#ri$a o co$#araiei$a'i"ar & ireal:

 He talks ! talke" as if he were a teacher 3but he isn2t ! wasn2t#. He behaes ! behae" as if he ha" been here 3but ;e hasn Vt ! ha"n2t#.5&(&0& Co$#araiile reale e traduc +" ro$." #ri" i"dicati%& cele ireale #ri" co"diio"al: Se #are c aot aici*dar: Se #oart de #arc ar i ot aici*3ro#o)iia co$#arati% #oate i +"locuit de u" ad-ecti%& u" #artici#iu au de o co"trucie

 #re#o)iio"al:4he behae" as though angry.

4he behae" as if seeking encouragement.4he behae" as though "ae".4he behae" as if in search of something.

 pag: /55Se #urta de #arc ar i ot u#rat*Se #urta de #arc ar i a%ut "e%oie de o +"cura-are*Se #urta de #arc ar i ot a$eit*Se #urta de #arc ar i cutat ce%a*ac #ro#o)iia co$#arati%b ete i"trodu de t4a"& ea #oate i +"locuit de u" i"i"iti% 0cu au   to1:

 He "i" nothing more than 3to# sign his name. N,a  cut "i$ic altce%a dec.t i e$"e)e "u$ele*5&(0& Propoziia circum*tanial cauzal "T#e A-/erbila Clau*e o) Rea*on%5&(0&(* 3ro#o)iia circu$ta"ial cau)al ete i"trodu de co"-u"ciile (ecaue& a& i"ce i eco"truiete cu orice ti$# co"diio"at lo'ic de %er(ul di" #ri"ci#al: 4ince an often forgets things, his

wife gae him a list. eoarece a" ete ca$ uituc& oia lui i,a dat o lit* $ got up at ten this morning because $ ha"n2t been able to sleep all night. $ got up at ten this morning because to"ay is 4un"ay.A)i di$i"ea $,a$ culat la ora )ece #e"tru c ",a$ #utut dor$i toat "oa#tea*A)i di$i"ea $,a$ culat la ora )ece #e"tru c a)i e du$i"ic*5&(0&& Circu$ta"iala cau)al #oate i redu la u" #artici#iu& ad-ecti%& u(ta"ti% au o co"trucie

 #re#o)iio"al: 'eeling unwell, he went to be" early. eoarece "u e i$ea (i"e& ,a du la culcarede%re$e* He was a"mire" as a man of character. Era ad$irat ii"d u" o$ de caracter*3artici#iul #oate ace #arte di"tr,u" "o$i"ati% a(olut: The wather being unsettle", we postpone" our trip. Vre$ea ii"d i"ta(ilb& "e,a$ a$."at ctoria*

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care #oate i +"locuit de o co"trucie #re#o)iio"al: $n such unsettle" weather we ha" to postpone our trip. 3e aa o %re$e i"ta(il& a tre(uit  "e a$."$ ctoria*u# o #ro#o)iie& e #oate oloi o co"trucie 'eru"dial: The little boy was scol"e" for going out inthe rain. ieelul a ot certat #e"tru c a ieit aar  +" #loaie*ac #ro#o)iia cau)al are acelai u(iect cu #ro#o)iia re'e"t& ea #oate i redu la u" i"i"iti%: $ was

 gla" to see them. M,a$ (ucurat ,i %d*care e tra"or$ +"tr,u" i"i"iti% cu or,to c."d cele dou u(iecte u"t dierite: $ was ashame" for them to speak like that. Mi,a ot rui"e c au %or(it aa*5&(4& Propoziia circum*tanial con-iional "T#e A-/erbial Clau*e o) Con-ition%Kra)ele co"diio"ale u"t or$ate di" dou eluri de #ro#o)iii: #ro#o)iia u(ordo"at co"diio"al 0i Claue1 reeritoare la co"diia care ace #oi(il +"de#li"irea aciu"ii di" #ri"ci#al& i #ro#o)iia

 #ri"ci#al au re'e"t 0$ai" Claue1 care e#ri$ re)ultatul au eectul co"diiei* pag: /56 5&(4&(& Eit trei ti#uri de $ari #ro#o)iii co"diio"ale:, ti#ul 5& o co"diie real %iitoare au 'e"eral& care e#ri$ o ituaie a"tici#at au #oi(il:, +"tr,u" $o$e"t %iitor: e2ll leae tomorrow if the weather is goo". Vo$ #leca $.i"e dac %a i %re$e

 (u"*, +" 'e"eral: $f $ make a mistake, the teacher always fin"s it. ac ac %reo 'reeal& #roeorul oete +"todeau"a*, ti#ul ;& o co"diie ireal #re)e"t au %iitoare& care e reer  la:, o ituaie i$a'i"ar & co"trar  u"ei realiti #re)e"te: $f the weather were better 3right now#, we coul" 

 go for a walk. ac %re$ea ar i $ai (u"& a$ #utea ace o #li$(are*, o ituaie i$#ro(a(il& +"tr,u" $o$e"t %iitor: $f $ ha" the "ay off tomorrow, $ woul" go to the beach.ac a a%ea )i li(er  $.i"e& $,a duce la #la-*, ti#ul & o co"diie ireal trecut& cu reerire la o ituaie i$a'i"ar  au co"trar  realitii +"tr,u" $o$e"ttrecut: $f the weather ha" been better, $ woul" hae left last <on"ay. ac %re$ea ar i ot $ai (u"& i #lecat lu"ea trecut*5&(4&& 3ro#o)iia circu$ta"ial co"diio"alb ete i"trodu de co"-u"ciile: ifF proi"e" 3that# ! solong as ! on con"ition thatF in case, suppose ! supposing 3that#.Co"diia "e'ati% ete i"trodu de unless.Co"-u"ciile in case i proi"e" u"t +"tre(ui"ate $ai ale cu #ro#o)iii co"diio"ale de ti#ul 5: $n case $ 

 see him, $2ll gie him your message. 2" ca) c,l %d& a$ ,i tra"$it $ea-ul tu* $2ll forgie you proi"e" you tell the truth. A$  te iert cu co"diia ,$i #ui ade%rul*

4uppose e oloete $ai ale cu #ro#o)iii co"diio"ale de ti#ul ; i : 4uppose you were a teacher,what woul" you "o> 3reu#u"."d c ai i #roeor& ce,ai ace W 4uppose she ha" been right, what woul" 

 you hae "one > #reu#u"e$ c ea ar i a%ut dre#tate& ce ai i  cut 0atu"ci1WEnless 0co"diie "e'ati%1 ete $ai rec%e"t +" #ro#o)iiile co"diio"ale de ti#ul 5& i ete ur$at de u"%er( la or$a air$ati%* Koloirea lui u"le +"trete "e'aia 0i "ot ete "eutru1*Co$#arai: $ won2t say anything if he "oesn2t bring up the matter himself. N,a$  #u" "i$ic dac "aduceel %or(a* $ won2t say anything unless he brings up the matter himself. N,a$  #u" "i$ic dec.tdac aduce el %or(a*3ro#o)iia co"diio"al #oate i i"trodui de alte cu%i"te de le'tur & ituaii +" care +i #ierde or$ade #ro#o)iie co"diio"al: 'in" the corect answer an" they2ll gie you a prie. 0F $f you fin" thecorrect answers, they2ll gie you a prie1*

 =ook at the map or else you will lose your way. =ook at the map otherwise you will lose your way.

2" e"'le)a literar & a#ar u"eori #ro#o)iii co"diio"ale +" care ordi"ea u(iect,%er( auiliar etei"%erat& iar co"-u"cia i ete o$i* Aceata e +"t.$#l de re'ul c."d #ro#o)iia co"diio"al co"i"ebe, hae, coul" sau shoul": ere $ in your position, $ shoul" apologie. ac a i +" locul tu& $i,acere cu)e* Ha" he known about this matter, he might, hae foun" a solution. ac a i tiut de#reaceat #ro(le$& #oate ar i 'it o oluie*2" ca)ul %er(elor "oio"ale e oloete shoul" ! woul" i"i"iti%ul: 4houl" he come earlier, we coul" goto the theatre. ac ar %e"i 0cu$%a1 $ai de%re$e& a$ #utea $er'e la teatru*

 pag: /57 5&(4&0& Or-inea propoziiilor& e o(icei #ro#o)iia co"diio"al ur$ea) #ro#o)iia re'e"t* ac o

 #reced& cele dou #ro#o)iii u"t de#ite #ri" %ir'ul: $f you go out, post these letters for me, will 

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 you. ac #leci +" ora& #u"e te ro' acete criori la #o #e"tru $i"e*5&(4&4& Timpurile )olo*ite +" ra)ele co"diio"ale u"t ur$toarele:Ti#ul de #ro#o)iieco"diio"alTi$#ul +" #ro#o)iia

 #ri"ci#alTi$#ul +" #ro#o)iiaco"diio"al5 Viitor/3re)e"t/I$#erati% 3re)e"tIHll 'o Pi$$i"' i t4e Pater i Par$*A teac4er i alPa 4a## i 4i #u#il Por 4ard*Go a"d (u ticet i ou Pa"t to ee t4e #la*; Co"diio"al #re)e"t 3at Te"eS4e Pould 'o o" a tri# i 4e Pere o" 4olida* Co"diio"al trecut 3at 3erectI Pould 4a%e #oe" toA""i I 4ad ee" 4er eterda*5&(4&5& Tra-ucerea propoziiilor con-iionale di" li$(a ro$." +" li$(a e"'le) #re)i"t de o(iceidiiculti& deoarece oloirea ti$#urilor dier  +" cele dou li$(i: +" ro$." e oloete %iitorul +"

 #ro#o)iia co"diio"al de ti# 5 i $odul co"diio"al at.t +" #ro#o)iia #ri"ci#al c.t i +" co"diio"al& #e c."d +" e"'le)& i"dicati%ul %iitor i co"diio"alul #re)e"t i trecut a#ar doar +" #ro#o)iiile #ri"ci#ale:5* M %oi duce  +"ot dac a#a %a i cald* ;* Ea ,ar duce +" ecurie dac ar i +" %aca"* * A i%or(it cu A"a dac a i %)ut,o ieri*NotB 2" li$(a e"'le) e #oate oloi %iitorul du# i doar c."d #ro#o)iia u(ordo"at ete co$#leti%direct 0"u co"diio"al1: $ "onMt know if he will come. Nu tiu daca %a %e"i*5&(4&7& Atenie A1 2" ra)ele co"diio"ale de ti#ul 5& care e reer  la o co"diie real& #oi(il& e $ai

 #ot oloi:, 3at Te"e 3at Te"e& care e#ri$ o co"diie i u" re)ultat real +" trecut: $f he felt tire", he went 

 for a walk. ac e i$ea o(oit&  cea o #li$(are*, Viitor / #re)e"t / i$#erati% +" #ro#o)iia #ri"ci#al  3ree"t 3erect / 3at Te"e& +" #ro#o)ibiaco"diio"al& #e"tru e#ri$area u"ei co"diii trecute i a u"ui re)ultat #re)e"t: $f you haen2t un"erstoo" the instructions, rea" them again. ac ",ai +"ele i"truciu"ile& citete,le di" "ou*

 $f he wasn2t here yester"ay, tell him to come to"ay. $f he wasn2t here yester"ay, he2ll come to"ay.ac ",a oat aici ieri& #u"e,i  %i" at)i*ac ",a oat aici ieri& %a %e"i at)i*

 pag. /5&5&(4&9& ?% ac %er(ul di" re'e"t e la %iitorul +" trecut& +" co"diio"al e oloete:, 3at Te"e #e"tru e#ri$area i$ulta"eitii: He promise" he woul" write to us if he ha" the time. A

 #ro$i c "e %a crie dac %a a%ea ti$#*, 3at #erect #e"tru a e#ri$a o aciu"e a"terioar  celei di" re'e"t: He promise" he woul" write to usif he ha" finishe" his work. A #ro$i c "e %a crie daci %a i ter$i"at lucrul*4&(4&:& 2" li$(a e"'le) #oat a#rea i co$(i"aii +"tre cele trei ti#uri de ra)e co"diio"ale:, ti# 5 0co"diia real1 cu ti# ; 0aciu"e ireal1: $f you hae a few hours to spare, $ woul" inite you tothe cinema. ac au c.te%a ore li(ere& te,a i"%ita la ci"e$a*

, ti# ; 0co"diie co"trar  realitii #re)e"te1 cu ti# 0aciu"e "ereali)at +" trecut1: $f she were a better  singer, she woul" hae participate" in the festial. ac ar i o c."trea $ai (u"& ar i #artici#at laeti%al*, ti# 0co"diie ireal +" trecut1 cu ti# ; 0re)ultatul co"diiei +" #re)e"t1: $f he ha"n2t ha" an acci"ent,he woul"n2t be in hospital now. ac ",ar i a%ut u" accide"t& ",ar i +" #ital acu$*5&(4&;& S4ould i"i"iti%ul #oate i oloit +" #ro#o)iiile co"diio"ale de ti#ul 5 i ; iar Pere to i"i"iti%ul +" #ro#o)iiile co"diio"ale de ti#ul ;& #e"tru a e#ri$a u" 'rad $are de i"certitudi"e& oituaie #ui" #ro(a(il: $f you shoul" get any news from her, let me know at once. ac e +"t.$#l 

 #ri$eti %eti de la ea& a"u",$ i$ediat* $f he were to come, $ woul" be ery happy. ac ar %e"icu$%a& a i oarte ericit*

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2" e"'le)a literar & a#are u"eori i"%eriu"e +"tre u(iect i %er(ul auiliar& iar i e o$ite: 4houl" you get any news, let me know at once. ere he to come, $ woul" be ery happy.5&(4&('& ill #oate i utili)at +" co"dibio"alele de ti#ul5& iar Pould +" cele de ti#ul ;& cu %aloarea de%er( $odal Xa %oiY: $f you will wait a moment, $2ll bring you the book you nee". ac %rei  ate#taiu" $o$e"t& % %oi aduce cartea de care a%ei "e%oie* e woul" be "elighte" if you woul" accept our initation. A$ i +"c."tai dac ai %oi  acce#tai i"%itaia "oatr *Aceat co"trucie ete oloit #e"tru a e#ri$a o ru'$i"te #oliticoa: $f you will ! woul" go this for me, $ shall be most grateful. ac a%ei / ai a%ea a$a(ilitatea  acei aceata #e"tru $i"e& % %oi irecu"octor*5&(4&((& Could / $i'4t i"i"iti%ul 0#re)e"t au #erect1 e oloete +" ra)ele co"diio"ale de ti#ul ;au +" locul auiliarului 4ould / Pould i"i"iti%ul 0#re)e"t au #erect1 c."d ete i$#licat o "ua"$odal: $f the weather were fine, we coul" go to the country oer the weeken". ac ar i %re$eru$oa& a$ #utea $er'e la ar  la .r itul  #t$."ii* 4he might hae passe" the e?am if she ha" 

 sole" all the problems. 3oate c ar i luat ea$e"ul dac ar i re)ol%at toate #ro(le$ele*5&(4&(& Circu$ta"iala co"diio"al #oate i redu la:a1 u" #artici#iu au ad-ecti%& c."d cele dou #ro#o)iii au acelai u(iect: Aorn in an earlier century, hewoul" hae been a great e?plorer. ac ,ar i "cut +" alt ecol& ar i ot u" $are e#lorator*

 (1 u" #artici#iu a(olut& c."d u(iectul ete 'e"eral au "edei"it: Iu"ging by appearances, she must betelling the truth. ac -udec$ du#b a#are"e cred c #u"e ade%rul*c1 o co"trucie i"i"iti%al 0u(iect i"de"tic au "edei"it1: $t woul" hurt her to talk like that. Ar $.4"iodac ai %or(i aa*d1 o co"trucie #re#o)iio"al:

 Aut for them $ woul" hae lost my way. ei $,a i r cit*ithout them $ woul" hae lost my way.  ei $,a i r cit*

 pag: /5-5&(5& Propoziia circum*tanial -e *cop "T#e A-/erbial Cloau*e o) Purpo*e%/5.5.. 3ro#o)iia circu$ta"ial de co# ete i"trodu de o t4at& u" order t4at i t4at 0or$al1*

 $n case, for fear that i lest 0+"%ec4it& or$al1 i"troduc #ro#o)iii de co# cu e" "e'ati% 0dar cu %er(ulla or$a air$ati%1*5&(5&& A% 3ro#o)iia circu$ta"ial de co# i"trodu de o t4at& caracteritic e"'le)ei a$iliare& eco"truiete cu:, Pill / ca" i"i"iti% du# u" %er( la #re)e"t& %iitor au i$#erati%:

 $2ll sen" the letter airmail so that he will get it right away.

4en" the letter airmail so that he can get it right away.0%oi1 tri$ite crioarea #ar a%io" ca ,o #ri$eac i$ediat*, cu Pould / could i"i"iti% du# u" %er( la u" ti$# trecut: $ gae her the key so that she coul" get in.I,a$ dat c4eia ca  #oat i"tra*B1 2" e"'le)a literar & e +"tre(ui"ea) co"-u"cia o t4at i $ai ale i" order t4at*U" #re)e"t& %iitor au i$#erati% +" re'e"t ete ur$at de $a au $ai rar de 4all i"i"iti% +"circu$ta"iala de co#: Jpen the win"ow so that she may get some fresh air. ec4ide ereatra ca

 #oat re#ira /  re#ire #ui" aer curat*iar u" ti$# trecut& de $i'4t / 4ould i"i"ti%: $ lent an the "ictionary so that he might "o thetranslation. I,a$ +$#ru$utat dicio"arul lui a" ca i ac traducerea*3ro#o)iiile de co# "e'ati%e u"t i"trodue de so that, in or"er that, ur$ate de will not i"i"iti% 0du#u" %er( la #re)e"t& %iitor au i$#erati%1: $ must gie him a list so that he won2t forget what to buy.Tre(uie ,i dau o lit ca  "u uite ce  cu$#ere*

au Pould / 4ould "ot i"i"iti%& du# u" %er( la u" ti$# trecut: They left early so that they woul"n2t be tire" the ne?t "ay* Au #lecat de%re$e ca  "u ie o(oii a doua )i*Ideea de co# "e'ati% #oate i e#ri$ati +" #ro#o)iii cu %er(ul la air$ati%* Acetea u"t i"trodue deco"-u"ciile:, i" cae& ur$at de 3ree"t / 3at Te"e au 4ould i"i"iti%:

 $2ll gie him a list in case he forgets what to buy. $2ll gie him a list in case he shoul" forget what to buy., or ear 0t4at1 4ould / Pould i"i"iti%:They want3e"# to leae early for fear they shoul" be tire" the ne?t "ay.They want3e"# to leae early for fear they woul" be tire" the ne?t "ay.

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,let 4ould i"i"iti%: He took a ta?i lest he shopul" miss the train. A luat u" tai ca  "u #iardtre"ul*

 pag: /60NotB I" cae ete oloit +" e"'le)a a$iliar & ca +"locuitor al lui let&care a ieit di" u)*5&(5&0* 3ro#o)iia circu$ta"ial de co# #oate i redu la:a1 o co"trucie i"i"iti%al& c."d u(iectul ei ete ide"tic cu cel di" #ro#o)iia re'e"t: He went to the

 park to listen to the ban" concert. S,a du +" #arc  aculte a"ara* (1 i"i"iti%ul cu or,to& c."d u(iectele u"t dierite: He took his chil"ren to the park for them to listen tothe ban" concert. i,a du co#iii +" #arc  aculte a"ara*Adeeori& i"i"iti%ul ete #recedat de so as, in or"er, sau on purpose #e"tru a u(li"ia ideea de co#:

 He went to the park so as to listen to the ban" concert. He went to the park in or"er to listen to the ban" concert.S,a du +" #arc #e"tru a aculta a"ara*c1 Co"trucia i"i"iti%al #oate i redu la o co"trucie #re#o)iio"al:The @omanians fought in the &77 * &7& war to get their in"epen"ence.The @omanians fought in the &77 * &7& war for in"epen"ence.Ro$."ii au lu#tat +" r )(oiul 5=88,5=8= #e"tru 0a do(."di1 i"de#e"de"*5&(7& Propoziia circum*tanial con*ecuti/ "T#e A-/erbial Clau*e o) Re*ult%5&(7&(& Acete #ro#o)iii u"t i"trodue de co"-u"cia t4at #orecedat +" re'e"t de so, such: au deco"-u"cia so 3that#. So ete ur$at& +" re'e"t & de u" ad-ecti% au de ad%er(& #e c."d uc4 ete ur$at de

u" 0ad-ecti% 1 u(t"ati%* $t was so hot that we opene" all the win"ows. $t was such a hot "ay that we opene" all the win"ows. $t was hot so we opene" all the win"ows.Era aa de cald +"c.t a$ dec4i toate eretrele*Era o )i aa de ier(i"te +"c.t a$ dec4i toate eretrele*Era cald& aa c a$ dec4i toate eretrele*3e"tru u(li"iere& co"-u"cia o e aea) u"eori la +"ce#utul circu$ta"ialei co"ecuti%e* 2" acet ca)&are loc i"%eriu"e +"tre u(iect i #redicat: 4o "ifficult was the e?ercise, that nobo"y coul" "o it. a de'reu a ot eerciiul& c "i$e"i ",a #utut ,l ac*5&(7&& 3redicatul #ro#o)iiei co"ecuti%e ete la ori%e ti$# cerut de lo'ica e"u"ului:

 He "i" his ;ob so well that they promote" him. He "i" his ;ob so well that $2ll neer forget him.

i  cea aa de (i"e er%iciul +"c.t l,au #ro$o%at*bi  cea aa de (i"e er%iciul +"c.t "u,l %oi uita "iciodat*

 pag: /65&(7&0& C."d u(iectul #ro#o)iiei re'e"te ete acelai cu cel al #ro#o)iiei co"ecuti%e& aceata #oate iredu la:a1 a to i"i"iti% c."d #ro#o)iia co"ecuti% ete a"tici#at de uc4 au o: Aehae in such a way asto be a"mire". 3oart,te +" aa el +"c.t  ii ad$irat*

 (1 o a to i"i"iti%: Put on your coats so as to be rea"y. 3u"ei,% 4ai"ele ca  ii 'ata*c1 o co"trucie i"i"iti%al: He talke" slowly enought to be un"erstoo". A %or(it detul de rar ca

 #oat i +"ele*ac cele dou #ro#o)iii au u(iecte dierite& circu$ta"iala co"ecuti% #oate i +"locuit de i"i"iti%ulcu or,to: T4e coee Pa too 4ot or $e to ri"* Caeaua era #rea ier(i"te ca ,o #ot (ea*5&(9& Propoziia circum*tanial conce*i/ "T#e A-/erbial Clau*e o) Conce**ion%

5&(9&(& 3ro#o)iia circu$ta"ial co"cei% ete i"trodu de: though, although 0$ai or$al1& een if ! though, howeer 0ad-ecti% / ad%er(1& whoeer, whaterer, no matter, whereas 0or$al1*5&(9&& 3ro#o)iia circu$ta"ial co"cei% #oate a%ea i or$a u"ei #ro#o)iii& a#are"t #ri"ci#ale& dea#t u(ordo"at& e#ri$at #ri":a1 u" i$#erati%: =augh as much as you like, $2ll "o it this way. R.)i c.t ai %rea& eu a$  ac aa*

 (1 i$#erati% cu let: =et him be the laiest fellow in the worl", $ woul" still try to help him. ie i cel$ai le"e o$ di" lu$e i tot a +"cerca ,l a-ut*c1 u(-o"cti% i"tetic: $2ll receie him, be he who may. A$ ,l #ri$ec orici"e ar i*5&(9&0& Timpurile %er(ale oloite +" circu$ta"iale co"cei%e u"t ti$#urile #re)e"te i trecute alei"dicati%ului:

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Though he has neer stu"ie" music, he plays the piano ery well. lthough he is not a professional, he plays the piano ery well. en though he "i" not stu"y music in school, he plays the piano ery well.ei / Cu toate c ",a tudiat "iciodat $u)ica& el c."t oarte (i"e la #ia"*ei / Cu toate c "u ete #roeio"it& el c."t oarte (i"e la #ia"*ei / Cu toate c "u a tudiat $u)ica la coal& el c."t oarte (i"e la #ia"*3l#though he ha" been playing fotball all morning, he wasn2t ery tire". ei -ucae ot(al toatdi$i"eaa& "u era o(oit*3l#though he was not feeling ery well, he continue" his work. ei "u e i$ea oarte (i"e& i,aco"ti"uat lucrul*Ma / $i'4t i"i"iti%ul ete oloit +" #ro#o)iiile co"cei%e #e"tru a e#ri$a o #reu#u"ere: hoeer may ! might come, show him in.2" li$(a ro$."& i"dicati%ul di" #ro#o)iia co"cei% e traduce tot #ri" i"dicati%& #e c."d $a/$i'4t i"i"ti% e traduc #ri" co"diio"al: rici"e ar %e"i& #otete,l +"u"tru*3ro#o)iie co"cei% #oate i redu la:a1 u" #artici#iu& ad-ecti% au u(ta"ti%: Though tire", she continue" her work. ei o(oit& i,aco"ti"uat $u"c*

 (1 u" #artici#iu a(olt& c."d u(iectul ete "edei"it: en a"mittin his e?planation, his behaiour cannot be e?cuse". C4iar dac ad$ited e#licaia lui& co$#ortarea lui "u #oate i cu)at*c1 o co"trucia #re#o)iie& co"i"."d de o(icei cu%."d all:

 He is a kin" man for all his faults. Ete u" o$ (u" cu toate / +" ciuda deectelor lui* He is a kin" man with all his faults. Ete u" o$ (u" cu toate / +" ciuda deectelor lui* He is a kin" man in spite of his faults. Ete u" o$ (u" cu toate / +" ciuda deectelor lui*E+erciii cap& 465

 $. Transfomai pile "e propoiie scrise cursi Cn propoiii subor"onate:Ce e ala i"tre #ara"te)e dre#te u"t #ar ile crie curi%5* Oe lot 4i Pa Q(ecaue o t4ic o'* ;* e Pe"t o" t4e #ic"ic Qi" #ite o t4e 4ea% rai"* *QKolloPi"' t4e da"ce& t4e 4ote er%ed rere4e$e"t* * T4e (oo Qo" $ de 4a%e to (eretur"ed to t4e li(rar* * Oe Pe"t to t4e #ot oiiceQ i" order to (u o$e ta$#* 7* T4e 'ree" drecot Q a $uc4 a t4e red dre* 8* QOer (ei"' late a$a)e $e* =* e Pere ati"i4ed Qat 4i

 (e4a%iour* 6* ou ca" rel Qo" 4i 4el#* 5* e aP i"tereti"' t4i"' e%erP4ere*55* Oe #ea Qliea "ati%e* 5;* QBut or 4er& I Pould 4a%e or'otte" a(out t4e $eeti"'* 5* T4i i t4e reao" Qor 4i earlarri%al* 5* QT4e Peat4er (ei"' o cold& Pe $ade a ire*

 $$. Punei erbele "in parante la forma potriit :5* I irt $et 4er tPe"t ear a'o P4e" I 0li%e1 i" 3ari* ;* I 04a%e1 a ti" a#art$e"t i" t4e Lati" uarter a"d I 0ear"1 (arel e"ou'4 $o"e to ee# (od a"d oul to'et4er* * S4e 4ad read a (oo o $i"e a"d0Prite1 to $e a(out it* * I 0a"Per1& t4a"i"' 4er& a"d #ree"tl I 0recei%e1 ro$4er a"ot4er letter ai"'t4at 4e 0#a1 t4rou'4 3ari a"d 0lie1 to 4a%e a c4at Pit4 $e* * I 0a"Per1 t4at I 0$eet1 4er at Kooto" T4urda at 4al,#at tPel%e* 7* S4e 0(e1 "ot o ou"' a I 0e#ect1 a"d i" a##eara"ce i$#oi"'rat4er t4a" attracti%e* 8* S4e 0(e1 i" act a Po$a" o ort , a c4ar$i"' a'e& (ut "ot o"e t4at 0ecite1 audde" a"d de%atati"' #aio" at irt i'4t* =* S4e alo 0'i%e1 $e t4e i$#reio" a 4a%i"' $ore teet4t4a" 0(e1 "ecear or a" #ractical #ur#oe* 6* I 0(e1 tartled P4e" t4e (ill o are 0 (e1 (rou'4t or t4e

 #rice 0(e1 a 'reat deal 4i'4er t4a" I 0a"tici#ate1* 5* I 0"oP1 eactl 4oP $uc4 $o"e I 04a%e1 a"d i t4e (ill 0co$e1 to $ore I 0$ae u#1 $ $i"d t4at I 0#ut1 $ 4a"d i" $ #ocet a"d Pit4 a dra$atic crtart u# a"d a it 0(e1 #iced* 55* coure it 0(e1 aPPard i 4e 04a%e1 "ot $o"e e"ou'4 eit4er to

 #a t4e (ill* 5;* T4e" t4e o"l t4i"' to do 0(e1 to lea%e $ Patc4 a"d a I 0co$e1 (ac a"d #a later*

 $$$. Tra"ucei Cn limba engle:5* Mu)ica #e care a$ acultat,o aear  era de Geor'e E"ecu* ;* Va %e"i de +"dat ce,i %a ter$i"atrea(a* * A ot aa de ri' +" ulti$a %re$e +"c.t au +"'4eat r.urile* Mar a #lecat +" 'ra(& de tea$ "u +"t.r)ie* * To$ a %i)itat e#o)iia ca  le #oat #o%eti #riete"ilor de#re ea* 7* ac el ar i aici&"e,ar #utea a-uta* 8* Ea %a %e"i $.i"e aca daca i,a ter$i"at ea$e"ele* =* A i trecut #e la ea dac$i,ar i #u u"de locuiebte* 6* I,a$ #ro$i 3aulei c o %oi a-uta c."d a$  $ +"torc di" %aca"* 5*a" a #u c,i #lace  tudie)e 'ra$atiica* 55* E ciudat c +"cearc  teleo"e)e la aceat or  t.r)ie*5;* Tata #ro#u"e  i$ 'ata #e la oa 5;* 5* u$i"ica trecut a$ tat aca #e"tru c a ot %re$e rea*5* Ne,a ai'urat aear  c te %a aate#ta #." te %ei +"toarce* 5* Tata a cu$#rat o $ai" %ec4e& dei

 #riete"ii lui l,au  tuit  "u o ac* 57* A)i di$i"ea ecretara a a-u" la (irou $ai de%re$e dec.t de

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o(icei* 58* riu"de "e ducea$& "e o#rea$ i cerea$ i"or$aii*IV* A* Secretarul urcae crile de ier i era a#oa#e  "u,i o(er%e* 2i cutae toat di$i"eaa&   ai( aerul c o ace* Mucal +i #ue u"de i,ar #utea 'i& dar el $i"i c "u,l i"tereau* Ar i trecut #ealturi dac "u ar i au)it 'laul 'ro al lui Sa"du* 0Eu'e" Bar(u , U"#re)ece1B* Iu(ite G4i* Su"t o#t )ile de c."d i,a$ tri$i o crioare #ri" care te ru'a$ ,$i ra#u")i dac

 #eroa"a ce %oia  cu$#ere ta(louri de la $i"e& de#re care $i,ai cri $ai de $ult& $ai #erit +"dori"a a i dac& #ri" ur$are ,i tri$it ie ta(louri +" acet co#*Ta(loul tu cu Cea4lul& de#re care +i criee$ c e +" lucru& acu$ e 'ata co$#let* Ate#t u" r #u"al tu ca tiu ce ac* Al tu cu toat dra'otea& cta% B"cil*C* Iu(ite G4i* E ca$ $ult de c."d "u $a tiu "i$ica de#re ti"e* tiu c eti oarte ocu#at ca+"totdeau"a& totui c."d ete c4i#& crie,"ei "ou c.te%a r."dui i "e #u"e cu$ te ali i ce $ai aci*Eu u"t $ai (i"e de c+"d a$ ot la Teo4ari* Ceilali u"t cu toii toi*A$ ter$i"at #ortretul d,rei Cireaa i u"t oarte $ulu$it* La +"ce#ut i c4iar tot ti$#ul c.t $i,a tatdi#erae$ c "u %oi #utea,o ace (i"e di" cau)a u"ei %ioiciu"e ce o caracteri)ea)* A#oi "u e #reai"ea dec u%."t* 2$i  duia de ee$#lu& c %i"e $.i"e i eu ate#ta$ )adar"ic& cci $ tr 'ea #eoar * ar& +" i"e& a trecut tot "eca)ul& re)ultatul ii"d #e de#li" $ulu$itor& cel #ui" #e"tru $i"e caeecutor& "u tiu ce %or )ice criticii de toat $."a** cta% B"cil** Toat lu$ea tie c do$"ul 3a"teli$o" +i re#arae %ec4ea,i $ai" To#oli"o& care ttue ci"ci a"i

 #e (utucii c "u era du$i"ic& dac ec4i#a -uca +" alt ora  li#eac* Se +$#ru$uta de (a"i& daca "a%ea&u$#lea re)er%orul cu (e")i"i  cea u" tur la %ola" #ri" ce"tru& ca  ie %)ut* Mai"uba aru"ca'a)e de,ai i #u c deau#ra oraului #lutea u" %al de cea artiicial* Trectorii iei la #li$(are laora u"#re)ece coteau (atitele i le #u"eau la "a* L."' el& Vi)a"te  cea e$"e cu"ocuilor cu$."a* 0E* Bar(u,,U"#re)ece1*E* Su"t %ie ce #arc le,a$ i tr it c."d%a i u"de%a& #recu$ u"t lucruri %ieuite de#re care "e+"tre($ dac ",au ot %i* La ata $ '."dea$ deu")i eara c."d r i"d #ri"tre 4.rtiile $ele ca d ce e $ai #oate 'i de ar , 4.rtiile +"curc , a$ dat #ete o crioare care $i,a dete#tat a$i"tireau"ei +"t.$#lri ciudate& aa de ciudat c& de ",ar i dec.t a#te a"i de c."d ,a #etrecut& $,a i$icu#ri" de +"doial& a cred c +"tr,ade%r a$ %iat "u$ai au c a$ citit,o ori au)it,o de$ult*Era +" 568* Kuee$ 'reu (ol"a% +" Bucureti i $ +"torcea$ la Berli"* 2"toirea $ea e  cea cua"e%oi"& cer."d +"'ri-iri $ari* La #lecare doctorul $,a  tuit  $a erec #."i de cele $ai uoareeorturi** Bietul doctor! A$ dat di" u$eri & ).$(i"d i i,a$ #u  ie #e #ace*0Mateiu Cara'iale , Re$e$(er1

 pag: /61

7& Vorbirea -irecti in-irect "1irect an- In-irect 2peec#%Eit dou #oi(iliti de redarea a #uelor cui%a: #ri" %or(ire directi i"direct*7&(& Vorbirea -irect "1irect 2peec#%7&(&(& 2" %or(irea direct e re#roduc +"toc$ai cu%i"tele #eroa"ei care le,a rotit* Acetea e i"troducde o(icei #ri" %ir'ul i u"t +"cadrate +"tre '4ili$ele& #re deoe(ire de li$(a ro$.": He aske" me,Ohere is an > M,a +"tre(at: , U"de ete a"W7&(&& E"u"ul re#rodu +"de#li"ete u"cia de #ro#o)iie co$#leti% direct a #redicatului di"

 #ro#o)iia #ri"ci#al* 3ro#o)iia #ri"ci#al #oate a#rea +"ai"te& i"tercalat au du# co$#leti%a direct*Cu ece#ia #o)iiei i"iiale& #oate a%ea loc i"%eriu"e +"tre u(iect i #redicat c."d u(iectul etee#ri$at #ri"tr,u" u(ta"ti%& iar %er(ul ete la 3ree"t aau 3at Te"e Si$#le: Tom sai", $ can comewith you,dar:

 $ can come with you sai" Tom.

 $ can come with you Tom sai". $ can come with you he sai".7&(&0& olo*irea timpurilor +" %or(irea direct "u ete aectat de ti$#ul #redicatului di" #ro#o)iia

 #ri"ci#al: He is saying *$2ll see him tomorrow.* $ met her last night.* $2e ;ust arrie".

 He has sai" *$2ll see him tomorrow.* $ met her last night.* $2e ;ust arrie".

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 He sai" *$2ll see him tomorrow.* $ met her last night.* $2e ;ust arrie".7&& Vorbirea in-irect "In-irect = Reporte- 2peec#%2" %or(irea i"direct& o a treia #eroa" red #uele cui%a&   a re#roduce totdeau"a +"toc$aicu%i"tele ale: Iohn sai" to Peter, 4hall $ meet you at the station tomorrow >

 Iohn suggeste" that he shoul" meet Peter at the station the ne?t "ay. Iohn suggeste" meeting Peter at the station the ne?t "ay.3ro#o)iia re#rodu +"de#li"ete de ae$e"ea u"cia de co$#leti% direct a #redicatului di"

 #ro#o)iia #ri"ci#al* pag: /657&0& Tran*)ormarea /orbirii -irecte .n /orbire in-irect "C#ange )orm 1irect to In-irect 2peec#%C."d%a #uele cui%a u"t trecute de la %or(irea direct la cea i"direct& #rocedeul rec%e"t utili)at +"co%eraie& au loc a"u$ite c4i$(ri at.t +" #ro#o)iia #ri"ci#al c.t i +" co$#leti%a direct*Modiicrile u"t de dou eluri: A1 'e"erale& care aectea) orice el de e"u" re#rodu9 B1 #eciice&caracteritice iecrui ti# de #ro#o)iie: e"u"iati%& i"tero'ati%& ecla$ati%& i$#erati%*7&0&(& A& Mo-i)icrile generale e reer  la: #eroa"& deter$i"a"i i ti$#uri %er(ale*3ro"u$ele #ero"al& relei% i #oei% e c4i$(a du# +"ele: #eroa"a I i II,a de%i" de o(icei

 #eroa"a a III,a: Tom sai" to <ary, %ou shoul" hae aske" me first. Tom tol" <ary that she shoul" hae aske" him first.

3ot a#rea +"i ca)uri ca: %ou are right, iana, sai" Paul. iana: Paul sai" that $ was right.3ro"u$ele r $."e "ec4i$(at c."d %or(itorul +i re#roduce #ro#riile lui cu%i"te: $ think we shoul" leaeimme"iately, $ sai". $ sai" $ thought we shoul" leae imme"iately.7&0&& 3ro"u$ele / ad-ecti%ele de$o"trati%e i ad%er(ele de loc i ti$# ce i"dic a#ro#ierea u"t+"locuite cu altele care e#ri$ de#rtarea* Atel:this de%i"e that 

this de%i"e those

here de%i"e there

to-a$ de%i"e that day

 yesterday de%i"e the day $efore

tomorrow de%i"e the next following day

next week de%i"e the previous week the week $efore

Sc4i$(area ad%er(elor de loc i ti$# "u are loc +" $od auto$at* Co"tetul i $o$e"tul %or(irii

i"directe i"dic c4i$(rile "eceare: The teacher sai", Tom, bring your paintings here the "ay after tomorrow. The teacher tol" Tom to bring his paintings to school in two "ays time.7&0&0& 2" ceea ce #ri%ete ad%er(ele de ti$#& ele u"t +"locuite "u$ai dac relaia di"tre $o$e"tul%or(irii i"directe i $o$e"tul %or(irii directe "u $ai ete aceeai: 8 : a*$* Radio,"eP re#ort: Briti4teel Porer are #la""i"' a rade,u"io" $eeti"' to$orroP* To$ : T4e aid o" t4e radio eterda t4atBriti4 teel Porer are #la""i"' a trade,u"io" $eeti"' toda*ac actul de %or(ire are loc i ete re#rodu +" acceai )i& c4i$(area #ro"u$elor i ad%er(elor deter$i"ati%e "u $ai ete "eceare& deoarece +"eleul lor ete acelai a de $o$e"tul #re)e"t: a":T4e aid o" t4e radio t4i $or"i"' t4at Briti4 teel Porer are #la""i"' a trade,u"io" $eeti"'to$orroP*olo*irea timpurilor .n /orbirea in-irect/6..1. ac #redicatul di" #ro#o)iia #ri"ci#al ete la #re)e"t& 3ree"t 3erect au %iitor& ti$#ul di"

 #ro#o)iia redat +" %or(irea i"direct 0co$#leti%a direct1 r $." "ec4i$(at*

 pag: /66  lice is saying to Tom, $2ll help you if $ can. lice has sai" to Tom, $2ll help you if $ can.Vor(ire i"direct:

 lice is telling Tom she will help him if she can. lice has tol" Tom she will help him if she can.Ad-ecti%ele / #ro"u$ele de$o"trati%e au ad%er(ele di" co$#leti%a direct r $." de ae$e"ea"ec4i$(ate: lice has sai", $2ll come here tomorrow. lice has promise" she will come here tomorrow.7&0&5& ac #redicatul #ro#o)iiei #ri"ci#ale ete la u" ti$# trecut: 3at Te"e& 3at 3erect& Kuture ,i"t4e,3at& ti$#urile %er(ale di" e"u"ul re#rodu de%i" i ele trecute* Aceat c4i$(are a ti$#urilor ete

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de"u$it (ac,4it +" li$(a e"'le)& deoarece ea are loc di"#re #re)e"t #re trecut au di"#re trecut#re u" ti$# i $ai trecut:3ree"t de%i"e 3at Te"e93at Te"e& 3ree"t 3erect& 3at 3erect de%i" 3at 3erect9Kuture de%i"e Kuture,i",t4e,3at*Sc4i$(area ti$#urilor +" co$#leti%a direct e a#lic la #ro#o)iiile e"u"iati%e& ecla$ati%e ii"tero'ati%e*

 <r Arown sai" to his wife $2e been ery busy to"ay. <r Arown sai" to his wife How hungry $ am. <r Arown sai" to his wife will you gie me something to eat > <r Arown tol" his wife that he ha" been ery busy that "ay. He e?claime" that he was ery hungry. Heaske" his wife is she woul" gie him something to eat.3ro#o)iiile i$#erati%e& care de%i" i"i"iti%e +" %or(irea i"direct& "u e u#u" acetei re'uli& deoarece"u co"i" u" %er( la o or$ #ero"al: <rs Arown sai" to her husban", Ae carefulK on2t "rie so fastK

 <rs Arown tol" her husban" to be careful an" not to "rie so fast.7&0&7& Co"or$ re'ulilor de core#o"de" a ti$#urilor& du# u" %er( la u" ti$# trecut& 3ree"t i$#lede%i"e de o(icei 3at Si$#le +" %or(irea i"direct:

 oris sai", $ hae many frien"s. oris sai" she ha" many frien"s.E+cepiiB

a1 c."d #re)e"tul "edei"it e#ri$ o aciu"e re#etat& u" o(icei au o caracteritic a u(iectului& ti$#ul #oate r $." "ec4i$(at dac aciu"ea are acelai caracter i +" $o$e"tul #re)e"t 0$o$e"tul %or(iriii"directe1: +eorge sai" $ go to the seasi"e eery summer.+eorge sai" that he went to the seasi"e eery summer.+eorge sai" that he goes to the seasi"e eery summer.

 pag: /67  (1 c."d %or(irea direct e#ri$ u" a#t u"i%eral %ala(il& u" ade%r a(olut& ti$#ul "u e c4i$(: Theteacher sai", ater boils at 00° Belsius. The teacher sai" that water boils at 00° Belsius.c1 c."d co"i"utul e"u"ului ete %ala(il i +" $o$e"tul %or(irii: +eorge sai" $ can2t buy a pair of skisnow, $ haen2t sae" enough money. george sai", he can2t buy a pair of skis as he hasn2t sae" enoughmoney.3re)e"tul co"ti"uu e tra"or$ de o(icei +" 3at Te"e co"ti"uu: $2m rea"ing. He sai" he wasrea"ing.

7&0&9& aciu"e %iitoare ete e#ri$at +" %or(irea i"direct +" $odul ur$tor:will 0i"i"iti%1 de%i": woul" 0i"i"iti%1woul" 0i"i"iti%1 de%i": woul" 0i"i"iti%1

 $, we shall 0i"i"iti%1 de%i"e: he, they, woul" 0i"i"ti%1 am ! is ! are going to 0i"i"iti%1 de%i": was ! were going to 0i"i"iti%1Kra" aid& $2m going to buy a new car ne?t year.Kra" aid $ shall buy a acia car.Kra" aid he was going to buy a new car the following year a"d added he woul" buy a acia car.E+cepieB Core#o"de"a ti$#urilor "u e a#lic +" ca)ul +" care aciu"ea e %iitoare i $o$e"tul %or(iriii"directe& "u "u$ai +" $o$e"tul %or(irii directe: Geor'e aid& $2ll take up engineering after gra"uation.+eorge sai" he2ll take up engineering after gra"uation.7&0&:& Past 4imple de%i"e Past Perfect 4imple 2" %or(irea i"direct: <other sai", Tom hurt himself.

 <other sai" that Tom ha" hurt himself.

E+cepiiB3at Si$#le #oate r $."e "ec4i$(at #e"tru:a1 aciu"i re#etate +" trecut: Harry sai", $ inite" all my frien" to my birth"ay parties when $ was young.

 Harry sai" he inite" all his frien"s to his birth"ay parties when he was young. (1 e#ri$area u"ui a#t: The chil"ren aske", ere there any animals on the farm > The chil"ren aske" if there were any animals on the farm.c1 e"u"uri redate +" %or(irea i"direct i$ediat du# rotirea lor 0+" aceeai )i1: Paul sai", $ playe" 

 football this morning. Paul sai" he playe" football this morning.d1 c."d +"tre #redicatele di" #ri"ci#ali co$#leti%a direct "u eit u" ra#ort de a"terioritate: He sai",4a"oeanu was the greatest writer of his time. he sai" that 4a"oeanu was the greatest writer of his

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time.e1 +" %or(ire& dac "u e #roduce co"u)ie cu #ri%ire la $o$e"tele celor dou aciu"i: <y frien" sai" tome, i saw goo" film last night. <y frien" tol" me he saw a goo" film last night.1 +" #ro#o)iiile circu$ta"iale de ti$#* 3ro#o)iia re'e"t circu$ta"ialei de ti$# #oate i deae$e"ea $e"i"ut la 3at Te"e au de%e"i 3at 3erect:Jur neighbour tol" us he met our father when he was liing in Arao.Jur neighbour tol" us he ha" met our father when he was liing in Arao.'1 +" #ro#o)iiile co"diio"ale de ti#ul ;: Harry sai", $ woul" go to the museum if it was open. Harry

 sai" he woul" go to the museum if it was open.41 du# Pi4& Pould rat4er& it i ti$e: $t2s time you finishe" your papers, the teacher sai". The teacher tol" the pupils it was time they finishe" their papers.

 pag: /6&7&0&;& Past Tense Bontinuous de%i"e +" #ri"ci#iu Past Perfect Bontinuous, dar +" #ractic r $."eadeea "ec4i$(at*Sc4i$(area are loc doar c."d acet ti$# e reer  la o aciu"e ter$i"at: He sai", e were thinking of moing house but hae change" our min"s. He sai" that they ha" been thinking of moing house but ha" change" their min"s.7&0&('& Ver(ele $odale e c4i$( +" elul ur$tor: may de%i"e might & will de%i"e woul" & ca" de%i"ecould:The typist sai", The mecanic can fi? my typewriter but he won2t. The typist complaine" that the

mechanic coul" fi? her typewriter but he woul"n2t.ac %er(ele $odale e#ri$ate +" %or(ire direct "u au or$e #e"tru trecut& ca de ee$#lu must, nee",

 shoul", ought to, ha" better, au u"t de-a la trecut au co"diio"al& ca woul", coul", might i use" to0"u$ai 3at Te"e1& ele r $." "ec4i$(ate +" %or(irea i"direct: e must buy <other a present for her birth"ay, the chil"ren sai". The chil"ren sai" they must buy mother a present for her birth"ay. %ouought to help your parents, Tom, the teacher sai". The teacher tol" Tom he ought to help his parents.Atenie 2" 'e"eral must e $e"i"e +" %or(irea i"direct* C."d +" $ut e#ri$ o o(li'aie& el #oatede%e"i woul" hae to au ha" to& +" u"cie de e": Harry sai", $ must go to school now. Harry sai" heha" to go to school imme"iately. 'ather sai", $ must go to a conference tomorrow. 'ather sai" hewoul" hae to go a conference the ne?t "ay.2" $od i$ilar& could ete $e"i"ut +" %or(irea i"direct: +eorge aske", Boul" $ use your pen > +eorgeaske" me if he coul" use my pen, sau meninut / c4i$(at +" u"cie de e":

 He sai" Boul" you len" me your "ictionary, please >

 He sai" $ coul" swim when it was fine. He sai" $ coul"n2t go into the water alone when $ was a chil". He aske" me to len" him my "ictionary. He aske" me if $ coul" len" him my "ictionary. He sai" he coul" swim when it was fine. He sai" he ha" been able to swim when it was fine. He a""e" he coul"n2t go into the water alone when he was a chil". He a""e" he ha" not been allowe" to go into the water alone when he was a chil".7&0&((& Kra)ele co"diio"ale de ti#ul ; i "u e c4i$( +" %or(irea i"direct* Cele de ti#ul 5 de%i"ide"tice ca or$ cu co"diio"alele de ti#ul ;: He sai", %ou2ll hurt yourself if you are not careful. hetol" me $ woul" hurt myself if was not careful.B* Modiicrile #eciice e reer  la %er(ele care tre(uie oloite +" iecare el de #ro#o)iie re#rodu0e"u"iati%& ecla$ati%& i"tero'ati%& i$#erati%1& la #u"ctuaie& ordi"ea cu%i"telor etc*

7&0&(& Propoziiile enuniati/e "1eclarati/e 2entence%Ver(ul a ete caracteritic %or(irii directe& cu au   co$#le$e"t i"direct*ac ete ur$at de u" co$#le$e"t i"direct& %er(ul a ur$ea) de o(icei cu%i"tele re#rodue: $ "on2t un"erstan" the 9uestion, Bathy sai" to her teacher.

 pag: /6-2" %or(irea i"direct& e #trea) de re'ul  say c."d co$#le$e"tul i"direct "u ete $e"io"at& iar %er(ul ocu# #o)iia i"iial: Bathy sai" she "i"n2t un"erstan" the lesson.2" celelalte ca)uri e +"tre(ui"ea) tell co$#le$e"t i"direct: Bathy tol" the teacher she "i"n2t un"erstan" the 9uestion.Se$"ele citrii u"t o$ie +" %or(irea i"direct& iar e"u"ul re#rodu e i"troduce #ri" co"-u"cia that :

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 $2e ;ust arrie", 're" sai". 're" sai" 3that# he ha" ;ust arrie".2" u"ele ituaii& #uele cui%a "u #ot i re#rodue +" %or(irea i"direct& ci tre(uie #arara)ate& +" u"ciede e":

 Paula sai", $2m sorry $2m late.%ou2" better stay in be" for a few "ays, Peter, the "octor sai".:esi no u"t e#ri$ate +" %or(irea i"direct cu a-utorul u"ui u(iect i %er( auiliar: $s this "eice safe> %es. The man aske" if the "eice was safe an" the mechanic replie" that it was.au #ri" +"locuirea cu %er(e de air$are au "e'are:

 He sai", )o. He refuse". He sai", )o. He "enie" it. He sai", )o. He answere" in the negatie. He sai", %es. He agree". He sai", %es. He accepte". He sai", %es. He answere" in the affirmatie.7&0&(0& Propoziiile interogati/eac Ver(ul di" #ri"ci#al ete say& aceta tre(uie +"locuit cu %er(e ca: ask, won"er, want to know,in9uire etc. hy is Tom angry > Helen sai" to me.

 Helen aske" 3me# why Tom was angry. Helen won"ere" why Tom was angry.C."d #ro#o)iiile i"tero'ati%e u"t redate +" %or(irea i"direct& ele de%i" #ro#o)iii e"u"iati%e* 2"

co"eci" or$a i"tero'ati% a %er(ului de%i"e air$ati% au "e'ati%: u(iectul #recede #redicatul&%er(ul auiliar do ete o$i& iar e$"ul +"tre(rii e tra"or$ +" #u"ct:

 Peter is saying $sn2t Aob coming > Peter is saying here "oes he lie > Peter wants to know if Aob is not coming. Peter wants to know where he lies. ?cepie: C."d u" cu%."d i"tero'ati%: P4o& P4at& 4oP $uc4 ete u(iectul #ro#o)iiei i"tero'ati%e& e$e"i"e ordi"ea cu%i"telor di" %or(irea direct: =aura says, How many arrie" last night > =aura wantsto know how many 3people# arrie" last night.

 pag: /70e ae$e"ea: $ sai", hat2s the matter > $ aske" 3him# what was the matter.ac +" %or(irea direct #ro#o)iia i"tero'ati% ete o +"tre(are #ecial & adic dac ea +"ce#e cu u"

 #ro"u$e& ad-ecti% i"tero'ati%& aceta ete #trat +" %or(irea i"direct: How "o you spell this wor" > the

teacher has aske". The teacher has aske" how we spell this wor".2" ca)ul u"or +"tre(ri 'e"erale& le'tura +"tre #ro#o)iia #ri"ci#al i co$#leti%a direct e ace cua-utorul co"-u"ciei i au P4et4er: He is saying Hae you been to 4uceaa>

 He is asking if we hae been to 4uceaa. He is asking whether we hae been to 4uceaa.hether ete oloit +" $od o(li'atoriu #e"tru redarea +" %or(irea i"direct a +"tre(rilor alter"ati%e:

 re you going to the theatre or to the cinema > Tommy sai" to his sister. Tommy aske" his sister wheter  she was going to the theatre or to the cinema.Tommy aske" his sister wheter she was going to the theatre or not.2"tre(rile 'e"erale +"ce#."d cu will ! woul" ! coul" you e tra"or$ +" %or(irea i"direct +" $oddiere"iat& +" u"cie de e"ul +"tre(rii*a1 o +"tre(are de#re o aciu"e %iitoare: ill you sing in the choir tomorrow >

 He sai" . He aske" me if $ woul" sing in the choir the ne?t "ay.

 (1 o ru'$i"te& cerere: Boul" you sere the coffee > Aob sai". Aob aske" me to sere the coffee. Aob aske" if $ coul" sere the coffee.c1 o i"%itaie: oul" you atten" our meeting > The chil"ren sai" to their teacher.The chil"ren aske" their teacher to their meeting.The chil"ren inite" their teacher to their meeting.d1 u" ordi"& o co$a"d: Bopy the lesson, <ary. The teacher tol" <ary to copy the lesson.2" $od i$ilar& +"tre(rile +"ce#."d cu shall we e tra"or$ diere"iat +" %or(ire i"direct&de%e"i"d:a1 o +"tre(are de#re o aciu"e %iitoare: would G infiniti: 4hall $ see you tomorrow > Aob sai". Aob

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wante" to know if he woul" see me the ne?t "ay. (1 cererea u"ui at: should G infiniti: 4hall $ buy the long "ress, mother> lice sai". lice aske" her mother if she shoul" buy the long "ress.c1 o oert: offer i"i"iti% lu"': 4hall $ bring you your glasses > Patricia sai". Patricia offere" tobring me my glasses.d1 o u'etie: suggest Geru"d / should i"i"iti%: 4hall we hae a snack> enise sai".

 enise suggeste" haing a snack. enise suggeste" that they shoul" hae a snack. pag: /7Sc4i$(rile de ti$# +" #ro#o)iiile i"tero'ati%e au loc la el ca i +" cele e"u"iati%e:

 He sai", here hae you been> He sai", hat is Tom "oing > He sai", hen will they leae> He wante" to know where we ha" been. He wante" to know what Tom was "oing. He wante" to know when they woul" leae.7&0&(4& Propoziiile e+clamati/e3ro#o)iiile ecla$ati%e de%i" #ro#o)iii e"u"iati%e +" %or(irea i"direct* 2" co"eci"& e$"ulecla$rii di" %or(irea direct "u $ai ete "ecear: hat a funny ;okeK he sai". He e?claime" that it was a funny ;oke.

Su"t #oi(ile $ai $ulte tra"or$ri& +" u"cie de "atura ecla$aiei:a1 Ecla$aii +"ce#."d cu whata!...# how... e tra"or$ +" co$#leti%e directe ?clime" that it wasery kin" of him to helpK mother sai". <other e?claime" that it was ery kin" of him to help them.

 (1 Ecla$aii ca *h9 Ah9 /gh9 de%i": He e?claime" with surprise ! "isgust, etc. He gae an e?clamation of surprise ! "isgust, etc.2" u"cie de e" e +"tre(ui"ea) di%ere %er(e 0 ad%er(e de $od1 ca: e?claim, complain, shout,remark, obsere, say a"miringly, say scornfully, etc*& #e"tru redarea #ro#o)iiilor ecla$ati%e +"%or(irea i"direct: hat a "elicious cakeK the 9uest sai". The 9est sai" asmiringly that the cake was"elicious. How tire" $ amK the ol" woman sai". The ol" woman complaine" that she was ery tire".(er%ai de ae$e"ea:4he sai", Thank you.

 He sai", amn itK

They sai", +oo" morningK4he sai", happy new yearK

 He sai", ell "oneK4he sai", =iarK4he thanke" me.

 He swore.They greete" me ! wishe" me a goo" morning.4he wishe" me a happy new year.

 He congratulate" me.4he calle" me a liar.3redicatul #ro#o)iiei ecla$ati%e e u#u"e core#o"de"ei ti$#urilor a de u" #redicat trecut +"

 #ro#o)iia #ri"ci#al* He sai", How beautifully she sangK

 He sai", How pretty she isK He sai", hat a "elightful trip we2ll haeK He e?claime" that she ha" sung beautifully. He sai" a"miringly that she ha" sung beautifully. He remarke" that she ha" sung beautifully. He e?claime" that she was pretty. He sai" a"miringly that she was pretty. He remarke" that she was pretty. He e?claime" that they woul" hae a "elightful trip. He sai" a"miringly that they woul" hae a "elightful trip.

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 He remarke" that they woul" hae a "elightful trip.ac ecla$aia +" %or(irea direct "u co"i"e u" %er( la u" ti$# #ero"al& +" %or(irea i"direct eoloete %er(ul (e: Helen sai", hat a loely presentK Helen e?claime" that the present was loely.

 pag: /7/7&0&(5& Propoziiile imperati/e2" %or(irea i"direct& #ro#o)iiile i$#erati%e dei" i"i"iti%e:a1 air$ati%e: He sai", 4it "own, Peter.

 (1 "e'ati%e: He sai" , on2t interrupt the speaker please.Ver(ul di" #ro#o)iia #ri"ci#al 0say# tell 1 e +"locuiete cu u" %er( care e#ri$ u" ordi" 0tell, or"er,comman" 1& o ru'$i"te 0ask, re9uest, urge1& u" at 0warn, a"ise, recomman" 1& etc*& +" u"cie de e":Jfficer to sol"iers: Blean the barracksK The officer or"ere" his sol"iers to clean the barracks. <other to nn: Pass me the salt, will you > <other aske" nn to pass her the salt. Teacher to Tom: 3%ou

 shouls# go to the "octor . The teacher a"ise" Tom to go to the "octor.Acete %er(e u"t ur$ate +" $od o(li'atoriu de co$#le$e"te i"directe au #re#o)iio"ale* ac ele "u$e"io"ate +" %or(irea direct& %or i adu'ate: +ie me my ballK the little boy shoute". The little boy

 shoute" at the bigger to gie him his ball.ac %er(ul di" #ri"ci#al ete la diate)a #ai%& co$#le$e"tul i"direct "u $ai ete "ecear: +o to be"Kthey sai" to Tommy. Tommy was tol" to go to be".I$#erati%ul #e"tru #eroa"a I #lural 0let s i"i"iti%1 e#ri$ de o(icei o u'etie i e e#ri$ +"%or(irea i"direct #ri" %er(ul suggest Geru"d / co$#leti% direct i"trodu de t4at:

 )ick sai", =et2s watch T(. )ick sai", hat about watching T(> )ick suggeste" watching T(. )ick suggeste" that they shoul" watch T(. )ick suggeste" that they watch T(. 3Cn englea american #.I$#erati%ele e#ri$."d u" ordi" +" 'e"eral e #ot tra"or$a +" %or(ire i"directi:, cu a-utorul %er(ului (e to& +" #ecial c."d:a1 %er(ul di" #ri"ci#al ete la #re)e"t: He says, o the ne?t e?erciseK He says that we are to "o the ne?t e?ercise.

 (1 ordi"ul ete #recedat de o #ro#o)iie te$#oral au co"diio"al: He sai", $f she comes, ring me up. He sai" that if she came we were to ring him up., cu a-utorul lui 4ould: The Baptain or"ere" that the sailors shoul" clean the "eck.! 7&4& Vorbirea in-irect liber

Aceta re#re)i"t u" tadiu i"ter$ediar +"tre %or(irea directi i"directi ete utili)at rec%e"t +" tilul"arati%* Se caracteri)ea) #ri" c4i$(area ti$#urilor& a #ro"u$elor i ad%er(elor ca i +" %or(ireai"direct& dar #ro#o)iia #ri"ci#al ete de o(icei o$ii e #trea) u"ele or$e di" %or(irea direct:

 #ro#o)iii i"tero'ati%e& %ocati%e& +"tre(ri di-u"cti%e etc*Aceat or$ ete adeeori oloit +" literatur  #e"tru e#ri$area '."durilor u"ui #ero"a-* 2"co"eci"& erbul he thought ete de o(icei $ai #otri%it dec.t he sai" +" ae$e"ea ca)uri*C#eia e+erciiilorCa#* 5* VERBULII* 5* It i rai"i"'9 ;* i 4e dri%i"'9 dri%e9 =* tarted& Pa Pali"'9 * ra"'& Pa 'oi"' out9 * 4a (ee"&

 (leP9 7* 4a (ee" "oPi"'9 8* 4a%e ou 4eard9 =* ID%e -ut #oe"& #oe9 6* le"t& aed/4ad aed9 5*4ad (ee"& arri%ed9 55* 4ad (ee" li%i"'& $et9 5;* i& 4all 'o9 5* i& 4all (e ii"'9 5* 4all 4a%e ied&4a%e 5* are ou doi"'9 a$ 4a%i"'9 4a%e9 57* doe t4e trai" lea%e& lea%e9 58* are ou doi"'9 a$ looi"'94a%e ou (ee" looi"'9 4a%e (ee" looi"'9 ca$e9 did ou co$a9 ca$e*

III* 5* It i rai"i"'* It ote" rai" i" autu$"* ;* It 4a (ee" rai"i"' i"ce ou ca$e* * It 4a rai"ed* * It*rai"ed erterda too* * It Pa rai"i"' P4e" I looed out o t4e Pi"doP* 7* It 4ad rai"ed P4e" I Pe"tout* 8* It 4ad (ee" rai"i"' or a lo"' ti$e* =* It loo lie rai"* 6* It i 'oi"' to rai" toda* 5* It Pill (erai"i"' P4e" ou co$e (ac ro$ our oice* 55* eDll 'o or a Pal P4e" t4e rai" 4a to##ed* 5;*e 4a"Dt 'o or a Pal u"le it to# rai"i"'*IV* 5* T4e are (ei"' 4oP" t4e $ueu$* ;* Oe 4a (ee" a##oi"ted #reide"t*=* T4e #u#il Pere aed e%eral uetio"* * T4e oldier Pere ordered to ta"d to atte"tio"* * I 4a%e

 (ee" 'i%e" a 'ood dictio"ar* 7* ou Pill (e told P4at ti$e t4e (u lea%e* 8* T4e car#e"ter Pill (e #aidor 4i Por* =* T4e Pere #ro$ied "eP (iccle*6* I 4a%e (ee" le"t t4i (oo ( t4e or$ teac4er* 5* T4e i"'er Pill (e oered loPer*

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V* 5* T4i $atter $ut (e looed i"to* ;* T4i (ed 4a "ot (ee" le#t i"* * T4e c4ildre" Pere Pelllooed ater* * T4e do' Pa ru" o%er ( a (u* * ou Pill (e lau'4ed at i ou Pear t4i dre* 7*E$#t (ottle $ut "ot (e t4roP" aPa* 8* T4i 'la 4a "ot (ee" dru" out o* =* I Pa tae" o" ( 4i

 (e4a%iour* 6* E%er $o$e"t $ut (e accou"ted or* 5* S4e doe"Dt lie to (e tared at*VII* 5* It i ad%ia(le t4at ou (e/4ould (e t4ere at ei'4t oDcloc 4ar#* ;* T4e reuire t4at t4e e"e$troo# (e/4ould (e Pit4draP" ro$ t4eir territor* * 4 4ould Pe do t4iW * Oi Pi4 t4at Pe4ould (eco$e teac4er 4a (ee" ulilled* * Co$e P4at $a& KU tart t4e e"'i"e* 7* I Pi4 ou Pould

 (e uieter* 8* I Pi4 t4e Pere 4ere "oP* =* I Pi4 t4e 4ad atte"ded t4e co"ere"ce* 6* 4at Pould oudo i t4e oered ou t4i -o(W 5* I a"o"e 4ould call or 4er& tell t4e$ 4e i aPa* 55* Mot4er 'a%e$e o$e $o"e o t4at I $i'4t (u t4e dictio"ar I "eeded* 5;* IDll 'i%e ou 4i #4o"e "u$(er o t4atou $a ri"' 4i$ u#* 5* Oe Pored %er 4ard or ear 4e 4ould ail t4e ea$* 5* OoPe%er late it $a

 (e& ri"' $e u#* 57* No $atter 4oP $a" $itae 4e $i'4t 4a%e $ade& 4i #a#er i t4e (et i" t4e cla*VIII* 5* to (eco$e9 ;* co$e9 * to re%ie* Pait9 * cro9 7* to re#eat9 8* Pait9 =* to retur"9 6* toco$#are9 5* to u"derta"d9 55* to co$#ete9 5;* to a9 5* tr9 5* to 4ear*I_* 5* ro$ lea%i"'9 ;* o tudi"'9 * a(out loi"'9 * i" #oti"'9 * o" doi"'9 7* at i"di"'9 8* torecei%i"'9 =* o" 'etti"'9 6* o" 4a%i"' #laed9 5* o 4a%i"' dri%e"*_* 5* $e/$ readi"'9 ;* 4i$/4i co$i"'9 =* $e or i"terru#ti"' ou/$ i"terru#ti"' ou9 * 4er/4er Peari"'9 * t4e$/t4eir $ai"'9 7* u/our co$i"'9 8* ou/our 'oi"' out9 =* 4er/4er acti"'9 6* t4e$/t4eir 

 #lai"'9 5* 4i$/4i #rete"di"'9 55* ou/our tri"'9 5;* u/our Pori"'*

_I* 5* to 'i%e* ;* $eeti"'* =* i"terru#ti"'* * to tal* * to 'i%e* 7* lea%i"'* 8* ccli"'* =* to Pal* 6* toPae* 5* to tell* 55* Pali"'* 5;* elli"'& Pori"'& Priti"'* 5=* to $ae* 5* to Prite* 57* i"'i"'* 57* to4ear* 58* cutti"'* 5=* to 'o 56* Pali"'& tra%elli"'* ;* to 'o* ;5* to ee* ;;* eei"'* ;* $oi"'* ;* to$oe*_II* 5* olloPi"'* ;* olloPed* =* i"tereti"'* * i"tereted* * ro)e"* 7* ree)i"'* 8* ridi"'* =* e#orted*6* i$#orti"'& e#orti"'* 5* tired* 55* tiri"'* 5;* accued* 5* accui"'* 5* (aed* 5* e#ected* 57*ato"i4i"'* 58* lot* 5=* ri'4te"ed* 56* ri'4te"i"'* ;*dried* ;5* croPded*_III* 5* Boo (orroPed ro$ t4e li(rar $ut (e retur"ed i" ti$e* ;* T4e Pi"doP o t4e draPi"'roo$o#e"ed o" to a terrace o%erlooi"' t4e ea* =* Oeari"'& ootte#& 4e tur"ed Pit4 a tart* * AUlo"' "oP" o(-ect are dear to u* * Oe e#t ile"t& a i #u))led ( $ (e4a%iour* 7* Oa%i"' co$#leted4er #iece o Por& 4e roe to Pitc4 o t4e $ac4i"e* 8* T4e" 4e Pa 'o"e& t4e do' olloPi"'* =* Oe

 #ractied e%er da& 4i #ri"ci#le (ei"' t4at #ractice $ae #erect* 6* T4e c4ild to##ed cri"'* 5* Oe

to##ed to 4el# t4e old Po$a"* 55* "e o t4e reao" or 4er 4a%i"' read t4e (oo o $a" ti$e 4ad (ee" to lear" t4e "eP Pord* 5;* Oe cou'4ed to draP t4e atte"tio" o t4e audie"ce& 5=* ID$ orr to4a%e ditur(ed ou P4ile Pori"'* 5* Oi %oice (e'a" to tre$(le Pit4 e$otio"* 57* I #ro$ied to o(e$ #are"t* 57* I aP 4er Pee#0i"'1* 58* ID$ orr I did"Dt $ea" to 4urt ou* 5=* No(od i to (la$e* 56*T4i #ro(le$ i too diicult or u to ol%e* Oe de"ie 4a%i"' (ee" t4ere*_IV* 5* $a lea%e* ;* $a 4a%e 4eard* * $ut 4a%e 'o"e* * $ut "ot #la* * could"Dt 4a%e or'otte"*7* 4ould ee* 8* could re#air* =* $ut (e true* 6* 4ould 4a%ePritte"* 5* 4ad to tae*_V* 5* ill ou etc4 $e t4e "eP#a#er& #leae* ;* S4all I (u o$e (a"a"aW ouDd rat4er (u o$eora"'e* * ould ou i'" i" t4e re'iter& #leae* * Could ou 4el# $e Pit4 $ lu''a'eW * ouldou lie a cu# o coeeW No& t4a" ou* IDd lie a cu# o tea* 7* S4e ca"Dt #ea E"'li4 et& (ut 4e Pill

 (e a(le to do o i" a eP earD ti$e* 8* Oe could 4a%e lear"ed t4e #oe$ (ut 4e Pould"Dt* =* T4e $i'4t clear u# later* 6* Ma I (orroP t4i (ooW I ued to 'o Pi$$i"' e%er da P4e" I Pa ou"'er*

5* I ued to 'o Pi$$i"' e%er da P4e" I Pa ou"'er* 55* T4e $a 4a%e Po" t4e $atc4& (ut ID$"ot ure* 5;* Oe 4ould/ou'4t to 4a%e let earlier* T4e" 4e Pould 4a%e caou'4t t4e trai"* 5* T4ere i a'ood co"cert o" TV* ou 4ould"Dt $i it* 5* 3eter i a(e"t toda* Oe $ut (e ill* 5* ou $ut"Dt

 #la i" t4e $iddle o t4e road* 57* Oe ca"Dt/could"Dt 4a%e (ee" out o toP" lat Pee* I $et 4i$ e%eralti$e* 58* Oe Pe"t to (ed at ei'4t oDcloc lat "i'4t* Oe $ut 4a%e (ee" %er tired* 5=* T4e c4ildre"Pere alloPed to 'o out P4e" t4e rai" to##ed* 56* OoP dare 4e a uc4 a t4i"'W ;* ou "eed"Dt 4a%etae" our u$(rella9 it 4ad to##ed rai"i"'*Ca#* ;* SUBSTANTIVULI*5* Sc4ool (e'i" i" Se#te$(er* ;* e 'o Pi$$i"' o" Su"da01* * Mr BroP" i a" M3* * " ?ult4 e%er ear t4e A$erica" cele(rate I"de#e"de"ce a* * T4e a"u(e loP i"to t4e Blac Sea* 7*

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r* Io"ecu co"ult t4e #u#il e%er Mo"da* 8* S#ai" (order o" Kra"ce* =* T4e C4i"ee& t4eViet"a$ee a"d t4e ?a#a"ee li%e i" Aia* 6* T4e I"terco"ti"e"tal Ootel i" Buc4aret i "et to t4e

 Natio"al T4eatre* 5* DOard Ti$eD i a "o%el ( ice"* 55* e tud E"'li4 a"d Ruia" at c4ool*5;* T4e Co"ere"ce or 3eace a"d Securit i" Euro#e Pa 4eld i" Oeli"i i" 5687*II* c4ool(o& $ater#iece& (rot4er,i",laP& at4er,i",laP& 4ead$ater& $il$e"& Po$e" de"tit&

 #ot$e"& (lac(oard& o",i",laP& #aer,(& (edroo$& car race& looer,o"& $e" i"'er& $err,'orou"d&4ore race& or'et,$e,"ot& ootte#& ire$e"*III* 5* (oo& 4el%e* ;* to* * $e"& tourit* * c4ildre"& torie* * Patc4e* 7* lice& i"ect* 8* cli* =*lea%e* 6* 'eee* 5* #otatoe* 55* eet* 5;* Po$e"& 4ouePi%e* 5* $ice*IV* 5* 4u"dred* ;* 4u"dred* * $illio"* * $illio"* 7& t4oua"d* 7* t4oua"d* 8* do)e"* =* do)e"* 6*do)e"* 5* eet* 55* oot*V* a1 ti$uli& #4e"o$e"a& deiderata& adde"da& lar%ae& (ae& a"ale& crie& criteria9 (1ca$#ue&%irue& e"cclo#edia& %illa& $ueu$& al(u$& '$"aiu$& electro"& o#ra"o9 c1 lla(ue&'e"iue/ 'e"ii& or$ula/or$ulae& curriculu$/curricula& $#oiu$/$#oia& i"dee/i"dice&auto$ato"/auto$ata& #lateau/#lateau& te$#o/ te$#iVI* 5* 4eet* ;* (ar* * loa& loa%e* * #iece/tic* * #iece* 7* #iece* 8* #air* =* #iece/ ite$* 6*

 #iece/ite$* 5* #iece* 55* #iece* 5;* 4ead*VII* 5* T4e "eP I 4a%e recei%ed i i"tereti"'* ;* I #aced $ lu''a'e lat "i'4t* * e are 'oi"' to

 #u(li4 all t4e i"or$atio" "ecear to t4e ca"didate* * Oi "oP,led'e o 4itor i re$ara(le* *ID%e (ou'4t o$e ruit a"d o$e cae* 7* Oa%e ou do"e our 4o$ePorW

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*;** Criteriul i"tactic / #a': 7(& VER?U! = pagB ''7(&(& 1e)iniie = pagB ''7(&& Cla*i)icare = pagB ''95*;*5* Structura $orolo'ic / #a': 85*;*;* Se"ul leical al %er(elor / #a': 85*;** Ku"cia i"tactic a %er(elor / #a': 85*;** Ver(e cu e" leical redu / #a': 8(&0& Categoriile gramaticale ale /erbului = pagB '':(&4& Timpul = pagB '':(&5& Timpul prezent *implu = pagB '';5**5* ei"iie / #a': 65**;* Kor$ / #a': 65*** 3ro"u"are i orto'raie / #a': 65*** 2"tre(ui"are / #a': 5(&7& Timpul trecut *implu = pagB '((5*7*5* ei"iie / #a': 555*7*;* Kor$ / #a': 555*7** 3ro"u"are i orto'raie / #a': 555*7** Ver(e "ere'ulate / #a': 5;

5*7** 2"tre(ui"are / #a': 575*7*7* Traducerea lui 3at Te"e / #a': 58(&9& Per)ectul prezent = pagB '(:5*8*5* ei"iie / #a': 5=5*8*;* Kor$ / #a': 5=5*8** 2"tre(ui"are / #a': 5=(&:& Mai mult ca per)ectul = pagB ''5*=*5* ei"iie / #a': ;5*=*;* Kor$ / #a': ;5*=** 2"tre(ui"are / #a': ;(&;& Mi<loace -e e+primare a /iitorului = pagB '(5*6*5* ei"iie / #a': ;55*6*;* Kor$ / #a': ;5

5*6** 2"tre(ui"are / #a': ;;5*6** Be a(out to / #a': ;5*6** Be to / #a': ;5*6*7* Viitorul cu 'oi"' to / #a': ;5*6*8* 2"tre(ui"are / #a': ;5*6*=* 3re)e"tul co"ti"uu / #a': ;5*6*6* 3re)e"tul co"ti"uu ade%er(ele de ti$# / #a': ;5*6*5* 3re)e"tul i$#lu / #a': ;5*6*55* 3re)e"tul i$#lu co"ti"uu %er(e de $ibcare / #a': ;5*6*5; ei"iie / #a': ;5*6*5* Kor$ / #a': ;5*6*5 * 2"tre(ui"are / #a': ;5*6*5 Aciu"i %iitoare di"tr,o #er#ecti% trecut / #a': ;

(&('& Apectul = pagB '55*5*5* ei"iie / #a': ;5*5*;* #o)iia durati%,"o" durati% / #a': ;5*5** Ver(e de acti%itate / #a': ;5*5** A#ectul co"ti"uu , Kor$ / #a': ;5*5** rto'raie / #a': ;75*5*7* 2"tre(ui"area a#ectului co"ti"uu / #a': ;75*5*8* 3re)e"tul co"ti"uu / #a': ;75*5*=* 3at Te"e Co"ti"uu / #a': ;85*5*6* Viitorul Co"ti"uu / #a': ;=

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5*5*5* Traducerea or$elor la a#ectul co"ti"uu / #a': ;=5*5*55* Ver(e care "u #ot i oloite la a#ectul co"ti"uu / #a': ;65*5*5;* A#ectul #erecti% , ei"iie / #a': 5*5*5 2"tre(ui"area / #a': 5*5*5* A#ectul #erecti% , a#ectul co"ti"uu / #a': 55*5*5* Mai $ult ca #erectul co"ti"uu / #a': 55*5*57* Viitorul #erect co"ti"uu / #a': ;(&((& 1iateza = pagB '005*55*5* ei"iie / #a': 5*55*;*iate)a acti% / #a': 5*55** iate)a #ai% / #a': 5*55** Be #artici#iul trecut / #a': 5*55** Co"-u'area u"ui %er( la diate)a #ai% / #a': 5*55*7 Get/(eco$e #artici#iul trecut / #a': 5*55*8* Co$#le$e"tul de a'e"t / #a': 5*55*=* 2"tre(ui"area diate)ei #ai%e / #a': 5*55*6*Traducerea co"truciilor #ai%e / #a': (&(& Per*oanai Numrul = pagB '05(&(0& Mo-ul = pagB '075*5*5*ei"iie / #a': 7

5*5*;* Modul i"dicati% / #a': 75*5**Modul u(-o"cti% / #a': 75*5** Su(-o"cti%ul i"tetic / #a': 75*5** Su(-o"cti%ul #re)e"t / #a': 85*5*7* Su(-o"cti%ul trecut / #a': 85*5*8*Su(-o"cti%ul II trecut / #a': =5*5*=*Su(-o"cti%ul a"alitic / #a': =5**5*6* 2"tre(ui"area u(-o"cti%ului a"alitic / #a': 65*5*5* S4ould I"i"iti% / #a': 65*5*55* Ma/$i'4t i"i"iti% / #a': 5*5*5;*ould I"i"iti% / #a': 55*5*5* Could I"i"iti% / #a': 55*5*5*Su(-o"cti% au I"dicati% / #a': 5

(&(4& ormele neper*onale ale /erbului = pagB '45*5*5* Kor$ele "e#ero"ale / #a': ;5*5*;* Caracteritici %er(ale / #a': ;5*5** Caracteritici u(ta"ti%ale / #a': ;(&(5& In)initi/ul = pagB '45*5*5 Kor$ele i"i"iti%ul / #a': ;5*5*; Caracteritici %er(ale / #a': 5*5** Caracteritici u(ta"ti%ale / #a': 5*5** Traducere / #a': (&(7& orma .n 6ing = pagB '445*57*5* ei"iie / #a': 5*57*;* 3artici#iul +" ,i"' / #a': 5*57** Caracteritici %er(ale / #a':

5*57**Caracteritici ad-ecti%ale / #a': 5*57** Ku"cii i"tactice / #a': 75*57*7* Traducere / #a': 7(&(9& Gerun- = pagB '475*58*5 Caracteritici %er(ale / #a': 75*58*;* Caracteritici u(ta"ti%ale / #a': 85*58** 2"tre(ui"are / #a': =5*58** Traducere / #a': 5*58** I"i"iti%ul cu to i Geru"d / #a': 5*58*7* Koloirea i"i"iti%ului cu to / #a':

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5*58*8* Koloirea or$ei Geru"d / #a': 5*58*=* Geru"d au I"i"iti% / #a': 5*58*6* Ae$ri de e" / #a': ;(&(:& Participiul Trecut = pagB '505*5=*5 ei"iie / #a': 5*5=*;* Caracteritici %er(ale / #a': 5*5=** Caracteritici ad-ecti%ale / #a': 5*5=** Kor$e #artici#iale oloite ad-ecti%al / #a': 5*5=** Ku"cii i"tactice / #a': 5*5=*7* Traducere / #a': 5*5=*8* Co"-u'area %er(ului CALL / #a': (&(;& Verbele au+iliare = pagB '575*56*5* Caracteritici / #a': 75*56*; Kor$e co"trae / #a': 75*56** Be / #a': 85*56**Oa%e / #a': 85*56**S4all/S4ould / #a': 85*56*7* ill/ould / #a': =5*56*8*Ma/Mi'4t / #a': =5*56*=* Let / #a': =

5*56*6* o / #a': =(&'& Verbele mo-ale = pagB '5;5*;*5*ei"iie / #a': 65*;*;* Caracteriticile %er(elor $odale / #a': 65*;** Ca"& could / #a': 75*;** Ma& Mi'4t / #a': 755*;** Mut& Oa%e to& Need / #a': 7;5*;*7* S4all& S4ould #a': 75*;*8* u'4t to / #a': 75*;*=* ill& ould / #a': 75*;*6* Ude to / #a': 775*;*5* Be to / #a': 775*;*55* are / #a': 78

Eerciii / #a': 78& 2ub*tanti/ul = pagB '9(&(& 1e)iniie = pagB '9(&& Cla*i)icare = #a': 85;;*;*5* Kor$area u(ta"ti%elor / #a': 85;*;*;* Grad de i"di%iduali)are / #a': 8;&0& Numrul *uib*tanti/elor = pagB '90;**5* Su(ta"ti%e "u$ra(iile / #a': 8;**;* Claiicarea u(ta"ti%elor "u$ra(ile / #a': 8;*** Kor$area #luralului u(ta"ti%elor "u$ra(ile / #a': 8;*** 3luralul re'ulat al u(ta"ti%elor / #a': 8;*** rto'raia #luralului re'ulat / #a': 8;**7* 3luralul "ere'ulat al u(ta"ti%elor / #a': 8

;**8* Su(ta"ti%e "e"u$ra(ile / #a': 86;**=* Nu$rul u(ta"ti%elor i"%aria(ile / #a': =5&4& Genul *ub*tanti/elor = pagB ':7;**5* ei"iie / #a': =7;**;* Claiicarea u(ta"ti%elor du# ideea de 'e" / #a': =7;*** Ge"ul u(ta"ti%elor "u$e de #eroa"e / #a': =7;*** Ge"ul u(ta"ti%elor "u$e de a"i$ale / #a': =8;*** Ge"ul u(ta"ti%elor "u$e de o(iecte / #a': =8;**7* Koloirea tilitic a cate'oriei 'ra$aticale a 'e"ului / #a': =8

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&5& Cazul *ub*tanti/elor = pagB '::;**5* ei"iie / #a': ==;**;* Ca)ul "o$i"ati% / #a': =6;*** Ca)ul acu)ati%/ #a': =6;*** Ca)ul dati% / #a': 6;*** Ca)ul 'e"iti%/ #a': 6;**7* Ca)ul %ocati%/ #a': 6Eerciii/ #a': 6

0& ARTICO!U!I A!I 1ETERMINANI= pagB ';90&(& Categoria -eterminarii= pagB ';9*5*5* ei"iie / #a': 68*5*;* eter$i"a"ii #ro#riu,)ii / #a': 68*5** 3redeter$i"a"ii / #a': 6=*5** 3otdeter$i"a"ii / #a': 660&& Articolul = pagB ('(*;*5* ei"iie / #a': 55*;*;* Reeri"  u"ic / #a': 55*;** Reeri" i"di%idual / #a': 55*;** Nu$ele #ro#rii i reeri"a u"ic / #a': 5;

0&0& Articolul #ot

rt = pagB ('**5* Kor$a articolului 4otr.t / #a': 5;**;* Ku"ciile articolului 4otr.t / #a': 5;0&4& Articolul ne#otrt = pagB ('5**5* Kor$a articolului "erotr.t / #a': 5**;* Ku"ciile articolului "e4otr.t / #a': 50&5& Articolul zero = pagB ('7**5* ei"iie / #a': 57**;* Ku"ciile articolului )ero / #a': 580&7& Mi*iunea articolului = pagB (((Ali deter$i"a"i / #a': 55;0&9& A-<ecti/ul -emon*trati/ = pagB ((*8*5* ei"iie / #a': 55;*8*;* Kor$ / #a': 55;*8** 2"tre(ui"are / #a': 55;*=* Ad-ecti%ul #oei% / #a': 55*=*5* ei"iie / #a': 55*=*;* Kor$ / #a': 55*=** 2"tre(ui"are / #a': 55*6* Ad-ecti%ul i"tero'ati% / #a': 55*6*5* ei"iie / #a': 55*6*;* Kor$a / #a': 55*6** 2"tre(ui"are / #a': 55*5* Ad-ecti%ul "e4otr.t / #a': 557*5*5* ei"iie / #a': 557*5*;* Kor$ / #a': 557*5** 2"tre(ui"are / #a': 557

*5** Ad-ecti%ul "e'ati% / #a': 558Eerciii / #a': 55=

4& Numeralul = pagB ((4&(& 1e)iniie = pagB ((4&& Cla*i)icare = pagB (*;*5* Nu$eralul ca deter$i"a"t& +" 'ra$atica tructuralit / #a': 5;;*;*;* Cate'oria "u$eralului +" 'ra$atica tradiio"al / #a': 5;;4&0& Numeralul car-inal = pagB (**5* Kor$ / #a': 5;;

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**;* 2"tre(ui"are / #a': 5;4&4& Numeralul or-inal = pagB (5**5* Kor$ / #a': 5;**;* 2"tre(ui"are / #a': 5;74&5& Numeralul )racionar = pagB (7**5 Kor$a / #a': 5;74&7& Numeralul colecti/ = pagB (9*7*5* Kor$ / #a': 5;8*7*;* 2"tre(ui"are / #a': 5;84&9& Numeralul multiplicati/ = pagB (:*8*5 Kor$ / #a': 5;=*8*;* 2"tre(ui"are / #a': 5;=4&:& Numeralul -i*tributi/ = pagB (:4&;& Numeralul a-/erbial = pagB (:Eerciii / #a': 5;6

5& Pronumele / pagB (;5&(& 1e)iniie = pagB (;5&& Rolul -e *ub*titut al pronumelui = pagB (0'5&0& Categoriile gramaticale ale pronumelui = pagB (0'

5&4& Cla*i)icarea pronumelui = pagB (0(5&5& unciile *intactice ale pronumelui = pagB (05&7& Pronumele per*onal = pagB (0*7*5* Cate'oria #eroa"ei la #ro"u$ele #ero"al / #a': 5;*7*;* Cate'oria 'e"ului la #ro"u$ele #ero"al / #a': 5*7** Cate'oria "u$rului la #ro"u$ele #ero"al / #a': 5*7** Cate'oria ca)ului la #ro"u$ele #ero"al / #a': 5*7** Ku"ciile i"tactice ale #ro"u$elui #ero"al / #a': 55&9& Pronumele re)le+i/ = pagB (05*8*5* Cate'oriile 'ra$aticale ale #ro"u$elui relei% / #a': 5*8*;* 2"tre(ui"area #ro"u$elui relei% / #a': 5*8** 3ro"u$ele de +"trire / #a': 575&:& Pronumele po*e*i/ = pagB (095&;& Pronumele interogati/ = pagB (095& ('& Pronumele relati/ = pagB (0:*5*5* ei"iie / #a': 5=*5*;* 2"tre(ui"area #ro"u$elui relati% / #a': 56*5** Locul #ro"u$elui relati% / #a': 565&((& Pronumele ne#otrt = pagB (4'*55*5*ei"iie / #a': 5*55*;* 2"tre(ui"are / #a': 55&(& Pronumele negati/ = pagB (4(Eerciii / #a': 55

7& A-<ecti/ul = pagB (407&(& 1e)iniie = pagB (407&& Comparaia a-<ecti/elor = pagB (407&0& ormarea comparati/uluii *uperlati/ului = pagB (447**5* Co$#araia i"tetic / #a': 57**;* Co$#araia a"alitic / #a': 57*** Kor$area co$#arati%ului de e'alitatei i"erioritate / #a': 57*** Kor$area u#erlati%ului a(olut / #a': 57&4& Comparaia neregulat a a-<ecti/ului = pagB (457** 2"trirea co$#arati%ului ad-ecti%ului / #a': 577*7* Ku"ciile i"tactice ale ad-ecti%ului / #a': 587*8* Locul ad-ecti%ului +" #ro#o)iie / 5=Eerciii / #a': 5=

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9& A-/erbul = pagB (4;9&(& 1e)iniie = pagB (4;9&& !ocuiuni i contrucii a-/erbiale / #a': 568*;*5* Locuiu"i ad%er(iale / #a': 568*;*;* Co"trucii ad%er(iale / #a': 569&0& orma a-/erbului = pagB (5'

9&4& Mo-i)icri -e ortogra)ie = pagB (5'9&5& Cla*i)icarea a-/erbului = pagB (58**5* Ad%er(e de $od / #a': 5;8**;* Ad%er(e de loc / #a': 5;8*** Ad%er(e de ti$# / #a': 5;9&7& Comparaia a-/erbului = pagB (508*7*5* Gradul co$#arati% / #a': 58*7*;* Gradul u#erlati% / #a': 58*7** Co$#araia "ere'ulat/ #a': 59&9& A-/erbe *peciale = pagB (54Eerciii / #a': 57

:& Prepoziia = pagB (57:&(& 1e)iniie = #a': (57

:&& Caracteri*tici ale prepoziiilor = pagB (59=*;*5* 3re#o)iii cu acu)ati% / #a': 58=*;*;* 3re#o)iii ur$ate de u(ta"ti%e cu articol / #a': 58=*;** 3re#o)iii ur$ate de u(ta"ti%e "earticulate / #a': 58=*;** Ver(e #recedate de #re#o)iii / #a': 58=*;** Cu%i"te cu #re#o)iii o(li'atorii #a': 58:&0& !ocul prepoziiilor = pagB (5::&4& Relaii e+primate -e prepoziii = pagB (5;:&5& Paraleli*me .ntre Prepoziia .n lima romni .n limba englez = pagB (7:&7& 1i)erene .ntre Prepoziia .n limba romni .n limba englez = pagB (70:&9& Particole a-/erbiale = pagB (70=*8*5* 2"tre(ui"area #articolelor ad%er(iale / #a': 57=*8*;* Locul #articolelor ad%er(iale +" #ro#o)iie / #a': 57

Eerciii / #a': 57;& Con<uncia = pagB (75;&(& 1e)iniie = pagB (75;&& Con<unciile coor-onatoare = pagB (756*;*5* Claiicare / #a': 576*;*;* 2"tre(ui"are / #a': 576*;** 3o)iie / #a': 57;&0& Con<unciile *ubor-onatoare = pagB (756**5* Claiicare / #a': 5776**;* 2"tre(ui"are / #a': 5776*** 3o)iie / #a': 578Eerciii / #a': 578

('& Inter<ecia = pagB (7:('&( 1e)iniie = pagB (7:('&& Cla*i)icare = pagB (7:('&0& Întrebuinare = pagB (7;E+erciii = pagB (7;Partea aII6a2inta+a propoziieiII** Ge"eraliti / #a': 58II**5* ei"iie / #a': 58II**;* Claiicare / #a': 58

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II*** Ti$#uri de #ro#o)iii / #a': 585II** Su(ti#uri de #ro#o)iii / #a': 585II*** 3ile de #ro#o)iie / #a': 585

((& 2ubiectul =  #a': (90((&(& 1e)iniie = #a': (90((&& E+primarea *ubiectului = #a': (90

((&0& 2ituaii *peciale = #a': (9055**5* Su(iectul 'e"eric / #a': 5855**;* Su(iectul i$#ero"al / #a': 5855*** Su(iectul i"troducti% / #a': 58((&4&!ocul *ubiectului .n propoziie = #a': (94

(& Pre-icatul = pagB (95(&(& 1e)iniie = pagB (95(&(& Cla*i)icare = pagB (955;*;*5* 3redicatul %er(al / #a': 5875;*;*;* 3redicatul "o$i"al / #a': 58(&0& !ocul pre-icatului .n propoziie = pagB (97(0& Acor-ul *ubiectului cu pre-icatul = pagB (97(0&(& Acor-ul .n per*oan = pagB (99

(0&& Acor-ul .n numr = pagB (995*;*5* Acordul 'ra$atical / #a': 5885*;*;* Acordul du# +"ele / #a': 5865*;** Acordul #ri" atracie / #a': 5=5Eerciii / #a': 5=;

(4& Complementul -irect = pagB (:(4&(& 1e)iniie = pagB (:4(4&& In-icii )ormali ai complementului -irect = pagB (:4(4&0& E+primarea complementului -irect = pagB (:45**5* Co$#le$e"tul direct e#ri$at #ri" #ro"u$e #ero"al / #a': 5=5**;* Co$#le$e"tul direct e#ri$at #ri" #ro"u$e relei% / #a': 5=5*** Co$#le$e"tul direct e#ri$at #ri" #ro"u$e reci#roc / #a': 5=(4&4& Întrebuinare = pagB (:5(4&5& Verbe tranziti/e cu un complement -irect = pagB (:7(4&7& Verbe tranziti/e cu -ou complemente -irecte = pagB (:75*8* Ver(e tra")iti%e ur$ate de u" co$#le$e"t direct i u" co$#le$e"t i"direct / #a': 5=8(4&:& Verbe tranziti/e urmate -e un complement -irecti un complement prepoziional = pagB (::

(5& Complementul in-irect = pagB (::(5&(& 1e)iniie = pagB (::(5&& In-icii )ormali ai complementului in-irect = pagB (::(5&0& E+primarea complementului in-irect = pagB (:;(5&4& Întrebuinare = pagB (:;(5&5& !ocul complementului in-irect = pagB (;'(5&7& Tran*)ormarea pa*i/= pagB (;'

(7& Complementul prepoziional = pagB (;'(7&(& 1e)iniie = pagB (;'(7&& In-icii )ormali ai complementului prepoziional = pagB (;((7&0& E+primarea complementului prepoziional = pagB (;((7&4& Întrebuinare = pagB (;((7&5& !ocul complementului prepoziional = pagB (;(7&7& Tran*)ormarea pa*i/ = pagB (;

(9& Elementul pre-icati/ *uplimentar = pagB (;0(9&(& 1e)iniie = pagB (;0(9&& E+primarea elementului pre-icati/ *uplimentar = pagB (;0

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(9&0& !ocul elementului pre-icati/ *uplimentar = pagB (;0

(:& Contrucii comple+e = pagB (;0(:&(& 1e)iniie = pagB (;0(:&& Caracteri*ticile contruciilor comple+e= pagB (;45=*;*5* Caracteritici #redicati%e / #a': 565=*;*;* Ae$ri +"tre co"truciile co$#lee / #a': 56

5=*;** eoe(iri +"tre co"truciile co$#lee / #a': 565=*;** Ku"ciile i"tactice / #a': 56(:&0& Con*truciile cu acuzati/ul = pagB (;55=**5* Acu)ati%ul cu i"i"iti% / #a': 565=**;* Kor i"i"iti%ul / #a': 5675=*** Acu)ati%ul cu #artici#iul #re)e"t / #a': 5685=*** Acu)ati%ul cu #artici#iul trecut / #a': 568(:&4& Con*truciile cu nominati/ul = pagB (;:5=**5* No$i"ati% cu i"i"iti% / #a': 56=5=**;* No$i"ati%ul cu #artici#iul #re)e"t / #a': 56=(:&5& Nominati/ul ab*olut = pagB (;;(:&7& Alte con*trucii comple+e= pagB (;;

(;& Complemente circum*taniale= pagB ''(;&( 1e)iniie= pagB ''(;&& Cla*i)icare= pagB ''(;&0& Complementul circum*tanial -e loc= pagB ''56**5* ei"iie/ #a': ;56**;* E#ri$area co$#le$e"tului circu$ta"ial de loc/ #a': ;556*** Locul co$#le$e"tului circu$ta"ial de loc/ #a': ;5(;&4& Complementul circum*tanial -e timp= pagB '(56**5* ei"iie/ #a': ;556**;* E#ri$area co$#le$e"tului circu$ta"ial de ti$#/ #a': ;;56*** Locul co$#le$e"tului circu$ta"ial de ti$#/ #a': ;;(;&5& Complementul circum*tanial -e mo-= pagB '456**5* ei"iie/ #a': ;56**;* Claiicare/ #a': ;

56*** Co$#le$e"tul circu$ta"ial de $od #ro#riu,)i/ #a': ;56*** E#ri$area co$#le$e"tului circu$ta"ial de $od/ #a': ;56*** Locul co$#le$e"tului co$#le$e"tului circu$ta"ial de $od #ro#riu,)i/ #a': ;56**7* Co$#le$e"tul circu$ta"ial de $od co$#arati%/ #a': ;56**8* Locul co$#le$e"tului de $od co$#arati%/ #a': ;56*7* Alte co$#le$e"te circu$ta"iale/ #a': ;7

'& Atributul= pagB '7'&(& 1e)iniie= pagB '7'&& E+primarea atributului= pagB '7'&0& !ocul atributului= pagB '9;**5* Atri(utul #re#u/ #a': ;8;**;* Atri(utul #ot#u/ #a': ;8;*** Atri(ute ce #ot a%ea a$(ele #o)iii/ #a': ;=

'&4& Apoziia= pagB ':;**5* ei"iie/ #a': ;=;**;* A#o)iia i$#l/ #a': ;=;*** Locul a#o)iiei i$#le/ #a': ;=;*** A#o)iia de)%oltat/ #a': ;=;*** Locul a#o)iiei de)%oltate/ #a': ;=(& Elemente in-epen-ente= pagB ';(&(& 1e)iniie= pagB ';(&& Cla*i)icare= pagB ';

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(&0& Inter<eciile= pagB ';(&4& A-re*area -irect= pagB ';(&5& Cu/intelei !ocuiunile parentetice= pagB ('(&7& !ocul elementelor in-epen-ente= pagB ('

& Or-inea cu/intelor .n propoziie&'& Generaliti= pagB ('

;;**5* I$#orta"a tudierii ordi"ii cu%i"telor/ #a': ;5;;**;* Co$#araia cu li$(a ro$a"a/ #a': ;55;;*** Caracteritici 'e"erale ale ordi"ii cu%i"telor i" li$(a e"'le)/ #a': ;55&'&4& Poziia pilor -e propoziie= pagB (&(& Reguli pri/itoare la or-inea cu/intelor .n propoziie= pagB (E+erciii= pagB (9

0& elurile propoziiilor= pagB (;0&'& Cla*i)icare= pagB (;0&(& Propoziia enuniati/= pagB (;0&& Propoziia negati/= pagB ';*;*5* E#ri$area "e'aiei/ #a': ;;;*;*;* oua "e'aii +"tr,o #ro#o)iie/ #a': ;;;*;** E#ri$area e"ului "e'ati%/ #a': ;;;*;** Su(li"ierea caracterului "e'ati%/ #a': ;;;*;** Ne'area u"ei #ro#o)iii +"tre'i/ #a': ;;0&0& Propoziia interogati/= pagB 0;**5* I"tero'ati%ul %er(elor/ #a': ;;;**;* 3ro#o)iii i"tero'ati%,"e'ati%e/ #a': ;;;*** Koloirea #ro"u$elor i ad-ecti%elor +" #ro#o)iii i"tero'ati%e/ #a': ;;;*** 2"tre(ri 'e"erale/ #a': ;;;*** 2"tre(ri #eciale/ #a': ;;7;**7* 2"tre(ri alter"ati%e/ #a': ;;8;**8* 2"tre(ri di-u"cti%e/ #a': ;;80&4& Propoziia imperati/= #a': ;;**5* Kor$a %er(al/ #a': ;;6;**;* I"to"aia #ro#o)iiei i$#erati%e/ #a': ;

;*** Structura #ro#o)iiei i$#erati%e/ #a': ;;*** Mi-loace de +"trire au de or$ulare #oliticoa/ #a': ;50&5& Propoziia e+clamati/= pagB 0(;**5* I"to"aia/ #a': ;;;**;* 3ro#o)iiile ecla$ati%e #ro#riu,)ie/ #a': ;;;*** 3ro#o)iiile ecla$ati%e cu or$ "e#eciic/ #a': ;;Eerciii/ #a': ;;

PARTEA A TREIA2inta+a )razeiIII** Ge"eraliti/ #a': ;III**5* 3ro#o)iia , ra)a/ #a': ;III**;* ei"iie / #a': ;III*** Ra#orturile i"tactice / #a': ;III*** Le'area #ro#o)iiilor / #a': ;4& raza prin coor-onare = pagB 074&(& Coor-onare61e)iniie = pagB 074&& elul coor-onrii = pagB 074&0& Coor-onarea copulati/ = pagB 074&4& Coor-onarea -i*<uncti/ = pagB 094&5& Coor-onarea a-/er*ati/ = pagB 094&7& olo*irea timpurilor .n )razele prin coor-onare = pagB 0:

5& raza prin coor-onarea = pagB 0:

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5&(& !egarea propoziiilor *ubor-onate = pagB 0:5&& Cla*i)icarea propoziiilor *ubor-onate = pagB 0;5&0& Re-ucerea propoziiilor *ubor-onate = pagB 4'5&4& Propoziia completi/o6-irect = pagB 4';**5 Rolul co$#leti%ei directe / #a': ;;**;* 3ro#o)iia i"tero'ati% +" %or(irea i"direct ete co$#leti% direct / #a': ;;*** $iterea co"-u"ciei t4at / #a': ;5;*** Core#o"de"a ti$#urilor / #a': ;5;*** Reducerea #ro#o)iiei co$#leti%e directe / #a': ;5&5& Propoziia completi/ prepoziional = pagB 44;**5* 3ri" ce e i"troduce / #a': ;;**;* $iterea #ro#o)iiei / #a': ;;*** A"tici#area co$#leti%ei #re#o)iio"ale #ri" it/ #a': ;;*** Core#o"de"a ti$#urilor +" co$#leti%a #re#o)iio"al / #a': ;5&7& Propoziia *ubiecti/= pagB 45;*7*5* 3ri" ce e i"troduce/ #a': ;;*7*;* Locul #ro#o)iiei u(iecti%e +" ra)/ #a': ;7;*7** Koloirea ti$#urilor +" 3ro#o)iia u(iecti%/ #a': ;7;*7** Reducerea #ro#o)iiei u(iecti%e/ #a': ;85&9& Propoziia pre-icati/= pagB 4:;*8*5* 3ri" ce e i"troduce/ #a': ;=;*8*;* Koloirea ti$#urilor/ #a': ;=;*8** Reducerea #ro#o)iei #redicati%e/ #a': ;=5&:& Propoziiile relati/e= pagB 4:;*=*5* Kelurile #ro#o)iiilor relati%e/ #a': ;=;*=*;* 3ri" ce e i"troduce 3ro#o)iia relati%/ #a': ;=;*=** 3ro#o)iia relati% retricti%/ #a': ;=;*=** 3ro#o)iia relati% decri#ti%/ #a': ;6;*=** Koloirea ti$#urilor +" 3ro#o)iia relati%/ #a': ;6;*=*7* Reducerea #ro#o)iiei relati%e/ #a': ;6;*=*8* 3ro#o)iia a#o)iio"al/ #a': ;;*=*=* Koloirea ti$#urilor +" 3ro#o)iia a#o)iio"al/ #a': ;;*=*6* Reducerea #ro#o)iei a#o)iio"ale/ #a': ;

5&;& Propoziia circum*tanial -e timp= pagB 5';*6*5* 3ri" ce e i"troduce/ #a': ;;*6*;* Koloirea ti$#urilor/ #a': ;5;*6** Reducerea #ro#o)iiei circu$ta"iale de ti$#/ #a': ;;5&('& Propoziia circum*tanial -e loc= pagB 50;*5*5* 3ri" ce e i"troduce/ #a': ;;*5*;* Reducerea #ro#o)iiei circu$ta"iale de loc/ #a': ;5&((& Propoziia circum*tanial -e mo- propriu6zi*= pagB 505&(& Propoziia circum*tanial -e mo- comparati/= pagB 50;*5;*5* 3ri" ce e i"troduce/ #a': ;;*5;*;* Koloirea ti$#urilor/ #a': ;;*5;** Traducerea #ro#o)iiei circu$ta"iale de $od co$#arati%/ #a': ;5&(0& Propoziia circum*tanial cauzal= pagB 55

;*5*5* 3ri" ce e i"troduce/ #a': ;;*5*;* Reducerea #ro#o)iiei circu$ta"iale cau)ale/ #a': ;5&(4& Propoziia circum*tanial con-iional= pagB 55;*5*5* Ti#uri de co"diii/ #a': ;7;*5*;* 3ri" ce e i"troduce 3ro#o)iia circu$ta"ial co"diio"al/ #a': ;7;*5** Locul #ro#o)iiilor circu$ta"iale co"diio"ale/ #a': ;8;*5** Koloirea ti$#urilor/ #a': ;8;*5** Traducerea #ro#o)iiilor co"diio"ale/ #a': ;8;*5*7* Alte ti$#uri oloite +" #ro#o)iiile co"diio"ale/ #a': ;8;*5*8* Koloirea ti$#urilor +" co"diio"al du# %iitorul,+",trecut/ #a': ;=

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;*5*=* Co$(i"aii +"tre cele trei ti#uri de #ro#o)iii circu$ta"iale co"diio"ale/ #a': ;=;*5*6* S4ould i"i"iti%/ #a': ;=;*5*5* ill +" #ro#o)iii circu$ta"iale co"diio"ale/ #a': ;=;*5*55* Could/Mi'4t i"i"iti%/ #a': ;=;*5*5;* Reducerea #ro#o)iiei circu$ta"iale co"diio"ale/ #a': ;=5&(5& Propoziia circum*tanial -e *cop= pagB 5;;*5*5* 3ri" ce e i"troduce/ #a': ;6;*5*;* Koloirea ti$#urilor/ #a': ;6;*5** Reducerea #ro#o)iiei circu$ta"iale de co#/ #a': ;75&(7& Propoziia circum*tanial con*ecuti/= pagB 7';*57*5* 3ri" ce e i"troduce/ #a': ;7;*57*;* Koloirea ti$#urilor/ #a': ;7;*57** Reducerea #ro#o)iiei circu$ta"iale co"ecuti%e/ #a': ;755&(9& Propoziia circum*tanial conce*i/= #a': 7(;*58*5* 3ri" ce e i"troduce/ #a': ;75;*58*;* Reducerea #ro#o)iiilor circu$ta"iale co"cei%e/ #a': ;75;*58** Koloirea ti$#urilor/ #a': ;7;E iii/ ;7;