Tehnologia conservelor din carne

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    UNIVERSITATEA DE STIIE AGRICOLE I MEDICINVETERINAR ION IONESCU DE LA BRAD DIN IAI

    FACULTATEA DE AGRICULTUR

    SPECIALIZAREA TEHNOLOGIA PRELUCRRII PRODUSELORAGROALIMENTARE

    PROIECT LA DISCIPLINAUTILAJE N INDUSTRIAALIMENTAR

    Coordonaor ! S"d#n!#$ %"&r'r( dr) Co*(n B"d"(

    Gr"+a ,-,. An III

    /012

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    UNIVERSITATEA DE STIIE AGRICOLE I MEDICINVETERINAR ION IONESCU DE LA BRAD DIN IAI

    FACULTATEA DE AGRICULTUR

    SPECIALIZAREA TEHNOLOGIA PRELUCRRII PRODUSELORAGROALIMENTARE

    Tema proiectului:

    Stabilirea uei liii te!olo"icepetru ob#ierea co$er%elor

    Coordonaor ! S"d#n!#$ %"&r'r( dr) Co*(n B"d"(Gr"+a ,-,. An III TPPA

    IAI/012

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    Plaul proiectului

    1) Carar(*(&(%# 3a#r(#( +r(3# 4( a +rod"*"%"( $(n(5555555555,/) Sa6%(r#a *&7#3#( #7no%o8()))1,

    2) Sa6(%(r#a %(n(#( #7no%o8( 9d#*#n#:555555555555555/2

    ,) A%#8#r#a "n#( 3a4(n(555555555555555555555)/-

    -) Ca%&"%"% or8ano%o8(& a "n"( or8an d# 3a4(n' *a" a "n#( ran*3(*((555)/;

    ;) R#8"%( d# +ro#&

    ?) B(6%(o8ra$(#555555555555555555555555521

    2

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    1.Caracteristicile materiei prime si a produsului finit

    &'& Caracteri$ticile materiei prime

    Pr(n &arn# *# =n#%#8# 3"*&"%a"ra *r(aa a &ar&a*#( =3+r#"na &" oa# #*"r"r(%# &" &ar# @(n# =n %#8a"rana"ra%a. ad(&a =3+r#"na &" #*""% &on"n&(@. #*""% 8ra*. #*""% o*o*. @a*#%# d# *n8# *( n#r@(( &ar# *#8a*#*& =n 3"*&"%a"ra *r(aa)Pro+or(a a*or #*""r( =n &arn# #*# d($#r(a =n $"n&(# d# &a%(a#aa*#(a. &ar# %a rnd"% #( #*# d##r3(naa d# *+#&(#. ra*a. @r*a. *#. *ar#a d# =n8ra*ar# *( d# r#8("n#aanao3(&a &on*(d#raa)

    a) Caracteristicile organoleptice ale carnii de porc folosita n procesul de fabricare a conservelor.

    A*# &arar(*(&( a" o (3+orana d#o*#6(a =n d##r3(nar#a &a%(a(( &arn((. a%a"r( d# $a&or((n"r((@(. #7no%o8(&( *( (8(#n(&() Pr(n&(+a%#%# &arar(*(&( or8ano%#+( a%# &arn(( *"n! a*+#&"% ##r(or.&"%oar#a. &on*(*#na. 3(ro*"%9aro3a:. 3ad"@a oa*#%or. 6"%(on"% d"+a $(#r6#r# *( *#d(3#nar#a)

    Aspectul exterior al carnii de porc

    A*+#&"% ##r(or a% &arn(( d# +or& *# a+r#&(aa @("a%) P#nr" a+r#&(#r( =n *ra"r(%# +ro$"nd#. *#$a& a(#"r( adn&( &ar# *a &"+r(nda oa# *ra"r(%# 3"*&"%ar#)A*$#%. %a *"+ra$aa +#%(&"%a &ar# =n@#%#*##*""% r#6"(# *a $(# "*&aa =n *#&("n# r#6"(# *a $(# "*or "3#da #ndoan#%# r#6"(# *a $(# %"&(oa*#.#%a*( *( ar( *"+ra$##%# ar(&"%ar# %"&(oa*# #*""% &on"n&(@ r#6"(# *a

    Culoarea carnii de porc

    C"%oar#a &arn(( d# +or& *# a+r#&(aa @("a%) P#nr" aa*a #*# n#@o(# d# o *#&("n# ran*@#r*a%a.#$#&"aa &" "n &"( a*&"( +# *#&("n#a &arn(( $o%o*(#) La *"+ra$aa +#%(&"%a r#6"(# *a +r#(n# o&"%oar# ro +ana %a ro*" (ar (n *#& 10210o1,1? -("n# o &"%oar# *+#&($(&a *+#&(#()

    Consistenta carnii de porc

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    Con*(*#na *# a+r#&(aa +r(n a+a*ar# &" d#8#"% +# *"+ra$aa *( *#&("n#)Aa*a *# +r#(na$#r3a *( #%a*(&a. a %a *"+ra$aa &a *( %a *#&("n#. "r3#%# *# $or3#aa %a a+a*ar# &" d#8#"% r#@(nr#+#d#. *"&"% d# &arn# *# o6(n# 8r#" *( #*# %(3+#d#)

    Mirosul *# a+r#&(aa %a #3+#ra"ra &a3#r#(. a %a *"+ra$aa & *( =n *ra"r(%#

    +ro$"nd#)M(ro*"% r#6"(# *a $(# +%a&". $ara a%# 3(ro*"r( *ra(n#. &arar(*(& *+#&(#()M(ro*"% (3+ro+r("*a" n#+%a&" a% &arn(( *# (d#n($(&a +r(n +ro6a $(#r6#r(( *a" $r(8#r(( 9 3(ro*"% *ra(n (#*# (n #@(d#na:)

    Caracteristicile maduvei oaselor! Mad"@a oa*#%or "3+%# =n =nr#8(3# &ana%"% 3#d"%ar a%oa*#%or &"%oar#a 3ad"@#( @ar(aa (n $"n&(# d# @r*a an(3a%"%"( d# %a ro8a%6"(# %a 8a%6#nn"*(")

    b)Caracteristicile chimice ale carnii)

    Compozitia chimica a carnii de porc)

    Co3+o((a &7(3(&a a &arn(( #*# d##r3(naa d# +ro+or(a d($#r(#%or #*""r(. +ro+or(( &ar#@ar(aa =n $"n&(# d# @r*a. *+#&(#. *ar#a d# (n8ra*ar# *( r#8("n#a anao3(&a)#*""% 3"*&"%ar #*#&on*("( d(n $or3a("n( d#n"3(# $(6r# 3"*&"%ar#) F(#&ar# $(6ra &on*a d(nr"n 3an"n&7( d# 3(o$(6r(%#d(*+"*# +ara%#% *( (n&%"*# (nr"n $%"(d (n#r%"%ar n"3( *ar&o+%a*3a) La rnd"% %or. 3(o$(6r(%#%# *"n&on*("(# d(n *(r"r( ordona# d# 3(o$(%a3#n# +ro(#&a#. r#+r#(na #%#3#n#%# &onra&(%# a%#3"*&7(%or *r(a( *( &ar# *# #(nd +# oaa %"n8(3#a $(6r#()n *r"&"ra 3(o$(6r(%#( *# d(*(n8 do"a (+"r(d# $(%a3#n# +ro#(. d(*+"*# +ara%#% &" aa a*#(a *( an"3#! $(%a3#n# 8roa*# &on*("(# d(n 3(o(na*( $(%a3#n# *"6(r( &on*("(# d(n a&(na. ro+o3(o(na)A do"a &o3+on#na 3aora a &arn(( o r#+r#(na#*""% &on"n&(@. #*""% &" ro% d# *"*(n#r#. d# %#8a"ra *( d# *#+arar# =nr# a+ara#. *(*#3#. or8an#.

    #*""r(. %"%# &a *( =nr# 3#d("% %"%ar *( +%a*3a (n#r*((a%a)Aa*a +r#(na o *#3n($(&a(# d#o*#6(a=n +r(@(na &a%(a(( or8ano%#+( *( n"r((@# a &a+a&(a(( d# +r#%"&rar# #7no%o8(&a *( a +"#r(( d#&on*#r@ar# a &arn(()

    D(n +"n& d# @#d#r# &7(3(& #*""% 3"*&"%ar *r(a #*# &on*("( =n 3#d(# d(n!

    J ?-K *"6*an# or8an(

    a+a ?/?,K

    *"6*an# 3(n#ra%# 1K

    J /-K *"6*an# anor8an(

    +ro#(n# 1.-K9/K d(n *"6*ana "*&aa:

    8%"&(d# 2K

    %(+(d# 12K)

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    Tabel &'&( Compo)itia c!imica a carii *e porc

    Co3+o((a &7(3(&a a &arn(( d# +or&

    Specia Stare dengrasare

    Regiune Apa !roteine "rasime Cenusa Apa#!ro$teine

    %cal&''g

    Por&(n# S%a6a Gar$ -- 1,./0 20 0.0 2. 2/;

    Por&(n# M#d(# Gar$ ,, 1/./0 ,2 0.0 2.;0 ,2;

    Por&(n# Gra*a Gar$ 2> 10.20 -0 0.?0 2.? ,>0

    Por&(n# S%a6a P"%+a ; 1?./0 1, 0.0 2.>- 1>-

    Por&(n# M#d(# P"%+a ;0 1-./0 /, 0.0 2.>, /??

    Por&(n# Gra*a P"%+a -, 12./0 2/.1 0.?0 ,.0 2,/

    Por&(n# S%a6a Co%# ;2 1.00 1?./ 0.0 2.-0 //

    Por&(n# M#d(# Co%# -; 1?.00 /;./ 0.0 2.>0 20,

    Por&(n# Gra*a Co%# , 1-.00 2;.2 0.?0 2./0 2?

    !roteine musculare.

    Carn#a d# 6"na &a%(a# ar# "n &on(n" =nr# 1//K +ro#(n#) La &arn"r(%# nor3a%# =nr# &on(n""% d#a+a *( % d# +ro#(n# #(*a "n ra+or &" @a%oar# d# 2.;2. r#%a(@ &on*an) M#n(n#r#a @a%or(( nor3a%#a ra+or"%"( a+a+ro#(na d(n #*""% 3"*&"%ar =n (3+"% @(#(( an(3a%"%"( +r#*"+"n# "n a+or o+(3 d#+ro#(n# +r(n ra(a $"ra#ra)In "n#%# *("a(( #r#3# "n#%# #*""r( +(#rd $oar# +"(n d(n 8r#"a#. dara%#%# +o +(#rd# +na %a ?0K d(n 8r#"a#a %or n#3a(+"nd"*# @a%or($(&a ra+or"% a+a+ro#(na)

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    !roteinele mioflbrilare.A*#a &on*("(# &o3+on#na 3aora a +ro#(n#%or &arn(( 9r#+r#(na--;0K d(n oa%"% +ro#(n#%or d(n &arn#:)S"n %o&a%(a# =n (n#r(or"% $(6r#%or 3"*&"%ar# *( &onr(6"(# %aor8an(ar#a $(%a3#noa*a a 3"*&7("%"(. +ar(&(+nd %a +ro*"% &onra&(#( 3"*&"%ar#)

    Miozina.M(o(na #*# a 3a( a36"nd#na 9-.?K d(n &on(n""% +ro#(& a% 3(o$(6r(%#(:) S#

    %o&a%(#aa %a n(@#%"% 6#n(%or. =n d(*&"r(%# &onra&(%#. (nrnd =n &on*("(a $(%a3#n#%or 8roa*# a%#3(o$(6r(%#%or) Pr#(na o $or3a 3(a! 8%o6"%ara *( $(6r(%ara *( o 3a*a 3"*&"%ara $oar# 3ar#)In*o%"6(%a =na+a. *o%"6(%a =n *o%"(( *%a6# d# *ar"r( n#"r# *( 6a# *%a6#) Con(n# o( a3(noa&((( #*#n(a%()

    Actina.A&(na r#+r#(na 12K d(n &on(n""% +ro#(& a% 3"*&7("%"() E*# %o&a%(aa %a n(@#%"%$(%a3#n#%or *"6(r()Ca *r"&"ra *# +r#(na *"6 do"a $or3#!

    $or3a 8%o6"%ara 9Ga&(na:

    $or3a $(6r(%ara 9Fa&(na:

    Fa&(na ar# @&o(a#a &r#*&"a. (ar Ga&(na #*# *%a6 @(*&oa*a) In 3"*&7("% =n *ar# d# r#+ao*a&(na F *# 8a*#*# *#+araa %a $#% &a *( Ga&(na) In (3+"% &onra&(#( 3"*&"%ar# a&(na *# "n#*# &"3(o(na)

    (ropomiozina.Aa*a r#+r#(na /.-K d(n &on(n""% 3"*&7("%"() E*# d(*+"*a =n $(%a3#n#*"6(r( =n*o(nd on#%# d# %o&a%(ar# a a&(n#()Mo%#&"%a ar# $or3a $(6r(%ara *( +r#(na o *r"&"ra d"6%"#%(&o(da%a. $((nd(n#r+"*a =nr# do"a $(%a3#n# d# Fa&(na)N" r#a&(on#aa &" a&(na) N" +r#(naa&(@(a# ATPa(&a) Po*#da +ro+r(#a#a d# *"+#r&onra&(# *( &onr(6"(# %a 3#n(n#r#a +# o +#r(oada3a( %"n8a a 3"*&7("%"( =n &onra&(#)

    Contractina.Prod"* d# d#8radar# a +ro#(n#%or 3(o$(6r(%ar# d"+a 3oar#a an(3a%"%"() Poa# *a"n#a*&a &" a&(na. dar n" ar# a&(@(a# ATPa(&a)

    !roteinele din plasma interfibrilara.S"n +ro#(n# *o%"6(%# =n a+a "nd# $or3#aa *"&"% d#&arn#)

    Mioglobina.Cro3o+ro#(da. r#+r#(na +(83#n"% $(6r#( 3"*&"%ar# &on$#ra &arn((&"%oar#*+#&($(&a ro*(#) Ar# ro%"% d# a $(a r#@#r*(6(% o(8#n"% 3"*&"%ar. &on*("(nd o (3+orana r##r@a d#o(8#n. n#*ar d#*$a*"rar(( +ro*#%or 6(o&7(3( d# d#8radar# o(da(@a +r(n &ar# *# 8#n#r#aa #n#r8(a9ATP:)

    C"%oar#a &arn(( #*# &" a 3a( +ron"naa &" & a&(@(a#a 3"*&"%ara +# (3+"% @(#(( a $o* 3a(3ar#)La a%a*( (nd(@(d. &arn#a d(n r#8("n(%# &or+ora%# &" a&(@(a# 3a( (n#n*a. #*# 3a( +ron"na ro*(#d#& a d(n r#8("n(%# &" a&(@(a# r#d"*a. (ar =n &adr"% a%#(a*( r#8("n(. &"%oar#a 3"*&7(%or &"a&(@(a# 3a( (n#n*a #*# 3a( +ron"naa)n 8#n#ra% 3"*&7(( &" a&(@(a# (n#n*a &on(n , /0 383(o8%o6(nV8 #*". (ar ( &" a&(@(a# r#d"*a 12 38 7#3o8%o6(na8 #*")

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    !roteinele din nucleu)H##ron"&%#o+ro#3#. $or3a# d(n +ro#(n# +ro+r("(*# *( "n 8r"++ro*#(& a%&a"( d(n a&(( n"&%#(&() N"&%#"% &on(n# =nr#a8a &an(a# d# a&7(( n"&%#(&( *( r#+r#(na*#d("% (n$or3a(#( 8#n#()

    !roteinele din stroma.A*#a (nra =n &o3+on#na *ar&o%#3#( *( d##r3(na #"ra &arn(()

    Colagenul)E*# o +ro#(na &" @a%oar# 6(o%o8(&a (n$#r(oara #%a6oraa d# $(6ro&(#%# #*""%"(&on"n&(@ *"6 $or3a d# ro+o&o%a8#n &ar# (n((a% #*# *o%"6(% =n a+a)Tr#+a 3o%#&"%#%# a*"(a *#+o%(3#r(#aa *( a*$#% d#@(n# (n*o%"6(%)D"r(a#a &o%a8#n"%"( #*# +ro+or(ona%a &" @r*a an(3a%"%"( *(&on*("(# +r(n&(+a%"% $a&or d##r3(na d"r(a#a &arn(()

    lastinaar# o &o3+o((# &7(3(&a a*#3anaoar#. dar n" +r#(na &a+a&(a# d# 8#%a(n(ar#. (ard(8#*(6(%(a#a #*# $oar# r#d"*a) In 3od nor3a% #*""% #%a*(& d#n* 9%(8a3#n"% r@(&a%: n" *#"(%(#aa)E*# r#(*#na %a 7(dro%(a a&(da *a" a%&a%(na. r#(*#na %a #n(3#%# d(8#*(@# d#&( ra3n#n#aa&aa. (nd(8#*a

    Reticulina.Aa*a $or3#aa $(6r#%# $(n# d(n #ndo3(("n() R#(*a %a $(#r6#r# *( %a 7(dro%(aa&(da)

    Creatina.E*# "n +rod"* $(na% a% 3#a6o%(*3"%"( aoa. *# 8a*#*# =n 3"*&7(( a%6(

    *ipidele +grasimile).Con*("(# o &o3+on#na @ar(a6(%a. (n$%"#naa d# *+#&(#. *#. ra*a. *ar#a$((o%o8(&a *( d# =nr#(n#r# a an(3a%"%"()Gra*(3#a #*# &onnraa =n #*""% ad(+o*!

    a: &o3+a& =n on#%# *"6&"ana# 9*%an(na+or&:.

    =n ona r#ro+#r(on#a%a 9o*na:.

    =n ona 3##n#r(&a 96aar#a:)

    ,osfolipidele.S# 8a*#*& =n r(6oo3(. 3(o&ondr(. *ar&o%#3a) Can(a#a d# $o*$o%(+(d# a 3a(

    3ar# a+ar# =n 3"*&7("% &ard(a&)

    Colesterolul. S# 8a*#*# =n *ra"% d# *#+ara(# =nr# n(o$(6r(%#) Can(a( 3ar( a+ar =n 3"*&7("%

    n##d. &an(a( 3(&( =n 3"*&7("% *r(a.

    (rigliceridele.A*#a r#+r#(na 8ra*(3#a d# d#+o() Pr(n&(+a%(( a&(( 8ra*( #(*#n( =n

    *r"&"ra 8ra*(3(( *"n! a&(d 3(r(*(&. a&(d +a%3((&. a&(d *#ar(&. a&(d o%#(& *( a&(d %(no%#(&)

    Pna %a %(3(a d# - 10K 8ra*(3#a 3"*&"%ara &on$#ra &a%(a( *"+#r(oar# &arn((. =n *+#&(a% d(n+"n& d# @#d#r# or8ano%#+(&) E*"% d# 8ra*(3# r#d" =n*a @a%oar#a n"r((@a d#oar# *&ad#+ron"% d# +ro#(n#)Gra*(3(%# an(3a%# +r#(na +ara3#r(( *+#&($(&( a( (nd(&(%or $((&o&7(3(&( +# 6aa&arora *# +oa# a+r#&(a *+#&(a *( +"r(a#a 8ra*(3(()

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    "lucidele r#+r#(na o &o3+on#na r#%a(@ 3(nora d(n +"n& d# @#d#r# &an(a(@ 91K:. dar a""n ro% (3+oran =n d#$(n(r#a &a%(a(( &arn(()

    "licogenul r#+r#(na *"r*a d(r#&a d# #n#r8(# 8a*(nd"*# =n &an(a# 3ar# =n r#8("n(%# anao3(

    &" a&(@(a# 3"*&"%ara (n#n*a)D"+a 3oar#. 8%"&(d#%# d(n &arn# *&ad r#+a +r(n d#8radar#a %or

    +r(n 8%(&o%(a. =n "r3a &ar#(a &a +rod"* (n#r3#d(ar r#"%a a&(d"% %a&(&)

    -onozitolul.Io3#r a% 8%"&o#( a*(8"ra &arar(*(&(%# d# 8"*. 3(ro* *( +a%+a6(%(a# a &arn((

    d"+a a $o* $(ara *a" $r(+a)

    Substantele minerale.S# 8a*#*& =n +ro+o(# d# 1 11K. o @a%oar# &r#*&"a +r##nnd +oa*("%.$o*$or"%. &a%&("%. 3a8n#("%. *od("%. (n&"%. &"+r"%)D(*+"n#r#a %or *# $a =n $"n&(# d# 3"*&7(. @r*a.*ar#a d# =n8ra*ar#) Ion"% d# *od(". &%or"r(%# *( 6(&ar6ona(( *# 8a*#*& #ra%"%ar +# &nd +oa*("%.3a8n#("%. $o*$or"% (nra%"%ar) Can(a( 3ar( d# $(#r *# 8a*#*& =n 7#3o8%o6(na. 3#o8%o6(na) Ca%&("% *#8a*#*# #ra%"%ar *( %a n(@#%"% $(6r#( 3"*&"%ar#)D"+a 3oar#. (on(( d# &a%&(" *# d#+%a*#aa (n#r$(6r(%ar

    r#"%nd 3od($(&ar#a &a+a&(a(( d# 7(draar# a &arn(( *( d# r#(n#r# a a+#()

    itaminele.

    a: @(a3(na B1 *# 8a*#*# =n &ord. $(&a. 3"*&"%a"ra an(3a%#%or (n#r#. r(n(&7( d# +or&) S# (na&(@#aa+r(n &on8#%ar# *( +r(n +r#%"&rar# #r3(&a)

    6: @(a3(na B/ *# 8a*#*# =n $(&a *( #*# #r3o*a6(%a)

    &: @(a3(na B; *# 8a*#*# =n &arn#a d# +#*#)

    d: @(a3(na PP #r3o*a6(%a)

    #: %#%a%# @(a3(n# d(n &o3+%#"% B. *# 8a*#*& =n &an(a( *+or(# =n! r(n(&7(. $(&a. &r#(#r)

    $: @(a3(na A a+ar# =n "%#("% d# +#*#. $(&a. r(n(&7(. &ord. &r#(#r *( #*# d(*r"*a d# &a%d"ra)

    8: @(a3(na D *# 8a*#*# =n &or#%a(# &" *#ro%(( na"ra%( 9oo*#ro%(. $(o*#ro%(:. &ar# =n +r##narad(a((%or "%ra @(o%## d##r3(na $or3ar#a @(a3(n#( D) Aa*a a+ar# =n &an(a( &r#*&"# =n "%#("% d#$(&a d# +#*# *( =n 8ra*(3#a *"6&"anaa a +#*(%or)

    Tabel &'+(Cotiutul i %itamie al carii *e porc

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    3. SpalareaS# $a &" "n $"r"n &" a+a r# +#nr" a *# =nd#+ara #@#n"a%#%# "r3# d# r#3(n#*n# d(n +ro*"% d#

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    -i" .6-autoclava figura .7- autoclava orizontala;ncalzirea sau urcarea temperaturii n autoclava)

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    S# &on(n"a *orar#a &on*#r@#%or =na(n# d# a $( d#+o(a#. =n%a"rnd"*# &"((%# &" d#$#%# araa# 3a(*"* *( &ar# n" a" $o* o6*#r@a#. & *( a &"((%or o*oar#. ad(&a %# (ara &on(n" =n #%#)

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    &+. AmbalareaD"+a #(&7#ar#. &"((%# *# a36a%#aa =n %a( *a" &"(( d# &aron =n $"n&((%# d# &ond(((%# (3+"*# d#6#n#$(&(ar. dar &ar# &or#*+"nd# d(n +"n& d# @#d#r# a% r#8%#3#ar(%or nor3#%or =n @(8oar#)

    &/. Depo)itareaD#+o(ar#a *# $a +r(n *(@"(r#a d(r#&a a &"((%or *a" a36a%a#%or &" &"(( +# &o%oan# *a" +(ra3(d#. dar

    oa# a*#a# +# 8raar#) =nr# *(@# *# %a*a %o& %(6#r d# r#r#. dar *(@"(r#a *# $a +# *or(3#n# *( %o"r( d#$a6r(&a(#. +#nr" a *# "*"ra %(@rar#a &ar# r#6"(# $a&"a =n ord(n#a @#&7(3(( %o"r(%or)

    n (3+"% d# +o(ar(( r#6"(# r#*+#@&a( "r3aor(( +ara3#r((!

    //

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    #3+#ra"ra &"+r(n*a =nr# / *( /0C) "3(d(a#a. 3a(3 ?-K)

    P#*# +ra8"% d# ?-K. "3(d(a#a $a@or(#aa +ro*"% d# r"8(n(r# a &"(#(. (ar +#nr" a #@(a a* %"&r" *#o+#aa +#nr" d#+o(# "*&a# *( @#n(%a#)

    D"raa d#+o(ar(( @ar(aa =n $"n&(# d# *or(3#n. dar n(&( =nr"n &a n" @a $( 3a( 3ar# d# /, d# %"n()C"((%# &ar# *(" &a @or $( d#+o(a# 3a( 3"% (3+ %( *# @or a+%(&a "n raa3#n *+#&(a%. &ar# &on*a =n

    "n8#r#a %a ##r(or. +#nr" a $or3a "n *ra+ro#&or &ar# +r#@(n# r"8(n(r#a *a" +r(nro &"$"ndar# =n 6a(# d# "%#(3(n#ra% &a%d)

    /2

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    / Stabilirea liiei te!olo"ice 7*e$e.

    -i"ura / '&Sc!ita *e ampla$are a utila8elor 9tr(o $ec#ie *e ,abricare co$er%e $ub ,orm *e pa$t *eare ;i pate

    1 6ar' d# +ro#&

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    8 +o3+' d# &arn# Rod(+a*

    3a4(n' d# =n&7(* &"((

    &? 3a4(n' d# *+'%a &"(( +%(n#

    &@ &o4 *#ro3a

    &8 &'r"&(or +#nr" &o4"r(

    &

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    0 Ale"erea uei ma$ii care e1ecuta o operatie importata

    AUTOCLAVE

    Din punct de vedere constructiv ele pot fi:

    orizontale; verticale.

    Se vor avea n vedere urmtoarele aspecte:

    timp de ncrcare 10 minute; timp de descrcare 10 minute; timp de meninere n autoclav (din reet).

    n autoclavele verticale sunt supuse sterilizrii produsele am!alate "i constituie utila#ulconductor n fa!ricile de conserve.

    Sterilizarea produselor am!alate se realizeaz n mod diferit n funcie de natura am!ala#ului:

    sterilizarea la presiunea a$entului termic % c&nd am!ala#ele folosite sunt cutiile metalice; sterilizarea cu suprapresiune de aer sau ap n cazul am!ala#elor de sticl pentru a se evita

    aruncarea capacelor datorit presiunii ridicate din interiorul recipientului.Construcie - pri componente

    'orpul autoclavei (1) este un cilindru din oel sudat cu un fond n form de calot sferic (). apartea superioar a cilindrului este sudat un inel n care se monteaz $arnitura de etan"are

    ntre capac*corp. a partea inferioar a cilindrului n interior este sudat un al doilea inel pentru ase spri#ini co"ul cu produs (+).

    ,ar!otorul (1+) este montat la !aza corpului autoclavei "i poate avea diferite forme:o !ar!otor inelar cu orificii desc-ise nclinat la +/ fa de vertical ;o !ar!otoare cu alimentare central "i * ramificaii ce fac un un$-i de 0/.

    2artea superioar a autoclavului e nc-is cu un capac n form de calot sferic (). 'apacul eprins de corpul autoclavei cu !alamale () "i str&ns pentru asi$urarea nc-iderii cu 3 !utoanera!ata!ile () le$ate de corp "i str&nse cu piulie tip fluture.

    2entru a u"ura manevrarea capacului acesta este prevzut cu una sau dou contra$reuti (3)care ec-ili!reaz $reutatea capacului fa de punctul de oscilaie al !alamalei.

    'o"urile permit introducerea produsului n autoclav. 4u o construcie adecvat pentru a asi$urao circulaie activ a fluidelor folosite ca a$ent termic at&t n interiorul c&t "i e5teriorul co"ului pentruintensificarea sc-im!ului termic. 'o"urile (6) au form cilindric cu diametrul mai redus dec&t diametrulinterior al autoclavei cu circa 30mm.

    Sunt confecionate din ta!l perforat cu orificii de diametru minim d 7 mm "i distana ma5imde dm ntre orificii. 8le mai prezint un sistem de prindere pentru a fi ridicat "i tranportat cuelectropalanul.

    2e capac sunt montate:

    supapa de si$uran (11) cu arc pentru a preveni apariia unui e5ces de presiune n autoclav; ventil de aerisire (10) % pentru eliminarea aerului din autoclav "i verificarea scderii presiunii

    nainte de desc-iderea capacului.

    /;

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    2e corpul autoclavului sunt montate :

    un racord (1) pus n le$tur cu interiorul autoclavului ce permite montarea termometrului "imonometrului;

    racordul de admisie a a!urului n !ar!otor (1+); racordul de scur$ere a apei "i a condensului (1); racord de preaplin (1); racord de alimentare cu ap a autoclavului.

    -i"ura 0'&(Autocla%ul %ertical

    /?

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    2' Calculul or"aolo"ic a uui or"a *e ma;i $au a uei tra$mi$ii

    'alculul te-nolo$ic se refera la:+rod"&(@(a#a a"o&%a@#(*!ilanul termic pe faze cu sta!ilirea consumului de a!ur necesar in perioada de ncalzire si desterilizare propriu*zisa;*necesarul de apa in perioada de rcire.2roductivitatea autoclavului este dependent de:*mrimea autoclavei;*caracterul discontinuu al funcionrii acestuia;*durata ciclului de sterilizare. 9ecipientele se introduc in autoclava in co"uri de forma cilindric avnd un volum !rut care sedetermina cu relaia:

    7 CC A

    /

    ,

    /

    m Dc7diametrul co"ului n m;

    c7nalimea co"ului n m.9ecipientele introduse in co"uri au de re$ula forma cilindric pentru aceea"i sar#a folosindu*serecipiente de acelea"i dimensiuni si acela"i coninut astfel nc&t durata de sterilizare sa fie identic. (in minute) productivitateautoclavei va fi: =17(0?n1)@>; recipiente@ora =umarul de am!ala#e din autoclava n1se poate determina si cu relaia:

    zad

    /n

    r

    C

    = ?L-.01 ;!uci a7c@-r

    z7nr de cosuri din autoclava(z71) Dac tre!uie sa se asi$ure o productie temporar a sectiei de = recipiente@ora numarul necesarde autoclave va fi:

    =

    1E

    En ua u este coeficientul de utilizare a capacitii de producie a autoclavelor;

    'aracteristicile autoclavei ABC:1.4utoclava propriu*zisa:*volum total 63l;

    /

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    *volum util 300l;*diametrul interior (Da) 100mm;*inaltimea autoclavului (a) 100mm;*$rosimea peretilor 3mm;d(3#n*("n( d# 8a6ar( 1/001;>01>/033*masa 0$

    .'aracteristicile co"ului:*volum 300l;*diametrul (Dc) 6+0l;*inalimea co"ului (c) 100mm;*$rosimea peretelui mm;*masa 100$;*diametrul $urilor practicate pe suprafaa lateral a co"ului mm;*distana dintre orificii ?mm..'aracteristicile recipientului si produsului:*masa unei cutii 000$;*masa coninutului 0100$;*diametrul recipientului E3mm;

    *inalimea recipientului 3mm+.Formula de sterilizare : 10G*G*1G@10/'

    Caracteristicile recipienilor1. Diametrul recipientului :

    dr7E3mm700E3m. -r*se calculeaz pentru fiecare conserv n parte n funcie de $rama#

    100HIII..00lJEH pierderi7l 7000ml

    . 7 ( ) mmd

    .

    hh

    drr

    r

    ?0-2.;>>>U1,.2

    -2-000U,,U,

    //

    /

    ===

    +. olumul co"ului

    c7 ( ) 22

    //

    L.0?1)00/0.1U,

    >,.0U1,.2

    ,mm.A

    /CC

    C ==

    .olumul recipientului

    r 7 ( ) 22/ 0001,?2.00/L.0U0?L.0U/

    2UU

    /

    2mhd

    rr ==

    .=umrul de recipiente din co" la a"ezarea ordonat

    n17 recipiente.

    .

    r

    C ,L120001,?2.0

    L.0 == @"ar#

    E.'alculm productivitatea autoclavului

    =17 -/?L,;

    ,L12U;0U;01 ==

    nrecipiente@-.

    />

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    .9e$uli de protectie a muncii si masuri de i$iena in cadrul linieite-nolo$ice

    Pro#&(a 3"n&(( #*# (n ara noa*ra o +ro6%#3a d# *a. r#8%#3#naa +r(n +r#@#d#r( *( nor3a(@# &" &ararr#+"6%(&an. d#+ara3#na 9ord(n# &"+r(nand aa nor3# 8#n#ra%#. &a *( nor3# d# +ro#&(# a 3"n&(( *+#&($(. +#

    a&(@(a(: *( "(na%# 9&"+r(nand (n*r"&("n( +ro+r(( d# +ro#&(# a 3"n&((. +or(@( &ond(((%or *+#&($( d(n(nr#+r(nd#r( *a" d(n *#&((:) Nor3#%# d# +ro#&(# a 3"n&(( a" &a *&o+ *a (36"naa#a*&a &ond(((%# d# 3"n&a *( *a (n%a"r# &a"#%# &ar# +o+ro@o&a a&&(d#n# d# 3"n&a *( (36o%na@(r( +ro$#*(ona%# +"n (n +#r(&o% @(aa *( *anaa#a oa3#n(%or (n +ro*"%d# 3"n&a) Ma*"r( d# (36"naa(r# a &ond(((%or d# 3"n&a *( d# (n%a"rar# a &a"#%or a&&(d#n#%or *( a (36o%na@(r(%or+ro$#*(ona%# *# r#a%(#aa +r(n a+%(&ar#a nor3#%or d# +ro#&(# a 3"n&(() M#n(n#r#a &ond(((%or d# *a%"6r(a# (n "n(a(%# d# (nd"*r(a%(ar# a &arn(( *"n r#8%#3#na# +r(n nor3a(@# d#*a *an(ar# *( *an(ar@##r(nar#. (n &ar# *"n *a6(%(# o6%(8a((%# *( ra*+"nd#r(%# &ar# r#@(n (n +ro*"% d#+r#%"&rar#. (n ran*+or"% *( d#+o(ar#a +r#od"*#%or d# or(8(n# an(3a%a) Carn#a *( +rod"*#%# d# &arn# d#*(na# &on*"3"%"( "3an r#6"(#. +# d# o +ar#. *a +ro@(na d# %a an(3a%# *(+a*ar( *anaoa*#. *"+"*# (na(n# d# a(#r# "n"( #a3#n *an(ar @##r(nar. (ar +# d# a%a +ar#. *a $(# a(a# d#

    +#r*ona% 3"n&(or *anao*. n"3a( (n "n(a( d# +rod"&(# a"or(a#. &ar# *a (nd#+%(n#a*&a "n 3(n(3"3 d# &ond(((*an(ar# *( (n &ar# *a *# +oaa a*(8"ra o *ar# &or#*+"naoar# d# (8(#na)

    A6aoar#%#$r(8or($#r#%#. $a6r(&(%# d# +r#+ara# *a" &on*#r@# d(n &arn# +o *a*( d#*$a*oar# a&(@(a#a+rod"&(@an"3a( da&a *a a*(8"ra o *ar# d# (8(#na &or#*+"naoar#. a*$#% &a (nr#a8a *"+r#a$aa %(6#ra*( &%ad(a a "n(a(( *a$(# &"raa) Pr(n no("n#a d# &"ra r#6"(# (n#%#*! (nd#+arar#a r#(d""r(%or *( a 3"rdar(#( @((6(%#. a "r3#%or d#*"6*an# &7(3( $o%o*(# +#nr" d#(n$#&(#. d#(n*#&(# *a" d#ra(ar#. &a *( %(+*a 8#r3#n(%or +ao8#n( *a" aa%or 3(&roor8an(*3# a% &aror n"3ar d#+a*#*# %(3(#%# ad3(*# +# "(%a *a" (n *+a("% #7no%o8(& d# %"&r") A*(8"rar#a *ar(( d# (8(#na a "n(a(%or d# +rod"&(# *( *a%"6r(a#a +rod"*#%or *# r#a%(#aa +r(nro *#r(# d#3a*"r( *an(ar# *( *an(ar @##r(nar#. d(nr# &ar# %# 3a( (3+oran# *"n! 3a*"r(%# d# (8(#na (nd(@(d"a%a. &ar# &on*a". (n *+#&(a%. d(n *+a%ar#a *( d#(n$#&ar#a 3a(n(%or. a

    #&7(+a3#n"%"( d# +ro#&(# *( a "n#%#%or d# %"&r". &onro% 3#d(&a% +#r(od(&. #&) a*(8"rar#a (8(#n#( 8#n#ra%# a *+a((%or d# +rod"&(# #7no%o8(. d#+o(# *(. (n 8#n#ra%. a (nr#8(( (n&(n#. &a

    *( &"ra#n(a *( d#(n$#&(a ""ror (n*a%a((%or. a "(%a#%or. a r#&(+(#n#%or *(. (n 3od d#o*#6(. a %or &ar# @(n(n &ona& d(r#& &" +rod"*#%# +ro*"%"( d# +rod"&(#. 3an(+"%ar# *a" d#+o(ar#

    Ma*"r(%# +r(n &ar# *# a*(8"ra *ar#a d# (8(#na *( d# *a%"6r(a# (n (nd"*r(a &arn((. 3od"% %or d# a+%(&ar#. &a *( $#%"%(n &ar# *# @#r($(&a *( *# &onro%#aa r#*+#&ar#a a*ora *"n &"+r(n*# (n %#8(*%a(a *an(ara *( *an(ar @##r(nara *(a" &arar o6%(8aor(" +#nr" oa# "n(a(%# d# +rod"&(# *( d#+o(ar#) D(nr# 3a*"r(%# +r(n &ar# *# a*(8"ra (8(#na *( *a%"6r(a#a (n "n(a(%# d# +rod"&(#. $a& +ar# *(! d#(n$#&(a.d#(n*#&(a *( d#ra(ar#a &ar#. &or#%a#. a%&a"(#*& &o3+%#"% 3a*"r(%or d# +r#@#n(r# *( &o36a#r# a 6o%(%or +r(n&ar# *# "r3ar#*# d(*r"8#r#a 8#r3#n(%or +ao8#n(. +r#&"3 *( a roaoar#%or *( (n*#%or +o @#7(&"%a a*(8#r3#n() D#(n$#&(a ar# *&o+"% d# a +r#@#n( ran*3(#r#a 6o%(%or (n$#&(oa*# *( +ara(ar# d# %a an(3a% %a o3 *( d# ad(*r"8# a8#n(( +ao8#n(. (n *+#&(a% 6ar((%#) Ea+#%# +r(n &ar# *# r#a%(#aa d#(n$#&(a *"n! &"ra(r#a 3#&an(&a. d#(n$#&(a +ro+r(" (*a. &on*and d(n

    a+%&ar#a +# o d"ara d##r3(naa a 3(%oa%or d#(n$#&an# *( (nd#+arar#a +r(n *+a%ar# a *"6*an#%ord#(n$#&a# $o%o*(# *a". d"+a &a. a#r(*(r#a (n&a+#r(%or +#nr" #@a&"ar#a @a+or(%or d# *o%"(( d#(n$#&an#) C"ra(r#a 3#&an(&a &on*a d(n (nd#+arar#a &" 3(%oa o6(*n"(# 9%o+#(. 3a"r(. ra"(oar#. a*+(raoar#.a*+(raoar#. 3a*(n( d# &"ra(: a r#(d""r(%or. 8"noa(#%or *( a r#*"r(%or d# +rod"*# a%(3#nar#. #&. &ar# &on*("(#3a*a +r(n&(+a%a a 6ar((%or d# +"r#$a&(# *( a 3(&ro6(%or +ao8#n() C"ra(r#a 3#&an(&a #*# "r3aa d# +"r#$a&(#*( a 3(&ro6(%or +ao8#n() C"ra(r#a 3#&an(&a #*# "r3aa d# &"ra(r#a *an(ara. &ar# *# r#a%(#aa +r(n *+a%ar#a3(n"(oa*a a *+a((%or d# +rod"&(#. &"%oar#. d#+o(#. #&. &a *( a (n*a%a((%or. a "(%a#%or *( a r#&(+(#n#%or) D#(n$#&(a +ro+r("(*a *# +oa# r#a%(a +r(n 3(%oa $((. *( 3a( a%#*. +r(n 3(%oa &7(3()

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    D(nr# 3(%oa%# $(( *# 3#n(on#aa! %"3(na *o%ara. "*&ar#a (n a#r %(6#r. #3+#ra"ra (na%a 9*"6 $or3a d#$o&. &a%d"ra "*&aa. a+a &%o&o(a *( @a+or( d# a+a: *( rad(a((%# "%ra@(o%##) Ca 3(%oa d# d#(n$#&(#. *"n $o%o*(# d($#r(# *"6*an# *"6 $or3a d# *o%"((. *"*+#n*((. #3"%*(( *( 8a#.a%#8#r#a d#(n$#&an"%"( $a&and"*# (n $"n&(# d# 8#r3#n"% a &ar"( d(*r"8#r# *# "r3ar#*#) S"6*an#%# d#(n$#&an# %# 3a( $r#&@#n $o%o*(# *"n! &%or"ra d# @ar *"6 $or3a d# *o%"(#. &ar# &on(n# 110K &%or a&(@. a%d#7(da $or3(&a (n &onnra(# d# 0)- , K. *oda &a%&(naa. @ar. &%ora3(na. 6ro3#. *( a%#%#)

    Aa &onnra(a *"6*an#(. &a *( (3+"% d# &ona&. n"3ar"% d# a+%(&a(( *( #3+#ra"ra *o%"(#( *"n (n ra+or d#na"ra 8#r3#n(%or &ar# r#6"(# d(*r"*( *( *"n +r#&(a# (n nor3#%# *an(ar @##r(nar#) Sa+ara d# d#(n$#&(a a+%(&aa d"+a #r3(nar#a +ro*"%"( d# +rod"&(#. 3#n(ona3 *( 3a*"r(%# d# d#(n$#&(# *# (a" +# +ar&"r*"% r#a%(ar(( +rod"&(#() A*$#%. &"(#%# *( a%# d(*+o((@# d# a(#r#. &ar# @(n (n &ona& &"&arn#a. *"n d#(n$#&a# (n r#&(+(#n# *+#&(a%# d"+a $(#&ar# (nr#6"(nar#) D#(n*#&(a #*# a&("n#a d# &o36a#r# a (n*#%or. a 8anda&(%or *( a %ar@#%or da"naoar#) M(%oa%# %# 3a( #$(&(#n# &on*a" d(n $o%o*(r#a (n*#&(&(d#%or. &o3+%#a# +r(n 3a*"r( d# (8(#na &"r#na) E#&"ar#a *#(n*#&(#( *# $a n"3a( d# +#r*ona% &a%($(&a *( a"or(a. &" r#*+#&ar#a nor3#%or d# +ro#&(# a3"n&((. (n *&o+"% +r#@#n(r(( a&&(d#n#%or %a o3 *( an(3a%#) P#nr" &o36a#r#a 8anda&(%or *# +o $o%o*(. a&o%o "nd# #*# +o*(6(%. a+a $(#r6(n#. $%a&ara *( #3+#ra"ra*&a"a 9?)))10C:. (ar d(nr# (n*#&(&(d#) D#ra(ar#a r#+r#(na d(*r"8#r#a roaoar#%or +#r(&"%oa*# +#nr" o3. aa *"6 a*+#& *an(ar @##r(nar. &a *(

    d(n +"n& d# @#d#r# #&ono3(&. (n *+#&(a% a *o6o%an(%or *( a *oar#&(%or) M(%oa%# d# &o36a#r# *# (3+ar (n 3(%oa (nd(r# *( 3(%oa d(r#. d# d(*r"8#r#) M(%oa%# +ro$(%a&( &on*a" d(n 3a*"r( *an(ar @##r(nar#. &ar# (3+(#d(&a (n3"%(r#a roaoar#%or *(r#*+#&ar#a &" *r(# a r#8"%(%or d# &"ra#n(#)

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    7.Bibliografie

    1. 'onf. dr. in$. iorel '. Sa-leanu % Tehnologia i controlul n

    industria crnii, 8ditura KAniversitatea SuceavaL Suceava 1666;

    . 'onstantin ,anu, Mtefan 9acoreanu