Stiinte Juridice an II ID Engleza

7/28/2019 Stiinte Juridice an II ID Engleza

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11

GO ... LEGALGO ... LEGAL

AsistAsist. Univ.. Univ. drddrd LauraLaura--Rebeca PrecupRebeca Precup--StiegelbauerStiegelbauer

[email protected]@yahoo.comTel: 0723888647Tel: 0723888647


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22

A 1000 miles trip starts with theA 1000 miles trip starts with the

first step!first step!


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33

DoesDoes hehe workwork??HeHe doesdoes notnot workworkHeHe worksworks

Do IDo I workwork??I doI do notnot workworkII dondontt workwork

II workworkSHORTSHORTINFINITVEINFINITVE

HE/SHE/IT +HE/SHE/IT +

S, ESS, ES

--somethingsomethinghappenshappens

repeatedlyrepeatedly

--howhow oftenoften

somethingsomething

happenshappens

--oneone actionaction

followsfollows anotheranother--thingsthings in generalin general

--afterafterthethe

followingfollowing verbsverbs::

toto lovelove,, toto hatehate,, toto

thinkthinketcetc

--futurefuture meaningmeaning::

TimetablesTimetables,,

programsprograms

everyevery dayday

sometimessometimes

alwaysalways

oftenoften

usuallyusually

seldomseldomnevernever

firstfirstthenthen

PRESENTPRESENTSIMPLESIMPLE

Exemplu laExemplu la

interogativinterogativ


negativnegativ

ExeExemplumplu lala

afirmafirmativativ

FORMULAFORMULAUTILIZAREUTILIZARECUVINTECUVINTE

SPECIFICESPECIFICE

TIMPULTIMPUL

The Tenses


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44

DidDid hehe workwork??HeHe diddid notnot workwork..HeHe didndidntt workwork..

HeHe workedworked..

DidDid II workwork??II diddid notnot workwork..

II didndidntt workwork..

II workedworked..--regularregular::

INFINITIVEINFINITIVE

++ --EDED

--irregularirregular::

22ndnd columncolumn ofof

table oftable of

irregularirregular

verbsverbs

--actionaction tooktookplaceplace

inin thethepastpast,, mostlymostly

connectedconnected withwith anan

expressionexpression ofoftimetime

(no(no connectionconnection toto

thethepresentpresent))

lastlast

agoago

in 1990in 1990

yesterdayyesterday

PAST SIMPLEPAST SIMPLE

IsIs hehe workingworking??HeHe isis notnot workingworking..

HeHe isnisntt workingworking..HeHe isis workingworking..

HeHess workingworking..

Am IAm I workingworking??I amI am notnot workingworking..

IImm notnot workingworking..

I amI am workingworking..

IImm workingworking..

TO BETO BE

(AM, ARE,(AM, ARE,

IS) +IS) +

INFINITIVEINFINITIVE+ ING+ ING

--somethingsomething isis

happeninghappening atat thethe

samesame timetime ofof

speakingspeaking ororaroundaround itit

-- futurefuture meaningmeaning::

whenwhen youyou havehave

alreadyalready

decideddecided andand

arrangedarranged toto dodoitit (a(a fixedfixedplan,plan,

date)date)

nownow

atat thethe momentmoment

LookLook!!

ListenListen!!

PRESENTPRESENT

CONTINUOUSCONTINUOUS




negativnegativ


afirmativafirmativ


SPECIFICESPECIFICE

TIMPULTIMPUL


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55

HasHas hehe workedworked??HeHe hashas notnot

workedworked..

HeHe hasnhasntt workedworked..

HeHe hashas workedworked..

HeHess workedworked

HaveHave II workedworked??II havehave notnot workedworked..

II havenhaventt workedworked

II havehave workedworked..

IIveve workedworked..

HAVE/HAS +HAVE/HAS +

PASTPAST

PARTICIPLEPARTICIPLE

**

* (infinitive +* (infinitive +

--eded) or (3) or (3rdrd

columncolumn ofof

table oftable of

irregularirregular

verbsverbs))

--youyou saysay thatthat sthsth..

hashas happenedhappened ororisis

finishedfinished inin thethe

pastpast andand itit hashas aa

connectionconnection toto thethe

presentpresent

--actionaction startedstarted inin

thethepastpast andand

continuescontinues upup toto

thethepresentpresent

justjust

yetyet

nevernever

everever

alreadyalready

soso farfar

upup toto nownow

sincesince

forfor

recentlyrecently

PRESENTPRESENT

PERFECTPERFECT

SIMPLESIMPLE

WasWas hehe workingworking??HeHe waswas notnot

workingworking..

HeHe wasnwasntt

workingworking..

HeHe waswas

workingworking..

WasWas II workingworking??II waswas notnot workingworking..

II wasnwasntt workingworking..

II waswas workingworking..WAS/WEREWAS/WERE

++


++ inging

--anan actionaction

happenedhappened inin thethe

middlemiddle ofofanotheranother

actionaction--someonesomeone waswas

doingdoing sthsth.. atat aa

certaincertain timetime (in(in

thethepastpast)) -- youyou dodo

notnot knowknow whetherwhether

itit waswas finishedfinished oror

notnot

whilewhilePASTPAST





negativnegativ


afirmativafirmativ


SPECIFICESPECIFICE

TIMPULTIMPUL


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66

HadHad hehe workedworked??HeHe daddad notnot

workedworked..

HeHe hadnhadntt workedworked..

HeHe hadhad workedworked..

HeHedd workedworked..

HadHad II workedworked??II hadhad notnot workedworked..

II hadnhadntt workedworked..

II hadhad workedworked..

IIdd workedworked..

HAD + PASTHAD + PAST


**



columncolumn ofof

table oftable of

irregularirregularverbsverbs))

--mostlymostly whenwhen twotwo

actionsactions in ain a storystory

areare relatedrelated toto eacheach

otherother:: thethe actionaction

whichwhich hadhad alreadyalready

happenedhappened isisputput

intointo PastPast Perfect,Perfect,

thethe otherotheractionactionintointo SimpleSimple PastPast

thethepastpast ofofthethe

PresentPresent PerfectPerfect

alreadyalready

justjust

nevernever

PASTPAST

PERFECTPERFECT

HasHas hehebeenbeen workingworking??HeHe hashas notnotbeenbeen

workingworking..

HeHe hasnhasnttbeenbeen

workingworking..

HeHe hashasbeenbeen

workingworking..

HeHessbeenbeen

workingworking..

HaveHave IIbeenbeen workingworking??II havehave notnotbeenbeen

workingworking..

II havenhaventtbeenbeen

workingworking..

II havehavebeenbeen

workingworking..

IIvevebeenbeen

workingworking..


BEEN +BEEN +


++

INGING

--actionactionbeganbegan inin

thethepastpast andand hashas

justjust stoppedstopped

--howhow longlong thethe

actionaction hashasbeenbeen

happeninghappening

--emphasisemphasis::

lengthlength ofof

timetime of anof an

actionaction

allall dayday

thethe wholewhole dayday

howhow longlong sincesince

forfor

PRESENTPRESENT

PERFECTPERFECT





negativnegativ


afirmativafirmativ


SPECIFICESPECIFICE

TIMPULTIMPUL


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WillWill hehe workwork??HeHe willwill notnot workwork..

HeHe wonwontt workwork..HeHe willwill workwork..

HeHellll workwork..

ShallShall II workwork??II shallshall notnot workwork..II shallshall workwork..

IIllll workwork..

WILL/SHALWILL/SHAL

L +L +INFINITIVEINFINITIVE

--predictionspredictions aboutabout

thethe futurefuture ((youyouthinkthinkthatthat sthsth.. willwill

happenhappen))

--youyou decidedecide toto dodo

sthsth.. spontaneouslyspontaneously

atat thethe timetime ofof

speakingspeaking,, youyou

haven'thaven't mademade aa

decisiondecisionbeforebeforemainmain clauseclause inin

typetype I ofI ofthethe ifif

clausesclauses

nextnext weekweek

tomorrowtomorrow

FUTUREFUTURE

TENSETENSESIMPLESIMPLE

HadHad hehebeenbeen workingworking??HeHe hadhad notnotbeenbeen

workingworking..

HeHe hadnhadnttbeenbeen

workingworking..

HeHe hadhadbeenbeen

workingworking..

HeHeddbeenbeen

workingworking

HadHad IIbeenbeen workingworking??II hadhad notnotbeenbeen

workingworking..

II hadnhadnttbeenbeen

workingworking..

II hadhadbeenbeen

workingworking..

IIddbeenbeen

workingworking..

HAD + BEENHAD + BEEN

++


++INGING

--howhow longlong

somethingsomething hadhad

beenbeen happeninghappening

beforebefore somethingsomethingelseelse happenedhappened

howhow longlong

sincesince

forfor

PASTPAST

PERFECTPERFECT





negativnegativ


afirmativafirmativ


SPECIFICESPECIFICE

TIMPULTIMPUL


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88

WillWill hehebebe workingworking??HeHe willwill notnotbebe

workingworking..

HeHe wonwonttbebe

workingworking..

HeHe willwillbebe

workingworking..

HeHellllbebe

workingworking..

ShallShall IIbebe workingworking??II shallshall notnotbebe

workingworking..

II shallshallbebe

workingworking..

IIllllbebe workingworking..

WILL/SHALWILL/SHAL

L + BE +L + BE +

INFINITVE +INFINITVE +

inging

AnAn actionaction willwillbebe

ininprogressprogress atat aa

certaincertain timetime inin thethe

futurefuture.. ThisThis actionaction

hashasbegunbegunbeforebefore

thethe certaincertain timetime..

--SomethingSomething

happenshappensbecausebecauseitit normallynormally

happenshappens..

FUTUREFUTURE


IsIs hehe goinggoing toto workwork??HeHe isis notnot goinggoing toto

workwork..

HeHess notnot goinggoing toto

workwork..

HeHe isis goinggoing toto

workwork..

HeHess goinggoing toto

workwork..

Am IAm I goinggoing toto workwork??I amI am notnot goinggoing toto

workwork..

IImm notnot goinggoing totoworkwork..

I amI am goinggoing toto

workwork..

IImm goinggoing totoworkwork..

BE (AM,BE (AM,

ARE, IS)ARE, IS)

+ GOING TO+ GOING TO++


--whenwhen youyou havehave

alreadyalready decideddecided toto

dodo sthsth. in. in thethefuturefuture

--whatwhat youyou thinkthink

whatwhat willwill happenhappen

GOING TOGOING TO




negativnegativ


afirmativafirmativ


SPECIFICESPECIFICE

TIMPULTIMPUL


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WillWill hehe havehavebeenbeenworkingworking??HeHe willwill notnot havehavebeenbeen workingworking..

HeHe wonwontt havehave

beenbeen workingworking..

HeHe willwill havehavebeenbeen workingworking..

HeHellll havehavebeenbeen

workingworking..

ShallShall II havehavebeenbeen

workingworking??II shallshall notnot havehave

beenbeen workingworking..II shallshall havehave


IIllll havehavebeenbeen

workingworking..

WILL/SHALWILL/SHAL

L + HAVEL + HAVE

+ BEEN+ BEEN

++


+ ING+ ING

--sthsth.. willwill alreadyalready

havehave happenedhappened

beforebefore aa certaincertain

timetime inin thethe futurefuture

--emphasisemphasis::

lengthlength ofof

timetime of anof anactionaction

FUTUREFUTURE

PERFECTPERFECT


WillWill hehe havehave workedworked??HeHe willwill notnot havehave

workedworked..

HeHe wonwontt havehave

workedworked..

HeHe willwill havehave

workedworked..

HeHellll havehave

workedworked..

ShallShall II havehave workedworked??II shallshall havehave notnot

workedworked..

II shallshall havehave

workedworked..

IIllll

havehave

workedworked..

WILL/SHALWILL/SHAL

L + HAVE +L + HAVE +

PASTPAST


**



columncolumn ofof

table oftable of

irregularirregular

verbsverbs))

--sthsth.. willwill alreadyalready

havehave happenedhappened

beforebefore

aa

certaincertain

timetime inin thethe futurefuture

FUTUREFUTURE

PERFECTPERFECT

SIMPLESIMPLE




negativnegativ


afirmativafirmativ


SPECIFICESPECIFICE

TIMPULTIMPUL


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1010

WouldWould hehebebe workingworking??HeHe wouldwould notnotbebe

workingworking..

HeHe wouldnwouldnttbebe

workingworking

HeHe wouldwouldbebe

workingworking..

WouldWould IIbebe workingworking??II wouldwould notnotbebeworkingworking..

II wouldnwouldnttbebe

workingworking..

II wouldwouldbebeworkingworking..

WOULD +WOULD +BE +BE +


+ ING+ ING

--sthsth.. thatthat mightmighthappenhappen

emphasisemphasis:: lengthlength

ofoftimetime of anof an

actionaction

CONDITIONACONDITIONALL


WouldWould hehe workwork??HeHe wouldwould notnot

workwork..

HeHe wouldnwouldntt

workwork..

HeHe wouldwould

workwork..

WouldWould II workwork??II wouldwould notnot workwork..II wouldnwouldntt workwork..

II wouldwould workwork....

WOULD +WOULD +INFINITIVEINFINITIVE

--sthsth.. thatthat mightmighthappenhappen

--mainmain clauseclause inin

typetype II ofII ofthethe ifif

clausesclauses

CONDITIONACONDITIONAL SIMPLEL SIMPLE




negativnegativ


afirmativafirmativ


SPECIFICESPECIFICE

TIMPULTIMPUL


11/51

1111

WouldWould hehe havehavebeenbeen

workingworking??

HeHe wouldwould notnot

havehavebeenbeen

workingworking..

HeHe wouldnwouldntt havehave


HeHe wouldwould havehave


WouldWould II havehavebeenbeen

workingworking??

II wouldwould notnot havehave


II wouldnwouldntt havehave


II wouldwould havehave


WOULD +WOULD +

HAVE +HAVE +

BEEN +BEEN +


+ ING+ ING

--sthsth.. thatthat mightmight

havehave happenedhappened inin

thethepastpast

((It'sIt's tootoo latelate nownow.).)

emphasisemphasis:: lengthlength

ofoftimetime of anof an

actionaction

CONDITIONACONDITIONA

L PERFECTL PERFECT


WouldWould II havehave workedworked??HeHe wouldwould notnot

havehave workedworked..

HeHe wouldnwouldntt havehave

workedworked..

HeHe wouldwould havehave

workedworked

WouldWould II havehave workedworked??

II wouldwould notnot havehave

workedworked..

II wouldnwouldntt havehave

workedworked..

II wouldwould havehave

workedworked..

WOULD +WOULD +

HAVE +HAVE +

PASTPAST


**

*(infinitive*(infinitive ++


columncolumn ofof

table oftable of

irregularirregular

verbsverbs))

--sthsth.. thatthat mightmight

havehave happenedhappened inin

thethepastpast

((It'sIt's tootoo latelate nownow.).)

--mainmain clauseclause inin

typetype III ofIII ofthethe ifif

clausesclauses

CONDITIONACONDITIONA

L PERFECTL PERFECT




negativnegativ


afirmativafirmativ


SPECIFICESPECIFICE

TIMPULTIMPUL


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1212

THE KEY OF SUCCESS IN

SPEAKING

SHALL/WILLSHALL/WILL

+ BE + BEING+ BE + BEING

+ VB III+ VB III

SHALL/WILLSHALL/WILL

+ HAVE ++ HAVE +

BEEN +BEEN +

BEING + VBBEING + VB

IIIIII

AM/ARE/IS +AM/ARE/IS +


IIIIII


BEEN +BEEN +


IIIIII

WAS/WERE +WAS/WERE +


IIIIII

HAD + BEENHAD + BEEN

+ BEING ++ BEING +

VB IIIVB III

The Passive VoiceThe Passive VoiceContinuous AspectContinuous Aspect

SHALL/WILL +SHALL/WILL +

BE +VB IIIBE +VB IIISHALL/WILL +SHALL/WILL +

HAVE + BEENHAVE + BEEN

+ VB III+ VB III


VB IIIVB IIIHAVE/HAS +HAVE/HAS +

BEEN + VB IIIBEEN + VB IIIWAS/WERE +WAS/WERE +

VB IIIVB IIIHAD + BEEN +HAD + BEEN +

VB IIIVB III

The Passive VoiceThe Passive VoiceSimple AspectSimple Aspect


BE + VB I +BE + VB I +

INGING


HAVE + BEENHAVE + BEEN

+ VB I +ING+ VB I +ING


VB I + INGVB I + INGHAVE/HAAS +HAVE/HAAS +

BEEN + VB I +BEEN + VB I +

INGING

WAS/WERE +WAS/WERE +

VB I + INGVB I + INGHAD + BEEN +HAD + BEEN +

VB I + INGVB I + ING

The Continuous AspectThe Continuous Aspect


VB IVB I


HAVE + VB IIIHAVE + VB III

VB I (IIIVB I (III sgsg --s,s, --

eses))


VB IIIVB III

VB IIVB IIHAD + VB IIIHAD + VB III

Future TenseFuture TenseFuture PerfectFuture PerfectPresent TensePresent TensePresentPresent

PerfectPerfectPast TimePast TimePast PerfectPast Perfect

The Simple AspectThe Simple Aspect


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1313

A faceA faceDoneDoneDidDid

To DoTo Do

AA tiatiaCutCutCutCut

To CutTo Cut

AA costacostaCostCostCostCostTo CostTo Cost

AA veniveniComeComeCameCame

To ComeTo Come

AA alegealegeChosenChosenChoseChose

To ChooseTo Choose

AA cumpracumpraBoughtBoughtBoughtBought

To BuyTo Buy

AA aduceaduceBroughtBroughtBroughtBrought

To BringTo Bring

AA ruperupe, a, a spargespargeBrokenBrokenBrokeBrokeTo BreakTo Break

AAncepencepeBegunBegunBeganBegan

To BeginTo Begin

AA fifiBeenBeenWas / wereWas / were

To BeTo Be

Romanian TranslationRomanian TranslationPast ParticiplePast ParticiplePastPastInfinitiveInfinitive


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1414

AA uitauitaForgottenForgottenForgotForgot

To ForgetTo Forget

AA zburazburaFlownFlownFlewFlew

To FlyTo Fly

AA gsigsiFoundFoundFoundFound

To FindTo Find

AA simsimiiFeltFeltFeltFelt

To FeelTo Feel

AA hrnihrniFedFedFedFedTo FeedTo Feed

AA cdeacdeaFallenFallenFellFell

To FallTo Fall

AA mncamncaEatenEatenAteAteTo EatTo Eat

A conduceA conduceDrivenDrivenDroveDrove

To DriveTo Drive

AA beabeaDrunkDrunkDrankDrank

To DrinkTo Drink

AA desenadesenaDrawnDrawnDrewDrew

To DrawTo Draw


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1515

AA aprindeaprindeLitLitLitLit

To LightTo Light

AA lsalsa, a, a prsiprsiLeftLeftLeftLeft

To LeaveTo Leave

AA tiitiiKnownKnownKnewKnew

To KnowTo Know

AA ineine, a, a pstrapstraKeptKeptKeptKept

To KeepTo Keep

AA rnirniHurtHurtHurtHurtTo HurtTo Hurt

AA loviloviHitHitHitHit

To HitTo Hit

AA auziauziHeardHeardHeardHeardTo HearTo Hear

AA aveaaveaHadHadhadhad

To HaveTo Have

AA dadaGivenGivenGaveGave

To GiveTo Give

AA lualuaGot, gotten (AE)Got, gotten (AE)GotGot

To GetTo Get


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1616

AA fugifugiRunRunRanRan

To RunTo Run

AA clriclriRiddenRiddenRodeRode

To RideTo Ride

AA citicitiReadReadReadRead

To ReadTo Read

AA punepunePutPutPutPut

To PutTo Put

AA pltipltiPaidPaidPaidPaidTo PayTo Pay

AA depdepiiOvertakenOvertakenOvertookOvertook

To OvertakeTo Overtake

AAntlnintlniMetMetMetMet

To MeetTo Meet

AAnsemnansemnaMeantMeantMeantMeant

To MeanTo Mean

A faceA faceMadeMadeMadeMade

To MakeTo Make

AA pierdepierdeLostLostLostLost

To LoseTo Lose


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1717

AA stastann picioarepicioarestoodstoodStoodStood

To StandTo Stand

AA vorbivorbiSpokenSpokenSpokeSpoke

To SpeakTo Speak

AA dormidormiSleptSleptSleptSlept

To SleepTo Sleep

AA stastajosjosSatSatSatSat

To sitTo sit

A seA se scufundascufundaSunkSunkSankSank

To SinkTo Sink

AA cntacntaSungSungSangSang

To SingTo Sing

AA scuturascutura,,ShakenShakenShookShookTo ShakeTo Shake

AA trimitetrimiteSentSentSentSent

To SendTo Send

AA vedeavedeaSeenSeenSawSaw

To SeeTo See

AA spunespuneSaidSaidSaidSaid

To SayTo Say


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1818

AA scriescrieWrittenWrittenWroteWrote

To WriteTo Write

AA cctigatigaWonWonWonWon

To WinTo Win

AA purtapurtaWornWornWoreWoreTo WearTo Wear

A seA se trezitreziWoken upWoken upWoke upWoke up

To Wake upTo Wake up

AAnnelegeelegeUnderstoodUnderstoodUnderstoodUnderstood

To UnderstandTo Understand

AA gndigndiThoughtThoughtThoughtThought

To ThinkTo Think

AA spunespuneToldToldToldTold

To TellTo Tell

AAnvnvaa pepe cinevacinevaTaughtTaughtTaughtTaught

To TeachTo Teach

AA lualuaTakenTakenTookTook

To TakeTo Take

AAnotanotaSwumSwumSwamSwam

To SwimTo Swim

A (se)A (se)

lipilipi

StuckStuck

StuckStuck

To StickTo Stick


19/51

1919

99 -- ninenine

2929twentytwenty -- ninenine9090 -- ninetyninety1919nineteennineteen88eighteight

2828twentytwenty -- eighteight8080eightyeighty1818eighteeneighteen77sevenseven

2727twentytwenty -- sevenseven7070seventyseventy1717 -- seventeenseventeen66sixsix

2626twentytwenty -- sixsix6060sixtysixty1616sixteensixteen55fivefive

2525twentytwenty -- fivefive5050fiftyfifty1515fifteenfifteen44fourfour

2424twentytwenty -- fourfour4040 -- fortyforty1414 -- fourteenfourteen33threethree

2323twentytwenty -- threethree3030thirtythirty1313thirteenthirteen22twotwo

2222twentytwenty twotwo2020twentytwenty1212twelvetwelve11oneone

2121twentytwenty oneone1010tenten1111eleveneleven00zerozero

2121--29, ..., 9129, ..., 91--999910, 20, ...., 9010, 20, ...., 901111--191900--99Numbers


20/51

2020

100100oneone hundredhundred / a/ a hundredhundred101101oneone hundredhundred andand oneone

325325threethree hundredhundred andand twentytwentyfivefive

10001000oneone thousandthousand / a/ a thousandthousand

1 5041 504oneone thousandthousand fivefive hundredhundred andand

fourfour1 000 0001 000 000oneone millionmillion / a/ a millionmillion


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THE NOUN

BearBearSheShe--bearbearHeHe--bearbear

SpouseSpouseBrideBrideGroomGroom

FriendFriendGirlfriendGirlfriendBoyfriendBoyfriendGrandchildGrandchildGranddaughterGranddaughterGrandsonGrandson

FowlFowlHenHenRoosterRooster

OxOxCowCowBullBull

DeerDeerDoeDoeBuckBuck

BusinesspersonBusinesspersonBusinesswomanBusinesswomanBusinessmanBusinessmanBarBar

attendantattendant

BarmaidBarmaid

BarmanBarman

PolicePolice officerofficerPolicewomanPolicewomanPolicemanPoliceman

ComunComunFemininFemininMasculinMasculin

Substantivul este partea de vorbire care denumete fiine, plante, lucruri, noiuni. n limbaenglez, la fel ca n limba romn, exist substantive proprii si substantive comune. In limbaenglez exist 4 genuri, spre deosebire de limba romn unde exist doar trei genuri. Existgenul masculin (denumete fiine de sex brbtesc), genul feminin (denumete fiine de sex

feminin), genul neutru (denumete obiecte ale caror gen nu ne intereseaz) i genul comun(denumete substantive cu o singur form pentru ambele sexe).


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2222

Pluralul substantivului se marcheaz adugnd terminaias.

DARsubstativele terminate ns, -z, -sh, -ch ix primesc terminaiaes (bus-buses, fox-foxes, match-matches, etc). Dac terminaiach se pronun(k) atunci se adaug doar terminaia s. Dacy final este precedat de o

consoan atunci se transform nie i se adaugs (baby-babies).

Exist cteva substantive la care pluralul difer, nu merge dup nici oregul (man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, child-children,mouse-mice, sheep-sheep, game-game, goose-geese, ox-oxen, louse-

lice, deer-deer, etc).

a cake of soap=o bucat de spuna drop of oil=o pictur de uleia sheet of paper=o foaie de hrtiean item of news=o tirea glass/a bottle of water=u pahar/o sticl cu apa spoonful of sugar=o lingur de zahr


23/51


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2424

THE ADJECTIVE

thethe worstworstworseworsebadbad,, illill

thethe bestbestbetterbettergoodgood,, wellwell

thethe clevercleverestestclevercleverererclevercleverLUNGILUNGI

thethe mostmost realrealmoremore realrealrealreal

thethe mostmost incredibleincrediblemoremore incredibleincredibleincredibleincredible

thethe mostmostpatientpatientmoremorepatientpatientpatientpatient

thethe mostmostbeautifulbeautifulmoremorebeautifulbeautifulbeautifulbeautifulADJECTIVEADJECTIVE

LUNGILUNGI

thethe mostmostmoremore

thethe thinnthinnestestthinnthinnererthinthin

thethebiggbiggestestbiggbiggererbigbig

thethe darkdarkestestdarkdarkererdarkdark

thethe strangstrangesteststrangstrangererstrangestrange

thethe lowlowestestlowlowererlowlow

thethe coldcoldestestcoldcolderercoldcold

thethe newnewestestnewnewerernewnew

--estest // --iestiest--ererADJECTIVEADJECTIVE

SCURTESCURTEADJECTADJECT

IVEIVE

REGULREGUL

ATEATE

SUPERLATIVSUPERLATIVCOMPARATICOMPARATI

VVPOZITIVPOZITIVFELFEL


25/51


26/51

2626

Pronumele nehotrtEach, every = fiecare

Each other = unul pe / spre ctre altulEverybody = toi, toat lumea

Everything = tot, totulEveryone = toi, fiecareAll = tot, toat, toi , toate, totulOne =un, unul , una, cineva,

Another = un altul, o alta, nc unul, nc oOne another = unul, una pe celalalt / cealaltOther = alt, alt, ali., alte

The other =cellalt, cealalt, ceilali, celelalte

Others =alii, alteleThe others =ceilali, celelalteBoth =amndoi, amndou

Either =oricare dintre doi sau dou


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2727

Neither =nici unu, una dintre doi sau

douSeveral =civa, cteva

Much =mult, multMany = muli, multe

Little = puin, puinFew =puini, puineSome = ceva, nite, unii, unele, cteva

Somebody = cinevaSomeone = careva, cineva

Something = cevaAny =oricare, orice, ceva, nite, vreun,

vreoAnybody =cineva, orice, nimeni

Anyone = careva, oricare, nimeniAnything = ceva, orice, nimicNobody = nimeni

No one = nici unul, nici oNothing =nimic


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2828

PRACTICE MAKESPRACTICE MAKESTHE DIFFERENCETHE DIFFERENCE


29/51

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REPHRASING

I. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the

first sentence.

1. The Newmans lawyer won the first lawsuit on the second of October last year.

The .... .2. Youd better forget about going by yourself in that neighbourhood.

You .... .

3. Shall we all go for a walk after this trial is over?

Why........ .

How ... .4. I had to go to work although I wasn't feeling well.

I had to go ..... .

I had to go ..... .

5. They say that the Asian criminals are not as dangerous as other criminals from around

the world.It is ..... .

The Asian ...


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6. Jasons lawsuit wasnt as long as Brians.Brian .

7. He won the trial due to his hard work.

Because .

8. They had some problems while debating, so in the end they did not pass the law.If .

9. As a consequence of his fathers murder, he could not go to work anymore.

Since .. .

10. Although she was a good lawyer, she lost the case.

In spite .. .11. She missed the buss so she had to take a taxi in order to get to the police.

If . .

12. I enjoy going to the beach. My husband does not.

Even ... .


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I. For questions 1-9 read the text and decide which

answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. There is anexample at the beginning (0).

Example: (0) legally

MULTIPLE CHOICE EXERCISE


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You are going to read a newspaper article.Choose the answer (A, B, C, or D) which you

think fits best according to the text.

READING AND COMPREHENSION


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Former Illinois police sergeant Drew Peterson has been married four

times. Wife three, Kathleen Savio, died under mysteriouscircumstances in February 2004 just weeks before her divorce

settlement with Peterson was to become final. Her dead body was

found lying face down in an empty bathtub. Her hair was soaked in

blood from a head wound. A Coroners Jury ruled her death an

accident.

But Savios family members from the beginning believed that Peterson

was responsible for her death. It had been an abusive, violent marriagefrom the beginning. Who was responsible for the spousal abuse in the

marriage is still a subject of considerable debate. Kathleen tried to have

a domestic violence complaint filed against Peterson but he was never

charged. Kathleen, however, was charged twice in 2002 with batteryand domestic battery, although she was acquitted each time. Kathleen

reportedly told her family members that if something happened to her,

Peterson would be responsible.


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But despite the unusual circumstances surrounding Kathleens death,

there was never any serious law enforcement effort to charge Petersonwith any kind of crime associated with her death. Then in 2007

Petersons fourth wife, Stacy, disappeared under peculiar circumstances.

Stacys disappearance immediately drew virtual non-stop cable news

channel coverage. Nancy Grace could barely contain herself. She rodethat news pony to death until the Caley Anthony case broke in 2008

giving her another media pony to ride into the ground. Stacy Petersons

disappearance also gave the Savio family an opportunity to resurrect her

death from the grave. They pressed for an exhumation and a newautopsy. There were so many sound bites and news spins that the 24-

hour cable news cycle could barely keep abreast of the dizzying pace of

the coverage. There were times when the Peterson case forced a

historical presidential campaign to take a backseat to breaking news

about some new detail discovered in the case. Chris Matthews was not

the only cable chatterer who felt a tingle running up his leg.


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The daunting media coverage in the Peterson case was not lost on Illinois politicians,

particularly Will County states attorney James Glasgow. Within weeks of Stacysdisappearance, Glasgow joined the Illinois State Police by naming Peterson a

suspect in what they believed was a homicide instead of a disappearance. The

Savio family capitalized on this media-driven turn of events to secure the exhumation

of Kathleens body for a criminal autopsy. The results of that autopsy, photographs of

the crime scene, and police reports convinced Glasgow that Kathleen Savio had

been murdered.

But the county prosecutor had a problem. The physical evidence supporting the

homicide theory was not conclusive; and all the statements by members of the Savio

family based on what Kathleen reportedly told them and Kathleens own requests forprotective orders would be inadmissible in a court of law under traditional hearsay

rules of evidence. But State Sen. A.J. Wilhelmi, D-Joliet, found a way around the

hearsay rules of evidence by introducing a bill that would allow a judge to admit

hearsay evidence in a first-degree murder case if prosecutors could prove the

defendant killed the witness to keep him/her from testifying. The bill was enacted into

law, even as Wilhelmi and others tried to say the law was not in response to the

Drew Peterson case. Some Republican lawmakers disputed that claim.


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Glasgow finally had what he needed to secure a first degree murder indictment against Peterson in connection with

Kathleen Savios death. Peterson was indicted on May 7, 2009 in a two-count first degree murder indictment, charging that

he killed his former wife by forcing her to inhale fluid. Glasgow immediately rushed before the news cameras,

announcing: In essence, what youre basically allowing the victim of a violent crime to do is testify from the grave.

One of Petersons attorneys, Joel Brodsky, was not impressed with this new legal reasoning. He said the law had

been passed specifically to put his client behind bars based on nothing more than rumor and innuendo and that the law

denied a defendant of his constitutional right to confront his accusers. Theyre changing the law, changing the rules,

changing forensic findings to get [Peterson], Brodsky told the media. The law [is] not supposed to be made for a

particular case. []Swayed by the media fanaticism led by the likes of Nancy Grace and non-stop Just In or breaking news

coverage on the cable news channels, the Illinois Legislature passed a Drew Peterson Law designed to usurp him of the

essential constitutional right of confrontation because of the popular public belief that he is obviously guilty. The Illinois

Legislature does not have the legal authority to undermine Drew Petersons established and clearly recognized right of

confrontation guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution. As with most Americans, we do not know if Drew Peterson is in fact

guilty of killing his third wife Kathleen or whether he was criminally responsible for the disappearance of his fourth wife

Stacy. What we do know, and what we will never relinquish to media hysteria, is our belief that Drew Peterson, like every

individual accused of a crime, enjoys a constitutionally-protected presumption of innocence which Illinois legislators and

state prosecutors are attempting to deny him. What we believe, and truly hope, is that the Illinois Legislature has set up a

constitutional confrontation that will end with the U.S. Supreme Court striking down the Drew Peterson Law just as it

struck down Dwayne Giles California murder conviction.

Legislators and State Prosecutors Attempting to Deny

Confrontation, Clause Guarantees, Presumption of InnocenceA Drew Peterson Defense, John Floyd and Billy Sinclair, Provided

by John T. Floyd Law Firm By: Houston Criminal Defense

Attorney John Floyd and Paralegal Billy Sinclair,

Copyright Clearance 14 August 2009

1. The text suggests that:


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A. Kathleen Savio died before the divorce

B. Drew Peterson killed his wife

C. Kathleen Savio was the sergeants second wife

D. Kathleen Savio was still alive when the police found her body in an empty bathtube.

2. According to the writer:

A. Peterson was charged with domestic violence

B. Kathleen was charged with domestic violence

C. Kathleens family knew Peterson would kill her

D. The subject of spousal abuse was very much debated in the media.

3. Which of the following views does the writer express?A. Nancy Grace was Petersons third wife

B. The Savio family exhumated Stacxys body

C. The case of Stacy Peterson took a backseat to breaking news

D. The Glasgow police decided Kathleen Savio had bee murdered by Chris Matthews

4. According to the text:

A. Due to Senator A. J. Wilhelmi, the judge admitted the hearsay evidence in a first-degree murder case.

B. The physical evidence supportingthe homicide theory was admitted in a court of law under traditional hearsay

rules of evidence.

C. Peterson was not charged with a first degree murder

D. Joel Brodsky, the attorney, claimed it had been a fair trial, despite the rumors and innuendos.

5. In the last paragraph we learn that:

A. Prosecutors in the Peterson case faound it very easy to prove that Peterson murdered Kathleen Savio to keep

her from testifying against her.

B. Kathleen Savio had requested a protective order.

C. The Glasgow legislature passed a Drew Peterson Law designed to usurp him of the essential constitutional

right of confrontation.D. Most Americans do not believe that Peterson is in fact guilty of killing his third wife.


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WRITING

I. You have just finished Law School and you are asked by the Deanof the Faculty to write an article in the local newspaper in which

you should promote the Law School. In the same article you should

also underline the importance and the responsibility this school

involves.

Write your article in approximately 250 words.


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Crime categories

A crime is an illegal act which may result in prosecution and punishment by thestate if the accused (= the person or people charged with a crime) is / areconvicted (= found guilty in a court of law). Generally, in order to be convicted ofa crime, the accused must be shown to have committed an illegal (= unlawful)act with a criminal state of mind.

Look at the list of crimes in the box, then look at the categories below.Decide which category each one comes under, and write the crime in theappropriate space in the table. Some crimes can be listed under more thanone category. One of the words / expressions in the list is not a crime.


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1. abduction 2. actual bodily harm 3. aiding and abetting (= assisting) an offender 4.

arson5. assault 6. battery 7. being equipped to steal 8. bigamy 9. blackmail

10. breach of the Official Secrets Act 11. breaking and entering 12. bribery 13. burglary13. careless or reckless driving 14. committing a breach of the peace 15. conspiracy

16. contempt of court 17. criminal damage (vandalism, and sometimes alsohooliganism)

18. deception or fraud in order to obtain property, services or pecuniary advantage19. driving without a licence or insurance 20. drug dealing 21. drunk in charge / drink

driving22. embezzlement 23. espionage 24. forgery 25. grievous bodily harm

26. handling stolen goods 27. indecency 28. indecent assault 29. infanticide

30. manslaughter 31. misuse of drugs 32. money laundering 33. murder 34. obscenity35. obstruction of the police 36. paedophilia 37. perjury 38. perverting the course ofjustice

39. piracy 40. possessing something with intent to damage or destroy property41. possessing weapons 42. racial abuse 43. rape 44. robbery 45. sedition

46. suicide 47. terrorism 48. theft 49. treason 50. unlawful assembly 51. wounding


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Crimes

against theperson

Crimes

againstproperty

Public

orderoffences

Road

trafficoffences

Sexualoffences

Politicaloffences

Offencesagainst

justice


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Name the offence

Look at these situations, then decidewhich crime has been, or is being,committed in each case.

1. TV Newsreader: Police believe the fire was started deliberately at around 2o'clock this morning when burning paper was pushed through the letterbox.

They are appealing for witnesses to the event.

2. Crown Prosecutor: Tell us in your own words exactly what happened.Witness: We were in the bar when a man walked up to the victim,pointed a gun at his head and said 'You're a dead man.' Then he pulled the trigger three times


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3.Police constable: You were going in excess of 60, and this is a 30 zone.Man in car: I think you're mistaken, constable. I was well within the speedlimit.

4. Woman: When I got home, I discovered that my back door had been

broken open.Police officer: Had anything been stolen? Woman: Yes, my new laptop,200 in cash and my pet parrot.

5. Police officer: I'm sorry sir, but I have to report your actions to theproper authorities. Man: Look, officer, here's 50. Let's just pretend thisdidn't happen, eh?

6. Interviewing detective: All right, Dagsy. We know you didn't dothe Cornmarket Street bank job yourself, but we know that you

were involved somehow.Police suspect: I was just driving the carMr Regan, honest. And I didn't know what the others were up tountil they came back with bags of cash.


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Criminal procedureWhen the accused knows that he isgoing to stand trial, he asks a solicitorto prepare his case.

The information collected is thengiven to a barrister who willdefend him in court.

In a criminal case, the police willhave their own barrister, who isknown as the CrownProsecutor.

These two barristers are referred to

throughout the trial as counsel for thedefence and counselfor the prosecution.

Before the trial begins, the counselsreview their evidence and decide howto present their case.

Members of the jury, when required, areselected and briefed on their duties. Adate for the trialis arranged.

At the beginning of the trial, the judgeasks the defendant how he pleads:'guilty' or 'not guilty'


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Both counsels then address the jury with a

summary of what they believe is true, andexplain what the jury will hear at the trial.

The counsel for the prosecution then callsand questions witnesses. The counsel forthe defence can cross-examine thesepeople. The defendant will also be

questioned by both counsels.

At the end of the trial, the counselssummarise the facts as they seethem, and the jury then

retires to deliberate in private.

When the jury has reached its verdict, it

returns to the court and the foreman of thejury delivers the verdict to the court.

If the defendant is found tobe 'not guilty', he isacquitted.

However, if the jury's verdict is 'guilty',the defendant is convicted andsentenced by the judge.


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The defendant may have to serve a custodial sentence (in otherwords go to prison), he may be

given a suspended sentence, or he may be fined (or acombination of two of these).

If the defendant is not happy with the decision of the court, he is

free to appeal to a highercourt. The highest courts for appellants in England and Wales arethe House of Lords and the

Court of Justice of the European Communities (also called theEuropean Court of Justice, or ECJ

for short).


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1. By the operation of the law.2. Caught in the act of committing acrime.3. On the face of it, or as things seem atfirst.4. A gift (usually money) with noobligations attached.

5. Starting again.6. On its own, or all alone.7. The right to be heard in a court.8. Among / In addition to other things.9. A legal action or application pursued byone party only.10. After the event.11. Equally, or with no distinction.

12. An act, such as murder, which is acrime in itself.13. When a threat is implied in a contract,and as a result the contract is invalid.14. A legal remedy against wrongfulimprisonment.15. Taken as a matter of fact, eventhough the legal status may not be

certain.16. For a short time.17. Legal action against a person (forexample, one party in a case claims thatthe other should do some act or paydamages).18. By this fact, or the fact itself showsthis to be true.

19. Acting in place of a parent.20. A matter on which a judgement hasbeen iven.

Latin words and expressions are still relatively common in the legal profession. Howmany of the meanings on the left can you match with the expressions on the right?

abinitio

actusreusadlitem

bonafide(s)

bonavacantia

consensusad idem

corpusdelicti

defacto

dejure

denovodoli

capax

doliincapax

ex

gratia

exparte

ex post facto

21. A decision correctly made by a court, whichcan be used as a precedent


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habeascorp

us

in flagrantedelicto

in locoparentis

in personam inrem

interalia

in terrorem

ipsofacto

ipsojure

locus

standi

malain

se

malaprohibita

mensrea

non compos mentis

onusprobandi

paripass

u

percuriam

per se

primafacie

protempore

quid pro

quo

resjudicata

uberrimae

fidei

ultravires

can be used as a precedent.

22. Capable of committing a crime.

23. The duty to prove that what has been allegedin court is true.

24. In total good faith, a state which should existbetween parties to some types of legalrelationship.

25. A real agreement to a contract by bothparties.

26. A situation where the legal title is clear.27. Referring to the case at law.28. Mad, or not completely sane.29. With no owner, or no obvious owner.

30. The mental state required to be guilty ofcommitting a crime.31. An action done in return for something done

or promised.32. From the beginning.33. Legal action against a thing (for example, one

party claims property or goods in thepossession of another).

34. An act forbidden by criminal law.35. Not capable of committing a crime.36. The real proof that a crime has been

committed.37. An act which is not a crime, but is forbidden.38. In good faith.

39. Acting in a way which exceeds your legalpowers.


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For the exam:From the book GOLEGAL

1. Exercise 1 page 42. Exercise 2 page 5

3. Exercise 4 pag 6

4. Exercise 1 page 19


6. Exercise 1page 31


8. Exercise 3 page 379. Exercise 1, 2, 3 page 68


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THANK YOU VERYTHANK YOU VERYTHANK YOU VERYTHANK YOU VERYMUCH FOR YOURMUCH FOR YOURMUCH FOR YOURMUCH FOR YOUR

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