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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

(MINISTERUL EDUCATIEI SI CERCETARII STIINTIFICE)

LICEUL TEORETIC DANTE ALIGHIERI

ASSIGNMENT FOR OBTAINING THE PROFICIENCY CERTIFICATEFOR ALUMNI CLASSES WITH INTENSIVE STUDY OF ENGLISH

(Lucrare pentru obtinerea atestatului de competent lingvisticpentru absolventii claselor cu studiu intensiv al limbii engleze)

Coordinain! "a#$"r% Pro&' TONE MONICAS(d"n% SIMION SORIN GABRIEL) *II+B

BUCHAREST)

,-./

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HOW DOES THEUNIVERSEW OR0 1

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Table of Contents

ARGUMENT

INTRODUCTION

Space

Our Solar System ,Planets, Moons and Dwarf Planets

Kuiper BeltExoplanets -Planets around other Stars

Galaxies

Pretty strane stuff in space

!e"ulae - #he Dust of Stars

Beyond Our Solar System

Beyond Our Galaxy

UNSOLVED MYSTERIES OF SPACE

$hat are the Mysterious !oises from Space% &nd $hat is Dar' Enery%

&re we alone in the (ni)erse%

$here are the $hite *oles%

$hy does #itan *a)e an &tmosphere%+

$hat are the ermi Bu""les%

$here &re the Missin Baryons%

$here do *ih-enery osmic .ays come from%

$here Did Saturn/s .ins ome rom% and $here did alaxies come from%NEW DISCOVERIES and NEW TELESCOPE TECHNOLOGY

*ow did we et here%

God Particle/ *is Boson

0atest Secrets of Mars

!&S&1s Space #elescopes

FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

ILIOGRAPHY ! RESOURCES2

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Ar!(2"n

Since ancient times man has contemplated the niht s'y, wonderin3 $hat is the s'y%

$hat laws o)ern the motion% But the only thin he could do was to o"ser)e the

approximately 4,555 stars )isi"le to the na'ed eye and write down their positions in so-

called constellations2

6 feel li'e explorers who are at the ede of a new frontier2 6 want to 'now more2 6 want to'now why the uni)erse is expandin faster and faster, why alaxies stay toether rather than

apart, why less than 7 percent of the uni)erse is ordinary matter made of 8uar's, electrons

and neutrinos, the rest "ein dar' matters 9:; percent< and dar' enery 9=: percent>y, especially in our little world, where we

are used that e)erythin has marins and endins 2#herefore, the most trou"lin 8uestionsthat 6 as' myself a"out the world, are3?*ow was the uni)erse created%?,?*ow does the

uni)erse wor'%@

#hese are some of the many reasons 6 chose these su"Aects as my proAect2 6 can find the

time to thin' a"out the 8uestions of existence and the functionin of the uni)erse despite my

school acti)ities

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Int"od#$t%on What does the universe mean? How big can space be? What does limits mean? Where did

time start and where will it end?

#here are many 8uestions associated with the creation and e)olution of the maAor

constituents of the uni)erse2 & "asic 8uestion astronomers must address is, how did the uni)erse

create its first stars and alaxies% *ow did they influence su"se8uent alaxy, star and planet

formation%

Our uni)erse is old and lare, and expandin outwards e)ery day2 #his uni)erse, the dar'

enery that seems to "e "ehind it, and other 8uestions li'e the exact nature of the Bi Ban and

the early e)olution of the uni)erse are amon the 8uestions of cosmoloy2

#he uni)erse is filled with stars, alaxies, planets and more, and there are some mysteries

li'e dar' matter to "e sol)ed "y astronomers and scientists ha)e sinaled some of the maAor

disco)eries of our uni)erse2

6t is still un'nown whether the uni)erse created "lac' holes with the first eneration ofstars or whether these weird o"Aects were created "y the first eneration of stars2 &s "lac' holes

represent the most extreme physical conditions of space-time and enerate some of the most

eneretic phenomena followin the Bi Ban, they are ood material for testin the theories of

the uni)erse

0et us tal' more a"out a"out the su"Aect2

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SPACE ) SOLAR SYSTEM andBEYOND

Space is a roc'y place2 #he "iest space roc's are asteroids2

&steroids are made up of roc' and iron li'e the four planets

closest to our sun, "ut they are much smaller2 &ll the asteroids put

toether would "e smaller than our moon2 &steroids are different

from comets, which are mostly roc' and ice2 omets ha)e tails Our solar system is made up of a star - the Sun - eiht planets,

+4 moons, plenty of comets, asteroids and space roc's, ice and

se)eral dwarf planets, such as Pluto2

#he eiht planetsare3Mercury, Cenus, Earth, Mars, upiter, Saturn, (ranusand!ept

une

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.emem"er the order of the planets li'e this3My Very

EducatedMotherJustShowedUsNeptune e&ond O#" Sola" S&ste'

Our sun is one of at least +55 "illion stars in the Mil'y $ay, a

spiral alaxy a"out +55,555 liht years across2 #he stars are arraned

li'e a pinwheel with four maAor arms, and we li)e a"out two-thirds of

the way up one of them2

e&ond O#" Gala(&

#he Mil'y $ay is part of the 0ocal Group, a neih"orhood a"out

+5 million liht years across, consistin of more than ;5 alaxies that

are ra)itationally connected to each other2 &side from our alaxy,the most massi)e one in this roup is &ndromeda, which appears to

"e on course to collide with the Mil'y $ay in a"out "illion years

MERCURY VENUS EARTH MARS )UPITER SATURN URANUS NEPTUN PLUTO

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UNSOLVED MYSTERIES OF SPACE

or thousands of years scientists ha)e tried to understand the mysteries of

the niht s'y2 Strane noises from the depth of space, unexplained as

"u""les circlin the earth, and mysterious moons are Aust three of the

unexplained space mysteries scientists are tryin to sol)e2

So far, world wide uni)erse still contains many mysteries that modern

science has not yet fully explored2 But with what we 'now a"out the

uni)erse, there are many facts that we ha)e to feel surprised2 *ere are the

thins li'e that2

W*at %s Da"+ Ene",&-

A"e .e alone %n t*e Un%/e"se- T*%s 0#est%on %s as old as *#'an+%nd%tself1

W*e"e a"e t*e W*%te Holes-

W*e"e D%d Sat#"n2s R%n,s Co'e F"o'-

W*e"e d%d ,ala(%es $o'e f"o'-

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NEW DISCOVERIES and NEW

TELESCOPE TECHNOLOGY

God Pa"t%$le2 H%,,s oson

6n :5+:, scientists confirmed the detection of the lon-souht *is Boson, also 'nown "y its nic'name

the ?God 3a"t%$le,? at the 0are *adron ollider 90*

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FINAL CONSIDERATIONS

Our ideas a"out the nature of space and time ha)e chaned and they are sometimes similar to

the science fiction ones2

6t is difficult to answer the 8uestion of how the uni)erse wor's2 #here are a lot of effecti)e

thins in astronomy and we ha)e new explanations concernin the e)olution of the uni)erse

and we now 'now the nature of matter1s content2 *owe)er, some 8uestions still do not ha)e an

answer2 $e ha)e to "e creati)e and thin' whether rules of a different nature could o)ern

empty space, "lac' holes as opposed to those that apply to the dense matter from which the

Bi Ban started2

6s the end of the (ni)erse near% #here are three alternati)es3

T*e %, C"#n$*2 E)erythin is o)erned "y ra)ity and the (ni)erse ends up in a point, all

the matter "ein athered there2

T*e %, R%32 #he opposite is true2 #he (ni)erse expands surprisinly 8uic'ly, repellin

forces o)ern e)erythin2#he ra)itational attraction disappears2

T*e %, F"ee6e56t is a mixture of the a"o)e mentioned theories2#he system neither condenses

nor expands at a hih speed, it expands slowly and it oes on and on and any acti)ity

disappears due to free>in2 6t seems to "e the most feasi"le theory2

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ILIOGRAPHY ! RESOURCES

The Fabric of the Cosmos: Space, Time, and the Texture of Reality by Brian andolph !reene

(Publisher:Random House C, !ew "or#: $inta%e &oo#s, ')*"

The +le%ant ni-erse:Superstrin%s, Hidden .imensions, and the /uest for the ltimate Theory b#

Brian andolph !reene $Publisher:0101!orton 2 Company February 3444*5

6 &rief History of Time: From the &i% &an% to &lac# Holes b#Stephen Haw%ing(Publisher:&antam

.ell Publishin% 7roup,3448*5

6 ni-erse from !othin% b#&awrence Ma'well (rauss(initially published on 9anuary 3, '3' byFree Press*5

https:www1cfa1har-ard1eduseuforum5

http:science1nasa1%o-astrophysics5

http:solarsystem1nasa1%o-planetssolarsystem

https:www1nasa1%o-press;release

http:www1bbc1com https:www1ted1comspea#ersbrian