RESEARCHES REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF SOME … · species: Vaccinium corynbosum L and Vaccinium...

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Ing. Nineta Simona Varga Summary of Ph.D. Thesis 1 Investeşte în oameni! Proiect cofinanţat din Fondul Social European prin Programul Operaţional Sectorial Dezvoltarea Resurselor Umane 2007 – 2013 Axa prioritară: 1. „Educaţia şi formarea profesională în sprijinul creşterii economice şi dezvoltării societăţii bazate pe cunoaştere” Domeniul major de intervenţie: 1.5 „Programe doctorale și post-doctorale în sprijinul cercetării” Titlul proiectului: „Programe doctorale si postdoctorale pentru promovarea excelentei in cercetare, dezvoltare si inovare in domeniile prioritare agronomic si medical veterinar, ale societatii bazate pe cunoastere” Beneficiar: UNIVERSITATEA DE ȘTIINȚE AGRICOLE ȘI MEDICINĂ VETERINARĂ CLUJ-NAPOCA ID Proiect: 132765 Cod contract: POSDRU/159/1.5/S/132765 UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND VETERINARY MEDICINE CLUJ-NAPOCA PhD Department FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE Eng. VARGA Nineta Simona SUMMARY OF PH.D. THESIS RESEARCHES REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF SOME TECHNOLOGIC FACTORS UPON QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DEVELOPMENT PARAMETERS FOR EUROPEAN BLUEBERRY CROP IN THE AREA OF MARAMUREȘ COUNTY Scientific Adviser: Prof. univ. Dr. Emil LUCA CLUJ-NAPOCA 2015

Transcript of RESEARCHES REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF SOME … · species: Vaccinium corynbosum L and Vaccinium...

Ing. Nineta Simona Varga Summary of Ph.D. Thesis

1

Investeşte în oameni!

Proiect cofinanţat din Fondul Social European prin Programul Operaţional Sectorial Dezvoltarea Resurselor Umane 2007 –

2013

Axa prioritară: 1. „Educaţia şi formarea profesională în sprijinul creşterii economice şi dezvoltării societăţii bazate pe

cunoaştere”

Domeniul major de intervenţie: 1.5 „Programe doctorale și post-doctorale în sprijinul cercetării”

Titlul proiectului: „Programe doctorale si postdoctorale pentru promovarea excelentei in cercetare, dezvoltare si inovare

in domeniile prioritare – agronomic si medical veterinar, ale societatii bazate pe cunoastere” Beneficiar: UNIVERSITATEA DE ȘTIINȚE AGRICOLE ȘI MEDICINĂ VETERINARĂ CLUJ-NAPOCA

ID Proiect: 132765

Cod contract: POSDRU/159/1.5/S/132765

UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND VETERINARY MEDICINE

CLUJ-NAPOCA

PhD Department

FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE

Eng. VARGA Nineta Simona

SUMMARY OF PH.D. THESIS

RESEARCHES REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF SOME

TECHNOLOGIC FACTORS UPON QUANTITATIVE AND

QUALITATIVE DEVELOPMENT PARAMETERS FOR

EUROPEAN BLUEBERRY CROP IN THE AREA OF

MARAMUREȘ COUNTY

Scientific Adviser:

Prof. univ. Dr. Emil LUCA

CLUJ-NAPOCA

2015

Ing. Nineta Simona Varga Summary of Ph.D. Thesis

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CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 3

CHAPTER I CURENT STATE OF RESEARCH REGARDING THE IRRIGATED

EUROPEAN BLUEBERRY CROP ................................................................................ 3

CHAPTER II CURENT STATE OF RESEARCH REGARDING THE GROWING OF

EUROPEAN BLUEBERRY.......................................................................................... 4

CHAPTER III CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCH REGARDING THE IRRIGATION

REGIME AND WATER CONSUMPTION OF EUROPEAN BLUEBERRY CROPS .............. 5

CHAPTER IV DESCRIPTION OF NATURAL AREA WERE THE RESEARCH WERE

CONDUCTED .......................................................................................................... 6

CHAPTER V THE AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH. BIOLOGICAL

MATERIAL AND RESEARCH METHODS .................................................................... 7

CHAPTER VI RESEARCH RESULTS REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF

EXPERIMENTAL FACTORS ON SHOOTS GROWING AND YIELDS QUANTITIES .......... 8

CHAPTER VII RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH REGARDING NUTRIENT VALUE OF

YIELDS OF OBTAINED YIELDS IN CONDITIONS OF MARAMUREȘ COUNTY ............ 11

CHAPTER VIII RESEARCH RESULTS REGARDING ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF

BLUEBERRY CROP IRRIGATION IN ECOLOGICAL CNDITIONS OF MARAMURES

COUNTY ................................................................................................................ 15

CHAPTER IX CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMANDATIONS .......................................... 18

REFERENCES ........................................................................................................ 21

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INTRODUCTION

The blueberry (V. myrtilius L) originates from North America and is well-

known from antiquity. The blueberry fruits are being used for thousands of years as

food and also medicine by the native populous. The wild low bush blueberry is

represented by over 450 species and is spread between longitudes 45 and 71 in Asia,

Europe and North America. It grows well at high altitudes of up to 2,800 meters and in

acidic soils(BÎSTROVA et al., 1968)..

CHAPTER I

CURENT STATE OF RESEARCH REGARDING THE IRRIGATED

EUROPEAN BLUEBERRY CROP

The cultured blueberry originates for North America. There are 3 main species: the

high bush (V. corymbosum L) blueberry, the dwarf blueberry (V. lamarckii Camp), the

rabbiteye blueberry (V. virgatum). The highbush blueberry is a cross between two

species: Vaccinium corynbosum L and Vaccinium austral (HOZA and VELCEA,

2004). The irrigation of the wild blueberry started in 1816 in the United States. In

1845, the farmers there started setting up their first big plantations. The biggest

blueberry producers of the world are the USA, Canada and Germany. Other growers

are South America, Chile, Europe, Asia, Australia, New Zealand and China. The high

bush blueberry was introduced in the North American continent in 1937 by the

American botanist Dr. F.V. Coville. Countries like Holland, Poland, Finland, Russia,

Italy, Bulgaria and Lithuania had excellent results in the cultivation of blueberries. In

1929 Dr. Walter Hermann of Germany in partnership with Dr. F. V. Coville, imported

blueberry plants from the United States and researched the developed of new blueberry

varieties. In 1934 Dr. Hermann developed a blueberry plantation which by 1950

reached 50 hectares (Liebster, 1961). The blueberry cultures also became popular in

Bulgaria, Scotland, Lithuania and Norway, where the best results were obtained on

mounded rows, with furrows between the mounded soil, where dripping irrigation

system were installed. (VESTREHEIM et al., 2002).

In Romania, the first blueberry cultures were found in 1968 at Balcesti,

Campulung-Muscel. Here, researchers Mircea Botez and Lidia Badescu, trialled and

studied for thirty years the blueberry cultures and found that the high bush blueberry

can be grown successfully in the climatic conditions of Romania. At Baia-Mare,

researcher Andrei Lazar and at Maracineni researchers Mircea Botez and Paulina

Mladin also studied the blueberry crops. Dr. Mladin bred new varieties of Romanian

blueberry named Azur, Safir, Compact, Lax and Simultan. In 2004, at S.C.D.P. Cluj-

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Napoca, Dr. Doina Clapa started her in vitro research regarding the micro propagation

of the high bush blueberry crops, targeting the production of the propagating material.

Myrtillus blueberries or bilberries (V.myrtillus), are species of low growing shrubs in

the genus

Blueberries are very rich in antioxidants, anthocyanins, resveratrol, vitamins

and minerals. Both, bilberries and blueberries have exceptional health benefits.

Because of the anthocyanins, they are believed to provide strength to capillaries, which

in turn, help in the normal circulation of blood throughout the body and keep the brain

and eyes fresh. The anthocyanins have strong anti-inflammatory proprieties and the

glucoquinine helps lower blood sugar levels in type II diabetes. Bilberries have major

antioxidants present in them, which help in improving the overall immune system of

the body, which may help to reduce the risk of cancer. The leaves of the plant are also

rich in hydroquinone, tannin and acidic compounds with great health benefits for the

human body. The blueberry cultures are doing well if given condition of temperature,

lighting, water, humidity and soil are fulfilled. Bilberries are found throughout the

temperate regions of the world, where average temperatures are 8 degrees Centigrade

and rainfalls are over 700mm per year (BADESCU, 2007).

CHAPTER II

CURENT STATE OF RESEARCH REGARDING THE GROWING OF

EUROPEAN BLUEBERRY

The propagating materials used are potted rooted cuttings of blueberry with an

age of 2-3 years. These are first screened for seven types of viruses, using the Elisa

test, or by grafting with indicator plants (SUMEDREA et al., 2014). The blueberry

plant grows well in sandy soils or in soils with 70% sand and 15% clay. The pH of the

soil should be acidic, around 5,5 and should contain more the 4% organic matter.

To ensure good growing condition the soil has to have the right physical and

chemical properties: to have the right acidity, good lighting exposure and excellent

drainage. The watering of the blueberry crop is extremely important, because this

plant has a shallow rooting system. In draughty conditions is vulnerable to water stress

and can dry out very quickly, On young plants fertilizer should be applied and

Nitrogen is the element to which blueberries are most responsive. Phosphorus and

potassium are seldom needed. The form in which nitrogen it is used as a fertilizer is

very important because the plants receiving only nitrate as nitrogen source, will

typically be shorter and grow slower because nitrates are leading to an increase in soil

pH. As a result, there will be a reduced production, and the fruits will be small in size.

Bushes should be planted in early spring or late autumn one meter apart, on rows 2,8-3

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meters apart of each other. That accounts for a planting density of 3.333 plants per

hectare. Mulches benefit growing blueberries by helping to maintain soil moisture and

soil temperature. Suitable mulches include saw dust, wood shavings, bark and agro

textile. Irrigation is vital for maintaining high yields in blueberry crops. The water is

applied by sprinkler systems or by trickle irrigation systems. For the blueberry crops

trickle irrigation systems are preferred, for supplying water to the shallow root system.

Blueberry harvesting methods are by hand and machine picking. After picking, the

fruits can be stored for up to four weeks at 0.5 degrees Centigrade (BADESCU, 1984).

Efficiency of blueberry production depends on several factors such as: production

costs, selling costs, the total yield and selling price.

CHAPTER III

CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCH REGARDING THE IRRIGATION

REGIME AND WATER CONSUMPTION OF EUROPEAN

BLUEBERRY CROPS

Irrigation applies worldwide both in arid areas with of the globe with rainfall of

250-500mm annually, and in sub humid areas where rainfalls are 700-800mm

annually. Watering by irrigation is a very efficient method to boost production and to

increase the quality of the agricultural product (IONESCU-ȘISESTI, 1971; NAGY

and LUCA, 1994). The total quantity of water needed for irrigation is called irrigation

norm. It is expressed in cubic meters per hectare and represents the quantity of water

applied to achieve a culture of planned harvest. Represents the summation of the

supply rules and the rules during irrigation along the life of the crop. Irrigation norm is

determined by the moisture content of the soil, the amount of precipitation, amount of

water from aquifers and water needs of plants during their period of vegetation. The

amount of water administered by irrigation should complement existing water in the

soil during vegetation in order to satisfy the crop’s water consumption. Blueberry bush

needs a continuous supply with water volumes of 25mm to 40mm/week. This must be

applied from spring when the buds appear, until the fall of leaves in autumn. Drip

irrigation is the preferred method for the shallow rooting system, because minimizes

the water loss through evaporation. Water is deployed with low pressure by pumps,

this method being the most cost effective (KORCAK, 1992).

HOLZAPFEL, (2009), shows that, in order to achieve optimum production, it

is essential to take into account the different characteristics of culture that affect

irrigation requirements, including root distribution in soil, availability and quality of

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water resources, choosing the most efficient irrigation system, given the physical,

environmental and technological restrictions (HOLZAPFEL, 2009). Fertilization is

also an essential element for the achievement of a good production in terms of quantity

and quality.

CHAPTER IV

DESCRIPTION OF NATURAL AREA WERE THE RESEARCH WERE

CONDUCTED

The experiments that underlie the elaboration of thesis were carried out in an

experimental field situated in the village of Tohat-Ulmeni, Maramureș County.

Maramureș County is located in the Northwest of Romania between parallel 47020’

00’’ and 48000’15’’latitude North and meridians 22

052’30’’and 25

007’59,30’’Eastern

longitude, 20 km from the geographical center of Europe. Maramures, space-looking

natural fortress, occupies the Maramureş Depression flanked on three sides by the

mountains Igniș, Gutai, Țibleș, Rodnei, Maramures, and to the North, the Danube is

the County boundary.

The experimental field of blueberry culture, is contained Tohat- Maramureș

farm - geographic coordinates: 47029’45,85’’ and 47

029’ 43,51’’, 23

018’14’’ and

23017’59,19’’Eastern longitude, with elevation of 163 m. Settlement is part of the

Baia-Mare Depression, on the southeastern side, with placement on the Someșeană

Platform. The settlement is part of Baia Mare Depression, the southeastern portion

thereof, on the Someş platform. The soil is of luvic type, brown, arable, specific to

Baia Mare depression. According to the analysis report conducted by OSPA

Maramures, in terms of physical characteristics, the soil of the experimental field is

characterized by high porosity, in the A area, with profile differentiated texture, with

low permeability and edaphic high volume. As a chemical feature, the experimental

field has an acid reaction in the first horizons, total nitrogen medium content,

potassium mobile very low, with low humus reserve.

Unimproved, these soils have very low fertility. The minimum temperature of -

4.05 ºC was reached in November 2012 and in July 2013, the maximum temperature

23,03ºC, in August 2015. The high temperature, below the average, is those of the

characteristic experimental year 2015 when the weather was generally warm.

In terms of precipitation, the experimental period was generally dry, with

maximum rainfall recorded in June 2013 of 141.6 mm and 9,50 mm minimum

recorded in the month of November 2015.

The first experimental year was characterized by dry weather for the autumn

and winter of 2012, a very rainy weather and excessively rainy in spring and summer

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of 2013. The second year was a dry year all along, except May 2014, characterized by

a normal weather and July 2014 by a rainy weather. The third year was generally dry

except during October 2014 and May 2015, which were excessively rainy. The three

years are therefore considered as a dry weather.

CHAPTER V

THE AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH. BIOLOGICAL

MATERIAL AND RESEARCH METHODS

The PhD thesis, “The research on the influence of technological factors on the

development of quantitative and qualitative parameters of the irrigated crops of

blueberries in the environmental conditions of Maramures county'' aims to improve

certain technological aspects of culture and consumption of water in irrigated crop of

blueberries in the field, in order to achieve higher and constant production, with

reduced costs, in a differentiated and compared manner, of the two varieties.

The adaptation of the biological material to the specific area, the levels of

irrigation and fertilization were studied. An important objective of the research was the

interaction of three testing factors: irrigation, fertilization and variety on the growth of

shoots and on the blueberry production and interaction of each individual factor during

the three years of tests.The specific objectives which aimed to achieve its purpose are:

choice of testing area and its geo-morphological, hydrological, hydro-geological,

pedoclimatic features and the existing vegetation and fauna; the selection of the

biological material, the two varieties, Hannah's Choice and Elliott and the study of

their behavior in terms of productivity and quality indicators, on the existing irrigation;

Soil moisture dynamics study in the area of experimentation, in order to apply the

irrigation rules as rational as possible; determining the source and method of the most

efficient irrigation, with power consumption as low as possible; study of water

consumption in blueberries crops in the development phenophases for the two

varieties; determining the influence of irrigation and fertilization regime on production

for the two varieties of blueberries; the effect of the maintenance works for the

blueberry crops; economic efficiency of the crop in the field, under irrigation, in a

differentiated and compared manner on the studied blueberry varieties.

High bush blueberry, V. corymbosum, is part of the Ericacee family, genus Vaccinium

and originates from North America. The varieties grown at the Tohat farm are

Hannah's Choice, early varieties, and Elliot variety as a late variety, the plants are from

the nursery of Şomcuta Mare.

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Hannah's Choice is an early variety and grows high to 1.60-1.80 m. It produces

large and medium-sized fruit, dark blue, with a large scar, excellent size and firmness,

the ripped ones larger than the green ones, on the same stem. Hannah's Choice is an

early variety.

Elliott is part of late varieties, one of the most productive varieties reaching 20

tons/ha. The bush grows up to 1.80 meters, is vigorous, upright and robust, requiring

sunny places, it tolerates some shade, it should be watered well especially in summer,

drought and resists temperatures down to -30 degrees Celsius .

Experiences underlying thesis were conducted during 2012-2015 and were

placed in the experimental field located at Tohat farm on a plot with small slope,

uniform, with machines access, without sliding phenomena, on a soil with a moderate

acidity, with a pH of 5.3.

The farm is provided with a pumping system, filter and fertilizing system, two

closed tanks for storing water, a drip irrigation system, main pipeline, piping area and

drip billon tubes. The Tohat experimental field is divided into eight blocks randomized

in 3 repetitions, has 8 variants (v = 2x2x2) and 24 experimental plots (N = 8x3). The

plot has 10 shrubs, planted on ridges at a distance of 1 m and 3 m between rows. Each

plot is 36 m2(12x3), resulting in a surface of 864 experimental m

2.

CHAPTER VI

RESEARCH RESULTS REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF

EXPERIMENTAL FACTORS ON SHOOTS GROWING AND YIELDS

QUANTITIES

The results of the Tohat Ulmeni, Maramures County, under each experimental

year (2013, 2014, 2015) of the blueberry shoots, are taken from the analysis of

experimental scheme corresponding to a tri-factor experiment (2x2x2), represented by

the following factors: A Factor - irrigation regime, with two levels: a1- basic

irrigation; a2 - basic irrigation + supplementary irrigation; B factor - fertilization

degree, two levels: b1-basic fertilization; b2 - basic fertilization + additional

fertilization; C Factor - biological material (variety) with two levels: c1 - Hannah's

Choice; c2 - Elliott.

The results of the shoots crop and the results of the yielded crop were expressed

in centimeters (cm) and in tons per hectare (t/ha), as variants averages. Statistical data

processing by ANOVA analysis was performed for each of the factors (regime

irrigation, fertilization, variety) and the complex interplay between the three studied

factors, respectively, interactions: (1) irrigation x fertilization (A x B) (2) irrigation x

Ing. Nineta Simona Varga Summary of Ph.D. Thesis

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variety (A x C), (3) fertilization x variety (B x C), and (4) Irrigation x fertilization x

variety (A x B x C).

A comparative analysis of results as the average of the experimental years, in

terms of growth of shoots is noticed that, in 2013 there was an average increase of

29.87 cm blueberry shoot. Average growth of shoots for 2014 amounts to 22.37 cm

and has a significant negative difference (d = -7.49 cm) compared to average growth

of shoots in 2013, considered as reference.

Average growth of shoots in 2015 amounts to 12.95 cm and has a very

significant negative difference (d = -16.91 cm), compared to average growth of shoots

in 2013, considered as reference. Average growth of shoots, as an average of the three

experimental years (2013, 2014, 2015), considering irrigation regime, A factor, has a

very significant difference (d = 5.78 cm) to the average shoots growth on the

additional irrigated variant, as compared to average growth of shoots on irrigated basic

version, considered as reference.

If we consider the influence of fertilization B factor, average growth of shoots

for the three experimental years shows a very significant positive difference (d = 6.05

cm), for the average growth of shoots on the fertilized variant in addition to the

average growth of shoots on the basic fertilized variant. Comparing average increases

of three experimental years depending on the variety, the average growth of shoots

presented a statistically very significant negative difference (d = -7.78 cm) for Elliott

variety, compared to average growth in the experimental three years for the Hannah's

Choice variety (Figure 1).

Ing. Nineta Simona Varga Summary of Ph.D. Thesis

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DL 5% 2,86 DL Factor A 5% 1,70 DL Factor B 5% 1,25 DL Factor C 5% 1,47

DL 1% 4,74 DL Factor A 1% 2,57 DL Factor B 1% 1,75 DL Factor C 1% 2,00

DL 0,1% 8,86 DL Factor A 0,1% 4,13 DL Factor B 0,1% 2,47 DL Factor C 0,1% 2,67

Fig.1. Results regarding the European Blueberry shoots growing registered for each factor

influence as comparative analysis of 2013-2015, Tohat – Maramureş

A comparative analysis of the results of production as the average of the experimental

years, if it is to consider the irrigation factor (A), there is a significant positive

difference distinguished (d = 0.68 t/ha), 30.5% in relative terms, between production

on extra irrigated variant to production on basic irrigated version.

If we consider the fertilization factor, there is also a positive significant

difference (d = 0.19 t/ha), 7.6% higher, in relative terms, between the production of

fertilized extra variant and the production of the basic fertilized variant. Influence of

variety factor (C) shows that there is significant differences (d = 0.05 t/ha), 1.8%

higher, between the production of the cultivated variety Elliott, compared with the

cultivated variety Hannah's Choice, considered as reference (Figure 2).

29.86 Mt.

22.37oo

12.95ooo

18.84 Mt.

24.62***

18.7 Mt.

24.75 *** 25.67Mt.

17.79ooo

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

2013 2014 2015 Irigare debază /Normal

irrigation

Irigare debază +

sumplimentar/ Normal

irrigation +additional

Fertilizare debază /Normal

fertilization

Fertilizare debază +

suplimentar /Normal

fertilization +additional

Hannah’s Elliott

Factorul A Factorul B Factorul C Factorul D

Cre

ște

re l

ăsta

ri /

Sh

oo

ts g

row

ing

(c

m)

Ing. Nineta Simona Varga Summary of Ph.D. Thesis

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DL5% = 1,13 DL5% = 0,14 DL5% = 1,13 DL5% = 1,13

DL1% = 1,87 DL1% = 0,21 DL1% = 1,87 DL1% = 1,87

DL0,1% = 3,49 DL0,1% = 0,34 DL0,1% = 3,49 DL0,1% = 3,49

Fig. 2. Results regarding the European Blueberry yields(t/ha), registered for each factor

influence as comparative analysis of 2013-2015, Tohat – Maramureş

CHAPTER VII

RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH REGARDING NUTRIENT

VALUE OF YIELDS OF OBTAINED YIELDS IN CONDITIONS OF

MARAMUREȘ COUNTY

Within this thesis, measurements of the mineral content of the blueberry fruits

and analysis of the influence of factors involved in the experimental field on their

values, as an average for the three experimental years, were performed.

The sodium content reaches the maximum for the harvested fruits on the

supplementary irrigation and fertilization variant: 70.77 mg/kg, for the Hannah's

Choice variety; respectively 61.43 mg/kg Elliott variety;

The potassium content of the blueberry fruits has the maximum value on the

additional irrigation and fertilization variant: 578.41 mg/kg, for the Hannah's

Choice variety; 473.16 mg/kg for the Elliott variety;

The maximum phosphorus content in the blueberry fruit is: 123.67 mg/ kg, for

the Hannah's Choice variety for variant (supplementary irrigation x

1,06Mt

2,33*

4,38**

2,25Mt

2,93**

2,5Mt 2,68* 2,57Mt 2,61**

0

0,5

1

1,5

2

2,5

3

3,5

4

4,5

5

2013 2014 2015 Irigare debază /Normal

irrigation

Irigare debază +

sumplimentar/ Normal

irrigation +additional

Fertilizare debază /Normal

fertilization

Fertilizare debază +

suplimentar /Normal

fertilization +additional

Hannah’s Choice

Elliot

Producții anuale / Yearly yields Factorul A Factorul B Factorul C

Pro

du

cții

/ Y

ield

s (t

/ha)

Ing. Nineta Simona Varga Summary of Ph.D. Thesis

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fertilization); and 112.0 mg/kg, for the Elliott variety, the variant with basic

irrigation and supplementary fertilization.

Magnesium has maximum values in fruits grown on the extra irrigated and

fertilized variant: 80.09 mg/kg for the Hannah's Choice variety; 63.33 mg/kg for

the Elliott variety;

Copper, recorded maximum values of 0.8 mg/kg for fruit for both varieties with

supplementary irrigation and fertilization;

Iron, for both varieties of blueberry fruits, reaches maximum values of: 12.17

mg/kg for Hannah's Choice variety, with additional irrigation and fertilization

conditions; ie 7.78 mg/kg, for the Elliott variety, for the basic irrigation and

additional fertilization;

The analyzes carried out on blueberry fruits, for both varieties, the dry matter

recorded: 23.9%, the maximum value for the Hannah's Choice variety on basic

irrigation and fertilization variant; 29.22% respectively, for the Elliott variety;

The dry matter content is shown in Figure 3

Fig.3 Dry matter (%) content for blueberry fruits, Tohat-Maramureș, 2013-2015

,000 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000

a1 x b1

a1 x b2

a2 x b1

a2 x b2

a1 x b1

a1 x b2

a2 x b1

a2 x b2

Han

nah

's c

ho

ice

Ellio

t

23,057

20,200

21,333

17,670

26,460

25,750

27,880

23,280

Conținut / Content (%)

Substanță uscată / Dry matter (S.U.)

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For the water content of the blueberry fruits for both varieties on the

supplementary irrigated and fertilized variant, the maximum values are

83.87% and 78.86%;

Humidity in the blueberry fruit is shown in Figure 4.

FigFig.4. Water content (%) for blueberry fruits, Tohat-Maramureș

Total acidity (Figure 5) for the Hannah's Choice variety has a minimum value of

0.21 ppm for fruits on variant (a2 x b2) and 0.48 ppm for those on variant (a2 x

b1). For the Elliott variety, the minimum amount of acidity is 0.46 ppm for fruits

for variant (a1 x b1) and a maximum value of 0.64 ppm for fruits for variant (a1

x b2), as well as for (a2 x b1).

64,000 66,000 68,000 70,000 72,000 74,000 76,000 78,000 80,000 82,000 84,000

a1 x b1

a1 x b2

a2 x b1

a2 x b2

a1 x b1

a1 x b2

a2 x b1

a2 x b2

Han

nah

's c

ho

ice

Ellio

t

76,943

80,320

79,307

82,413

70,273

75,077

72,313

78,230

Conținut / Content (%)

Umiditate / Water content

Ing. Nineta Simona Varga Summary of Ph.D. Thesis

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Fig. 5. Acidity for blueberry fruits, Tohat-Maramureș

The weight of the blueberry fruits (Figure 6 and Figure 7), as the average for the three

experimental years, was determined at the Institute of Analytical Research in Cluj-

Napoca, using analytical balance 'Precisa' XT220A metrological calibrated.

In terms of weight the blueberries average value was: 0.685 g, minimum

value for the Hannah's Choice variety (basic irrigation x fertilization); 0.756

g, minimum value for the Elliott variety (basic irrigation x fertilization);

2.005 g, maximum value for the Hannah's Choice variety (supplementary

irrigation x fertilization);- 1,905 g, the maximum value for the Elliott variety

(supplementary irrigation x fertilization);

An average fruit weight of Hannah's Choice variety is 0.076 g superior to the

average fruit weight of Elliott variety.

,000 ,100 ,200 ,300 ,400 ,500 ,600 ,700

a1 x b1

a1 x b2

a2 x b1

a2 x b2

a1 x b1

a1 x b2

a2 x b1

a2 x b2

Han

nah

's c

ho

ice

Ellio

t

0,294

0,351

0,475

0,214

0,458

0,642

0,642

0,618

Conținut / Content (ppm)

Aciditate / Acidity

Ing. Nineta Simona Varga Summary of Ph.D. Thesis

15

Fig .6. Berry weight (g),, Tohat-Maramureș - Hannah’s Choice

Fig. 7. Berry weight (g),, Tohat-Maramureș - Elliot

CHAPTER VIII

RESEARCH RESULTS REGARDING ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF

BLUEBERRY CROP IRRIGATION IN ECOLOGICAL CNDITIONS OF

MARAMURES COUNTY

For the first experimental year average profit is shown in Table 1

,885

1,681 1,414

1,955

,000

,500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

a1 x b1 a1 x b2 a2 x b1 a2 x b2

Greutatea (g) bacelor la soiul Hannah's Choice /Berry weight for Hannah's Choice variaty

,865

1,643 1,383

1,742

,000

,500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

a1 x b1 a1 x b2 a2 x b1 a2 x b2

Greutatea (g) bacelor la soiul Elliot /Berry weight for Elliot variaty

Ing. Nineta Simona Varga Summary of Ph.D. Thesis

16

Table 1.

Additional production, additional expenses and profit/loss values on the blueberry

crop in condition of Tohat-Maramureș, 2013

Variant Average yield

(kg/ha)

Relative

yield (%)

Difference

± d (kg/ha)

Value of

additional yield

(lei/ha)

Value of

additional

costs

(lei/ha)

Profit/Loss

(lei/ha)

a1b1c1 770 100,0 0,00 0,00 0,00

a2b1c1 1190 154,5 420,00 3780 28,42 +3751,58

a1b1c2 820 100,0 0,00 0,00 0,00

a2b1c2 1210 147,6 390,00 3510 28,42 +3481,58

a1b2c1 890 100,0 0,00 0,00 0,00

a2b2c1 1290 144,9 400,00 3600 28,42 +3571,58

a1b2c2 930 100,0 0,00 0,00 0,00

a2b2c2 1330 143,0 400,00 3600 28,42 +3571,58

For the second experimental year, the average profit on each option is presented

in Table 2.

Table 2.

Additional production, additional expenses and profit/loss values on the blueberry

crop in condition of Tohat-Maramureș, 2014

Variant Average yield

(kg/ha)

Relative

yield (%)

Difference

± d (kg/ha)

Value of

additional yield

(lei/ha)

Value of

additional

costs

(lei/ha)

Profit/Loss

(lei/ha)

a1b1c1 1880 100,0 0,00 0,00 0,00

a2b1c1 2500 133,0 620,00 5580 44,33 +5535,67

a1b1c2 1920 100,0 0,00 0,00 0,00

a2b1c2 2620 136,5 700,00 6300 44,33 +6255,67

a1b2c1 2070 100,0 0,00 0,00 0,00

a2b2c1 2720 131,4 650,00 5850 44,33 +5805,67

a1b2c2 2130 100,0 0,00 0,00 0,00

a2b2c2 2800 131,5 670,00 6030 44,33 +5985,67

For the third experimental year, the average profit on each option is presented in

Table 3.

Ing. Nineta Simona Varga Summary of Ph.D. Thesis

17

Table 3.

Additional production, additional expenses and profit/loss values on the blueberry

crop in condition of Tohat-Maramureș, 2015

Variant Average yield

(kg/ha)

Relative

yield (%)

Difference

± d (kg/ha)

Value of

additional yield

(lei/ha)

Value of

additional

costs

(lei/ha)

Profit/Loss

(lei/ha)

a1b1c1 3800 100,0 0,00 0,00 0,00

a2b1c1 4690 123,4 890,00 8010 52,29 +7957,71

a1b1c2 3830 100,0 0,00 0,00 0,00

a2b1c2 4690 122,5 860,00 7740 52,29 +7687,71

a1b2c1 3940 100,0 0,00 0,00 0,00

a2b2c1 5020 127,4 1080,00 9720 52,29 +9667,71

a1b2c2 3970 100,0 0,00 0,00 0,00

a2b2c2 5090 128,2 1120,00 10080 52,29 +10027,71

For the experimental period (Figure 8),

the variant cultivated with Hannah's Choice variety, the average profit in 2015

was 5151.13 lei/ha higher than the average profit in 2013 and 3142.04 lei/ha

higher than the average profit in 2014.

For the Elliot variety, the average profit in 2015 was 5331.13 lei/ha higher than

the average profit in 2013 and 2737.04 lei/ha than the average profit in 2014.

With the existing climatic conditions, by applying appropriate technologies for

crop and improvement of a system of irrigation and fertilization, the blueberry crops

are proving to be economically and qualitatively efficient, productive and profitable.

Ing. Nineta Simona Varga Summary of Ph.D. Thesis

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Fig. 8. Mean profit (lei/ha) for blueberry crop in conditions of Tohat-Maramureș, 2013-2015

yields

CHAPTER IX

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMANDATIONS

In the tri-factor experiment (2 x 2 x 2), linking the two irrigation levels (A

Factor) with two fertilization levels (B factor) and two variety types (C Factor)

representative results for three experimental years were recorded.

Comparing the three experimental years, it appears that in the climatic

conditions of 2013 the most vigorous growth, average of 29.86 cm was

achieved and as for 2015 the weakest growth, of 12.95 cm was

As the three years average for the supplementary irrigated variant a maximum

average value of 24.62 cm in shoots growth was recorded;

For the variants where additional fertilization was applied, the average shoots

growth was 24.75 cm;

In 2013-2015 the Hannah's Choice variety recorded an average growth of 25.67

cm, more vigorous than the average growth of the Elliott variety (17.79 cm), the

difference is statistically very significant;

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

2013

2014

2015

3661,58

5670,67

8812,71

3526,58

6120,67

8857,71

Elliott Hannah´s Choice

Average profit for the irrigated blueberry crop 2013-2015

Ing. Nineta Simona Varga Summary of Ph.D. Thesis

19

The irrigation factor very significantly influences the shoots growth in the

climatic conditions of 2013, with highest growth of 35.03 cm for the variant

with supplementary irrigation.

Also in the climatic conditions of 2013, the fertilization had the greatest

influence on the growth of shoots. The highest growth of 32.82 cm was

recorded for the extra fertilized variant.

The Hannah's Choice variety presented the most vigorous growth in 2013 (35

cm), higher growths, statistically with significant differences compared to 2014,

and very significant compared to 2015.

The Elliott variety shows the most vigorous growth (24.72 cm) in the climatic

conditions of 2013, higher growths, statistically with significant differences

compared to those recorded in 2014 (16.74 cm) and very significant than 2015

(11.91 cm).

Influence of interaction between supplementary irrigation and fertilization

generated the most vigorous growth in all three experimental years, pointing out

growth of 38.34 cm, in 2013, reported in this interaction of technological

factors as very significantly higher than any recorded growth under the

influence of irrigation x fertilization interaction;

Under the influence of interaction fertilization x variety, as compared analysis

between the average growths, recorded in the three years, vigorous growth was

observed in Hannah's Choice variety in interaction with technological factor,

additional fertilization, with significant difference of 41.25 cm compared to

2014, for the same variant of interaction, namely very significant compared to

2015.

Analyzing the interaction of the factors irrigation and variety, vigorous growth

is recorded for the variant with concomitant action of technological factors of

supplementary irrigation and Hannah's Choice variety.

The production of 4.87 t/ha was obtained under the influence of additional

irrigation scheme, irrespective of the fertilizer or variety, with a production

increase, statistically very significant, compared to the basic irrigated variant

considered as reference (3.89 t/ha).

Ing. Nineta Simona Varga Summary of Ph.D. Thesis

20

For the supplementary fertilized variant, a production of 4.51 t/ha, with a

difference of 0.25 t/ha was recorded, as a production increase, significantly

higher than the basic fertilized variant, irrespective of the irrigation and variety.

For the Hannah's Choice variety an average of 4.37 t/ha was recorded,

irrespective of the irrigation and fertilization, production considered as

reference.

For the Elliott variety, the average production was 4.40 t/ha, irrespective of the

applied irrigation and fertilization, as superior to the production of the Hannah's

Choice variety, with a significant difference of 0.03 t/ha.

For the interaction of irrigation factor and fertilization factor, regardless of

variety, average productions ranged from 3.82 t/ha and 5.06 t/ha, with an

outstanding production for the variant with supplementary irrigation and

fertilization.

For the interaction between irrigation factor and variety factor, irrespective of

the fertilization, the average recorded productions were between 3.87 t/ha and

4.89 t/ha. The highly superior production as far as quantity is concerned was

reported for the variant where interaction between supplementary irrigation and

Elliott variety was monitored.

For the interaction of fertilization factor and variety factor, irrespective of the

irrigation, the average production recorded values between 4.25 t/ha and 4.53

t/ha. For the variant with supplementary fertilization with concomitant

interaction of Elliott variety, a highly superior production was achieved. The

Hannah's Choice variety, under the influence of additional fertilization knows a

production increase of 0.24 t/ha, insignificant from the basic fertilization

influence.

For the interaction of irrigation factor, fertilization factor and variety factor, the

maximum increase production of 1.12 t/ha, that was recorded after comparing

supplementary irrigation variant system with supplementary fertilization for the

Elliott variety compared to the same variety variant, basic irrigated and

supplementary fertilized.

Ing. Nineta Simona Varga Summary of Ph.D. Thesis

21

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