RESEARCHES REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF SOME … · species: Vaccinium corynbosum L and Vaccinium...
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Ing. Nineta Simona Varga Summary of Ph.D. Thesis
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UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES AND VETERINARY MEDICINE
CLUJ-NAPOCA
PhD Department
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURE
Eng. VARGA Nineta Simona
SUMMARY OF PH.D. THESIS
RESEARCHES REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF SOME
TECHNOLOGIC FACTORS UPON QUANTITATIVE AND
QUALITATIVE DEVELOPMENT PARAMETERS FOR
EUROPEAN BLUEBERRY CROP IN THE AREA OF
MARAMUREȘ COUNTY
Scientific Adviser:
Prof. univ. Dr. Emil LUCA
CLUJ-NAPOCA
2015
Ing. Nineta Simona Varga Summary of Ph.D. Thesis
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CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 3
CHAPTER I CURENT STATE OF RESEARCH REGARDING THE IRRIGATED
EUROPEAN BLUEBERRY CROP ................................................................................ 3
CHAPTER II CURENT STATE OF RESEARCH REGARDING THE GROWING OF
EUROPEAN BLUEBERRY.......................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER III CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCH REGARDING THE IRRIGATION
REGIME AND WATER CONSUMPTION OF EUROPEAN BLUEBERRY CROPS .............. 5
CHAPTER IV DESCRIPTION OF NATURAL AREA WERE THE RESEARCH WERE
CONDUCTED .......................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER V THE AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH. BIOLOGICAL
MATERIAL AND RESEARCH METHODS .................................................................... 7
CHAPTER VI RESEARCH RESULTS REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF
EXPERIMENTAL FACTORS ON SHOOTS GROWING AND YIELDS QUANTITIES .......... 8
CHAPTER VII RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH REGARDING NUTRIENT VALUE OF
YIELDS OF OBTAINED YIELDS IN CONDITIONS OF MARAMUREȘ COUNTY ............ 11
CHAPTER VIII RESEARCH RESULTS REGARDING ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF
BLUEBERRY CROP IRRIGATION IN ECOLOGICAL CNDITIONS OF MARAMURES
COUNTY ................................................................................................................ 15
CHAPTER IX CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMANDATIONS .......................................... 18
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................ 21
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INTRODUCTION
The blueberry (V. myrtilius L) originates from North America and is well-
known from antiquity. The blueberry fruits are being used for thousands of years as
food and also medicine by the native populous. The wild low bush blueberry is
represented by over 450 species and is spread between longitudes 45 and 71 in Asia,
Europe and North America. It grows well at high altitudes of up to 2,800 meters and in
acidic soils(BÎSTROVA et al., 1968)..
CHAPTER I
CURENT STATE OF RESEARCH REGARDING THE IRRIGATED
EUROPEAN BLUEBERRY CROP
The cultured blueberry originates for North America. There are 3 main species: the
high bush (V. corymbosum L) blueberry, the dwarf blueberry (V. lamarckii Camp), the
rabbiteye blueberry (V. virgatum). The highbush blueberry is a cross between two
species: Vaccinium corynbosum L and Vaccinium austral (HOZA and VELCEA,
2004). The irrigation of the wild blueberry started in 1816 in the United States. In
1845, the farmers there started setting up their first big plantations. The biggest
blueberry producers of the world are the USA, Canada and Germany. Other growers
are South America, Chile, Europe, Asia, Australia, New Zealand and China. The high
bush blueberry was introduced in the North American continent in 1937 by the
American botanist Dr. F.V. Coville. Countries like Holland, Poland, Finland, Russia,
Italy, Bulgaria and Lithuania had excellent results in the cultivation of blueberries. In
1929 Dr. Walter Hermann of Germany in partnership with Dr. F. V. Coville, imported
blueberry plants from the United States and researched the developed of new blueberry
varieties. In 1934 Dr. Hermann developed a blueberry plantation which by 1950
reached 50 hectares (Liebster, 1961). The blueberry cultures also became popular in
Bulgaria, Scotland, Lithuania and Norway, where the best results were obtained on
mounded rows, with furrows between the mounded soil, where dripping irrigation
system were installed. (VESTREHEIM et al., 2002).
In Romania, the first blueberry cultures were found in 1968 at Balcesti,
Campulung-Muscel. Here, researchers Mircea Botez and Lidia Badescu, trialled and
studied for thirty years the blueberry cultures and found that the high bush blueberry
can be grown successfully in the climatic conditions of Romania. At Baia-Mare,
researcher Andrei Lazar and at Maracineni researchers Mircea Botez and Paulina
Mladin also studied the blueberry crops. Dr. Mladin bred new varieties of Romanian
blueberry named Azur, Safir, Compact, Lax and Simultan. In 2004, at S.C.D.P. Cluj-
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Napoca, Dr. Doina Clapa started her in vitro research regarding the micro propagation
of the high bush blueberry crops, targeting the production of the propagating material.
Myrtillus blueberries or bilberries (V.myrtillus), are species of low growing shrubs in
the genus
Blueberries are very rich in antioxidants, anthocyanins, resveratrol, vitamins
and minerals. Both, bilberries and blueberries have exceptional health benefits.
Because of the anthocyanins, they are believed to provide strength to capillaries, which
in turn, help in the normal circulation of blood throughout the body and keep the brain
and eyes fresh. The anthocyanins have strong anti-inflammatory proprieties and the
glucoquinine helps lower blood sugar levels in type II diabetes. Bilberries have major
antioxidants present in them, which help in improving the overall immune system of
the body, which may help to reduce the risk of cancer. The leaves of the plant are also
rich in hydroquinone, tannin and acidic compounds with great health benefits for the
human body. The blueberry cultures are doing well if given condition of temperature,
lighting, water, humidity and soil are fulfilled. Bilberries are found throughout the
temperate regions of the world, where average temperatures are 8 degrees Centigrade
and rainfalls are over 700mm per year (BADESCU, 2007).
CHAPTER II
CURENT STATE OF RESEARCH REGARDING THE GROWING OF
EUROPEAN BLUEBERRY
The propagating materials used are potted rooted cuttings of blueberry with an
age of 2-3 years. These are first screened for seven types of viruses, using the Elisa
test, or by grafting with indicator plants (SUMEDREA et al., 2014). The blueberry
plant grows well in sandy soils or in soils with 70% sand and 15% clay. The pH of the
soil should be acidic, around 5,5 and should contain more the 4% organic matter.
To ensure good growing condition the soil has to have the right physical and
chemical properties: to have the right acidity, good lighting exposure and excellent
drainage. The watering of the blueberry crop is extremely important, because this
plant has a shallow rooting system. In draughty conditions is vulnerable to water stress
and can dry out very quickly, On young plants fertilizer should be applied and
Nitrogen is the element to which blueberries are most responsive. Phosphorus and
potassium are seldom needed. The form in which nitrogen it is used as a fertilizer is
very important because the plants receiving only nitrate as nitrogen source, will
typically be shorter and grow slower because nitrates are leading to an increase in soil
pH. As a result, there will be a reduced production, and the fruits will be small in size.
Bushes should be planted in early spring or late autumn one meter apart, on rows 2,8-3
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meters apart of each other. That accounts for a planting density of 3.333 plants per
hectare. Mulches benefit growing blueberries by helping to maintain soil moisture and
soil temperature. Suitable mulches include saw dust, wood shavings, bark and agro
textile. Irrigation is vital for maintaining high yields in blueberry crops. The water is
applied by sprinkler systems or by trickle irrigation systems. For the blueberry crops
trickle irrigation systems are preferred, for supplying water to the shallow root system.
Blueberry harvesting methods are by hand and machine picking. After picking, the
fruits can be stored for up to four weeks at 0.5 degrees Centigrade (BADESCU, 1984).
Efficiency of blueberry production depends on several factors such as: production
costs, selling costs, the total yield and selling price.
CHAPTER III
CURRENT STATE OF RESEARCH REGARDING THE IRRIGATION
REGIME AND WATER CONSUMPTION OF EUROPEAN
BLUEBERRY CROPS
Irrigation applies worldwide both in arid areas with of the globe with rainfall of
250-500mm annually, and in sub humid areas where rainfalls are 700-800mm
annually. Watering by irrigation is a very efficient method to boost production and to
increase the quality of the agricultural product (IONESCU-ȘISESTI, 1971; NAGY
and LUCA, 1994). The total quantity of water needed for irrigation is called irrigation
norm. It is expressed in cubic meters per hectare and represents the quantity of water
applied to achieve a culture of planned harvest. Represents the summation of the
supply rules and the rules during irrigation along the life of the crop. Irrigation norm is
determined by the moisture content of the soil, the amount of precipitation, amount of
water from aquifers and water needs of plants during their period of vegetation. The
amount of water administered by irrigation should complement existing water in the
soil during vegetation in order to satisfy the crop’s water consumption. Blueberry bush
needs a continuous supply with water volumes of 25mm to 40mm/week. This must be
applied from spring when the buds appear, until the fall of leaves in autumn. Drip
irrigation is the preferred method for the shallow rooting system, because minimizes
the water loss through evaporation. Water is deployed with low pressure by pumps,
this method being the most cost effective (KORCAK, 1992).
HOLZAPFEL, (2009), shows that, in order to achieve optimum production, it
is essential to take into account the different characteristics of culture that affect
irrigation requirements, including root distribution in soil, availability and quality of
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water resources, choosing the most efficient irrigation system, given the physical,
environmental and technological restrictions (HOLZAPFEL, 2009). Fertilization is
also an essential element for the achievement of a good production in terms of quantity
and quality.
CHAPTER IV
DESCRIPTION OF NATURAL AREA WERE THE RESEARCH WERE
CONDUCTED
The experiments that underlie the elaboration of thesis were carried out in an
experimental field situated in the village of Tohat-Ulmeni, Maramureș County.
Maramureș County is located in the Northwest of Romania between parallel 47020’
00’’ and 48000’15’’latitude North and meridians 22
052’30’’and 25
007’59,30’’Eastern
longitude, 20 km from the geographical center of Europe. Maramures, space-looking
natural fortress, occupies the Maramureş Depression flanked on three sides by the
mountains Igniș, Gutai, Țibleș, Rodnei, Maramures, and to the North, the Danube is
the County boundary.
The experimental field of blueberry culture, is contained Tohat- Maramureș
farm - geographic coordinates: 47029’45,85’’ and 47
029’ 43,51’’, 23
018’14’’ and
23017’59,19’’Eastern longitude, with elevation of 163 m. Settlement is part of the
Baia-Mare Depression, on the southeastern side, with placement on the Someșeană
Platform. The settlement is part of Baia Mare Depression, the southeastern portion
thereof, on the Someş platform. The soil is of luvic type, brown, arable, specific to
Baia Mare depression. According to the analysis report conducted by OSPA
Maramures, in terms of physical characteristics, the soil of the experimental field is
characterized by high porosity, in the A area, with profile differentiated texture, with
low permeability and edaphic high volume. As a chemical feature, the experimental
field has an acid reaction in the first horizons, total nitrogen medium content,
potassium mobile very low, with low humus reserve.
Unimproved, these soils have very low fertility. The minimum temperature of -
4.05 ºC was reached in November 2012 and in July 2013, the maximum temperature
23,03ºC, in August 2015. The high temperature, below the average, is those of the
characteristic experimental year 2015 when the weather was generally warm.
In terms of precipitation, the experimental period was generally dry, with
maximum rainfall recorded in June 2013 of 141.6 mm and 9,50 mm minimum
recorded in the month of November 2015.
The first experimental year was characterized by dry weather for the autumn
and winter of 2012, a very rainy weather and excessively rainy in spring and summer
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of 2013. The second year was a dry year all along, except May 2014, characterized by
a normal weather and July 2014 by a rainy weather. The third year was generally dry
except during October 2014 and May 2015, which were excessively rainy. The three
years are therefore considered as a dry weather.
CHAPTER V
THE AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH. BIOLOGICAL
MATERIAL AND RESEARCH METHODS
The PhD thesis, “The research on the influence of technological factors on the
development of quantitative and qualitative parameters of the irrigated crops of
blueberries in the environmental conditions of Maramures county'' aims to improve
certain technological aspects of culture and consumption of water in irrigated crop of
blueberries in the field, in order to achieve higher and constant production, with
reduced costs, in a differentiated and compared manner, of the two varieties.
The adaptation of the biological material to the specific area, the levels of
irrigation and fertilization were studied. An important objective of the research was the
interaction of three testing factors: irrigation, fertilization and variety on the growth of
shoots and on the blueberry production and interaction of each individual factor during
the three years of tests.The specific objectives which aimed to achieve its purpose are:
choice of testing area and its geo-morphological, hydrological, hydro-geological,
pedoclimatic features and the existing vegetation and fauna; the selection of the
biological material, the two varieties, Hannah's Choice and Elliott and the study of
their behavior in terms of productivity and quality indicators, on the existing irrigation;
Soil moisture dynamics study in the area of experimentation, in order to apply the
irrigation rules as rational as possible; determining the source and method of the most
efficient irrigation, with power consumption as low as possible; study of water
consumption in blueberries crops in the development phenophases for the two
varieties; determining the influence of irrigation and fertilization regime on production
for the two varieties of blueberries; the effect of the maintenance works for the
blueberry crops; economic efficiency of the crop in the field, under irrigation, in a
differentiated and compared manner on the studied blueberry varieties.
High bush blueberry, V. corymbosum, is part of the Ericacee family, genus Vaccinium
and originates from North America. The varieties grown at the Tohat farm are
Hannah's Choice, early varieties, and Elliot variety as a late variety, the plants are from
the nursery of Şomcuta Mare.
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Hannah's Choice is an early variety and grows high to 1.60-1.80 m. It produces
large and medium-sized fruit, dark blue, with a large scar, excellent size and firmness,
the ripped ones larger than the green ones, on the same stem. Hannah's Choice is an
early variety.
Elliott is part of late varieties, one of the most productive varieties reaching 20
tons/ha. The bush grows up to 1.80 meters, is vigorous, upright and robust, requiring
sunny places, it tolerates some shade, it should be watered well especially in summer,
drought and resists temperatures down to -30 degrees Celsius .
Experiences underlying thesis were conducted during 2012-2015 and were
placed in the experimental field located at Tohat farm on a plot with small slope,
uniform, with machines access, without sliding phenomena, on a soil with a moderate
acidity, with a pH of 5.3.
The farm is provided with a pumping system, filter and fertilizing system, two
closed tanks for storing water, a drip irrigation system, main pipeline, piping area and
drip billon tubes. The Tohat experimental field is divided into eight blocks randomized
in 3 repetitions, has 8 variants (v = 2x2x2) and 24 experimental plots (N = 8x3). The
plot has 10 shrubs, planted on ridges at a distance of 1 m and 3 m between rows. Each
plot is 36 m2(12x3), resulting in a surface of 864 experimental m
2.
CHAPTER VI
RESEARCH RESULTS REGARDING THE INFLUENCE OF
EXPERIMENTAL FACTORS ON SHOOTS GROWING AND YIELDS
QUANTITIES
The results of the Tohat Ulmeni, Maramures County, under each experimental
year (2013, 2014, 2015) of the blueberry shoots, are taken from the analysis of
experimental scheme corresponding to a tri-factor experiment (2x2x2), represented by
the following factors: A Factor - irrigation regime, with two levels: a1- basic
irrigation; a2 - basic irrigation + supplementary irrigation; B factor - fertilization
degree, two levels: b1-basic fertilization; b2 - basic fertilization + additional
fertilization; C Factor - biological material (variety) with two levels: c1 - Hannah's
Choice; c2 - Elliott.
The results of the shoots crop and the results of the yielded crop were expressed
in centimeters (cm) and in tons per hectare (t/ha), as variants averages. Statistical data
processing by ANOVA analysis was performed for each of the factors (regime
irrigation, fertilization, variety) and the complex interplay between the three studied
factors, respectively, interactions: (1) irrigation x fertilization (A x B) (2) irrigation x
Ing. Nineta Simona Varga Summary of Ph.D. Thesis
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variety (A x C), (3) fertilization x variety (B x C), and (4) Irrigation x fertilization x
variety (A x B x C).
A comparative analysis of results as the average of the experimental years, in
terms of growth of shoots is noticed that, in 2013 there was an average increase of
29.87 cm blueberry shoot. Average growth of shoots for 2014 amounts to 22.37 cm
and has a significant negative difference (d = -7.49 cm) compared to average growth
of shoots in 2013, considered as reference.
Average growth of shoots in 2015 amounts to 12.95 cm and has a very
significant negative difference (d = -16.91 cm), compared to average growth of shoots
in 2013, considered as reference. Average growth of shoots, as an average of the three
experimental years (2013, 2014, 2015), considering irrigation regime, A factor, has a
very significant difference (d = 5.78 cm) to the average shoots growth on the
additional irrigated variant, as compared to average growth of shoots on irrigated basic
version, considered as reference.
If we consider the influence of fertilization B factor, average growth of shoots
for the three experimental years shows a very significant positive difference (d = 6.05
cm), for the average growth of shoots on the fertilized variant in addition to the
average growth of shoots on the basic fertilized variant. Comparing average increases
of three experimental years depending on the variety, the average growth of shoots
presented a statistically very significant negative difference (d = -7.78 cm) for Elliott
variety, compared to average growth in the experimental three years for the Hannah's
Choice variety (Figure 1).
Ing. Nineta Simona Varga Summary of Ph.D. Thesis
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DL 5% 2,86 DL Factor A 5% 1,70 DL Factor B 5% 1,25 DL Factor C 5% 1,47
DL 1% 4,74 DL Factor A 1% 2,57 DL Factor B 1% 1,75 DL Factor C 1% 2,00
DL 0,1% 8,86 DL Factor A 0,1% 4,13 DL Factor B 0,1% 2,47 DL Factor C 0,1% 2,67
Fig.1. Results regarding the European Blueberry shoots growing registered for each factor
influence as comparative analysis of 2013-2015, Tohat – Maramureş
A comparative analysis of the results of production as the average of the experimental
years, if it is to consider the irrigation factor (A), there is a significant positive
difference distinguished (d = 0.68 t/ha), 30.5% in relative terms, between production
on extra irrigated variant to production on basic irrigated version.
If we consider the fertilization factor, there is also a positive significant
difference (d = 0.19 t/ha), 7.6% higher, in relative terms, between the production of
fertilized extra variant and the production of the basic fertilized variant. Influence of
variety factor (C) shows that there is significant differences (d = 0.05 t/ha), 1.8%
higher, between the production of the cultivated variety Elliott, compared with the
cultivated variety Hannah's Choice, considered as reference (Figure 2).
29.86 Mt.
22.37oo
12.95ooo
18.84 Mt.
24.62***
18.7 Mt.
24.75 *** 25.67Mt.
17.79ooo
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2013 2014 2015 Irigare debază /Normal
irrigation
Irigare debază +
sumplimentar/ Normal
irrigation +additional
Fertilizare debază /Normal
fertilization
Fertilizare debază +
suplimentar /Normal
fertilization +additional
Hannah’s Elliott
Factorul A Factorul B Factorul C Factorul D
Cre
ște
re l
ăsta
ri /
Sh
oo
ts g
row
ing
(c
m)
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DL5% = 1,13 DL5% = 0,14 DL5% = 1,13 DL5% = 1,13
DL1% = 1,87 DL1% = 0,21 DL1% = 1,87 DL1% = 1,87
DL0,1% = 3,49 DL0,1% = 0,34 DL0,1% = 3,49 DL0,1% = 3,49
Fig. 2. Results regarding the European Blueberry yields(t/ha), registered for each factor
influence as comparative analysis of 2013-2015, Tohat – Maramureş
CHAPTER VII
RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH REGARDING NUTRIENT
VALUE OF YIELDS OF OBTAINED YIELDS IN CONDITIONS OF
MARAMUREȘ COUNTY
Within this thesis, measurements of the mineral content of the blueberry fruits
and analysis of the influence of factors involved in the experimental field on their
values, as an average for the three experimental years, were performed.
The sodium content reaches the maximum for the harvested fruits on the
supplementary irrigation and fertilization variant: 70.77 mg/kg, for the Hannah's
Choice variety; respectively 61.43 mg/kg Elliott variety;
The potassium content of the blueberry fruits has the maximum value on the
additional irrigation and fertilization variant: 578.41 mg/kg, for the Hannah's
Choice variety; 473.16 mg/kg for the Elliott variety;
The maximum phosphorus content in the blueberry fruit is: 123.67 mg/ kg, for
the Hannah's Choice variety for variant (supplementary irrigation x
1,06Mt
2,33*
4,38**
2,25Mt
2,93**
2,5Mt 2,68* 2,57Mt 2,61**
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
2013 2014 2015 Irigare debază /Normal
irrigation
Irigare debază +
sumplimentar/ Normal
irrigation +additional
Fertilizare debază /Normal
fertilization
Fertilizare debază +
suplimentar /Normal
fertilization +additional
Hannah’s Choice
Elliot
Producții anuale / Yearly yields Factorul A Factorul B Factorul C
Pro
du
cții
/ Y
ield
s (t
/ha)
Ing. Nineta Simona Varga Summary of Ph.D. Thesis
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fertilization); and 112.0 mg/kg, for the Elliott variety, the variant with basic
irrigation and supplementary fertilization.
Magnesium has maximum values in fruits grown on the extra irrigated and
fertilized variant: 80.09 mg/kg for the Hannah's Choice variety; 63.33 mg/kg for
the Elliott variety;
Copper, recorded maximum values of 0.8 mg/kg for fruit for both varieties with
supplementary irrigation and fertilization;
Iron, for both varieties of blueberry fruits, reaches maximum values of: 12.17
mg/kg for Hannah's Choice variety, with additional irrigation and fertilization
conditions; ie 7.78 mg/kg, for the Elliott variety, for the basic irrigation and
additional fertilization;
The analyzes carried out on blueberry fruits, for both varieties, the dry matter
recorded: 23.9%, the maximum value for the Hannah's Choice variety on basic
irrigation and fertilization variant; 29.22% respectively, for the Elliott variety;
The dry matter content is shown in Figure 3
Fig.3 Dry matter (%) content for blueberry fruits, Tohat-Maramureș, 2013-2015
,000 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000
a1 x b1
a1 x b2
a2 x b1
a2 x b2
a1 x b1
a1 x b2
a2 x b1
a2 x b2
Han
nah
's c
ho
ice
Ellio
t
23,057
20,200
21,333
17,670
26,460
25,750
27,880
23,280
Conținut / Content (%)
Substanță uscată / Dry matter (S.U.)
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For the water content of the blueberry fruits for both varieties on the
supplementary irrigated and fertilized variant, the maximum values are
83.87% and 78.86%;
Humidity in the blueberry fruit is shown in Figure 4.
FigFig.4. Water content (%) for blueberry fruits, Tohat-Maramureș
Total acidity (Figure 5) for the Hannah's Choice variety has a minimum value of
0.21 ppm for fruits on variant (a2 x b2) and 0.48 ppm for those on variant (a2 x
b1). For the Elliott variety, the minimum amount of acidity is 0.46 ppm for fruits
for variant (a1 x b1) and a maximum value of 0.64 ppm for fruits for variant (a1
x b2), as well as for (a2 x b1).
64,000 66,000 68,000 70,000 72,000 74,000 76,000 78,000 80,000 82,000 84,000
a1 x b1
a1 x b2
a2 x b1
a2 x b2
a1 x b1
a1 x b2
a2 x b1
a2 x b2
Han
nah
's c
ho
ice
Ellio
t
76,943
80,320
79,307
82,413
70,273
75,077
72,313
78,230
Conținut / Content (%)
Umiditate / Water content
Ing. Nineta Simona Varga Summary of Ph.D. Thesis
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Fig. 5. Acidity for blueberry fruits, Tohat-Maramureș
The weight of the blueberry fruits (Figure 6 and Figure 7), as the average for the three
experimental years, was determined at the Institute of Analytical Research in Cluj-
Napoca, using analytical balance 'Precisa' XT220A metrological calibrated.
In terms of weight the blueberries average value was: 0.685 g, minimum
value for the Hannah's Choice variety (basic irrigation x fertilization); 0.756
g, minimum value for the Elliott variety (basic irrigation x fertilization);
2.005 g, maximum value for the Hannah's Choice variety (supplementary
irrigation x fertilization);- 1,905 g, the maximum value for the Elliott variety
(supplementary irrigation x fertilization);
An average fruit weight of Hannah's Choice variety is 0.076 g superior to the
average fruit weight of Elliott variety.
,000 ,100 ,200 ,300 ,400 ,500 ,600 ,700
a1 x b1
a1 x b2
a2 x b1
a2 x b2
a1 x b1
a1 x b2
a2 x b1
a2 x b2
Han
nah
's c
ho
ice
Ellio
t
0,294
0,351
0,475
0,214
0,458
0,642
0,642
0,618
Conținut / Content (ppm)
Aciditate / Acidity
Ing. Nineta Simona Varga Summary of Ph.D. Thesis
15
Fig .6. Berry weight (g),, Tohat-Maramureș - Hannah’s Choice
Fig. 7. Berry weight (g),, Tohat-Maramureș - Elliot
CHAPTER VIII
RESEARCH RESULTS REGARDING ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF
BLUEBERRY CROP IRRIGATION IN ECOLOGICAL CNDITIONS OF
MARAMURES COUNTY
For the first experimental year average profit is shown in Table 1
,885
1,681 1,414
1,955
,000
,500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
a1 x b1 a1 x b2 a2 x b1 a2 x b2
Greutatea (g) bacelor la soiul Hannah's Choice /Berry weight for Hannah's Choice variaty
,865
1,643 1,383
1,742
,000
,500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
a1 x b1 a1 x b2 a2 x b1 a2 x b2
Greutatea (g) bacelor la soiul Elliot /Berry weight for Elliot variaty
Ing. Nineta Simona Varga Summary of Ph.D. Thesis
16
Table 1.
Additional production, additional expenses and profit/loss values on the blueberry
crop in condition of Tohat-Maramureș, 2013
Variant Average yield
(kg/ha)
Relative
yield (%)
Difference
± d (kg/ha)
Value of
additional yield
(lei/ha)
Value of
additional
costs
(lei/ha)
Profit/Loss
(lei/ha)
a1b1c1 770 100,0 0,00 0,00 0,00
a2b1c1 1190 154,5 420,00 3780 28,42 +3751,58
a1b1c2 820 100,0 0,00 0,00 0,00
a2b1c2 1210 147,6 390,00 3510 28,42 +3481,58
a1b2c1 890 100,0 0,00 0,00 0,00
a2b2c1 1290 144,9 400,00 3600 28,42 +3571,58
a1b2c2 930 100,0 0,00 0,00 0,00
a2b2c2 1330 143,0 400,00 3600 28,42 +3571,58
For the second experimental year, the average profit on each option is presented
in Table 2.
Table 2.
Additional production, additional expenses and profit/loss values on the blueberry
crop in condition of Tohat-Maramureș, 2014
Variant Average yield
(kg/ha)
Relative
yield (%)
Difference
± d (kg/ha)
Value of
additional yield
(lei/ha)
Value of
additional
costs
(lei/ha)
Profit/Loss
(lei/ha)
a1b1c1 1880 100,0 0,00 0,00 0,00
a2b1c1 2500 133,0 620,00 5580 44,33 +5535,67
a1b1c2 1920 100,0 0,00 0,00 0,00
a2b1c2 2620 136,5 700,00 6300 44,33 +6255,67
a1b2c1 2070 100,0 0,00 0,00 0,00
a2b2c1 2720 131,4 650,00 5850 44,33 +5805,67
a1b2c2 2130 100,0 0,00 0,00 0,00
a2b2c2 2800 131,5 670,00 6030 44,33 +5985,67
For the third experimental year, the average profit on each option is presented in
Table 3.
Ing. Nineta Simona Varga Summary of Ph.D. Thesis
17
Table 3.
Additional production, additional expenses and profit/loss values on the blueberry
crop in condition of Tohat-Maramureș, 2015
Variant Average yield
(kg/ha)
Relative
yield (%)
Difference
± d (kg/ha)
Value of
additional yield
(lei/ha)
Value of
additional
costs
(lei/ha)
Profit/Loss
(lei/ha)
a1b1c1 3800 100,0 0,00 0,00 0,00
a2b1c1 4690 123,4 890,00 8010 52,29 +7957,71
a1b1c2 3830 100,0 0,00 0,00 0,00
a2b1c2 4690 122,5 860,00 7740 52,29 +7687,71
a1b2c1 3940 100,0 0,00 0,00 0,00
a2b2c1 5020 127,4 1080,00 9720 52,29 +9667,71
a1b2c2 3970 100,0 0,00 0,00 0,00
a2b2c2 5090 128,2 1120,00 10080 52,29 +10027,71
For the experimental period (Figure 8),
the variant cultivated with Hannah's Choice variety, the average profit in 2015
was 5151.13 lei/ha higher than the average profit in 2013 and 3142.04 lei/ha
higher than the average profit in 2014.
For the Elliot variety, the average profit in 2015 was 5331.13 lei/ha higher than
the average profit in 2013 and 2737.04 lei/ha than the average profit in 2014.
With the existing climatic conditions, by applying appropriate technologies for
crop and improvement of a system of irrigation and fertilization, the blueberry crops
are proving to be economically and qualitatively efficient, productive and profitable.
Ing. Nineta Simona Varga Summary of Ph.D. Thesis
18
Fig. 8. Mean profit (lei/ha) for blueberry crop in conditions of Tohat-Maramureș, 2013-2015
yields
CHAPTER IX
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMANDATIONS
In the tri-factor experiment (2 x 2 x 2), linking the two irrigation levels (A
Factor) with two fertilization levels (B factor) and two variety types (C Factor)
representative results for three experimental years were recorded.
Comparing the three experimental years, it appears that in the climatic
conditions of 2013 the most vigorous growth, average of 29.86 cm was
achieved and as for 2015 the weakest growth, of 12.95 cm was
As the three years average for the supplementary irrigated variant a maximum
average value of 24.62 cm in shoots growth was recorded;
For the variants where additional fertilization was applied, the average shoots
growth was 24.75 cm;
In 2013-2015 the Hannah's Choice variety recorded an average growth of 25.67
cm, more vigorous than the average growth of the Elliott variety (17.79 cm), the
difference is statistically very significant;
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000
2013
2014
2015
3661,58
5670,67
8812,71
3526,58
6120,67
8857,71
Elliott Hannah´s Choice
Average profit for the irrigated blueberry crop 2013-2015
Ing. Nineta Simona Varga Summary of Ph.D. Thesis
19
The irrigation factor very significantly influences the shoots growth in the
climatic conditions of 2013, with highest growth of 35.03 cm for the variant
with supplementary irrigation.
Also in the climatic conditions of 2013, the fertilization had the greatest
influence on the growth of shoots. The highest growth of 32.82 cm was
recorded for the extra fertilized variant.
The Hannah's Choice variety presented the most vigorous growth in 2013 (35
cm), higher growths, statistically with significant differences compared to 2014,
and very significant compared to 2015.
The Elliott variety shows the most vigorous growth (24.72 cm) in the climatic
conditions of 2013, higher growths, statistically with significant differences
compared to those recorded in 2014 (16.74 cm) and very significant than 2015
(11.91 cm).
Influence of interaction between supplementary irrigation and fertilization
generated the most vigorous growth in all three experimental years, pointing out
growth of 38.34 cm, in 2013, reported in this interaction of technological
factors as very significantly higher than any recorded growth under the
influence of irrigation x fertilization interaction;
Under the influence of interaction fertilization x variety, as compared analysis
between the average growths, recorded in the three years, vigorous growth was
observed in Hannah's Choice variety in interaction with technological factor,
additional fertilization, with significant difference of 41.25 cm compared to
2014, for the same variant of interaction, namely very significant compared to
2015.
Analyzing the interaction of the factors irrigation and variety, vigorous growth
is recorded for the variant with concomitant action of technological factors of
supplementary irrigation and Hannah's Choice variety.
The production of 4.87 t/ha was obtained under the influence of additional
irrigation scheme, irrespective of the fertilizer or variety, with a production
increase, statistically very significant, compared to the basic irrigated variant
considered as reference (3.89 t/ha).
Ing. Nineta Simona Varga Summary of Ph.D. Thesis
20
For the supplementary fertilized variant, a production of 4.51 t/ha, with a
difference of 0.25 t/ha was recorded, as a production increase, significantly
higher than the basic fertilized variant, irrespective of the irrigation and variety.
For the Hannah's Choice variety an average of 4.37 t/ha was recorded,
irrespective of the irrigation and fertilization, production considered as
reference.
For the Elliott variety, the average production was 4.40 t/ha, irrespective of the
applied irrigation and fertilization, as superior to the production of the Hannah's
Choice variety, with a significant difference of 0.03 t/ha.
For the interaction of irrigation factor and fertilization factor, regardless of
variety, average productions ranged from 3.82 t/ha and 5.06 t/ha, with an
outstanding production for the variant with supplementary irrigation and
fertilization.
For the interaction between irrigation factor and variety factor, irrespective of
the fertilization, the average recorded productions were between 3.87 t/ha and
4.89 t/ha. The highly superior production as far as quantity is concerned was
reported for the variant where interaction between supplementary irrigation and
Elliott variety was monitored.
For the interaction of fertilization factor and variety factor, irrespective of the
irrigation, the average production recorded values between 4.25 t/ha and 4.53
t/ha. For the variant with supplementary fertilization with concomitant
interaction of Elliott variety, a highly superior production was achieved. The
Hannah's Choice variety, under the influence of additional fertilization knows a
production increase of 0.24 t/ha, insignificant from the basic fertilization
influence.
For the interaction of irrigation factor, fertilization factor and variety factor, the
maximum increase production of 1.12 t/ha, that was recorded after comparing
supplementary irrigation variant system with supplementary fertilization for the
Elliott variety compared to the same variety variant, basic irrigated and
supplementary fertilized.
Ing. Nineta Simona Varga Summary of Ph.D. Thesis
21
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