Regiuni Geografice Si Turistice Ale Lumii PDF

8/13/2019 Regiuni Geografice Si Turistice Ale Lumii PDF

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REGIUNI GEOGRAFICE I TURISTICE ALE

LUMII

Drd. GHERMAN ADRIANA

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CUPRINS:

I. Probleme teoretice.................................................................................41.1.Istoricul cercet rilor ! re"iu#e "eo"r$%ic ..................................................41.&.Pri#ci'iile re"io# rii turistice......................................................................(1.).Meto*olo"i$ $#$li+ei turistice re"io#$le.....................................................,1.4.U#it -ile t$ o#omice $le re"io# rii turistice.............................................../1.(.Ti'olo"i$ re"iu#ilor0 +o#elor i $ ce#trelor turistice.................................../

II. Euro'$......................................................................................................2&.1 Pro%ilul co#ti#e#tului....................................................................................2&.&. REGIUNI TURISTICE.............................................................................11&.&.1.Euro'$ Nor*ic 3Sc$#*i#$ i$5.................................................................11&.&.&. Ar6i'el$"ul brit$#ic.................................................................................12&.&.).Euro'$ 7estic 8 Atl$#tic .......................................................................&4&.&.4.Euro'$ Su*ic 3Me*iter$#e$# 5.............................................................)4 &.&.4.1. Pe#i#sul$ Iberic ...............................................................................)( &.&.4.&.Re"iu#e$ turistic me*iter$#e$# %r$#ce+ ....................................), &.&.4.).Re"iu#e$ me*iter$#e$# est it$li$# ............................................4( &.&.4.4. Re"iu#e$ turistic est9it$li$# .........................................................4, &.&.4.(. Re"iu#e$ turistic "reco9e"e$# ......................................................(: &.&.4.,. ;o#$ turistic $ A'e#i#ilor Ce#tr$l9Nor*ici.................................(1 &.&.4./. ;o#$ turistic $*i$ce#t C


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(.&.&. AFRICA E SU ..................................................................1=( (.&.). AFRICA E 7EST................................................................1=,

(.&.4. AFRICA CENTRAL>..........................................................1==(.&.(. AFRICA E EST..................................................................1=2(.&.,. AFRICA E SU ..................................................................12&

(.&./. AFRICA INSULAR>...........................................................1247I. Austr$li$ iOce$#i$..................................................................................12,

,.1. Pro%ilul co#ti#e#tului.........................................................................12, ,.&. ;ONE TURISTICE..................................................................12/

,.&.1. AUSTRALIA E EST I SU 9EST.................................12/ ,.&.&. AUSTRALIA CENTRAL>...............................................12= ,.&.). AUSTRALIA E 7EST.....................................................12= ,.&.4. TASMANIA........................................................................12= ,.&.(. INSULELE AUSTRALIENE.............................................12= ,.&.,.NOUA ;EELAN > 3NE ;EALAN 5...........................122 ,.&./. MELANE;IA......................................................................122 ,.&.=. NOUA GUINEE...................................................................122 ,.&.2. NOUA CALE ONIE..........................................................&:: ,.&.1: I#sulele SOLOMON0 FI DI I 7ANUATU.....................&:: ,.&.11. MICRONE;IA.................................................................&:: ,.&.1&. POLINE;IA.....................................................................&:: ,.&.1). BA AI.............................................................................&:1

@I@LIOGRAFIE

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III. Probleme teoretice1.1. Istoricul cercet rilor ! re"iu#e "eo"r$%ic

nc dinantichitatea greac i roman !"c. #II $. Hr.% !" !c&i'"() d*+( dir"c'ii $n c""(c" ,ri-" /" "* r( i( Di*ni! I. 1 77% i (n+ ": dir"c'i( d" "* r( i" "n"r( i dir"cd"!cri,/i- r" i*n( . C"( d" ( d*+( !" (i n+ " /" i C&*r* r(,&i" i !" ()( ," * !"r-('iidir"c/" (-8nd c( * i"c/ d" !/+di+ *ic+ "n( /"ri/*ri+ *c+i/%. Prin/r" c"i c(r" ! (+ *c+,(/ d" c"(d" ( d*+( dir"c'i" !" n+ r: H"r*d*/ P* i i+ S/r( *n.

Perioada Renaterii i a marilor descoperiri geografice !"c. 9I# 9#II% c*n/ri +i" (d")-* /(r"( c" *r d*+ dir"c'ii. C /*rii " c+c"riri " d" n*i /"ri/*ri c* *ni)ri " ,"r$ +n/'ir"( c+n* /in'" *r "* r( i"i r" i*n( ". #(r"ni+! . $n +cr(r"( ;G"* r(,&i(

"n"r( i!< 1650% $ ,(r/" /iin ( "* r( i"i $n "n"r( i !,"ci( . C"( !,"ci( (dic( "* r(r" i*n( "r( !+ di-i)(/ $n: C&*r* r( i" d"!cri( $n/ind"ri (ri d" /"r"n% i =*,* r( i" *c+,( c+ d"!cri"r"( +n*r ,*r'i+ni (i ici ( !+,r( "'"i /"r"!/r"%.

C*n/ri +'ii $n "* r( i( r" i*n( i (+ (d+!:A ">(nd"r -*n H+ * d/ 176 1?5 % @ ,r")in/ (,/" " $n din( ic( i c(+)( i/(/"( P(+ #id( d" ( (c&" 1?45 1 1?% "!/" c*n!id"r(/ $n/" "i"/*r+ "* r(

r" i*n( " i + (n". E (r(/ c ;r")+ /(/+ in +"n'" *r r"ci,r*c" din/r" !*ci"/(/" i n(/+r !c*ncr"/i)"() $n *r (r"(regiunilor geografice c(r(c/"ri)(/" ,rin /r!/+ri !,"ci ic" ( "c*ndi'ii *r n(/+r( " !*ci( "c*n* ic" i i!/*ric".< Nic*(r B. 2002%

B+ci"n G( *i! 1?57 1 41% !"!i)"() c n*'i+n"( d" ;r" i+n" "* r( ic "!/" + / (c* , "/ d"c8/ c"( d" r" i+n" n(/+r( c(ci "( d"!cri" ,"i!( " (i + / !(+ (i ,+'in+ (ni)(/" i !/r+c/+ri "c*n* ic" i d" * r( ic" !c&i /*(r" i di-"r!i ic(/".i!/"n/" $n/r" " " "n/" " n(/+r( " i c" " !*ci( "c*n* ic". E!/" +/"ri/*ri+ c(r" indi "r"n/ d" $n/ind"r" !" r" (rc( ,rin (!,"c/ !/r+c/+r i +nc'ii !,"ci ic"d"*!" i/" d" ( " 'in+/+ri *r -"cin". D"ci (r" +n c*n'in+/ i (n+ i/" i i/"." ">. C*(!/( d" A)+r%R" i+ni " /+ri!/ic" ,r")in/ !i i i/+dini d" ( c() ( c() c+ (,r*(," /*(/" /i,+ri "d" r" i+ni "* r( ic" "n'i*n(/" d(r c" " (i $n!" n(/" !+n/ c+ r" i+ni " ,* (ri)(/" d" ini/" ,rin ,* i r"'"( i c8 , !,('i( n/r * r" i+n" /+ri!/ic d" (c"!//i, ,* ii !+n/ r",r")"n/('i d" c"n/r" /+ri!/ic" !(+ * i"c/i-" /+ri!/ic"% r"'"(+( "c*n!/i/+i/ d" ci " d" c* +nic('i" i(r c8 ,+ !,('i( d" -( "n'" " /+ri!/ic" ( " ,"i!( + +i "* r( ic.

1.&. Pri#ci'iile re"io# rii turistice Principiul obiectivitii c*n!/ $n ">i!/"n'( i indi-id+( i)(r"( r"( * i"c/i- ( +ni/'i *r/"ri/*ri( " ," ()( di!,+n"rii $n /"ri/*ri+ ( " " "n/" *r "* r( ic* /+ri!/ic". Principiul omogenitii relative i a comunitii teritoriale (r" $n -"d"r" d"! +r(r"( c*n/in+n/r +n (n+ i/ !,('i+ "* r( ic ( +n*r (!*ci"ri !,"ci ic" d" r"!+r!" /+ri!/ic" i *r " d"">, *(/(r" ( (c"!/*r(. Ac"!/ ,rinci,i+ !" ()"() ," ">i!/"n'( +nici/'ii ,rin di-"r!i/(/". Principiul genetic !/i,+ "() *d+ +ni/(r d" *r (r" i "-* +'i" ( +n+i !,('i+ "* r( ic. M*d+d" "n") i "-* +'i" ( di-"r!" *r /"ri/*rii ">, ic d"n!i/(/"( $n +ni/(/" ( r"!+r!" *r /+ri!/ic" i (

*d( i/'i *r d" -( *ri ic(r" ( " (c"!/*r(. Principiul selectrii elementelor directoare.

E " "n/" " dir"c/*(r" !+n/ (c" "( $n +r+ cr*r( !" r+,"() c" " ( /"" " "n/" i ,r*c"!". S" "c/(r"( (c"!/*r( !" (c" ," ()( (n( i)"i c(n/i/(/i-" ic( i/(/i-" (-8nd $n -"d"r" * !"ri" d" indic(/*ri !(+ (!,"c/". n ,ri-in'(r"!+r!" *r n(/+r( " i (n/r*,ic" !" i(+ $n c*n!id"r(r": (r"( + d" (ni "!/(r" ,*nd"r"( $n/r * (n+ i/ +ni/(/" /"ri/*ri( ,"r!,"c/i-" " -( *ri icrii $n /i ,.

Principiul funcionalitii r")+ / din (c'i+n"( c*n"> in/" r(/ (/+/+r*r c* ,*n"n/" *r "* r( ic". +nc'i*n( i/(/"( /+ri!/ic ( +n+i /"ri/*ri+ ,r"!+,+n" ">i!/"n'( +>+ri *r /+ri!/ic" c*n">" c(r(c/"ri)(/" ,rin/r * (n+ i/in/"n!i/(/" i di!/ri +'i" !,('i( . P* ,"i C*c"(n 1 6% c*n!id"r c (c"!/ ,rinci,i+ "!/" d"ci!i- $n indi-id+( i)(r"( i d" i i/(r"( )*n" *r /+ri!/ic".Bi i/" " (c"!/*r( c*incid c+ (,(ri'i( r+,/+ri *r +nc'i*n( " ,r( +ri%

(/"ri( i)(/" $n /"ri/*ri+ ,rin ">i!/"n'( 8 ii *r !(+ (r"( " *r d" di!c*n/in+i/(/"!+ (!,"c/+ (c/i-i/'i *r /+ri!/ic".

Principiul complexitii i( $n c*n!id"r(r" di "r"n'i"r " r+,ri *r/"ri/*ri( " ( " /+/+r*r c* ,*n"n/" *r /+ri!/ic": r"!+r!" (/r(c/i-"n(/+r( " (n/r*,ic" ()( d" c()(r" d" /r(/( "n/ d" ( r" "n/ ci " d"c* +nic('i" circ+ ('i( /+ri!/ic *r " " i /i,+ri " d" /+ri! .

Principiul unicitii c*n!/ $n n"r","/(r"( id"n/ic n !,('i+ i /i , ("n* "n+ +i /+ri!/ic.

Principiul comparabilitii unitilor taxonomice ale regionrii turisticeS" r" "r ( ,*!i i i/(/"( c* ,(rrii di "ri/" *r +ni/'i /"ri/*ri( " din ,+nc/ d"-"d"r" "* r( ic* /+ri!/ic.

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1.). Meto*olo"i$ $#$li+ei turistice re"io#$leAn( i)( r" i*n( r+,"() (n!( + d" "r!+ri *r +/i i)(/" ,"n/r+ ( id"n/i ic( ( c(r(c/"ri)( i (d" i i/( r" i+ni " "* r( ic" $n in/"ri*r+ +n+i !/(/ !(+ ( +n+i !,('i+ (i -(!/ ( ()(!,"ci ici/'i *r i ( r" (/i-"i *r (+/*n* ii d" +nc'i*n(r" !(+ d" *r (ni)(r" N*nn M(r/in 1 ?0%R" i*n(r"( "* r( ic !" $ ,(r/" din ,+nc/ d" -"d"r" ( c* , ">+ +i d" " " "n/" +(/" $nc*n!id"r(r" $n:

R" i*n(r" !in/"/ic (r" $n -"d"r" "di+ "* r( ic c+ c* ,*n"n/( i)ic* "* r( ic i(n/r*,ic%

R" i*n(r" (n( i/ic *,"r"() ," ()( -(ri('i"i !,('i( " ( +n+i !in +r " " "n/ !(+" " "n/" c(r" (,(r'in (c" "( i r( +ri d" (c/i-i/(/": r" i*n(r" /+ri!/ic r" i*n(r"( ric* c i (/ic "/c.%

R" i*n(r" !in/"/ic ,(r'i( , (!(/ $n/r" c" " d*+ ( in/i/" r",r")"n/(/ ,rin r" i*n(r"(i)ic* "* r( ic "* r( ic* + (n%

C"rc"/(r"( /+ri!/ic r" i*n( "!/" * -(ri(n/ ( r" i*nrii "* r( ic" i ,r"!+,+n" (i + /" "/(,"c(r(c/"ri!/ic" *ricr+i !/+di+ "* r( i* r" i*n( : Etapa de documentare @ c*n!/ $n (d+n(r"( /+/+r*r in *r ('ii *r ,*!i i " ,( ()( (/"ri( " *r i i* r( ic" ( d(/" *r !/(/i!/ic" ( (/"ri( + +i c(r/* r( ic. In *r ('ii " !" r" "r (:

,*/"n'i( + /+ri!/ic n(/+r( i (n/r*,ici!/*ric+ (c/i-i/'ii /+ri!/ic"

()( (/"ri( circ+ ('i( /+ri!/ic

*r " d" /+ri! . Etapa de cercetare pe teren @ c*n/in+ i (,r* +nd"() "/(," (n/"ri*(r ,rin * !"r-('ii dir"c/".M(/"ri( + (d+n(/ $n c" " d*+ "/(," !/ ( ()( "-( +rii c*n'in+/+ +i *nd+ +i /+ri!/ic (c/i-i/'i *r /+ri!/ic" iind "!"n'i( $n ,r*c"!+ d" (n( i) i r" i*n(r" /+ri!/ic. Etapa de prelucrare a informaiilor, de sintetizare i generalizare @ (r" c( r")+ /(/ " ( *r(r"(/r!/+ri *r "!"n'i( " c+ di "r"n'i"ri !,"ci ic" ," !+ di-i)i+ni /"ri/*ri( ". E ( *r(r"( +n+i (/"ri(c(r/* r( ic ">(c/ c+ +n r(d d" "n"r( i)(r" (d"c-(/ !c*,+ +i c*n/ri +i" ( ,"rc","r"(d"*!" iri *r din !,('i+ (n( i)(/. Etapa final @delimitarea regiunilor turistice. i"c(r" r" i+n" /+ri!/ic -( i c(r(c/"ri)(/ ,rin(n+ i/" /r!/+ri r" "ri/*(r" ( r"!+r!" " /+ri!/ic" ()( (/"ri( circ+ ('i( /+ri!/ic *r " "/i,+ri " d" /+ri! ,r(c/ic(/" r(d+ i ,*!i i i/'i " d" ( "n( (r" /+ri!/ic r" ('ii " din/r(/r(c/i-i/(/"( /+ri!/ic i "di+ $nc*n +r/*r.n ,r*c"!+ d" d" i i/(r" ( r" i+ni *r /+ri!/ic" c( r" i+ni * * "n" !" ,*(/" (, ic( "/*d(d"!c* ,+n"rii /"ri/*ri+ +i (n( i)(/ $n (rii " " "n/(r" d" ini/" ,rin +n+ !(+ ;n< c(r(c/"r".1.3.1 R" i+ni /+ri!/ic" d" ini/" ,rin/r +n !in +r c(r(c/"r.D(c +ni/'i " " " "/(r" c+ c(r(c/"r /+ri!/ic !" r+,"() $n/r +n (n!( + c*n/in++ r" i*n(r"("!/" ,*!i i c&i(r (ci . =*/+ i ">i!/ !i/+('ii c8nd (,(r )*n" d" /r(n)i'i" $n c(r" " " "n/" "c(r(c/"ri)(/" ,rin ,r")"n'( c(r(c/"r+ +i /+ri!/ic !+n/ r!,8ndi/" n"+ni *r iind ( "!/"c(/" c++ni/'i $n c(r" (c"!/( " ( !"n/. S" ,r*c"d"() ( !+ di-i)(r"( $n +ni/'i /(>*n* ic" d" r(nin "ri*r: )*n" (r"( " "/c.1.3.2 M"/*d( (rii *r " " "n/(r" d" ini/ ,rin d*+ c(r(c/"r" !" (, ic $n c(dr+ "n* "n+ +

/+ri!/ic c(r" !" di "r"n'i() ," d*+ (/+ri: ,*/"n'i( /+ri!/ic i (c/i-i/(/" /+ri!/ic.P" G * ">i!/ n+ "r*(!" r" i+ni c+ +n ,*/"n'i( /+ri!/ic n(/+r( ridic(/ d(r ! ( -( *ri ic(/ r" i+ni d")-* /(/" c+ ,*/"n'i( /+ri!/ic *d"!/ d(r c+ (c/i-i/(/" /+ri!/ic in/"n!. R" i+n"(

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/+ri!/ic !" "-id"n'i() c (r (/+nci c8nd c" " d*+ c(r(c/"r" !+n/ ,r")"n/" $n (c" "( i +ni/'i" " "n/(r".B( ni-" (cr*/"ri/*ri( (,(r" +n"*ri !i/+('i( ( /r"i r" i+ni * * "n": +n( c(r" c+,rind" +ni/'i "" " "n/(r" +nd" " r!,8ndi/ c(r(c/"r+ 1 r"!,"c/i- r"!+r!( /+ri!/ic * ( /( +nd" n+ " ,r")"n/ nici+n " d" c(r(c/"r i * ( /r"i( indi-id+( i)(/ ,rin ,r")"n ( c(r(c/"r+ +i 2 @ (/r(c/i-i/(/"( /+ri!/ic

i c+ +n ,*/"n'i( /+ri!/ic r"d+!.1.3.3 M"/*d( (rii *r " " "n/(r" d" ini/ ,rin ;n< c(r(c/"r" ,8n ( ? -(ri( i "%.S" ,*/ c*n!id"r( -(ri( i ": 1 ,*/"n'i( + /+ri!/ic ( r" i" + +i 2 ,*/"n'i( + /+ri!/ic &idr* * ic 3 ,*/"n'i( + /+ri!/ic c i (/ic 4 ,*/"n'i( + /+ri!/ic (n/r*,ic 5 ,*/"n'i( + /+ri!/ic ,"i!( i!/ic 6 ()( d" c()(r" i /r(/( "n/ 7 ci " d" c* +nic('i" i /r(/( "n/ ? in/"n!i/(/"( +>+ri *r /+ri!/ic" !,"ci( i)(r"( /+ri!/ic d(/ d" /i,+ ,r"d* in(n/ d" /+ri! %P"n/r+ i"c(r" -(ri( i !" $n/*c " /" c8/" * &(r/ d" di!/ri +'i" ( (c"( i !c(r d+, c(r" &r'ir"!,"c/i-" !" !+,r(,+n. n "n"r( r")+ / n+c "" !(+ (r"( " c+ !+,r( "'" -(ri(/" $n c(r" !+n/ ,r")"n/" (,r*(," /*(/" c(r(c/"r" " r" i+ni /+ri!/ic" ,r*,ri+ )i!"% i(r $n +r+ *r !" d"! *(r(rii $n c(r" i i/" " d(/" d" ">/"n!i+n"( i"cr"i -(ri( i " !" !+cc"d !(+ !" $n/r"/(i" *ri c*n/+r"()(r"( " r"!/r8n!" in" indi-id+( i)(/".

1.4 U#it -ile t$ o#omice $le re"io# rii turistice A-8nd $n -"d"r" !/r+c/+r( c* , "> ( "n* "n+ +i /+ri!/ic !" ,r*c"d"() ( * /r(/(r" (n( i/ic*!in/"/ic ,*rnind d" ( +ni/'i " " "n/(r" d" /i,+ ,+nc/+ +i /+ri!/ic. n +nc'i" d" ">/ind"r"( di-"r!i ic(r"( "n* "n+ +i /+ri!/ic $n /"ri/*ri+ !" ( +n " ( !+,r( "'" /*/ (i (ri i ( ni-" " din/" r(r" i +nc'i*n( i/(/" !+,"ri*(r: (r"( + )*n( i r" i+n"( /+ri!/ic. Punctul turistic "!/" r",r")"n/(/ d" +n " " "n/ r"!+r!% c+ -( *(r" /+ri!/ic i in r(!/r+c/+r(n"c"!(r ,+n"rii +i $n -( *(r".Complexul turisticc*nc"n/r() ," !+,r( "'" r" (/i- r"!/r8n!" (i + /" * i"c/i-" /+ri!/ic" i +n(d*+ *c( i/'i /+ri!/ic". realul turistic"!/" * !+,r( (' d"!/+ d" -(ri( i c( $n/ind"r" ," c(r" !" !"!c (i + /"* i"c/i-" /+ri!/ic" i (i + /" *c( i/'i /+ri!/ic" !(+ c"n/r" /+ri!/ic". n !i/+('i( ">i!/"n'"i +ni!in +r * i"c/i- /+ri!/ic (c"(!/( $nd", in" /" r* d" n*d ,* (ri)(/*r ( (r"( + +i (r"( + /+riD",r"!i+n"( D*rn" *r @ M+n ii C i (n c"n/r+ ,* (ri)(/*r #(/r( D*rn"i% !ona turistic inc +d" +n n+ r $n!" n(/ d" ,+nc/" i c"n/r" /+ri!/ic" r+,(/" !(+ n+ !+ *r d" c* , ">" i (r"( " /+ri!/ic" i ( 8nd+ !" $n " /+ri d" c* ( *r(r" i c* , " "n/(ri/(/". c" " (i + /" *ri )*n" " /+ri!/ic" !" !+,r(,+n +n*r di-i)i+ni d" *rdin n(/+r( (d ini!/r(/i- !(+"c*n* ic din n"c"!i/(/"( (!i +rrii c* , " "n/(ri/'ii. Regiunea turistic c+,rind" /"ri/*rii -(!/" $n c(r" "n* "n+ /+ri!/ic !" d"! *(r $n $n/r"( ( +ic* , ">i/(/". C( ni-" /"ri/*ri( " " !+n/ in "ri*(r" 'ri *r indi-id+( i)8nd" !" $n c(dr+ (c"!/*E>i!/ i !i/+('ii $n c(r" d", "!c r(ni'" " +n"i 'ri r")+ /8nd r" i+ni d" r(n !+,"ri*r/r(n! r*n/( i"r" r" . /+ri!/ic ( ,in%.C(r(c/"ri!/ic( ,rinci,( ( )*n"i /+ri!/ic" "!/" specificitatea i(r c"( ( r" i+ni *r /+ri!/ic" "!/"diversitatea "n unitate. C*c"(n P. 1 6%

1.( Ti'olo"i$ re"iu#ilor0 +o#elor i $ ce#trelor turistice1.5.1 R" i+ni *r /+ri!/ic" " "!/" c(r(c/"ri!/ic ,r(c/ic(r"( +ni+ /i, d" /+ri! ,* i-( "n/ c+

*r " d" *r (ni)(r" i ,r(c/ic(r" -(ri(/". D",(r/( (r"( *r !" (c" ," ()( cri/"ri+ +i /i,+ +i d"/+ri! .

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Regiuni turistice litorale # balnear$maritime !" c(r(c/"ri)"() ,rin (!*ci"r"( +n*r (c/*rin(/+r( i ,r*,rii , ( " in!* ('i" (, !r(/% ( +n*r d*/ri /"&nic* (/"ri( " i !"r-icii d" c( i!+,"ri*(r ,+/"rnic c*nc"n/r(/" !,('i( . Ac/i-i/(/"( /+ri!/ic ( ni "!/ * (cc"n/+(/ !")*n( i/(/"$n c i (/+ /" ,"r(/ ,r*,ri+ )i! !")*n "!/i-( d" 3 +ni% i $n c" "di/"r(n"(n !+ /r*,ic( !")*d" 6 +ni%. S+n/ r" i+ni " c(r" c*nc"n/r() c"( (i (r" ,(r/" ( +>+ri *r /+ri!/ic" (n+( ".

Regiunile turistice montane! (+ *r (/ ,rin -( *ri ic(r"( +n+i !+,*r/ n(/+r( -( *r*!c*ndi'i*n(/ d" r" i" c i ( (," -" "/('i" (+n. D*/ri " /+ri!/ic" (ci i/"() c i (/*/"r(,!,*r/+ri " d" i(rn ( r" "n/+ dr+ "'ii " ( ,ini! + . S" "-id"n'i() * d+ !")*n( i/(/" "!/i-( i &i "rn( .

Regiuni ale turismului cultural !" "( d" -"!/i ii " +n*r -"c&i ci-i i)('ii r" . /+ri!/ic ( Ni + +i @ E i,/ r" . /+ri!/ic ( G(n " +i%.

Regiuni turistice complexe $ in r"!+r!" " /+ri!/ic" n(/+r( " c+ c" " (n/r*,ic" i"c(r" dinc(/" *rii ,(r/ici,8nd $n ,r*,*r'ii di "ri/" d" ( +n c() ( ( /+ . n c(dr+ (c"!/*r( !" $ in /*(/"

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M*n"d( n('i*n( c*r*(n n*r-" i(n N Q% 100Or" ntichitatea acestei ri este dominat de vi(ingi % triburi germanice care unificate "n )** d+ r+ "ntreprind expediii spre -slanda, .roelanda, merica de /ord i Mediterana+ 0imp de 1**de ani face parte din alte forme statale "mreun cu -slanda, 2uedia, 3inlanda sub conducerea 4anemarciei+ 5unge "n posesia 2uediei de unde "i proclam independena "n 6)*7+ 8n al doilearzboi mondial este ocupat de germani p9n "n 6):7+ Este membr / 0;+R" i" + ( cr+i *r " !" c*n!/i/+i" c( ,rinci,( " (/r(c'ii /+ri!/ic" "!/" r")+ /(/+ ridicri/"c/*nic" (!i "/ric" d" ( ! 8r i/+ n"*)*ic+ +i i (d8ncirii r8+ri *r *d" rii (c , "!i!/*c"n" i + /"ri*r ( cr" /"rii ni-" + +i *c"(nic c+ indi-id+( i)(r"( i*rd+ri *r. P(r/"( $n"!/" d* in(/ d" , (/*+ri + *r *nd+ (/" +n"*ri *c+,(/" d" &"'(ri @ F*!/"d( ! r""n 46? L(c*,"ri/" c+ /+ndr *n/(n i /+r rii d"(!+,r( cr*r( !" $n( ' (r/*ri d" "r*)i+n". R8+ri "!c+r/" c+ n+ "r*(!" i !,"c/(c+ *(!" c(!c(d" M(rd( ! Y!!"n @ 2 7 cd"r" @ c"( (i (r" dinE+r*,(% i c+ +n i " ! ,*/"n'i( &idr*"n"r "/ic $n/r" "!c r+ +!"'"( ,"i!( + +i n(/+r(c* , "/(/ d" n+ "r*(!" * i"c/i-" c+ /+r( (n/r*,ic".Wr + *(r/" d(n/" (/ c+ i*rd+ri ,/r+nd" (d8nc $n in/"ri*r i*rd+ri " S/(-(n "r =rYnd17 i SY n" *rd 204 +n i "% ">,+n" c/r" M(r"( N*r-" i"i * , (/ *r c*n/in"nd* in(/ d" n+ "r*(!" in!+ " !/8nc*(!" S "r ((rd i ,*r/(n/ d* "ni+ ,"n/r+ ,"!c+i/S-( (rd d* "ni+ i ,*r/(n/ ,"n/r+ ">,"di'ii " (rc/ic"%.

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A.% Ar"( + /+ri!/ic !+d "!/icS" $n/ind" ," c" " (i (ri -8r +ri ( " A ,i *r Sc(ndin(-i G( d&Y,i "n @ 246 G i//"r/i2470 % (c*,"ri/" d" &"'(ri c+ -i !,"c/(c+ *(!" c(r" !" *r "!c !,r" G* + ! * $n!*'i/ d"$n +!/ c8 ,i" c* in(r ,rinci,( ( r" i+n" ( ric* ( 'rii%.E!/" ,+/"rnic ind+!/ri( i)(/ (r" c"( (i (r" ,*,+ ('i" c+ n+ "r*(!" *r( " (ri i i *cii i"!/" ,* (ri)(/ d" ! *.

C( c"n/r" /+ri!/ic" !" r" (rc:;slo !i/+(/ $n i*rd+c+ (c" ( i n+ " d" 100 +n i " ,*r/ c+ ,"!/" 400 d" c&"i+ri !,"ci( i)(/". E!/" c*n!/r+i/ $n ( i/"(/r+ ,8n $n 1 25 !" n+ "(C&ri!/i(n( ()i " +n i ,*r/(n/ c"n/r+ ind+!/ri( c* "rci( i /+ri!/ic. i"c/i-" /+ri!/ic": ">i!/ 40d" in!+ " ," /"ri*ri+ *r( + +i c"( (i (r" iind M( OJ( 0 56 L%. ! * (r" 343 d" (c+

(i (r" iind M(rid( !-(nn"/ 3 1 L%. Ac"!/( "!/" i !+r!( c"( (i i ,*r/(n/ d" (,. C"(i $n( / ,+nc/ "!/" Qir " "r "/ c+ 62 . Din ,+nc/ d" -"d"r" c+ /+r( i!/*ric !" ,*/ -i)i/(: 13

M+)"": P* /"i Sc&i+ +i * c *ric $n/r +n ,(rc% ZQ*n =i i< c*n!/r+i/ ," d*+ ni-"i "n! (c-(ri+ ( "rii d" (r/ 5 /"(/r" c"/(/"( A "r!&+! !"c. 9I# 9#% P( (/+ R"P(r " "n/+ In!/i/+/+ N* " i!"ric( +i G* !"c. 9II% C(/"dr( ( D* ir "% Pri r" *ri( " A +nd!"n i N(n!"n !/(/+i c(!" -"c&i.n ( (r d" ! * ," c+r!+ri " !+,"ri*(r" ( " r8+ri *r !" ( !/('i+ni c"n/r" in/"rn('i*n( " d" !c

i ( " !,*r/+ri *r &i-"rn( ":


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c+, 8 i( (/ (n/ic i "!/" r"n+ i/ ,"n/r+ ri "( i + 'i "( i*rd+ri *r: S* n" *rd 20 +n i "% H(rd(n "r *rd. i*rd+ri " i ,rinci,( " " *r( " !+n/ !/r /+/" d" /r(!"" /+ri!/ic

-(,*r+ .i*rd+ri " c(!c(d" " &"'(rii FY!/"d( ! r""n @ ?55 L c" (i (r" din E+r*,(% ,"

in!+ " *r din ('( i/*r( + +i *r( " ": "r "n r"n+ i/ ,rin c(!" " din " n @ !"c. 9#III M(rin"i A ric+ /+rii i =8r + d" ," /" +nd" !" "/( "() c" " (i di "ri/" /i,+ri d" !,"cii d ," /i% S/(-(n "r c+ C(/"dr( ( i i!"ric( M"di"-( $n !/i (n * n*r (nd% c*n!/i/+i" * i/+ri!/ic" d" (r" (/r(c'i".

C.%=rYnd" (C+,rind" !"c/*r+ c"n/r( ( M+n'i *r Sc(ndin(-i"i c+ ( /i/+dini r"d+!" (-*r( i " ( ric+ /+rii

(i n*rdic )*n ( ric* d" ," G * 64[ (/i/+din"% circ+ !cri! i*rd+ +i0r=ndheim. r( +c+ (c" ( i n+ " "!/" c"n/r+ ,* (ri)(/*r ( )*n"i !" r" (rc( ,rin r+ *(!( c(/"dr( $n !/i */icc(r" "!/" c"( (i (r" din /*(/ Sc(ndin(-i( i !+/" " d" c!+'" ici din " n. A /" !/('i+ni:2toren, ;ppdal, R=r=s+

D.% Ar"( + /+ri!/ic n*rdicE!/" d* in(/ d" /+ndr( *n/(n !/8ncrii in!+ " d" di "n!i+ni (ri ( ")ri r(r" i ici. E!/")*n( ,*,+ (/ c+ +n n+ r (r" d" (,*ni 20.000 @ 40.000% i (r" c( c"n/r" /+ri!/ic": /arvi(*r( ,*r/ r"n+ i/ ,rin r+ +!"'"( (+r"* " *r ,* (r" />% lesund @ c"( (i n*rdic ( ")(r" d" ," G * (r&i,. S-( (rd% Mo - Rana c"n/r+ ( !,*r/+ri *r d" i(rn. *r " d" /+ri! : d" circ+ ('i" /r(n)i/% c+ -( "n'" c+ /+r( " *di&n r"cr""r".

SUE IA N+ " * ici( R" (/+ S+"di"i

*r (r" 1523K1 05C(,i/( ( S/*c &*

Nr. ,*,+ ('i" .127.05? *c+i/*riD"n!i/(/" 20 *c.K L

S+,r( (' 44 . 64 LBi i -*r i/" S+"d")(

R" i ii B+/"r(ni ? r* (n* c(/* ici 2 ( /" " E/nii S+"d")i 1 in (nd")i i !+* i 3 ( 'i

"+r*,"ni 6*r ( d" +-"rn 8n/ *n(r&i" c*n!/i/+'i*n( r" (/ "r"di/(r

r" ":C(r 9#I G+!/( M*n"d( n('i*n( c*r*(n !+"d") SEQ% 100Yr"

Probele arheologice dovedesc c teritoriul actualei 2uedii era locuit "n Epoca pietrei, odat curetragerea gheii ultimei glaciaiuni din interiorul peninsulei+ Primii locuitori se presupune c au fostv"ntori$culegtori, trind "n primul r"nd din ceea ce Marea ?altic le putea oferi+ 8n secolul -@ i secolul @ , cultura vi(ing a "nflorit "n 2uedia+ Comerul, atacurile i colonizarea se fceau "n aceast perioad ctre est, spre2tatele ?altice , Rusia i Marea /eagr+ 8n 6A)B, cele A ri scandinave /orvegia , 4anemarca i 2uedia au fost unite sub un singurrege+ ceasta a fost o uniune personalnu una politic, i "n secolul @D 2uedia a rezistat"ncercrilor de conducere centralizat ale regelui danez, chiar i prin rebeliune armat+Coroana suedez s$a desprit "n 67 6de aceast uniune personal c"nd viitorul F 67 A G rege.ustav - al 2uediei a devenit regent +2ecolul @D--a fost martorul ridicrii 2uediei ca una dintre marile puteri ale Europei prin participarea la Rzboiul de A* de ani+ 8n secolul @D--- Rusia a luat hurile Europei de /ord i"n cele din urm, "n 6H*) , a rupt 3inlanda din estul 2uediei i a declarat$o Mare 4ucat rusesc+Iltimul rzboi purtat de 2uedia a fost "mpotriva /orvegiei "n6H6: , duc9nd la crearea uneiuniuni personale cu aceasta din urm+ Iniunea a fost dizolvat "n mod panic "n6)*7+ 2uedia a

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http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarhie_constitu%C5%A3ional%C4%83http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_XVI_Gustaf_a_Suediei&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroan%C4%83_suedez%C4%83http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%96re&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoca_pietreihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V%C3%AEn%C4%83tor-culeg%C4%83tor&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marea_Baltic%C4%83http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolul_IXhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolul_Xhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statele_Baltice&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marea_Neagr%C4%83http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1397http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinaviahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegiahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danemarcahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regehttp://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uniune_personal%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolul_XVhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1521http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1523http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustav_I_al_Suediei&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regent&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolul_XVIIhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_de_30_de_anihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolul_XVIIIhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1809http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1814http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarhie_constitu%C5%A3ional%C4%83http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_XVI_Gustaf_a_Suediei&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroan%C4%83_suedez%C4%83http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%96re&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epoca_pietreihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V%C3%AEn%C4%83tor-culeg%C4%83tor&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marea_Baltic%C4%83http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolul_IXhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolul_Xhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statele_Baltice&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marea_Neagr%C4%83http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1397http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinaviahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegiahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danemarcahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regehttp://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uniune_personal%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolul_XVhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1521http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1523http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustav_I_al_Suediei&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regent&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolul_XVIIhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_de_30_de_anihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolul_XVIIIhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1809http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1814http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1905


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rmas o ar neutr "n timpul celor dou rzboaie mondiale+ continuat s stea nealiniat "ntimpul Rzboiului Rece i nu este astzi membr a nici unei aliane militare Fdei a participat laantrenamentele / 0; G

R" i" + S+"di"i "!/" ,r"d* in(n/ d" , (/*+ i d" c8 ,i" c+ +r /*(r" " ,(r/ic+ (ri/'i:n -"!/+ i n*rd -"!/+ 'rii !" $n/indA ,ii Sc(ndin(-i c(r" (/in ( /i/+din"( (>i ,rin - .Q" n" ( !"2111 . S,r" "!/ +n'ii !+n/ r ini'i d" +n ,*di c(r" c* *(r $n /r",/" !,r"

i/*r( + c+ i*rd+ri ( Mrii ( /ic" +nd" !" ( G* + */nic. n ,(r/"( !+dic ( 'rii !" c8 ,ii c(r" $nc*n *(r * ic r" i+n" d" +r*(! ,*di + S ( (nd ( /. 377 % i c8 ,i( - +rS (ni( c+ !* +ri "r/i " i ,"i!( " (!" n/*(r" D(n" (rc"i $n-"ncin(/".Din c" " circ( 6.000 d" (c+ri (i (ri !+n/# n"rn 55?5 L% # //"rn 1? L% iM (r"n

1140 L%. *n" " /in*(!" (c*,"r ,"!/" 10 din !+,r( ('( 'rii.B(c+ M (r"n ( *!/ c8nd-( +n * ( Mrii ( /ic" c(r" ,/r+nd"( (d8nc $n in/"ri*r+ 'Mi cri " d" ridic(r" c(r" (+ (n/r"n(/ ,"nin!+ ( (+ $n '(/ ,( 8n/+ri " d"!,r'ind (," " * + +d" c" " ( " ( /icii *r 8nd (c+ M (r"n. n/r" (c i (r" !" *r "() +n c*rd*n i/*r( c

(i ,"r i/" (cc"!+ c*r ii *r !,r" in/"ri*r i * i cr"(r"( +n+i ,+nc/ d" /r(n)i/ ," +!c(/. A ( ((,r+/ *r( + S/*c &* ( )*n( d" c*n/(c/ din/r" (r" i +!c(/ c+ +n d+ + r* : "c*n* i

(!i +r8nd /r(n)i/+ r +ri *r ," c*n/in"n/% i !/r(/" ic c*n!/i/+ind +n * !/(c* $n c( "( ,ir('c(r" +r r"(+ i ,rd(+ c*r( ii " n" +!/*r" /i%. B" /+r( (c+ +i c+ (r"( ( *!/ r" c+(r/i ici( n"c"!i/(/"( c(n( + +i N*rr!/rY iind -i/( .Hidr* r( i( "!/" r",r")"n/(/ d" n+ "r*(!" r8+ri $n "n"r( !c+r/" U " 465 B+ " 450 % d(r c+ d" i/" * (/" i +n ,*/"n'i( &idr*"n"r "/ic ridic(/ (i ( "! c" " din N*rr (nd% id" c" " circ( 6.000 (c+ri +n" " d" (ri di "n!i+ni. ,(r/" din (c+ri i r8+ri !+n/ " (/" $n" " ,rin c(n( " n(-i ( i " (i c+n*!c+/ iindc(n( + GY/( c(r" /r(-"r!"() ,(r/"( d" !+d (S+"di"i i (c" " /+r( $n/r" (c+ri !i r8+ri ," * di!/(n' d" 560 d" i * "/ri d" (GY/" *r (S/*c &* .

+-ii i r8+ri ,rinci,( ": Q (r -"n \!/"rd( Ind( ! -"n ]n "r (n U " Pi/" B+ " =*rn".C i ( "!/" (i (!,r $n r" i+ni " n*rdic" /r(-"r!(/" d"C"rc+ P* (r % +nd" (r" c(r(c/"r

c*n/in"n/( i (i 8nd $n ,(r/"( !+dic +nd" in +"n'( (rin "!/" ,+/"rnic i(r ,r"ci,i/('iid", "!c 500 K(n /" ,"r(/ (ri/i %.C+r"n/+ din G* c+r"n/+ c( d ( G* + +i dinA/ (n/ic i ,ri S+"di"i +n c i (/ (i 8nd d"c8/ c" ( ( /*r r" i+ni !i/+(/" /*/ $n $nd",r/(/n*rd.2toc(holm c(,i/( ( 'rii !" !i/+"() (,r*(," ( (c""( i (/i/+din" c( i !+d+Gr*"n (nd"i d(r $ni+ i" "n" ici() d" * /" ,"r(/+r "di" d" ^1?_ C c+ (>i " d" ,"!/" ^2? ^30_C (n+( .B( n*rd d" c"rc+ ,* (r $n n + N*rr *//"n i $n n*rd+ n + +i # !/"r *//"n% !*(r"$n +ni " i+ni" i i+ i". M(i ( !+d $n (c" "( i +ni d" i !*(r" " !" !i/+"() ,"n/r+ c8/"-( )"

in+/" !+ ini( *ri)*n/+ +i "!/" !+ ici"n/ + in ( *ric" *r ,"n/r+ ( d",+n" (c/i-i/'i di+rn"r i + in(/ (di'i*n( ( ( n+ i/" " n*,'i ( "%. n S/*c &* $n +n( i+ni" n*(,/"( d

c8/"-( *r".Din ,+nc/ d" -"d"r" "* r( ic i /+ri!/ic !" indi-id+( i)"() ,(/r+ (r"( ":

A.% N*rr (ndC+ ,"i!( " d"!/+ d" ,i/*r" /i * (/" r"!+r!" d" i"r ">, *(/(r"( d" ( Qir+n(% i c"n/r" /+ri!/

(:2undsvall, Jramfors i


15/203

Din .=tteborg, $n/" "i(/ $n !"c. 9III i *c+i/ ( $nc",+/ d" * (nd")i !" ,*(/" ( +n " (S/*c &Y /r(-"r!8nd * )*n d" (r" r+ +!"'" ,rin c(!c(d( Z *n"/( #r i/*r+ +i< ,rin (c+ri/(c/*n* (ci(r" :D nnern i M llaren c+ ( +/*r+ +n*r "c +)".

C.% S ` (ndC+,rind" )*n( (c+ri *r # //"rn i ,*r/(n/ din ,+nc/ d" -"d"r" /+ri!/ic.

D.% Sc(ni(E!/" r" i+n" ( ric* ( S+"di"i d(r i /+ri!/ic din c(+)( i/*r( + +i i (,r*,i"r"( d" D(n" (rc(.C"n/r+ /+ri!/ic @ Malm=, ( /r"i " *r( din '(r.

FINLAN A N+ " * ici( R",+ ic( in (nd(

*r (r" 1 17K1 47C(,i/( ( H" !in i

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Bi i -*r i/" in (nd")( !+"d")( !+* i

R" i ii B+/"r(ni ? 5 r* (n* c(/* ici 1 ( /" " E/nii in (nd")i 3 ( /" " 7

*r ( d" +-"rn 8n/ R",+ ic ,(r ( "n/(rPr" "din/" ( "! ," 6 (ni

M*n"d( n('i*n( "+r* a EUR % 100 "+r*c"n'i

8n Evul Mediu , regatul2uedieia cucerit 3inlanda i s$a ocupat decretinarea acesteia+ 8n6H*), 3inlanda a devenit un mare ducat "n -mperiul Rus, iar "n6)6B , profit9nd de dezordineacauzat de revoluia bolevic , 3inlanda i$a declarat independena+ 4ezacordurile despreviitorul politic al rii au condus la un rzboi civil "ntre Roii FcomunitiG i lbi Fsocial$democrai i liberaliG+ lbii au c9tigat+ -ndependena 3inlandei a fost recunoscut "n6)6H+ 8n 6)A) , "n virtutea pactului Ribbentrop$Molotov, IR22 a emis un ultimatum 3inlandei i aatacat$o "n urma refuzului acesteia+ cesta va deveni rzboiul iernii6)A) $ 6):* + 3inlanda a

pierdut 6*N din teritoriu printratatul de la Paris din 6):B , dar i$a pstrat independena, spredeosebire de alte state baltice+ 3inlanda a aderat laIniunea European "n6))7 +

G"* r( i( in (nd"i "!/" di "ri/ (' d" ( /" 'ri N*rdic". W(r( !" $n-"cin"() c+S+"di( N*r-" i( i R+!i( i !" ( $n/r" M(r"( ( /ic G* + */nic i G* + in (nd"i. C&i(+n" " 'ri (+ ,+nc/" "* r( ic" c(r" !" ">/ind d+, ">/r" i/(/"( n*rdic ( in (nd"i (c"(!/ '(r$ i ,(!/r"() /i/ + d" c"( (i n*rdic '(r din E+r*,( (-8nd ( *ri/(/"( !+,r( "'"i dinc* * d"

(/i/+din"( d" 60[ n*rd. A,r*(," * ,/ri " ( 'rii !" ( $n in/"ri*r+C"rc+ +i P* (r d" N*rd.S+n/ (,r*>i (/i- 1.107 d" c*(!/ $n * + in (nd"i !+d% M(r"( ( /ic !+d -"!/% i G

*/nic -"!/%. Wr + "!/" *(r/" (r/ic+ (/ c+ n+ "r*(!" * +ri i ( +n". n (," " /"ri/*ri(!"!c n"n+ r(/" in!+ ".

Un( din c" " (i (ri in +"n'" (!+,r( r" i" + +i (+ (-+/ * &"'(rii c*n/in"n/( i

c+(/"rn(ri c(r" (+ *d" (/ !+,r( ('( 'rii. C8nd &"'(rii ! (+ r"/r(! (c+ (i in" d" 10.000 d"(ni (+ !(/ $n +r *r"n" dr+ in! i "! "r!. Mii " d" (c+ri din ,(r/"( !+dic ( 'rii !/(+r/+ri" ,r")"n'"i d" *dini*(r ( &"'(ri *r. *r'( *r ( !,(/ +nd+ri " (c+ri *r c(r" ! (+ + , +

c+ (, ,r*-"ni/ din /*,ir". R"/r( "r"( &"'(ri *r "!/" ," !c(r( /i ,+ +i "* * ic (/8/ d" r"c"n/$nc8/ ci " d" !c+r "r" ( " (," *r n+ (+ (-+/ /i , ! !" *r ")" c* , "/.

in (nd( ;'(r( c" *r 1.000 d" (c+ri i in!+ ";: 1?7.??? d" (c+ri i 17 .5?4 d" in!+ " (i ,r"ci!P"i!( + in (nd") "!/" (i $n/8i d" /*(/" (c*,"ri/ d" ,+'in" c* in" ,+nc/+ !+ c" (i $n( / iiH( /i/+n/+ri 1.32? din n*rd+ ">/r" (B(,*ni"i.

15
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16


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;riginile exacte ale 4anemarcei s$au pierdut "n istorie+ Cea mai veche 4anevir(e este din secolul al aptelea, "n acelai timp cu noulalfabet runic+ Cel mai vechi ora, Ribe , a fost fondat"n 5urul anului B**+ P9n "n secolul al 6*$lea danezii au fost cunoscui sub numele devi(ingi , coloniz9nd, atac9nd iav9nd relaii comerciale cu toate regiunile Europei , alturi denorvegieni i suedezi+ 8n diferitemomente, regele 4anemarcei a controlat pri din nglia i -rlanda, /orvegia , 2uedia, 3inlanda , -slanda , 3rana , "n special /ormandia i -nsulele Dirgine , 0ranOuebar "n -ndia, Estonia i ceeace este astzi .ermania de nord+Iniunea cu /orvegia a fost dizolvat "n6H6:, c9nd /orvegia aintrat "ntr$o nou uniune cu 2uedia Fp9n "n 6)*7G+

Micarea liberal i naional danez a cptat av9nt "n anii 6HA*, i, dup Revoluiile de la 6H:H din Europa, 4anemarca a devenit omonarhie constituional , la 7 iunie 6H:)+ 4up al doilea rzboi mondial, 4anemarca a devenit unul dintre membrii fondatori ai / 0; i,"n 6)BA, s$a alturatComunitii Economice Europene Fmai t9rziu,Iniunea European G+

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17
http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarhie_constitu%C5%A3ional%C4%83http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regii_Danemarcei&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margareta_a_II-a_a_Danemarceihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroan%C4%83_danez%C4%83http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%98re&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danevirke&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_runic&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribehttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegiahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suediahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angliahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegiahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suediahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C5%A3ahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandiahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulele_Virginehttp://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tranquebar&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uniunea_Danemarca-Norvegia&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1814http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C5%A3iile_de_la_1848http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C5%A3iile_de_la_1848http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarhie_constitu%C5%A3ional%C4%83http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_iuniehttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1849http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATOhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEEhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniunea_European%C4%83http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsul%C4%83http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iutlandahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insul%C4%83http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zealandhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funenhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Podul_Oresund&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suediahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marele_pod_al_centurii&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feribot&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B8lleh%C3%B8jhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temperat&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danemarcahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_danez%C4%83http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marea_Baltic%C4%83http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sj%C3%A6lland&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amager&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%98resund&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suediahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landskronahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarhie_constitu%C5%A3ional%C4%83http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regii_Danemarcei&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margareta_a_II-a_a_Danemarceihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroan%C4%83_danez%C4%83http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_4217http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%98re&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Danevirke&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfabet_runic&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribehttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikingihttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegiahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suediahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angliahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irlandahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norvegiahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suediahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finlandahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islandahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C5%A3ahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandiahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulele_Virginehttp://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tranquebar&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estoniahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaniahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uniunea_Danemarca-Norvegia&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1814http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C5%A3iile_de_la_1848http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolu%C5%A3iile_de_la_1848http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarhie_constitu%C5%A3ional%C4%83http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_iuniehttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/1849http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATOhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEEhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniunea_European%C4%83http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peninsul%C4%83http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iutlandahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insul%C4%83http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zealandhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funenhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Podul_Oresund&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suediahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marele_pod_al_centurii&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feribot&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B8lleh%C3%B8jhttp://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temperat&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danemarcahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_danez%C4%83http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marea_Baltic%C4%83http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sj%C3%A6lland&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amager&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%98resund&action=edit&redlink=1http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suediahttp://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malm%C3%B6http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landskrona


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i /i ,+ i"rnii !+n/ d" 11_C r"!,"c/i- d" 3_C. P*r/+ri " !+n/ i,!i/" d" &"(' /*/ /i ,+ (n+ +i(r ),(d( *c()i*n( c(r" c(d" $n )*n" " *c+i/" $n /i ,+ i"rnii !" /*," /" *(r/" r","d"i "di(/ c" !" ( "().A"r+ "!/" d" c" " (i + /" *ri c+r(/ i d"!"*ri (/" +n -8n/ r"c" (i ( "! $n !+d -"!/%.

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Pr" "din/"M*n"d( n('i*n( c*r*(n i! (nd") ISQ % 100 (+r(r

-slanda a fost colonizat "n secolole -@ i @ de scandinavi , celi , irlandezi i scoieni+ -slandezii sunt foarte m9ndri de parlamentul lor, care este, de altfel, primul din lume+ cest parlament, pecare l$au numit lthing, a fost "nfiinat "n anul )A*+ -slanda a rmas independent timp de A** de ani, dup care a intrat succesiv sub suzeranitatea

/orvegiei, apoi a 4anemarcei+ -slanda a redevenit independent "n6):: , dup ce Regatul -slandei, "n uniune personal cu 4anemarca, a devenit republic+

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ri/(ni" i Ir (nd( !+n/ c" " (i (ri c" " ( /" iind r+,(/" $n ici (r&i," ( +ri. Din/r" (c"!/( in/i : S&"/ (nd r n"J H" rid" M(n i &/ An * n*r (nd". S+,r( ('( /*/( $n!+314.600 L. B" /+ri " c*n/in"n/( " !" (c ,rin ci " (ri/i " "rJ *(/ + % ("ri"n" !(+/+n" + !+ (rin din M(r"( M8n"cii @ E+r*/+n" + @ r+/i"r i "r*-i(r $n/r" D*-"r i C( (i!d" 51 7 d"!c&i! $n 1 4.

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1
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*r ( d" +-"rn 8n/ M*n(r&i" c*n!/i/+'i*n( (R" in( E i!( "/( ( II(

M*n"d( n('i*n( Bir( !/"r in @ 100 ,"nii

-storia milenar i destul de zbuciumat a i$lei, "ncep9nd cu sosirea triburilor celte Fmul+ - "+ r+G i continu9nd cu ocupaiile roman, anglosaxon, vi(ing, normand i formarea

-mperiului colonial ?ritanic a reuit sa creeze "n c9teva secole o civilizaie specific, ce a reuit s supravieuiasc peste vreme+ ceast bogat motenire, cu vestigii preistorice i mai t9rziuromane, anglo$saxone, normande, scandinave catedrale i castele medievale, valori spirituale imateriale tezaurizate "n numeroase muzee, operele artistice specifice civilizaiei i culturiimedievale i contemporane care se afl "n ma5oritatea oraelor, face din Marea ?ritanie ovaloroasa destinaie turistic, iar turismul a devenit o industrie ma5or i o component de baza economiei+

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i ri " (di(c"n/" (c"!/+i( M(r"( N*rd+ +i C(n( + M8n"cii M(r"( C" /ic i M(r"( Ir (nn In!+ ( Ir (nd( ,r*-inci( Ir (nd( d" N*rd (r" * r(ni' /"r"!/r c+ R",+ ic( Ir (nd(.

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ri/(nic" In!+ " " C(J (n In!+ " " ( (nd Gi r( /(r M*n/!"rr(/ S/. H" "n( i D","ndIn!+ ( A!c"n!i*n i =ri!/(n d( C+n&(% In!+ " " =+r i C(ic*! In!+ ( Pi/c(irn In!+ "

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A.% An i( d" "!/ i !+d @ "!/R" i+n" c(r" !" r( (rc ,rin !"c/*(r" d" , ( ( M(r"( N*rd+ +i i M(r"( M8n"cii i * "c*n* i"c(r(c/"ri)(/ ,rin/r +n r(d (r" d" d")-* /(r" ( ind+!/ri"i i !"r-icii *r. Din ,+nc/ d" -"d"r"

20
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!&*, +ri.Ci/J + i "!/ End *r "()centrul /*n P"c &( i C( "rb" +nd" *c+i"!c c* +ni/'i i ,*r/(n/" d"( r* ( "ric(ni c(r" (+ " i r(/ $n (nii 50 70 din )*n(C(r(i " *r.B( ">/r" i/(/"( "!/ic ," ( + =( i!"i !" !" /"Gr""nbic& +nd" !" ( ,(rc+ c+ (c" ( in+ " i !"r-(/*r+ R" ( din Gr""nbic& c(r" (rc&"() "ridi(n+ )"r* ( + ii. /ordul *r( + +i "!/" * r" i+n" (i d" +r*(! + /" din c* in" * "r -"d"ri ">c" "n/" ( " *r( +S+ +r ii c" " r" !$n/I! in /*n ()d ( c + + +i d" */ (Ar!"n( C Hi & (/" C( d"n H( ,!/"(d =*//"n&( H(rrin (J.n B*ndr( +nc'i*n"() c" (i -"c&i "/r*+ din E+r*,( 1?61% c(r" $n!+ "() 400 .

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