Primul Război Mondial şi Basarabia

7/21/2019 Primul Rzboi Mondial i Basarabia

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ACAEGDNA EG UNNBG A DIKEIVGNNBSUNUWUWK EG NSUI]NG

Z]NDWK ]PMIN DIBENAKN MASA]AMNA

(1>15-1>1?)

(Cukglgrg eg stuenn n artncikg)


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Acaegdna eg tnnbg a Dikeivgn

Nbstntutuk eg Nstirng

Z]NDWK ]PMIN DIBENAKN MASA]AMNA

(1>15-1>1?)


Connbu =:17

Mibs Ifficgs


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CPWX>5(1::)+>5(5


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Vikud egencat istankir masaramgbnczun b Zrnduk ]zmin Dibenak


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Z]NDWK ]PMIN DIBENAK N MASA]AMNA (1>15-1>1?)5

CWZ]NBS

Bncikag Gbcnu

Zgbtru i nstirng nbtglrak n nbtglrat ridbgasc a

partncnprnn Masaramngn n ]idbngn ka Zrnduk ]zmin Dibenak ....... ?

Abergn Gdnkcnuc

Dimnknzarga lgbgrak enb abnn Zrndukun ]zmin Dibenak bMasaramna. Zkaburn n rgaknzrn ...................................................................==

Logirlog Bglru

Cibtracararga curgbtukun ridbifik enb Masaramna b abnnZrndukun ]zmin Dibenak. Cazuk Eabngk Cnulurgabu .......................15-1>16) ....................................... 1:16-1>1?) ................................................................................. 1


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(Cukglgrg eg stuenn n artncikg) 7

Sgrlnu Macakiv

Cibsnegrann rgfgrntiarg ka strdinn dikeivgbn anadnrakukun rus Akghsaber V. Hikcgah ................................................... 1>=

Abatik KgcuIfigrn masaramgbn enb Zrnduk ]zmin Dibenak cavakgrn anirenbukun dnkntar ndpgrnak Sf. Darg Ducgbnc Logirlog,purttiruk eg mnrunbg ............................................................................. =:5

Vakgbtnb Uidukg

Wb dibudgbt egisgmnt rnencat b dgdirna istankirirnlnbarn enb satuk Uamabn, `ueguk Oitnb, czun bZrnduk ]zmin Dibenak ........................................................................... =13

Abatik Zgtrgbcu

Wrdrnkg Zrndukun ]zmin Dibenak prgdnzg pgbtruegckabarga cgkun eg-ak Einkga ]zmin Dibenak ............................. =36

Zrnduk ]zmin Dibenak b ndalnbn ...................................................... =51


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CIBUGBUS

Bncikag Gbcnu

Fir ab nbtglrak abe nbtglratge ]idabnab onstiry if Mgssaramna

abe ]idabnas partncnpatnib nb tog Fnrst \irke \ar .......................... ?

Abergn Gdnkcnuc

Lgbgrak dimnknzatnib eurnbl Fnrst \irke \ar nb Mgssaramna.Zkabs abe rgaknzatnibs ................................................................................==

Logirlog Bglru

Ciubtgrnbl ridabnabponkg currgbt nb Mgssaramna nb togygars if Fnrst \irke \ar. Uog casg if Eabngk Cnulurgabu ..............15-1>1?).......... 1:16-1>1?) .................................... 1


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(Cukglgrg eg stuenn n artncikg) =

Abatik KgcuMgssaramnab ifficgrs frid Fnrst \irke \ar cavakngrsif St. Lgirlg iregr ................................................................................... =:5

Vakgbtnb Uidukg

A prigdnbgbt dibudgbt grgctge nb dgdiry if tog

sikengrs batnvgs if Uamabn, Oitnb ciubty, fakkgbnb tog Fnrst \irke \ar ............................................................................. =13

Abatik Zgtrgbcu

Cibsgqugbcgs if tog Fnrst \irke \ar prgdnsgs firtog iutmrgah if tog Sgcibe \irke \ar ............................................ =36

Fnrst \irke \ar nb ndalgs ...................................................................... =51


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Z]NDWK ]PMIN DIBENAK N MASA]AMNA (1>15-1>1?)?

ZGBU]W I NSUI]NG NBUGL]AK N NBUGL]AU ]IDBGASCA ZA]UNCNZ]NN MASA]AMNGN

N ]IDBNGN KA Z]NDWK ]PMIN DIBENAK

Bncikag GBCNW,cibf.ubnv., er.oam. b nstirng,Nbstntutuk eg Nstirng ak AD

b znua eg 17/=? nubng 1>15, b capntaka misbnac Sara`gvi,ein patrnin srmn, Bge`akhi Camrnbivn n Lavrnki Zrnbcnp,

dgdmrn an irlabnzangn Dba bgalr, kupttirn pgbtru gknmgrargatgrntirnnkir sum`ulatg eg Austri-Wblarna, au eat startuk gpicnncibtgdpirabg, prnb asasnbarga urdaukun ka tribuk Austri-Wblarngn Frabz Fgrenbabe n a singn sakg, Sipong vib Oiogbmurl,pubbeu-sg astfgk capt pknctnciasgn pcn capntaknstg, egsprg carg

virmga scrnntiruk lgrdab Ogrdabb Ogssg (1?15, - bu dan rdsgsg egct i frudias adnbtnrg,egiargcg, practnc, tiatg rnkg guripgbg rgunsgr pgrfirdaba ega-n egckara rzmin rgcnpric0 Ka 17 nukng Austrna a egckarat rzmin

Sgrmngn. Ka =: nukng Lgrdabna a egckarat rzmin Frabgn n Mgklngn. Ka ==nukng Ablkna a egckarat rzmin Lgrdabngn. Ka =3 nukng Austrna a egckaratrzmin ]usngn. Ka =7 nukng Dubtgbglruk a egckarat rzmin Austrngn. Ka=> nukng Sgrmna a egckarat rzmin Lgrdabngn n Fraba Austrngn. Ka 3:nukng Dubtgbglruk egckar rzmin Lgrdabngn n b acggan zn @apibnaegckar rzmin tit Lgrdabngn. Ka 31 nukng Ablkna egckar rzmin

Austrngn n Glnptuk Lgrdabngn, nar Austrna egckar rzmin @apibngn n


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(Cukglgrg eg stuenn n artncikg) >

b acgkan tndp n Mgklngn1. b egcurs eg i kub, cibstata nribnc znarukmucurgtgab cibsgrvatir-egdicrat Ipnbna, s-au fcut 17 egckaranneg rzmin n parg c g kicuk s aeuld va urda=.

Cgga cg a urdat, bs, a egpnt kndntgkg irncrgn ndalnbann,

egiargcg cibnctuk egckabat b vara abukun 1>15 a kuat, b scurttndp, adpkiarga ubun aegvrat rzmin dibenak, abtrgbbe b

vktiarga sa cnrca 6: eg statg akg kudnn, - 3= eg rn eg partgaZutgrnkir Cgbtrakg n =< eg statg, eg partga Abtabtgn, - gxtnbzbeu-sg pg i eurat eg 5 abn, 3 kubn n 1: znkg, rgspgctnv, pg 7= eg kubnsau pg gxact 1?31 eg znkg, - enb =? nukng 1>15 n pb ka sgdbarga

ardnstnnukun eg ka ]gtoibegs enb 11 bingdmrng 1>1?, - n prieucbeb Guripa bu dan punb eg ? dnkniabg eg dirn, 6 dnkniabg egnbvaknzn, 5 dnkniabg eg veuvg, ? dnkniabg eg irfabn gtc.3. Eiuaknabg nbtgrbanibakg rnvakg, cibstntuntg bc ka fibgkg sgcikukun ak_N_-kga, - Abtabta sau rnpka bgkglgrg (Fraba, Ablkna n ]usna),pg eg i partg, n Zutgrnkg Cgbtrakg sau rnpka Aknab (Lgrdabna,

Austri-Wblarna n Ntakna, ka carg vir aegra urcna, ka 1= ictidmrng1>15, n Muklarna, ka 7 ictidmrng 1>17), pg eg akt partg, auegvgbnt, bcgpbe cu 1>15, pritalibnstgkg ubun rzmin atricg,sikeat cu dnkniabg eg vnctndg udabg, cu runbarga gcibidnc aputgrnkir mgknlgrabtg n cu bkturarga a patru enbastnn eidbntiarg0]idabivnn enb ]usna, Oiogbzikkgrbnn enb Lgrdabna, Oamsmurlnn

enb Austri-Wblarna n Suktabnn enb Ndpgrnuk Itidab5.

1 tnrn enb strnbtatg. 17 egckarann eg rzmin, b Ipnbna. Pnar cibsgrvatir-egdicrat, genna aNN-a, abuk _, br. ==6=, => aulust 1>15.

= Nmnegd.3 Nstirna sgcikukun __. Vik. 10 Sfrntuk kudnn guripgbg (1>::-1>57). Sum rgeacna0 Sgrlg

Mgrstgnb n Zngrrg Dnkza. Uraeucgrg0 Darnus Niab, Gentura MNC AKK, Mucurgtn, 1>>?, p. 1:3.5 Nmnegd, p. >?, 11:.


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Z]NDWK ]PMIN DIBENAK N MASA]AMNA (1>15-1>1?)1:

Zrieus ka fibgkg ubgn nbtgbsg pgrniaeg eg egzviktarg ndiegrbnzarg gcibidnc, cu diegkuk capntaknsdukun knmgrak ncgk ak rglndukun egdicrangn knmgrakg b pknb ascgbsnubg7, prndacibalrang dibenak, - Dargkg ]zmin, cud a fist suprabudnt

eg cibtgdpirabnn sn rzminuk enb 1>15-1>1?6, - rgspgctnv, snstgduktratatgkir eg pacg carg n-a urdat, au dienficat prifube lgilrafiatgrntirnak a Guripgn, cibsacrbe cidpartndgbtarga spanukunlgipikntnc guripgab b ubntn statakg eup crntgrnn gtbncg. Ieatcu ensparnna ndpgrnnkir arnst, austri-ublar, lgrdab n itidab,Zrnduk ]zmin Dibenak s-a sikeat cu ub dizanc eg bin statg aprutg

pg oarta Guripgn, - Cgoiskivacna, Zikibna, Fnbkabea, Wblarna,Austrna, Gstibna, Kgtibna, Kntuabna, b tndp cg pgbtru aktgkg, prgcud]idbna, cu egsvrnrga pricgsukun ubntnn banibakg.

Cgga cg imknl a acirea gvgbndgbtukun ub kic ndpirtabt bu gstgeiar caractgruk dnkntar ak cibnctukun, faptuk c acgsta s-a sikeat cudnkniabg eg vnctndg udabg n cu runbarga gcibidnc a putgrnkir

mgknlgrabtg, cn n c Dargkg ]zmin a scondmat rglndurn pikntncgtraennibakg, a mukvgrsat gcibidnn n structurn sicnakg, a rsturbatgconknmruk ubir snstgdg eg fir, a avut cibsgcnbg asupra strnkir egspnrnt, a cibnbutukun n nstirngn negnkir. Zrnb tiatg acgstg cibsgcnbgbgmbunt eg karln, Zrnduk ]zmin Dibenak, ub gvgbndgbt tralnc bsnbg, a eimbent endgbsnubnkg ubun darg fapt nstirnc::-1>57). Sum rgeacna0 SgrlgMgrstgnb n Zngrrg Dnkza. Uraeucgrg0 Darnus Niab, Gentura MNC AKK, Mucurgtn, 1>>?, p. 7-=7.

6 @gab-Darng Kg Mrgtib, Drgna n egstnbuk mtrbgn Guripg0 15>=-=::5. Gsgu nstirnc. Uraeucgrgenb frabcgz eg Vkae ]ussi, Gentura Oudabntas, Mucurgtn, =::6, p. 17=-173.

>>.


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rbe, primkgdg da`irg sprg rgzikvarg, b pifiea caractgrukuncidpkgx n conar eradatnc ak ckndatukun pistvgrsankkgsnab>, a fistfirgsc, prnb urdarg, ca Zrnduk ]zmin Dibenak irnlnbnkg, dgrsukacgstuna, cibsgcnbgkg asupra cibtnbgbtukun guripgab n a kudnn

cibtgdpirabg b absadmku s sg mucurg eg i atgbng egisgmntenb partga nstirncnkir, sicnikilnkir, gcibidntnkir, egdilrafikir,fikizifikir gtc.

Zrndgkg mriurn, dgdirnn n stuenn prnvnbe Masaramna nmasaramgbnn b abnn Zrndukun ]zmin Dibenak au fist pumkncatg bconar pgrniaea ndgenat urdtiarg bcogngrnn acgkgn cibalrann.

Nbnnatnva rgeactrnn ubgn adpkg kucrrn prnvnbe nstirna Masaramngn egka 1?1= n pb ka bcogngrga prndgn cibalrann dibenakg a vgbntenb partga Cidnsngn eg knconearg a Sfatukun rnn, carg, ka bcgputukabukun 1>1> a fcut pumknc i nbfirdang prnb carg, b cibfirdntatgcu oitrrga Sfatukun rnn enb =< bingdmrng 1>1? n cu `urbakukCibsnknukun eg Dnbntrn Br. 1156 enb => egcgdmrng 1>1?, bcgpusg

actnvntatga b vgegrga rgeactrnn n gentrnn ubgn nstirnn a Sfatukunrnn n, b lgbgrak, a Masaramngn b uktndnn abn (1>11>), cuub capntik nbtrieuctnv Masaramna sum eidnbang rusgasc (1?1=-1>1 N. Sanzu, Ak. Uacu, Guripa gcibidnc nbtgrmgknc, Nbstntutuk Guripgab, Nan, 1>>.1: Aronva Banibak a ]gpumkncnn Dikeiva (b cibtnbuarg AB]D), Fibe


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Z]NDWK ]PMIN DIBENAK N MASA]AMNA (1>15-1>1?)1=

prgcud n tin cgn carg cibtrnmunsgr btr-ub fgk sau aktuk ka dncargaeg gknmgrarg banibak enb Masaramna banbtg eg 1>111?), lrang gfirtukun nstirncnkir Nib Bglrgn n EnbuZitargbcu13, piatg fi cibsnegrat ergpt bcgputuk sndmiknc akstuengrnn nbckusnv a tgdgn prnvnbe Masaramna n masaramgbnn b abnn

Zrndukun ]zmin Dibenak.Enb acggan pgrniae nstirnc s-a pstrat n i egcnzng a Zrgznenukun

Sfatukun rnn enb 16 nabuarng 1>1? (Nib Nbcukg, M. Gpurn, C.Dnssnrciv), prnb carg gra aprimat egdgrsuk dgdmrukun Sfatukunrnn, cpntabukun eg cavakgrng Vasnkg Cn`gvscon (1??:-1>31), egakicarg a sudgn eg 1 eg rumkg pgbtru gentarga mriurnn Egsprg

Sfatuk nbutak ak Masaramngn ( )15,egcnzng prnb carg a fist nbaulurat gtapa gentrnn ubir dgdirnnn drturnn akg partncnpabnkir ka Zrnduk ]zmin Dibenak n kadncarga eg gknmgrarg banibak enb Masaramna abnkir 1>11?.

Aparnna stuennkir rgfgrntiarg ka pgrniaea arnst enb nstirnaMasaramngn, nbckusnv ka abnn Zrndukun ]zmin Dibenak, a fistputgrbnc nbugbat n stndukat eg bcgputuk kucrrnkirCibfgrnbgn eg Zacg eg ka Zarns enb 1>1>-1>=:, gvnegbnnbeu-sg b

1= AB]D, Fibe


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acgast prnvnb autirn prgcud Nib L. Zgknvab17, Z. Cazacu, ZavgkLirg16, Nib Bnstir1, L. Zipa-Knssgabu=:.a.

Zractnc, cibcidntgbt cu gentarga eg artncikg, stuenn n dgdirnn,

subt btrgprnbsg n prndgkg bcgrcrn eg snbtgz a nstirngnMasaramngn, nbckusnv b cibtgxt lgbgrak ridbgsc, aparnbbeubir nbtgkgctuakn eg darc prgcud Bncikag Nirla=1, Nib Bnstir==,Zgtrg Cazacu=3, Akgxaberu Mikeur=5, Cibstabtnb Hnrngscu=7, Niab

17 Nib L. Zgknvab, Kg diuvgdgbt gt kaccrinssgdgbt eg ka pipukatnib gb Mgssaramng. Eg 1?1= 1>1?. Gt qugkqugs eatgs cibcgrbabt ka Lilrapong eg ka Mgssaramng, Ndprndrng Lbrakg

Kaourg, Zarns, 1>1>, =?p.8 Negd, Ka Mgssaramng sius kg rlndg russg. 1?1=-1>1?, NdprndrngLbrakg Kaourg, Zarns, 1>1>, 65p.8 Negd, Coribikilng eg ka Mgssaramng egpuns sib abbgxnib ka ]ussng (1?1=) usqu ka ratnficatnib eg kWbnib eg ka Mgssaramng ka ]iudabng par kAssgdmkgCibstntuabtg eg ka Lrabeg ]iudabng (=> Egcgdmrg 1>1>), Ndprndrng egs arts & spirts, Zarns,1>=:, 3:p.8 Negd, Kgs Erints egs ]iudanbs sur ka Mgssaramng au pinbt eg vug onstirnqug,gtobnqug gt eg kautietgrdnbatnib, Ndprndrng egs arts & spirts, Zarns, 1>=:, =5p. .a.

16 Zgtrg Cazacu n Zavgk Lirg, Zipukana Masaramngn pg banibakntn. Eup nsviarg ificnakg rusgtn, Cibvirmnrn kntgrarg, Mucurgtn, 1>1>, 1=p.

1< Nib Bnstir, Zipukana Masaramngn. 1?1=-1>1?, b Aronva pgbtru tnnb n rgfirda sicnak, Ab.

N, br. 1, p. ?6->68 br. =-3, p. =>>-311.1? Nib L. Zgknvab, Nib t. Ciergabu, Sgrlg-Vnctir Ciu`ma, Lgirlg Bastasg, Kgs ]iudanbs egvabt kg

Ciblrs eg ka Zanx. Ka qugstnib eg ka Mgssaramng, Ndprndrng Eumins gt Maugr, Zarns, 1>1>, =< p.1> Lgirlg Durlicn, Ka pipukatnib eg ka Mgssaramng. tueg edilraponqug. Avgc cartgs gt

tamkgaux statnstnqugs. Zrfacg par Gd. eg Dartibbg, prifgssgur ka Sirmibbg, S.., Zarns,1>=:, ?: p.

=: L. Zipa-Knssgabu, Masaramna. Zrnvnrg nstirnc, Gentura Casgn ciakgkir, Mucurgtn, 1>=5, >7 p.=1 Cuvbtarga pgbtru abnvgrsarga nbtrrnn b rzminu nbut ka Cgrbun b znua eg =? Aulust 1>1>,

eg B. Nirla, Unpilrafia Cuktura Bgadukun ]idbgsc, Mucurgtn, 1>1>, 35p.8 Negd, Nstirna

ridbnkir pgbtru pipiruk ridbgsc. Genna a VN-a, Gentura Agzdbtukun tnpilrafic Eatnbaridbgasc, Vkgbnn-eg-Dubtg, 1>=6, 7:5p.8 Negd, Nstirna ridbnkir n a cnvnknsangn kir. Urae.enb frabcgz eg Ak. Kascariv-Dikeivabu, Gentura Fubeangn Fgrenbabe N-nu, Mucurgtn, 1>3:,3:=p.8 Negd,Actg prnvntiarg ka nstirna dargkun rzminu, F.g., Mucurgtn, 1>3=, =3 p.

== Nib Bnstir, Nstirna Masaramngn. Scrngrg eg pipukarnzarg, Nbstntutuk eg Artg Lraficg n GenturaLkasuk Mucivnbgn, Mucurgtn, 1>=3, 577p.

=3 Zgtrg Cazacu, Dikeiva enbtrg Zrut n Bnstru. 1?1=-1>1?, Gentura Vnaa ]idbgasc, Nan,1>=5, 357 p.

=5 Akgxaberu Mikeur, Nstirna Masaramngn. Genna a NN-a, Gentura Vnctir Frubz, Mucurgtn, 1>>=, 755 p.=7 C. Hnrngscu, Nstirna rzminukun pgbtru btrglnrga ]idbngn. 1>16-1>1>. b 3 vik., Gentura


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Kupa=6.a. b 1>=5 aparg kucrarga Ka rspbtng. Dikeiva eg kaBnstru b abnn 1>11?=-1>56) n cibstntunbe uba enb prndgkg kucrrn eg

acgst lgb aprutg eup 1>1?. Cibfird ipnbngn autirukun, gpicargbatgrnn Masaramngn enb abnn 1>11? gstg punb cubiscuteg dargkg pumknc, enb carg ditnv s-a crgat dan duktg masdg nkglgbeg, ear aegvruk nstirnc bu gstg cubiscut=?. I nbtgrgsabtnstirng a ]glndgbtukun =7: eg Nbfabtgrng Makta, prgzgbtbenbtgrgs bu budan pgbtru masaramgbn, cn n pgbtru ipnbna pumknc

eg pgstg Zrut, ca ub nbencatir, cg caractgrnzgaz pg masaramgabukdikeivgab b cakntatg eg ista, a rgeactat Ugieir C. Nbcukg b1>=6=>. Cidpkgtat apriapg gxckusnv cu rgzgrvntn dikeivgbn enb

`ueggkg Irogn n Makta eg pgstg Bnstru, rgspgctnvuk rglndgbt a fist,aa cud arludgbtgaz autiruk dgdirnnkir, ubuk enb rglndgbtgkgcgkg dan mravg masaramgbg, dabnfgstatg pg cdpurnkg eg kupt enb

abnn Zrndukun ]zmin Dibenak3:

. Wb ka fgk eg nbtgrgsabt `urbak egcadpabng a pumkncat b 1>=? Fnkargt Zkdegak, b cakntatga sa egfist ifigr masaramgab b ardata ridb b abnn 1>1?-1>=:31.

tnnbnfic n Gbcnckipgenc, Mucurgtn, 1>?>.=6 Niab Kupa, Nstirna ubnrnn ridbnkir. Genna a NN-a. Cuvbt banbtg0 Niab Scurtu, Gentura Scrnpta,

Mucurgtn, 1>>3, 3:3 p.=< E. Milis, Ka rspbtng. Dikeiva eg ka Bnstru b abnn 1>11?, Unpilrafia Lkasuk rnn,

Connbu, 1>=5, 155 p.=? Nmnegd, p. 7.=> Uogieir C. Nbcukg, Masaramgbnn b rzminuk dibenak, Unpilrafia Ergptatga, Connbu, 1>=6,

1= p.3: Nmnegd, p. 3.31 Fnkargt Zkdegak, Eg ka Bnstru pb ka Unsa, Mueapgsta n lrabngkg Austrngn. @urbakuk eg

cadpabng ak ubun ifigr masaramgab enb ardata ridb (1>1?-1>1>-1>=:), Unpilrafia M.V.

Knmgrik, Connbu, 1>=?.


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b 1>=>, rgvnsta Lgbgrana Wbnrnn a lzeunt prgniasgkg dgdirnnakg fistukun prggenbtg ak Sfatukun rnn n dgdmrukun tntukar enb1>1? ak Acaegdngn ]idbg, Nib C. Nbcukg (1??5-1>5:)3=, nar cuub ab banbtg, Zirfirng Fak n pumkncasg Culgtrnkg sakg enb

tndpuk rzminukun dibenak n ak rgvikungn rusg33. Cibfird ipnbngnsakg, rzminuk, cu tiat rnsnpa eg vngn idgbgtn n palumg lrizavgaeusg, arg n gk i partg mub0 pipiargkg b kupt n ve bgaùbsurnkg,enb prncnba crira au sufgrnt n beat eup figcarg rzmin, bcgp ifrdbtarg pgbtru bkturarga acgstir bgaùbsurn n b`logmargaubgn vngn imtgtn dan mubg. Ea! Eup figcarg mtkng, tiat kudga

rzmint sg bergapt ctrg i prgfacgrg a vngnn sakg imtgtn8 n cuatt dan dukt eup acgst lrizav rzmin, kucruk acgsta g bc dantrgmunbcnis35.

Ndpirtabtg palnbn prnvnbe trgcutuk nstirnc ak Masaramngn btrg1?1= n 1>1?, nbckusnv pipukana acgstgna b abnn Zrndukun ]zminDibenak (K.. Mila), starga lgbgrak a gcibidngn (Cibst. N.

Kublu, . Ak. tnrmu) n, b partncukar, a alrncukturnn b acgganpgrniae (O. Cgkgmneacon), cibnbg dibilrafia Masaramna,gentat b 1>=6 sum blrn`nrga dgdmrukun tntukar ak Acaegdngn]idbg enb 1>1?, tgfab Cnimabu (1??3-1>7:)37. Acgkan autir,pirbnbe eg ka cibsnegrgbtuk knpsgn ubgn pgrspgctnvg nstirncg, cargar ea pisnmnkntatg s sg ùegcg gvgbndgbtgkg n iadgbnn eg atubcn

snbg nragt stueni n dukudnt faptukun c pb acuda au vzutkudnba znkgn prga punbg datgrnakg enb acga gpic, a gentat b 1>=>

3= Nib Nbcukg, I rgvikung trnt, b Lgbgrana Wbnrnn, br. 1-1:, 1>=>.33 Zirfirng Fak, Culgtrnkg ubun kupttir dikeivab enb tndpuk rgvikungn rusgtn enb 1>1=.37 Masaramna. Dibilrafig sum blrn`nrga kun tgfab Cnimabu, Ndprndgrna Statukun, Connbu,

1>=6, 5


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i ndpirtabt cukglgrg eg eicudgbtg prnvnbe dncarga banibakenb Masaramna, bsint eg ub adpku stuenu nbtrieuctnv36.

Zrimkgdatnca Zrndukun ]zmin Dibenak n a cibennnkir bcarg s-a rgaknzat Darga Wbnrg enb 1>1? a cibtnbuat s sg ag

nbckusnv b abnn 3: b arna prgicuprnkir partncnpabnkir actnvnka acgkg gvgbndgbtg nstirncg. Astfgk, b abuk 1>3= aparg genna aNN-a a dgdirnnkir fistukun egputat b Sfatuk rnn, prggenbtgkunCidntgtukun Cgbtrak Gxgcutnv Dikeivgbgsc b abnn rzminukundibenak, Logrdab Zbtga33?, lgbgrakuk D.C. Sconbapumknc i kucrarg ka fgk eg eicudgbtat prnvnbe gvgbndgbtgkg

egrukatg b Masaramna b pgrniaea nabuarng 1>1? nubng 1>1>3?.

Ka i prnvnrg eg absadmku, pgrniaea nbtgrmgknc a pus bu budanbcgputuk stuengrnn imngctnvg n duktnaspgctuakg a primkgdgn prnvnbeMasaramna n masaramgbnn b abnn Zrndukun ]zmin Dibenak, cn a fistn cga dan fast enb pubctuk eg vgegrg ak atdisfgrgn nbtgkgctuakg

n cibennnkir eg carg au mgbgficnat cgrcgttirnn prgicupan egrgcibstntunrga trgcutukun nstirnc b btrgala sa cidpkgxntatg. rsturacaractgrnstnc n egfibntirng a acgkgn pgrniaeg a fist scrngrga nstirngnpartncnprnn masaramgbnkir ka Zrnduk ]zmin Dibenak b cibtgxtlgbgrak ridbgsc, rgspgctnv, Darga Wbnrg enb 1>1? aprbe ergpti bcububarg a gfirturnkir tuturir ridbnkir aan sum stpbnrgaublurgasc, austrnac sau rusgasc, eg a-n crin siarta eup mubakir prncgpgrg n eg a sg bka ka trgapta eg putgrg oitrtiarg bbiua bticdnrg a agzdbtukun eg pacg guripgab (Niab Kupa).36 tgfab Cnimabu, Wbnrga Masaramngn. Stuenu n eicudgbtg cu prnvnrg ka dncarga banibak enb

Masaramna b abnn 1>11?, Gentura Wbnvgrsntas, Connbu, 1>>3, 33= p.3< Logrdab Zbtga, ]ikuk irlabnzannkir dnkntarg dikeivgbgtn b actuk Wbnrnn Masaramngn. Genna a

NN-a, Unpilrafia Ergptatga (Zasa`), Connbu, 1>3=, 11= p.3? D.C. Sconba, Masaramna0 nabuarng 1>1? nubng 1>1>, Nbstntutuk eg artg lraficg Kupta B. Strink,

Mucurgtn, 1>3?, 6? p.


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(Cukglgrg eg stuenn n artncikg) 11>-1>=:, prgtnbnn egkglanan pipukangn Masaramngn, A.B. Hrupgbshy n A.C. dnet, au gentatka Zarns i mriur, b carg cidmtgau cu vnrukgb bu budanergpturnkg nstirncg akg ]idbngn asupra Masaramngn, cn n ergptukpipukangn Masaramngn ka autiegtgrdnbarg, ca n apkncamnkntatgaprnbcnpnukun banibakntnkir b cazuk Masaramngn3>. b acgkan ab,

ka Kibera a fist gentat n i cikgcng eg eicudgbtg prgcgeateg i prgfa a prif. Zauk Dnknuhiv, b carg gra cibtgstat ergptukSfatukun rnn eg a fi vitat ubnrga Masaramngn cu ]idbna5:. b fibg,b 1>=:, acgkan gf ak egkglangn masaramgbg ka Cibfgrnba egZacg eg ka Zarns a gentat i cukglgrg eg eicudgbtg cibnbbe, btrgaktgkg, n tiatg nbtgrvgbnnkg egkglangn rusg b primkgda Masaramngn

ka Cibfgrnba eg Zacg a prnbukun Kwiv, S.E. Sazibiv, B.-\.coanhivshy n M. Dahkahiv. Abgxa br. 3? a acgkgn cukglgrn cibnbganbtgrvgbna kun M. Dahkahiv enb =5 nukng 1>1>, cu afirdana acgstunac, b cazuk b carg ar fi fist cibsuktat b acgast prnvnb, ]usnaar fi fist suficngbt eg lgbgrias pgbtru a rgcurlg ka ub astfgk eglgst (rgcubiatgrga ubnrnn Masaramngn cu ]idbna.- B.b.)51.

3> A.B. Hriupgbshy, A.Co. Scodnet, Mgssaramng gt ]iudabng, Ndprndrng Lbrakg Kaourg,Zarns, 1>1?, 15 p.

5: Uog casg fir Mgssaramna. A Cikkgctnib if Eicudgbts ib tog ]udabnab iccupatnib. \nto aZrgfacg my Zrif. Zauk Dnknuhiv, Kibeib, 1>1?, 65 p.

51 Kiccupatnib riudanbg gb Mgssaramng0 Eicudgbts. Avabt-pripis A.B. Hriupgbshy, Cogf eg ka

eklatnib mgssaramngbbg ka Cibfrgbcg eg ka Zanx, Ndprndgrng Kaourg, Zarns, 1>=:, p. 1=5-1=7.


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Z]NDWK ]PMIN DIBENAK N MASA]AMNA (1>15-1>1?)1?

Enb bgfgrncnrg, cgga cg prga eg bgcibcgput b abnn nbtgrmgkncn,- ]idbna finbe cibsnegrat oitaruk rsrntgab ak Guripgn5=,rgspgctnv, Bnstruk, mtrbuk yras, oitar prpstnis btrg eiukudn cu structur egisgmnt53, - a egvgbnt i rgakntatg egzikabt

bcgpbe cu nubng 1>5:, cbe, b cibsgcnba raptukun tgrntirnaksvrnt eg Wbnubga Sivngtnc, vnznubga kun N.V. Staknb nbckusnvasupra Zrndukun ]zmin Dibenak cibnbut b cursuk scurt akNstirngn partneukun cidubnst ubnibak (mikgvnc)55, a fist ndpusergpt ubnca vnznubg ificnak accgptat b prnda snbtgz eg nstirng aDikeivgn, rgeactat eg pg piznnn darxnst-kgbnbnst-staknbnstg57.

b ]idbna, bcgpbe dan akgs cu amencarga firat arglgkun Dnoan N (3: egcgdmrng 1>571, c farukkudnbis carg trgmung s ckuzgasc pg iadgbnn bitrn eg tnnb

5= S. Dgogenbn, Fribtngra ]idbngn sprg ]srnt, b ]gvnsta Fubeannkir ]glakg, ab. VNNN, br. ?->,1>51, p. =5>-=35, p. 5>.

55 (). . (). (). 1>3? . 0 , 1>57. . VN, VNN ( . . 1>15 . 1>1< .8 . 1>1< . 1>1? .).

57 . . N0 . . .. .. . ,1>718 . NN0 .

. .. .. . , 1>77.


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(Cukglgrg eg stuenn n artncikg) 1>

gstg ara cukturnn cgkgn dan banbtatg, Wbnubga Sivngtnc56. Wrdarga nbstaurrnn rglndukun cidubnst eg tnp sivngtnc, nbtgrprgtargakgbnbnst-staknbnst a Zrndukun ]zmin Dibenak ca rzminndpgrnaknst, eg `af n cucgrnrg, a fist apkncat nbckusnv partncnprnn

]idbngn ka prnda cibalrang dibenak, cibcgpng gxpus pgkarl b kucrrnkg kun D. ]ikkgr, Nstirna ]idbngn, Zrimkgdg egnstirng sau Nstirna ].Z.].5 aprnkng 1>1?5>.

56 Cf. Vkae Lgirlgscu, Nstirna ridbnkir. Eg ka irnlnbn pb b znkgkg biastrg. Genna a NV-a n bitasupra genngn eg Stgknab Bgalig, Gentura Oudabntas, Mucurgtn, 1>>7, p. =66.

5< Nstirna ]idbngn. Dabuak ubnc pgbtru ckasa a VNNN-a sgcubear . ]geactir rgspibsamnk Dnoank]ikkgr, Gentura eg Stat, Mucurgtn, 1>55>, >?p.8 Nstirna ].Z.].Sum rgeacna acae. Dnoank ]ikkgr, Dnbnstgruk bvdbtukunZumknc, Mucurgtn, 1>7=, >3.otdk

5> .. , .. , , . 6:- , 0

, 1>?5, c. 3>-71.


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Z]NDWK ]PMIN DIBENAK N MASA]AMNA (1>15-1>1?)=:

b nstirnilrafia sivngtnc dikeivgbgasc, b spgcnak, bcibfirdntatg cu enrgctnvgkg ZCD, a fist cuktnvat cu nbsnstgb ibtrgal enrgcng eg cgrcgtarg a kuptgn pgbtru Zutgrga Sivngtgkir,ndalnbbeu-sg n i gtap prikgtar a dncrnn pgbtru vnctirna

rgvikungn sicnaknstg b nbut7:. Conar eac, pg parcurs, au fistipgratg abudntg dienficrn n aùstrn, scogda lgbgrak nbnnakbcgputuk rzminukun dibenak ndpgrnaknst runba gcibidnc starga iadgbnkir dubcnn dncarga rgvikunibar rsturbargaauticrangn egsfurarga rgvikungn sicnaknstg b Dikeiva71, ardas bgscondmat, practnc, pb b prnda ùdtatg a abnkir >:

an sgcikukun ak __-kga.dpknbnrga, b abuk curgbt, a 1:: eg abn eg ka egckabarga

Zrndukun ]zmin Dibenak, ar cibstntun ub fiartg mub prnkg` eggvakuarg crntnc a cnn parcursg eg nstirnilrafia ridbgasc eg pgadmgkg dakurn akg Zrutukun, b vgegrga rgeactrnn, btr-i apripnatpgrspgctnv, a ubgn nstirnn cidubg, nbtglrakg n nbtglratg, a acgkun

gxtrgd eg ndpirtabt capntik eg nstirng cibtgdpirab a ridbnkir.]gegscipgrnrga aegvratgn nstirnn a partncnprnn ]idbngn ka Zrnduk]zmin Dibenak bg va aùta, b cibsgcnb, s bg racired ka ubukenb darnkg eidgbnn akg nstirnilrafign guripgbg cibtgdpirabg, -nstirna Zrndukun ]zmin Dibenak, - rgegscipgrnbe, b acgk rzmin,ub fiartg ndpirtabt capntik cg bg kgal eg nstirna btrglukun

cibtnbgbt guripgab, eg cuktura n cnvnknzana acgstuna.

7: .. , .. , ,0 , 1>


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(Cukglgrg eg stuenn n artncikg) =1

FI] AB NBUGL]AK ABE NBUGL]AUGE ]IDABNABONSUI]^ IF MGSSA]AMNA ABE ]IDABNASZA]UNCNZAUNIB NB UOG FN]SU \I]KE \A]

Amstract

Uns artnckg cibtanbs ab ivgrvngw if tog pato abe stgps tahgbmy tog ]idabnab onstirnilrapoy ib mito snegs if tog Zrut ib oiwti nbtgrprgt tog onstiry if tog Fnrst \irke \ar. As a rgsukt if tonsabakysns, tog autoir pkgaes fir tog accidpknsodgbt if ab nbtglrakabe nbtglratge ]idabnab onstiry if Mgssaramna abe ]idabnaspartncnpatnib nb tog Fnrst \irke \ar.


23/254

Z]NDWK ]PMIN DIBENAK N MASA]AMNA (1>15-1>1?)==

DIMNKNPA]GA LGBG]AK ENB ABNN Z]NDWKWN ]PMINDIBENAK B MASA]AMNA. ZKABW]N N ]GAKNP]N

Abergn GDNKCNWCeictir b nstirng,

Nbstntutuk eg Nstirng ak AD

Egckabarga Zrndukun ]zmin Dibenak, sum ditnvuk nbvaernnSgrmngn eg ctrg Austri-Wblarna, a ascubs eg fapt b udmrcauzg dukt dan prifubeg, cu recnbn bc enb sgcikuk ak _N_-

kga. Cribikilnc, gvgbndgbtgkg s-au egsfurat astfgk0 ca urdarg aatgbtatuk eg ka Sara`gvi, enb =? nubng 1>15, n a rgfuzukun Sgrmngneg a sg cibfirda uktndatudukun eat eg Austri-Wblarna ka =3 nukng1>15, Ndpgrnuk Austri-Wblar a atacat ka =? nukng 1>15 Sgrmna, nar ka1151, ]usna, susnbbe Sgrmna, egcrgtgaz dimnknzargalgbgrak. Zkabuk Lgrdabngn pgbtru rzmin (budnt Zkabuk

Scoknggb) cibsta enbtr-ub atac rapne n enstructnv cibtra Frabgn,astfgk bct Lgrdabna s-n piat trabsfgra firgkg pg Fribtuk egGst, cibtra ]usngn, a crgn dimnknzarg sg gstnda a fi dan kgbt. bsacgstg acnubn au fist prgcgeatg eg egcgbnn eg prgltnrn nbtgbsg, attenb pubct eg vgegrg ak bardrnkir, ct n ak rgsursgkir datgrnakgn udabg. Acgst aspgct gstg abaknzat gxoaustnv b kucrrnkg ubir

nstirncn prgcud A.D. Panbcnhivshn=

, ].A. Eiuloty3

, . Pumgr5

.

1 Wcazuk dpratukun prnvnbe dimnknzarga lgbgrak a fist sgdbat ka 16/=> nukng 1>15 n pumkncatka 115. Zrnda zn a dimnknzrnn a fist egckarat 1?/31 nukng 1>15.

= A.D. . . , D, 1>=6.

3 ].A. Eiuloty, Zyrronc Vnctiry0 Frgbco Stratgly abe Ipgratnibs nb tog Lrgat \ar, Oarvare,=::7.

5 U. Pumgr, Nbvgbtnbl tog Scoknggb Zkab, Ixfire, =::=.


24/254


b cgga cg prnvgtg ]usna, bcgputuk prgltnrnn snstgdatncg pgbtrurzmin a fist pus eg gfuk statukun da`ir lgbgrakuk B.B. Imrucgv,b stratglna prgzgbtat b 1??:, egbudnt Cu prnvnrg ka pkaburnkgeg rzmin cu Lgrdabna n Austri-Wblarna7. Wktgrnir b ]usna au

fist gkamiratg n aktg pkaburn eg rzmin0 b abuk 1??3, 1??:,1?>::, 1>:>. Ka 6 nubng 1>1: Statuk Da`ir Lgbgrak rus aegzviktat ub biu pkab eg dimnknzarg 1>, cu eiu varnabtg egnbstrucnubn b caz eg rzmin cu putgrnkg rnpkgn Aknabg6. Cibfirdacgstun Zkab, aprimat ka > nukng 1>1:, Masaramna gra nbckus b zibaeg acnubg a ardatgn a VNN-a, carg urda s akctunasc b caz eg

rzmin asg envnznn eg nbfabtgrng (>6::: eg dnkntarn) n 1 envnznneg cavakgrng (71:: eg dnkntarn), b maza rgcrutrnkir gfgctuatg blumgrbnnkg Masaramna, Ogrsib, Ghatgrnbiskav n aurnea. b caz egdimnknzarg, prnbcnpakgkg firg urdau a fi cibcgbtratg0 cavakgrna,tndp eg =-< znkg, b ziba Connbukun, nar nbfabtgrna, envnznnkg 6:(1:-1= znkg), 6> (1


25/254

Z]NDWK ]PMIN DIBENAK N MASA]AMNA (1>15-1>1?)=5

ct tgrdgbuk kndnt eg rgaknzarg a acgstun pkab eg dimnknzarg a fistfixat pgbtru 1 egcgdmrng 1>15, ka eata nzmucbnrnn rzminukun gk bufusgsg bc pg egpknb prgltnt, astfgk c ardatgkg rusgtn au fistegsfuratg b maza Zkabukun eg dimnknzarg br. 1>, enb 1>1:, cu

cidpkgtrnkg enb dan 1>1=>.itun, pb ka nzmucbnrga rzminukun, cgk punb b cuprnbsuk

Masaramngn, prgltnrga gfgctnvgkir prgvzutg prnb Zkabuk egdimnknzarg br. =: fusgsgr bcgput. Ka 17 aprnkng 1>15 gfukStatukun Da`ir ak Cnrcudscrnpngn dnkntarg Hngv n gxpgena icnrcukar luvgrbatirukun Masaramngn prnb carg-k nbfirda c a fist

aeiptat Zkabuk eg dimnknzarg br. =:1:, nar ka 17 nubng 1>15, tuturirnbspgctirnkir dnkntarn enb Masaramna kn s-au gxpgenat tgkglradg,prnb carg kn sg cgrga s prgltgasc pgbtru dimnknzarg nbstntunnkgpumkncg, s dimnknzgzg fubcnibarnn rgspibsamnkn n s enstrnmungspannkg supkndgbtarg pgbtru actnvntatga cidnsnnkir dgencakgdnkntarg11.

Enb eatgkg amgkukun 1, prgzgbtat b cibtnbuarg, cibstatd cka prnda gtap a acnubnkir dnkntarg, urdau a fi bcirpiran enbMasaramna (cu gxcgpna `ue. Oitnb) 776== eg rgzgrvntn n ratbncn1=.

> A.D. , , p. =


26/254


Zg kbl acgtna, urdgaz a fi kuan b cakcuk n dnkntarnn carg ngxgrcntau sgrvncnuk dnkntar actnv, a crun eurat gra, b egpgbegbeg tnpuk eg trupg, btrg 3 n 7 abn.

Astfgk, tgrdgbgkg sgrvncnukun dnkntar pg tndp eg pacg grau fixatg

b ardata rus eup cud urdgaz 0 1. b trupgkg eg nbfabtgrng nartnkgrng (cu gxcgpna artnkgrngn ckrgg) pgrniaea titak eg sgrvncnugra eg 1? abn, enbtrg carg 3 abn eg sgrvncnu actnv n 17 abn eg sgrvncnub rgzgrv (prndnn < abn b cakntatg eg rgzgrvnst eg prnda catglirng,rgstuk b cga eg rgzgrvnst eg catglirna a eiua). =. b tiatg cgkgkaktgcirpurn akg ardatgn eurata sgrvncnukun dnkntar gra eg 1< abn, enbtrg

carg 5 abn eg sgrvncnu actnv n 13 abn eg sgrvncnu b rgzgrv (prndnn< abn b cakntatg eg rgzgrvnst eg prnda catglirng, rgstuk b cga egrgzgrvnst eg catglirna a eiua). 3. b it eurata sgrvncnukun dnkntargra eg 1: abn, enbtrg carg 7 abn eg sgrvncnu actnv n 7 abn eg sgrvncnu brgzgrv. Ear, b tiatg cazurnkg, kndnta eg vrst pgbtru rgzgrvntn graeg 3? abn. Wktgrnir rgzgrvnstuk gra trabsfgrat b rbeurnkg ratbncnkir.

Zg tndp eg rzmin - pgrniaea sgrvncnukun actnv bu gra rglkgdgbtat.b lgbgrak, b cibfirdntatg cu birdgkg eg pg tndp eg pacg, ear bubanbtg eg sfrntuk rzminukun. Cu tiatg acgstga, b cazuk b cargcibennnkg pgrdntgau, trgcgrga b rgzgrv sg fcga bcgpbe cu cgndan banbtan b vrst13.

paza imngctnvgkir dnkntarg n cnvnkg aatg b spatgkg fribtukun.13 . , .0 . ,

. , , 1>13, c. 5=-7:.


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Z]NDWK ]PMIN DIBENAK N MASA]AMNA (1>15-1>1?)=6

Uamgk 1. Gfgctnvuk eg rgzgrvntn n ratbncn carg urdau a fi dimnknzan b Masaramna bcaz eg rzmin cibfird Zkabukun eg dimnknzarg br. =:

@ueguk*

]atbncn ]gzgrvntn eg rabl nbfgrnir

C/SD F/SD Uitak D.Z.**Supknd.

D.L.Uitak

Connbu >31 1>:7 5==3 3= =:7< 55:1 ==17 6616

Mgbegr =: 617< 1776 =511 3=6: 76> can egartnkgrng, 7:?= can eg trabspirt15. Eg asgdgbga, priprngtarnn egautidimnkg n diticnckgtg urdau s kg pub ka enspiznng ardatgnka prnda sikncntarg17. b pkus, pipukana cnvnk gra supus ubirimknlann prgcud bcartnrunrga dnkntarnkir b kicunbgkg priprnn

15 AB]D, F. 5:3, nbv. 1, e. 167, f. ?6.17 AB]D, F. 5:3, nbv. 1, e. 57?, f. 15?-15>.


28/254

(Cukglgrg eg stuenn n artncikg) =dnkntarn. Wb budr darg eg rgzgrvntn urda a fi trabspirtat sprgpubctgkg eg bcirpirarg enb ùeguk Nsdank 1===? dnkntarn. btitak urdau a fi trabspirtan enb acgstg cnbcn ùegg akg Masaramngn3536< dnkntarn, carg kucru, gvnegbt, ndpknca ablrgbarga ubunbudgris datgrnak rukabt.

Uamgk =. Zkabuk trabspirtrnn pg cakg fgrat sprg pubctgkg eg bcirpirarg a rgzgrvntnkireg rabl nbfgrnir n a trupgkir eg dnknng (ratbncn)enb kicakntn ùeggkir Mgbegr, Mkn,Sirica n Connbu

B/G @ue. Mgbegr @ue. Mkn @ue. Sirica @ue. ConnbuKicaknt. Gf. Kicaknt. Gfgc. Kicaknt. Gf. Kicaknt. Gf.

5:1 gkna 6:1 Mkn Fkirgtn Muìr 11?

5:= C.-Kubla 1:: Skimizna 1=3: Sirica 3 Virbncgbn 313

5:3 C.-Kubla 1:36 Concrgbn >3< Iciknbi 6?? Virbncgbn 77>

5:5 Cndnkna 65< Cirbgtn 7:: Zgpgbn 7?3 Bivacn 6


29/254

Z]NDWK ]PMIN DIBENAK N MASA]AMNA (1>15-1>1?)=?

5:6 Fkgtn 7:: Itacn Pmrncgbn >

51: Fkgtn =6? Arnibgtn ??> 511 Wblogbn 5::

51= Mikitnbi > 55: Dabta 3? 5 Logtgtn 11: labca 116

517 Mukmiaca 1== 573 Gbnconin s.1 >> 5>1 Mandackna 66


30/254

(Cukglgrg eg stuenn n artncikg) =>

516 Cndnconin 165 575 Vaeuk-kun-Nsac 7< 5>= Ci`eablak 6?

51< Gregc-murbi 115 577 Furdubca


31/254


b Masaramna grau cibcgbtratg ka bcgputuk rzminukun patruenvnznn eg nbfabtgrng (7=, 73, 6> n 15, a fist nbnnat cogdarga sum ardg a trupgkir eg dnknng,aa-budnnn ratbncn. Nbnnak s-a enspus bcirpirarga ratbncnkir egprnda catglirng, dan gxact a fitnkir rgzgrvntn cu sgrvncnuk dnkntarbegpknbnt, cu abnn eg cibscrnpng 1?>7-1?>=, prgcud n a cgkir cu

vrstgkg eg ==-=7 eg abn, cu abnn eg cibscrnpng 1>13-1>1:, carg bubegpknbnsgr sgrvncnuk dnkntar. b Masaramna, irenbnkg eg dimnknzargau fist tgkglrafiatg eg cidabeabtuk Cnrcudscrnpngn dnkntarg Hngv,pgbtru `ueguk Oitnb, n cgk ak Cnrcudscrnpngn dnkntarg Iegsa,pgbtru cgkgkaktg `uegg. Zg kbl fubcnibarnn enb Aednbnstrannkgpgbtru prgstang dnkntar, ka dimnknzarg au fist nbtgbs ndpkncatg n

irlabgkg eg piknng1


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bs b scurt tndp ndpkgdgbtarga pkaburnkir cidabeabnkirardatgn rusg prnvnbe dimnknzarga dnkntarnkir b rgzgrv prgcud n aratbncnkirvir sciatg ka nvgak budgriasg cargbg. Ca rgzuktat, eg`a ka== sgptgdmrng/5 ictidmrng 1>15 s-a enspus bcirpirarga ratbncnkir eg

catglirna N, fr sgrvncnu dnkntar begpknbnt, cu ub ab eg cibscrnpngdan dnc (1>13-1>:>), pgbtru ca ka =: bingdmrng/3 egcgdmrng 1>15kndnta eg vrst s fig rnencat raencak n s sg purcgae ka bcirpirargaratbncnkir eg catglirna N, fr sgrvncnu dnkntar begpknbnt, cu abnn egcibscrnpng 1>13-1>:31>. Bgbegpknbnrga nbencnkir eg bcirpirarg sggxpknca prnb faptuk c ub budr darg eg rgzgrvntn n ratbncn grau lsnn

nbapn tgdpirar sau titak pgbtru sgrvncnuk dnkntar. Eg asgdgbga tit danprglbabt sg dabnfgsta fgbidgbuk sustralgrnn eg ka sgrvncnuk dnkntar.

Ka 6 sgptgdmrng 1>15 gfuk mrnlznn kicakg enb Iegsa a bticdntub rapirt b carg sg dgbniba c abaknza knstgn rgzgrvntnkir nratbncnkir, cgrtnfican b Aednbnstrannkg @ueggbg, egbit ubpricgbt egstuk eg bakt eg nbapn n c kube b cakcuk budruk

darg eg egbuburn, acgst kucru pgrdntg a cibckuzniba c gknmgrargaeg sgrvncnuk dnkntar s-a bfptunt fiartg karl n cu bckcrn. Caurdarg sg sikncnta i enspiznng b prnvnba cibtrikukun dgencakrgpgtat ak pgrsiabgkir lsntg nbaptg=:. Astfgk, ka 6 sgptgdmrng1>15 Aednbnstrangn enb Masaramna pgbtru prgstana dnkntar nsg gxpgena sikncntarga eg a gdntg, b cibfirdntatg cu paralrafuk

5: ak ]glukadgbtukun eg rgcrutarg, i enspiznng b prnvnbacibtrikukun dgencak rgpgtat ak rgzgrvntnkir eg lrae nbfgrnir, cargau trgcut dimnknzarga b nukng 1>15 n au fist rgcubiscun nbapn bAednbnstrannkg irgbgtn n `ueggbg pgbtru prgstana dnkntar=1.

1> .. , , N, , 1>3>, c.


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Ka =7 sgptgdmrng 1>15 Aednbnstrana enb Masaramna pgbtruprgstana dnkntar a abaknzat sikncntarga enb 6 sgptgdmrng==, narka 3 ictidmrng 1>15 n-a rgdns gfukun mrnlznn kicakg enb Iegsarspubsuk su. Sg afirda c 1) rapirtat ka budruk titak eg rgzgrvntn

brikan b caeruk acnubnkir eg dimnknzarg, budruk nbapnkir bupiatg fi cibsnegrat att eg darg bct s trgzgasc suspncnubn egamuz. b pkus, faptuk c abuak sg gfgctuau btrubnrn eg vgrnficargka fgk bu putga btrn suspncnubnkg, egiargcg b caeruk acgstiragrau atgstan dgencak eiar dnkntarnn carg sg egckarau nbapn, a crirbudr gra dukt dan dnc egct a cgkir carg bu sg egckarau astfgk8 =)

conar eac b Aednbnstrang parvgbnsgr ctgva egbuburn cibcrgtgprnvntiarg ka atgstarga nbcirgct a ubir dnkntarn ergpt nbapn=3, kavgrnficarga acgstira s-a cibstatat c bu sg piatg eg virmnt egsprgamuzurn ka scar karl8 3) b cibennnkg b carg avga kic pricgsuk egbcirpirarg a tnbgrnkir rgcrun, nar Aednbnstrana urda s cgrtnficgpg tin acgna b prnvnba crira aprgau nbcgrtntuenbn n prgrn

envgrlgbtg akg cidnsnnkir, cibtrikuk dgencak rgpgtat a cnrca 6::: egrgzgrvntn enb rbeuk rgzgrvntnkir eg rabl nbfgrnir, egckaran nbapneg acgkgan Cidnsnn, gra iargcud enficnk. Ca urdarg, Aednbnstranalumgrbnak oitra rgspnblgrga egdgrsukun,prndibtruct bu gxnstaub tgdgn sgrnis, n sgcubeiegiargcg gxnstau enficuktn ndpirtabtgb gfgctuarga cibtrikukun dgencak rgpgtat=5.

Bgaccgptbe acgst rgfuz, Cidabeabtuk mrnlznn kicakg enbIegsa k nbfirda ka < ictidmrng 1>15 pg cidabeabtuk suprgd akCnrcudscrnpngn dnkntarg Iegsa c, ergpt urdarg a egbuburnkir, asikncntat luvgrbatirnkir lumgrbnnkir enb `urnsencna kun s gfgctugzg

== AB]D, F. 5:3, nbv. 1, e. 1.=3 Nmnegd, f. 1.=5 Nmnegd, f. 1 vgrsi.


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cibtrikuk dgencak rgpgtat ak rgzgrvntnkir lsnn a fi nbapn. n cud ubastfgk eg cibtrik dgencak rgpgtat egà sg rgaknza b lumgrbnnkg Ogrsibn Ghatgrnbiskav, nar b aurnea egà sg fibaknzasg, acgsta nbsnsta s sgireibg luvgrbatirukun Masaramngn, b carg s-au cibstatat cnrca 6:::

astfgk eg cazurn, rgaknzarga b dsura pisnmnkntnkir a ubir acnubnsndnkarg=7. b cibsgcnb, ka 15 ictidmrng 1>15, gfuk nbtgrnd akCidabeadgbtukun Cnrcudscrnpngn dnkntarg Iegsa n ireibaluvgrbatirukun Masaramngn s enspub cibtrikuk dgencak rgpgtatak rgzgrvntnkir eg rabl nbfgrnir lsnn nbapn, aednbe gfgctuargaacgstgna b ctgva gtapg=6.

Uamgk 5. Uamkiuk rgzgrvntnkir eg rabl nbfgrnir n a ratbncnkir eg catglirna btn, lsnnnbapn eg cidnsnnkg dgencakg b tndpuk dimnknzrnn enb nukng 1>15

Cidnsna

@ueggab

Lsnn nbapn Nbckusnv gvrgn

]gzgrvntn ]atbncn ]gzgrvntn ]atbncn

Ahhgrdab ?:1 1=> =6 1

Irogn 1151 13: =:= 15

Oitnb 63: =35 177 =6

Mkn 65? 1:7 17: 17

Connbu =5= =7< 65 15>

Mgbegr 6?7 1615-1>1?)35

Ca urdarg, ka 31 ictidmrng 1>15, enscutbe irenbuk enb 15ictidmrng, Aednbnstrana lumgrbnak pgbtru prgstana dnkntar aegcns s sg gfgctugzg cibtrikuk dgencak rgpgtat a =:% enb rgzgrvntnngvrgn lsnn nbapn n a 1:% enb aktg catglirnn gtbncg pg raza iraukun

n ùe. Connbu. b maza rgzuktatgkir urda s sg pricgegzg kacibtrikuk dgencak rgpgtat ak rgstukun rgzgrvntnkir lsnn nbapn, attenb ùeguk n irauk Connbu, ct n enb aktg ùegg=15, Aednbnstrana lumgrbnak pgbtru prgstana dnkntara egcns gfgctuarga cibtrikukun dgencak rgpgtat a tuturir rgzgrvntnkir

lsnn nbapn b tndpuk dimnknzrnn enb nukng 1>15 b irauk n ùegukConnbu, urdbe a sg pricgea b cazurnkg eg amuz b cibfirdntatgcu kglga=?. Ka 6 fgmruarng 1>17 s-a egcns s fig supun cibtrikukunrgpgtat tiatg pgrsiabgkg lsntg nbaptg b ùe. Irogn=>.

Ka =? fgmruarng 1>17 gfuk mrnlznn kicakg enb irauk Iegsasikncnta Aednbnstrangn lumgrbnakg pgbtru prgstana dnkntar enbMasaramna s fig nbfirdat b prnvnba enspiznngn gdnsg ergptrspubs ka sikncntarga sa enb 1? egcgdmrng 1>153:. Ca urdarg, ka1< dartng 1>17, Aednbnstrana nbfirda c, b cibfirdntatg cuenspiznnnkg gn, arg kic cibtrikuk dgencak rgpgtat ak rgzgrvntnkirnbapn enb ùeguk n irauk Connbu n sg purcgeg ka acgkganacnubn n b cuprnbsuk ùeguk Irogn31.

Zgbtru pgrsibakuk cuprnbs b acnubnkg eg dimnknzarg lgbgrakb abuk 1>15 a fist nbstntunt dgeakna Zgbtru dubca eg rgaknzarg

=< AB]D, F. 5:3, nbv. 1, e. 1 Nmnegd, f. 15.3: Nmnegd, f. 1


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gxcgkgbt a dimnknzrnn lgbgrakg enb abuk 1>15. Dgeakna, rgaknzatka Dibgtrna enb Sabht Zgtgrsmurl, a fist cibfgrnt ka pgstg7:::: eg pgrsiabg, rgspibsamnkn enb caeruk ificnnkir eg rgcrutargn rgconznng, nbckusnv enb Masaramna, ubeg au fist gxpgenatg ?::

eg gxgdpkarg. Snlur c avgd ditnvg btgdgnatg a cibsnegrac budruk pgrsiabgkir ndpkncatg b dimnknzarga enb 1>15 bMasaramna gra cu dukt dan darg, btruct eiar cgn dan vrgebncn aufist banbtan sprg egcirarg.

Zripubgrnkg eg egcirarg parvgbgau enb partga dargaknkirbimnkndnn n a Aednbnstrannkir pgbtru prgstana dnkntar enb

Masaramngn, ear n a aktir fubcnibarn eg rabl bakt. Acgstg knstg subtgenficatiarg b a bg crga i ndalnbg cibckuegbt bu eiar b prnvnbacgkir carg au partncnpat b pgrsiab ka irlabnzarga dimnknzrnn,cn n rgfgrntir ka dieakntatga eg egsfurarg a acgstgna. Eg acgganbckuegd b abgxg knstgkg bidnbakg a pgrsiabgkir banbtatg sprgegcirarg. Abaknzbe knstgkg rgspgctnvg putgd cibconeg c ub

rik ndpirtabt b rgaknzarga dimnknzrnn k-au `ucat irlabgkg egautilgstnubg akg bimnkndnn, urdatg eg cgkg akg aednbnstrangnlumgrbnakg n kicakg (eg `ueg, ira, vikistg n stgtn), nbstntunnkg nirlabgkg cigrcntnvg, dgencakg n sabntar-vgtgrnbarg, Pgdstva.

Zngregrnkg udabg pg fribturnkg Zrndukun ]zmin Dibenak, ear nbgcgsntatga tit dan strnblgbt eg asnlurarg a spatgkun fribtukun, auegtgrdnbat cibtnbuarga n b abuk 1>17 a pricgsukun eg dimnknzarga ratbncnkir, trgcbeu-sg conar ka cgn enb catglirna a NN-a.

Cibfird eatgkir gxnstgbtg, budruk ratbncnkir eg prndacatglirng carg urdau s fig rgcrutan b caeruk dimnknzrnn enb1 aulust 1>17 b Masaramna gra eg 16?57, finbe bcirpiran

eiar >


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cibcgenu dgencak tgdpirar n 66 au fist gknmgran cibfird art.=7A ak ]glukadgbtukun prnvnbe prgstana dnkntar. Budrukpgrsiabgkir supusg ubun cibtrik rgpgtat ca urdarg a faptukun cdukn rgzgrvntn au fist egckaran nbapn ka rgcrutarga enb 1 aulust

1>17 gstg prgzgbtat b amgkuk 7. Bgcgsnt a dgbniba faptuk c,b dgeng, b Ndpgrnuk ]us grau egckaran nbapn pgbtru sgrvncnukdnkntar cnrca 6% enb budruk cgkir cogdan sum ardg, b pkusbc 11%, eatirnt egficngbgkir fizncg, grau trgcun b catglirnaratbncnkir eg catglirna a NN-a3=.

Uamgk 7. ]gzuktatgkg cibtrikukun dgencak rgpgtat ak cgkir lsnn nbapn ka bcirpirarga

enb 1 aulust 1>17

Cidnsnadnkntar

`ueggab

Supun cibtrikukun dgencakrgpgtat

Egckaran sbtin n bcirpiran

]gzgrvntneg rablnbfgrnir

]atbncneg prndacatglirng

Uitak]gzgrvntn

eg rablnbfgrnir

]atbncneg prndacatglirng

Uitak

Ahhgrdab 1:?1 >67 =:56 331 15= 5 1?=Mkn 7== 11:5 16=6 7> 75 113

Nsdank 635 5== 1:76 =?3 1:1 3?5

Connbu =3: 5:< 63< 5: >: 13:

Cidns. ir.Connbu

11: =?= 3>= 5= 57 ? 51> -* 1:7 1:7

Sirica >=: 133= ==7= 75 6= 116

Oitnb - - 1=>? - - =7>

itak 1:

Sursa0 AB]D, F. 5:3, nbv. 1, e. 56=, f. >6.

*au trgcut cibtrikuk dgencak rgpgtat b Aednbnstrana lumgrbnak pgbtru prgstana dnkntar.

3= .. , , c. 3?.


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(Cukglgrg eg stuenn n artncikg) 3?-1>1633. Eatabcgpgrnn dimnknzrnn gra fixat pgbtru 17 aulust, nar tgrdgbukdaxnd eg prgzgbtarg ka 3 znkg. Catglirnnkg eg ratbncn gknmgranabtgrnir grau gknmgran n eg acgast eat35.

Ka 1> aulust 1>17 Statuk Daìr ak Ardatgn a VNN-a n cidubncaluvgrbatirukun c ratbncnncu abuk eg cibscrnpng dan ìs eg 1?>?bu sg prgznbt ka rgcrutarg egiargcg sg cibsnegr gknmgran. b acgstgcibennn sg sikncnta a sg enspubg c ka rgcrutarg grau imknlan a sgprgzgbta tin cgn carg au trgcut sgrvncnuk dnkntar bcgpbe cu 1?>3,n carg ka 1 nabuarng 1>15 bu au atnbs vrsta eg 53 eg abn, bgfinbescin eg ka gvnegb37. Zg eg akt partg, ka => aulust 1>17 Statukdaìr ak cnrcudscrnpngn dnkntarg Hngv n tgkglrafia luvgrbatirukunMasaramngn c, pitrnvnt bitgn lgbgrakuk Davrnb enb 1 sgptgdmrng

33 AB]D, F. 5:3, nbv. 1, e. 565, f. 1.35 Nmnegd, f. 1


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1>17, sg prgcibnza rgcrutarga ratbncnkir eg catglirna a eiua cu abnneg cibscrnpng 1>1=-1>16 nbckusnv, ka acgkgan cibennn cu a ratbncnkireg catglirna btn, sikncntbe b acgst sgbs nbfirdann egsprgbudruk ratbncnkirka figcarg pubct eg rgcrutarg36. Ca urdarg ka 3:

aulust 1>17 luvgrbatiruk nbtgrnd sikncnta aednbnstrannkir pgbtruprgstana dnkntar nbfirdannkg rgspgctnvg316-1>11

Cidnsna ueg. 1>16 1>17 1>15 1>13 1>1= 1>11 Uitak

Ahhgrdab 573 717 5>: 75: 35:1

Mkn 76= 53< 36: 7=5 535 5=7 = 57= 56= 7:< 71> 55< 3:36

Nsdank 6 7=6 7=1 77= 3537

Connbu 6=< 717 3>3 5:> 516 53> =>

Ir.Connbu 51 1== 111 17> 17= 17: = 675 5= 5?? 5>7 3=>3

Sirica 771 6:1 51> 73: 567 7:3 3:6>

itak 5517.Ka 1> aulust/= sgptgdmrng a bcgput egzmatgrga pringctukun eg

36 AB]D, F. 5:3, nbv. 1, e. 561, f. 57.3< Nmnegd, f. 5, 7:.


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kglg prnvnbe bcirpirarga acgstgn catglirnn egdnkntarn3?. b cgkg enburd, ka 1? sgptgdmrng 1>17, a fist enspus bcirpirarga tuturirratbncnkireg catglirna a NN-a cu abnn eg cibscrnpng 1>16-1>1=3>.Ca urdarg, b cibfirdntatg cu cnrcukara Dnbnstgrukun Afacgrnkir

Nbtgrbg enb = ictidmrng 1>17, aednbnstrannkir pgbtru prgstanadnkntar enb lumgrbng kn s-a sikncntat ka 16 ictidmrng 1>17 sgxpgengzg pg firdukaruk vnikgt abuburn eg rgcrutarg, b vgegrgaprgzgbtrnn ka pubctuk eg aeubarg att a rgcrunkir eg catglirna aeiua ct n a ratbncnkir eg catglirna a eiua, enb rbeuk pgrsiabgkircu vrsta eg cibscrnpng 1>16-1>1= nbckusnv5:.

btrg tndp, ka 6 sgptgdmrng 1>17, Cabcgkarna Statukun Da`ir akArdatgn a VNN-a sikncnta luvgrbatirukun Masaramngn s enspubprgzgbtarga pb ka 7 ictidmrng 1>17 a nbfirdannkir egsprgbudruk ratbncnkireg catglirna a eiua cu abuk eg cibscrnpng 1>:5-1>11, nbckusnv a pgrsiabgkir fr vnz eg rggenb b lumgrbng, cunbencarga budrukun cgkir gknmgran eg sgrvncnuk dnkntar. Nbfirdannkg

urdau a fi akctuntg sgparat pg catglirnn eg vrst51. Ca urdarg ka11 sgptgdmrng 1>17 luvgrbatiruk nbtgrnd, vncg-luvgrbatiruk Lr.Arsgbggv, sikncnta Aednbnstrangn pgbtru prgstana dnkntar a ir.Connbu, prgcud n cgkir `ueggbg, cu gxcgpna cgkgn enb Oitnb,s enspub irlabgkir kicakg n fubcnibarnkir piknngn cikgctargaeatgkir prnvnbe budruk ratbncnkir eg catglirna a eiua, pgbtru a fi

prgzgbtatg bu dan trznu eg 1 ictidmrng 1>175=. Eatgkg rgspgctnvgau fist snstgdatnzatg b amgkuk 1->=.3> Nmnegd, p.


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Uamgk 11-1>:5 enbMasaramna*

Eup cud sg piatg imsgrva enb amgkuk 17 b Ndpgrnuk ]us a fist aeiptat Kglga cuprnvnrg ka dsurnkg eg rgeucgrg a adbrnkir ka bcirpirarga bsgrvncnuk dnkntar n cu prnvnrg ka dsurnkg dpitrnva amuzurnkir53.bs n acgstg dsurn bu au putut graenca fgbidgbuk gsconvrnn egka bcirpirarg. Aednbnstrana pgbtru prgstana dnkntar a `uegukunNsdank aergsa ka = nabuarng 1>16 Aednbnstrangn lumgrbnakg pgbtru

53 .. , , c.


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prgstana dnkntar ub rapirt, b carg atrlga atgbna asupra ubgnpractncn a kicuntirnkir enb ùe. Nsdank, b spgcnak gtbncn gvrgn, cargeup abubarga dimnknzrnn sg egpkasau enb kicurnkg eg rggenbpgrdabgbt, pgbtru ca pgstg ub tndp s fig prndntg abuburn

enb aktg aednbnstrann ùeggbg pgbtru prgstana dnkntar, egsprgfaptuk c acgtna au fist gknmgran eg ka sgrvncnuk dnkntar b vnrtutgaenfgrntgkir mikn, eup carg acgstg pgrsiabg sg btircgau ka kicukeg tran pgrdabgbt, egà cu cgrtnficatuk eg gknmgrarg eg ka sgrvncnukdnkntar. Kube b cibsnegrarg c ka dimnknzarg pgrsiabgkg supusgbcirpirrnn grau imknlatg s sg prgznbtg b aednbnstrana pgbtru

prgstana dnkntar enb ùeguk ubeg n avga kicuk pgrdabgbt egtran, i astfgk eg sntuang gra abirdak. Eg acgga, Aednbnstrana

ùeggab pgbtru prgstana dnkntar a sikncntat pgrdnsnubgasupubgrnn pgrsiabgkg b cauz cibtrikukun dgencak rgpgtat gxamruptipgbtru a sg stamnkn eac bu cudva grau aptg eg sgrvncnudnkntar55.

Aednbnstrana lumgrbnak pgbtru prgstana dnkntar cgrga carspubs, ka 1? nabuarng 1>16, nbfirdann egtaknatg egsprg pgrsiabgkgcarg au fist gknmgratg eg sgrvncnuk dnkntar b acgst die, nbckusnv egctrg aednbnstrannkg enb carg ùeg au fist gknmgratg, cbe abudg,enb carg cauz, n ubeg kicungsc ka didgbt57. Ca urdarg, ka =16, sg rspubega c budg cibcrgtg bu sg cubisc,

ear bsn faptuk c dukn kicuntirn an ùe. Nsdank s-au prgzgbtatka aednbnstrannkg pgbtru prgstana dnkntar enb aktg ùegg n aufist gknmgran, a sgrvnt ditnv pgbtru gkamirarga rapirtukun enb =nabuarng 1>1656. Ka 17 dartng 1>16 Aednbnstrana lumgrbnak

55 AB]D, F. 5:3, nbv. 1, e. 5?6, f. >5.57 Nmnegd, f. >7.56 Nmnegd, f. >6.


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pgbtru prgstana dnkntar rspubega c pgrsiabgkg b cauz pitfi supusg cibtrikukun dgencak rgpgtat b maza bitgn ka art. 133a a]glukadgbtukun prnvnbe sgrvncnuk dnkntar, genna abukun 1>17516 cibtnblgbtuk ratbncnkir eg catglirna a

eiua sg gpunza n gk, nar ]usna sg aa b faa ubir enficuktn da`irgb cidpkgtarga cu dnkntarn a firgkir sakg ardatg5?, cu tiatg cbudruk pgrsiabgkir scutntg tgdpirar eg sgrvncnuk dnkntar, pgbtruasnlurarga bgcgsntnkir nbstntunibakg n b eidgbnuk aprrnn sgrnenca ka =1. b acgst cibtgxt, conar n dsurnkg kuatg pgbtrurgeucgrga adbrnkir n a amuzurnkir enb 6 egcgdmrng 1>177:,

prgcud n biua genng a ]glukadgbtukun prnvnbe sgrvncnuk dnkntarbu au putut sikuniba primkgdgkg da`irg ka rgaknzarga egpknb apkaburnkir dnkntarg.

b maza abaknzgn sursgkir nstirnilraficg n eicudgbtarg,putgd cibckuzniba c ]usna a abtncnpat cu egcgbnn eg prgltnrg

adbubnt nbtrarga b rzmin dpitrnva Lgrdabngn n Austri-Wblarngn. ]gsursgkg udabg n datgrnakg pg carg trgmuna s kgpub Masaramna nbtgrgsgkir ndpgrnakg rusg b gvgbtuakntatga ubunrzmin, grau adbubnt cakcukatg n eicudgbtatg. Cu tiatg acgstga,nzmucbnrga rzminukun a egdibstrat i iargcarg knps eg abtncnpangb duktg prnvnbg. b prnduk rbe, pkabuk actuaknzat eg acnubn bcaz eg rzmin bu a putut fi prgltnt ka tndp, astfgk c s-a ndpusutnknzarga cgkun egpnt eg bgcgsntnkg rgakg. b ak einkga rbe, aungnt ka nvgak ggcurnkg pikntncnn gtbi-egdilraficg n banibakgakg luvgrbukun rus ka pgrnfgrnnkg ndpgrnukun, carg bu a rgunt s

5< AB]D, F. 5:3, nbv. 1, e. 5?6, f. > Nmnegd, p. 113.7: Nmnegd, p. 1:>.


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ndpkabtg sgbtndgbtuk patrnitnc bncn pipukangn autiotibg n bncncgkgn cikibnzatiarg. Dan dukt egct att, b rbeuk lgbgraknkir runavgrsnubga fa eg pipukana gvrgnasc a cibtnbuat s crgasc, gaegvrat pg fubeakuk sustralgrnn tit dan frgcvgbtg a acgstgna eg

ka bcirpirarg prnb enfgrntg scogdg eumniasg. Conar n bsprnrgadsurnkir pubntnvg bu a rgunt graencarga fgbidgbukun, b scondma umrgznt maza sicnak a rglndukun auticratnc rus.

Bncikan ak NN-kga facg pumknc nbtrarga Ndpgrnukun ]us b Dargkg ]zminn abub dimnknzarga lgbgrakeg ka makcibuk Zakatukun eg Narb (=: nukng 1>15)


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ABG_

Knsta pgrsiabgkir enb Masaramna banbtatg sprg egcirarg cu dg-eakna Vukturuk Akm pgbtru rgzuktatg rgdarcamnkg b dimnknzarga

enb abuk 1>1571

@WE. CONNBW

1. ]. Lr. Eiknvi-Eimrivikscon, Dargak ak bimnkndnn enb ue.

Connbu, 35==:

=. D.S. Lkavcg, dgdmru ak Aednbnstrangn dnkntarg enb

ùeg, enb partga Pgdstvgn, 35=56

3. D.D. ]azu, egputatuk ak bimnkndnn, 35=57

5. V.N. Cripnvbncon, ubcnibar, Cabcgkarna Aednbnstrangn

dnkntarg enb ùeg, 35=55

7. D.N. Aronpiv, ubcnibar, Cabcgkarna Aednbnstrangn dnk-

ntarg enb ùeg, 35=53

6. B.N. Cara, ubcnibar, Cabcgkarna Aednbnstrangn dnkntarg

enb ùeg, 35=5=

. C.D. Oae`n-Cikn, Nspravbncuk eg ùeg, 35=51

1:. B.B. Consgkgv, aeùbctuk Nspravbncukun, 35=5:11. B.Z. Cogvircogab-Zipiv, gxgcutir ùegctirgsc sgctiruk

N, 35=3>

71 Knsta a fist akctunt b maza pripubgrnkir parvgbntg b Cabcgkarna luvgrbatirukun Masaramngnpg parcursuk pgrniaegn fgmruarng 1>17 fgmruarng 1>16, finbe ireibat eup crntgrnuktgrntirnak-aednbnstratnv. btruct bu tiat cirgspibegba s-a pstrat, sau, b ubgkg cazurn,bu a putut fi egscnfrat eg autir, knsta bu gstg cidpkgt. Subt nbencatg budgkg n prgbudgkg,

fubcna, budruk mrgvgtukun eg cibfgrnrg (eac gstg nbencat b surs).


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1=. E.N. Kgfgr, gxgcutir `uegctirgsc sgctiruk NN, 35=3?

13. A.U. Vinci, gxgcutir `uegctirgsc sgctiruk NNN, 35=3=:. S.U. Mgbncivscon, urgaebnc nbgrnir, 35==?

=1. L.Z. Labga, urgaebnc nbgrnir, 35==15-1>1?)56

37. V.C. Oarna, guk sgctiruk eg can dnkntarn br. =, Nakivgbn,

35=?3

36. V.A. Wbtnkiv, guk sgctiruk eg can dnkntarn br. 3, Cistgtn,

35=?=

3


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6:. U.E. Zrica, staristg eg vikistg, Muegtn, 35=7?

61. G.C. lba, staristg eg vikistg, Snrgt, 35=7


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1

=

3


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Aeùbcn an pricurirukun eg cnrcudscrnpng enb Connbu, egkglanb cakntatg eg dgdmrn b Aednbnstrana lumgrbnak pgbtru prgstana

dnkntar0

?7. Z.I. Dntriabiv, 17>?7?

?6. A.E. Nblkgzn, 16:3?>

?>. Z.V. Cnogbcogkn, 16:1

>:. F.F. Fgenuconb, 16:=7>

Fubcnibarn an Aednbnstrangn lumgrbnakg pgbtru prgstana dnkntar

>1. O.S. Cicnul, sgcrgtar nbtgrnd, 1>>53

>=. N.L. Ugsgkscon, ubcnibar eg cabcgkarng, 1>>5=

>3. N.V. Carandab, ubcnibar eg cabcgkarng, 1>>55

>5. Sina kun D.N. Cknconcn, ubcnibar, 1>>57

>7. Fnnca kun I.E. Fackngr, kicuntir ak ir. Miklrae, 1>>566:

@WE. I]OGN

Aednbnstrana ùeggab pgbtru prgstana dnkntar0

>6. L.B. Zgrvizvabscon, guk Aednbnstrangn, 37557

>?. L.D. Srmu, dgdmru, 37553

>>. A.A. Mamangv, sgcrgtar, 375:5

gfin sgctiargkir eg can dnkntarn n aeùbcnn acgstira0

1::. F.M. Mileasariv, 375:7

7? AB]D, F. =, nbv. 1, e. >577, f. ?6.7> Nmnegd, f. ?


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1:1. N.S. Cgrcogz, 375:6

1:=. V.F. Zavkiv, 375:

1:. L.N. Musunic, 37515

11:. C.C. Conrnca, 37517

111. N.N. ]gbbgr, 3751611=. G.I. Laneadivncn, 3751

gfin eg vikistg enb `ueg0

117. L.L. Scknis, Crnukgbn, 3755:

116. E.L. Mu`ir, Suskgbn, 37551

11. K.N. Lnb, Ugkgbgtn, 3755:

1=:. D.N. Idmub Cnicktgbn, 3753>

1=1. A.S. Vraenn, Czbgtn, 3753?

1==. A.L. Cibeurar, Cnbggun 3753577, f. =5.


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1=. F.A. Cacnabivscon, 375=>

13:. E.A. Cr`abivscon, 375=?

131. D.F. Sicirscon, 375=577, f. =5 vgrsi.63 Nmnegd, f. ?>.


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pgbtru aeubarga n gxpgengrga rgzgrvntnkir n ratbncnkir ka

pubctuk eg rgcrutarg enb ir. Connbu. Ae`ubct ak gukun

sgctirukun 16 eg can dnkntarn

157. A.G. Crcnubgscu, egkglatuk Pgdstvgn b ir. Irogn pgb-

tru cikgctarga n gxpgengrga rgzgrvntnkir n ratbncnkir kapubctuk eg rgcrutarg enb ir. Connbu.

156. A.A. Dnbcogvncn, dgencuk vgtgrnbar ak zgdtvgn, dgdmru

ak Cidnsngn = enb Connbu pgbtru prndnrga cankir pgbtru

ardat btrg 115

15. C.D. Kgsbgvncn, partncnpabt ka bcirpirarga rgzgrvntnkir

n ratbncnkir b cakntatg eg dgenc65

17:. L.C. Ngvu, egkglatuk Pgdstvgn pgbtru vikistga Mravncga b

vgegrga cikgctrnn pieviaegkir n bsinrga rgzgrvntnkirn ratbncnkir ka pubctuk eg aeubarg enb ir. Connbu, =1=1

171. L.N. Dkan, sndnkar pgbtru vikistga Logrtgbsc, =1==

17=. N.G. Mrbza, sndnkar, =1=3

173. L.P. ]acuk, sndnkar, =1=5

175. A.Z. Sdikgbscon, sndnkar, pgbtru vik. Nzvirn, =1=7

177. L.N. atravca, sndnkar, =1=6176. U.L. Cgmab, sndnkar, =1=. F.V. Vasnkacon, sndnkar, =13:

16:. N.D. Makamab, sndnkar pgbtru vik. Conpgrcgbn, =131

65 AB]D, F. =, nbv. 1, e. >577, f. >:.


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161. G.F. Zipgsci, sndnkar, =13=67

16=. A.N. Makamab, sndnkar, =133

163. N.G. Mnvik, sndnkar pgbtru vik. Cimkca =135

165. L.C. Nknagv, sndnkar, =137

167. S.Z. Crasbipikscon, sndnkar pgbtru vik. Crnukgbn =136166. A.F. Cacgabivscon, sndnkar, =13. L.N. Scufibscon, sndnkar, =15:

1


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1?

gfin sgctiargkir eg can dnkntarn0

1?>. F.V. Kgvnba, aeùbctuk gukun sgctirukun 1, =16:

1>:. F.M. Mileisariv, guk sgctirukun =, =161

1>1. N.S. Cgrcogz, guk sgctirukun 3, =16=

1>=. G.S. Ioabivncn, aeùbctuk gukun sgctirukun 3, =163

1>3. V.F. Zavkiv, guk sgctirukun 5, =165

1>5. C.N. ]acivab, aeùbctuk gukun sgctirukun 5, =167

1>7. C.G. Cidabgcon, guk sgctirukun 6, =166

1>6. Z.V. Crasivscon, guk sgctirukun

1>>. P.C. Akgxabern, guk sgctirukun >, =1, =1


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=13. G.K. Logrcnu, guk sgctirukun 16, =1?5

Egkglan pgbtru bsinrga ratbncnkirenb ir. Irogn ka pubctuk egaeubarg b irauk Connbu0

=15. L.N. Crablacn, =1?7

=17. B.Z. ]acoge`u, =1?6

=16. Z.C. Oarn, =1?:

=1>. A.D. Cissacivscon, =1>16>

@WE. NSDANK

Fubcnibarn an Aednbnstrangn pgbtru prgstana dnkntar enb `uegukNsdank0


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==>. A.G. Dubtgab, ir. Conkna, 33??7

=3:. N.Z. Ciberatngv, ir. ]gbn, 33??5

=31. S.K. Curaconb, ir. Caouk, 33??3:

=36. N.A. Euecivscon, istuk gxgcutir `uegctirgsc ak sgctiru-

kun NNN, 33?>1

=3

=3?. A.B. Vnbgaciv, sgctiruk V, 33?>=

Asnstgbn an gxgcutirnkir uegctirgtn0

=3>. N.L. Urnib, ir. Miklrae, /b

=5:. Z. Vasnkngv, ir. Miklrae, /b

Sgcrgtarn an gxgcutirnkir `uegctirgtn0

=51. D.N. Mgrgazbgaciv, ir. Miklrae, /b=5=. A.A. Enoidscon, ir. Conkna, /b

=53. Z.F. Cidbn, ir. ]gbn, /b

=55. C.L. Zipiv, ir. Caouk, /b

Zrggenbnn Cidntgtgkir cidubakg pgrdabgbtg0

=57. E.N. Mieargu, Nsdank, 33?


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(Cukglgrg eg stuenn n artncikg) 7. S.S. Lbgvu, Vnkcivi, 33?>3


59/254


=66. N.N. Lacon

Sgcrgtarnn gxgcutirnkir `uegctirgtn0

=6. A.B. Azdabiv

=


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Dgencn0

=?3. B.Z. Zgtriv, dgencuk eg zgdstv

=?5. B.M. ]gnbidgb, dgencuk nbgrnir ak Spntakukun Gvrgngsc

enb Mgbegr, 377?:

Fubcnibarn enb Cabcgkarna Aednbnstrangn0

=?7. V.D. Scakgcon, sgcrgtar, 377?1

=?6. V.V. Grdickngab, 377?=

=?. Z.B. gtva, ubcnibar ak Cabcgkarngn, 377?7

=>:. S.A. Carra, guk Wpravgn Pgdstvgn ùeggbg, 377?6

=>1. G.A. Dgkgbcnuc, dgdmruk Wpravgn Pgdstvgn ùeggbg,

377?5. V.E. Cacrncon, gxgcutir ùegctirgsc, Sgctiruk 1, 377?>

=>7. L.C. Consnkgv, gxgcutir ùegctirgsc, Sgctiruk =, 377>:

=>6. D.N. Lrgcu, sgcrgtaruk Aednbnstrangn ùeggbg a Ziknngn,

377>1

Cidnsna eg prndnrg a pubctukun eg prgearg0

=>=

=>?. F.F. Cgrbgcon, dgdmru, 377>3

=>>. V.A. Kgsgcon, dgenc sabntar eg ùeg, 377>5

Gxgcutirn eg kucrrn scrnptncg b cidnsnnkg eg prndnrg0

3::. F.Z. Uaracogvncn, bimnk, 377>7

577, f. 71.


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3:1. B.Z. Fgeitiv, 377>6

3:=. C.V. Zabfikiv, 377>?

3:5. Z.F. Sgdgbci, dnc-murlogz, 377>>

gfin sgctiargkir eg can dnkntarn n asnstgbnn acgstira0

3:7. A.A. Isaecon, guk nbtgrnd ak Sgctiruk 1, 376::

3:6. A.U. Eabi, guk sgctiruk =, Varbna, 376:1

3:. U.N. Zavkiv-Dukkgar, guk sgctirukun 7, Cnbarn, 376:5

31:. S.U. Sncirscon, guk Sgctirukun 6, Uarackna, 376:7

311. N.N. @ubcu, ae`ubctuk acgstuna, 376:6

31=. B.N. Macabarn, guk sgctirukun


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Egkglan an Pgdstvgn `ueggbg pgbtru cikgctarga pieviaegkir n gxpg-engrga rgzgrvntnkir ka pubctgkg eg bcirpirarg0

3=3. S.N. Cogkdgbcnuc, vik. Ugkna, 3761?

3=5. A.N. Vikba, vik. Uarackna, 3761>

3=7. A.D. Vnbscon, ae`ubctuk egkglatukun, vik. Lura-Lakmgb, 376=:

3=6. N.E. Cizac-Uriabiv, vik. Cndnkna, 376=1

3=. A.N. Lrnlirngv, Sgctiruk 1, 376=5

33:. A.S. Zkacsnb, Sgctiruk 3, 376=7

331. S.Z. Uieiriv, Sgctiruk 5, 376=6

33=. S.N. E`nibat, Sgctiruk 7, 376=337. S.N. Ziaknkubln, Ugkna, g eg vikistg, 37631336. Z.S. Cirbnkgcon, Ugkna, cibipnst eg vikistg, 3663:

33

Sgctiruk cidubak =0

33?. N.Znpnrnc, Cugbn, g eg vikistg, 3763=

33>. N.E. Cgcab, Cugbn, cibipnst eg vikistg, 37655

35:. D. Zrvu, Uarackna, g eg vikistg, 37633

AB]D, F. =, nbv. 1, e. >577, f. 7=.


63/254


351. D. Zielirbn, Uarackna, cibipnst eg vikistg, 37653

Sgctiruk cidubak 30

35=. C.A. Citgkga, Amackna, g eg vikistg, 37635

353. V.N. Skavnilki, Amackna, cibipnst eg vikistg, 3763=

355. N.E. Cilut, Cnaer-Kubla, cibipnst eg vikistg, 37651

Sgctiruk cidubak 50

357. N. Vgkgv, Cidrat, g eg vikistg, 37637

356. P. Pkativ, Cidrat, cibipnst eg vikistg, 3765:

35

35?. Z. Lrnlirngv, Cndnkna, g eg vikistg, 3763535>. D. Zikncnuc, Cndnkna, cibipnst eg vikistg, 37657

37:. S. Dnoag, Cndnkna, asgsir eg vikistg, 3765?

Sgctiruk cidubak 70

371. A.L. Zkacnbta, Lura Lakmgb, g eg vikistg, 3763. B.D. Bgcgan-Lruzgvncn, guk dnkntar ak `uegukun, 3


65/254


3

3?>. D.L. Cadgstr, Staknbgtn, 3>

3>:. Z.L. Dgkbnc, Knpcabn, 31. V.V. Kalinci, ]ucnb, 3=. U.V. Bivnbscon, Lriznbn, 33. S.V. Vnmieivscon, Mrncgbn, 35. E.A. Cvabsn, Genbg, 37. D.G. Darcicn, Sgcurgbn, 36. N.D. Lirmuknbscon, ]idbcun, 3

3>>. N.F. Narndgcon, Sgctiruk 3, 31

5::. E.N. Ditab, Sgctiruk 5, 3:

?3 AB]D, F. =, nbv. 1, e. >577, f. 7? vgrsi.


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5:1. Z.Z. Enegcnci, Sgctiruk 7, 3=

5:=. A.V. Cgcab, Sgctiruk 6, 33

5:3. S.C. Cibivnzci, ae`ubctuk gukun Sgctiruk , 365:6. D.L. Unoibiv, Sgctiruk 1:, 3


67/254


@WEGWK AHHG]DAB

5=:. A.A. Narigvncn, guk Wpravgn eg Pgdstv a `ue. Ahhgr-

dab, 3?


68/254

(Cukglgrg eg stuenn n artncikg) 615-1>1?)6?

57


70/254


Cibipntn eg vikistg0

5?:. N.F. Murkaciv, Akgxaberivca, 3?666

5?1. N.U. Zieust, Acdablont, 3?667

5?=. O.D. Gredab, Arnz, 3?665

5?3. S.V. Lusgv, Miklarna, 3?6635?5. N.A. Stgpabiv, Viegbn, 3?66=

5?7. S.N. Carine, Vikibtnrivca, 3?661

5?6. D.V. Sgdgbiv, Envnznu, 3?66:

5?

5??. Z.F. Salativncn, Nvabivca-]us, 3?. N.N. anmkg, Ckgastna, 3?675??

5>:. A.A. Gredab, Crasbnbsca, 3?67?

5>1. V.A. Lirabivscon, Cumgn, 3?67=. V.B. ]makca, Cukgvcga, 3?676

5>3. F.D. Frgn, Cukd, 3?677

5>5. F.A. Datns, Kgnpznl, 3?673

5>7. B.N. Cnrnttgr, Daki-Nariskavg, 3?67=5>6. N.V. Mgotkg, Baeg`ea, 3?671

5>

5>?. B.C. Dakngvscon, Zakabca, 3?67:

5>>. B.E. Eralabnuc, Zabeackna, 3?6


71/254

Z]NDWK ]PMIN DIBENAK N MASA]AMNA (1>15-1>1?)

71:. S.O. Pavrac, Uatar-Cipcgabca, 3?63?711. ].A. ]anciv, Uakc, 3?63

7=:. L.G. Sciriconr`a, Viegbn, 3?6=?

7=1. D.F. Stgiabiv, Vikibtnrivca, 3?6=

7=5. L.G. ]icnupconb, Nvabivca-]us, 3?6=5

7=7. D.N. Daddgk, Ckgastna, 3?6=3

7=6. A.N. Logeac, Crasbnbsca, 3?6==

7=1

7=>. L.O. Lriss, Cukd, 3?6>=

73:. D.E. ]aecog, Kgnpznl, 3?6>3

731. O.F. Logngr, Daki-Nariskavg, 3?6>5

?> AB]D, F. =, nbv. 1, e. >577, f. 63 vgrsi.


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733. B.A. Cukncivscon, Bncikagvca-Bivirisnnscana, 3?6>5

735. S.A. Zistnca, Zakabca, 3?6>?

736. V.D. Mrgntcrgn, Zarns, 3?6>>73


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74/254

(Cukglgrg eg stuenn n artncikg) 3 AB]D, F. =, nbv. 1, e. >577, f. >3.


75/254

Z]NDWK ]PMIN DIBENAK N MASA]AMNA (1>15-1>1?)15. Ugsg knsts akkiw us ti crgatg a cibckusnvgpncturg bit ibky ib toisg woi partncnpatge nb pgrsib nb togirlabnzatnib if dimnknzatnib, mut aksi ib oiw nt was cibeuctge.

Ug abakysns if tog knsts kgt us cibckueg toat a da`ir rikg nb togdimnknzatnib was pkayge my sgkf-dabalgdgbt miengs if togbimnknty, fikkiwge my lumgrbatirnak abe kicak aednbnstratnibs(ciubty, tiwb, vikist abe vnkkalg), cigrcnvg, dgencak abe sabntary-

vgtgrnbary nbstntutnibs abe miengs, Pgdstvi.


76/254

(Cukglgrg eg stuenn n artncikg) 15, pgbtru a pritg`a Sgrmna, n nbstntunrga strnn eg rzmin

b lumgrbnnkg aatg b apripngrg eg knbna fribtukun, nbckusnv bMasaramna, autirntnkg Ndpgrnukun ]us au nbnnat i cadpabngeg nbcntarg a spnrntukun rzminbnc n a patrnitnsdukun ndpgrnakrusgsc. b Masaramna acgast cadpabng a fist irngbtat nbnnak bueiar dpitrnva bgsufgrnnkir bgdn, cn n dpitrnva prndg`engnridbgtn. b parakgk cu pgrsgcunnkg supunkir run eg gtbng

lgrdab enb Masaramna1

, au fist argstatg n abcogtatg i sgrng egpgrsibakntn eg gtbng ridb, carg aprgcnau gvgbndgbtgkg pikntncgenb rglnubg aktfgk egct autirntnkg arnstg n, egcn, rgprgzgbtau ubpgrncik pgbtru knbntga sicnak a Ndpgrnukun ]us. Fgbidgbuk bugra biu. itun, b pgrniaea rzminukun, suspncnubga n nbtikgrabaatnbsgsg citg daxndg, egtgrdnbbe nbtgbsnficarga pgrsgcunnkir. Bg

vid rgfgrn, b rbeurnkg eg dan is, ka ub caz cg k-a vnzat pg EabngkCnulurgabu vnntir prnd-dnbnstru ak ]gpumkncnn EgdicratncgDikeivgbgtn (nabuarng 1>1?), nar apin, eg dan duktg irn, dnbnstrub luvgrbgkg cgbtrakg eg ka Mucurgtn.

1 Vntakng Vratgc, Zikntnca ]usngn fa eg lgrdabnn masaramgbn b 1>15-1>17 , ]gvnsta Nstirnc, br.

>-1:, sgptgdmrng-ictidmrng, 1>>3, p. ?-??7.


77/254

Z]NDWK ]PMIN DIBENAK N MASA]AMNA (1>15-1>1?)17, cirbgtuk Cirpukun eg@abeardn, Hbnlivshn, b tgdgnuk artncikukun =3 ak ]glukadgbtukuncu prnvnrg ka kicakntnkg egckaratg b starg eg rzmin, k-a cogstnibat pgArcaen Zrioirgbhi, sgcrgtar ak Cibsnknukun eg Pgdstv enb uegukConnbu. Egscrnnbe cnrcudstabgkg cazukun, Arcaen Zrioirgbhi argkatat c, b caeruk ubgn enscunn bgificnakg, ka carg au fist prgzgbn

n fubcnibarnn Pgdstvgn Sgrlogn Hioabshn n Cibstabtnb Crnstn,k-a btrgmat pg Eabngk Cnulurgabu (tin partncnpabnn ka enscungtnau c E. Cnulurgabu cntga rglukat znargkg ridbgtn) egsprgstrnkg eg spnrnt enb ]idbna n eac, gvgbtuak, ]idbna va nbtrab rzmin dpitrnva ]usngn. Eabngk Cnulurgabu a rspubs0 enbpcatg, ]idbna sg va ndpknca b rzmin bu dpitrnva biastr,

cn dpitrnva Austrngn (eic. br. 1 n br. 5). Ka rbeuk kun, SgrlognHioabshn, gf ak Sgcngn bvdbt Zumknc b caeruk Cibsnknukuneg Pgdstv ak `uegukun Connbu, nbtgrilat ka 3 aulust 1>17, adrturnsnt0 eidbuk Cglirgab a ristnt i fraz, a crun cibnbuts-a rgzudat aprixndatnv ka urdtiargkg0 Cu rglrgt, ]idbna gstgimknlat s dgarl dpitrnva Austrngn (eic. br. = n br. 7). Wktnduk

dartir, bimnkuk Cibstabtnb Crnstn, rgvnzir ak Zitgkir eg Pgdstvb caeruk Cibsnknukun eg Pgdstv ak uegukun Connbu, cogstnibatn gk ka 3 aulust, a rgkatat0 Cglirgab a rspubs0 Enb pcatg,]idbna sg va ndpknca bu dpitrnva, cn b faviarga biastr (eic.br. = n br. 7). b sfrnt, ka =7 aulust 1>17 a fist nbtgrilat, b cakntatgeg suspgct, Eabngk Cnulurgabu, dgenc eg zgdstv enb Obcgtn,

`ueguk Connbu, carg a bglat c a ristnt fraza nbcrndnbat, gk


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79/254



80/254


caeruk crgna au fist cibfiscatg trgn mriurn rgvikunibarg,ub rglnstru cu bitng n cu pricgsgkg-vgrmakg akg AsicnangnMasaramgbnkir, trgn mkicbitgsurn n scrnsirnkg gx-ùegctirukuniraukun Mkn, Niab Zgknvab, b carg acgsta pridiva curgbtuk

banibak-dikeivgbgsc. Cu acgast icazng, Enrgcna eg @abeardnenb Hngv a gfgctuat i nbvgstnlang, bs, b didgbtuk cbecikibgkuk Biremgrl gkamira Oitrrga, Enrgcna eg @abeardnenb Connbu bu avga nbfirdann rgfgrntiarg ka dieuk cud s-aegsfurat n cu cg s-a bcognat acgasta (eic. br. ?).

banbtg eg a sg prieucg enscuna enb camnbgtuk sgcrgtarukun

Cibsnknukun eg Pgdstv a ùegukun Connbu, ka 3: nabuarng 1>15,Enrgcna eg @abeardn a Lumgrbngn Masaramna imnbusg nbfirdann,eg ka algbnn sgcrgn, cibfird crira, b uktnduk tndp, b rbeurnkgubgn abudntg prn a nbtgkgctuakntnn masaramgbg, a apruttgbenba sprg autiegtgrdnbarg banibak n actnvntatg cukturakb dgenuk pipukangn dikeivgbgtn enb Masaramna. Zriditir ak

acgstgn tgbenbg gstg lrupuk eg pgrsiabg, fibeat eg curbe bùruk rgeacngn rgvnstgn Cuvbt Dikeivgbgsc, gentat ka Connbub kndma dikeivgbgasc. b cakntatg eg ridbifik, Cglirgab, egasgdgbga, facg partg enb lrupuk rgspgctnv (eic. br. ?).

b ipnbna cikibgkukun Biremgrl, nbfirdannkg acudukatg bcaeruk abcogtgn egdibstrau c Eabngk Cnulurgabu, enb pubct eg

vgegrg pikntnc, bu piatg fi tratat cu bcrgegrg. Eg acgga, dgencukunenb Obcgtn trgmuna s n sg nbtgrznc aarga pg dan egpartg btgrntirnuk Lumgrbngn Masaramna pg eurata fubcnibrnn ancn a strnneg rzmin (eic. br. ?).

Ka 13 ictidmrng 1>17, gxadnbbe eisaruk abcogtgn pg darlnbga

cazukun kun Eabngk Cnulurgabu, gxpgenat eg gfuk Enrgcngn eg


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Z]NDWK ]PMIN DIBENAK N MASA]AMNA (1>15-1>1?)?:

@abeardn a Lumgrbngn Masaramna, luvgrbatiruk Masaramngn, D.Viribivncn, a a`ubs ka cu tituk aktg cibckuznn egct cikibgkukBiremgrl. Kube b cibt faptuk c b caeruk abcogtgn afirdanaatrnmunt kun Cglirgab bu a putut fi primat enb cauza egckarannkir

cibtraenctirnn akg dartirnkir bidnbaknzan n a bglrnn catglirncgeg ctrg Cglirgab a faptgkir cg n sg nbcrndnbgaz, bglsnbe bcibnbutuk abcogtgn gfgctuatg tgdgnurn pgbtru a-k egckara pgCglirgab bgegdb eg bcrgegrg pikntnc, oitrsc0

A bcogna cirgspibegba cu prnvnrg ka abcogtarga bcrgegrnnpikntncg b cazuk kun Eabnnk Akgxaberivncn Cglirgab b knpsa

irncrir cibsgcnbg pgbtru gk. b acgast prnvnb, ieat curgturbarga cirgspibegbgn, va fi nbfirdat gfuk Enrgcngn eg@abeardn a Lumgrbngn Masaramna (eic. br. 1:-11).

b acggan zn, cikibgkuk Biremgrl a gxpgenat i aergs sgcrgtenrgctirukun Egpartadgbtukun eg Ziknng b carg, eg fapt, n gxprndaegzacireuk cu egcnzna kuat eg luvgrbatir b cazuk kun EabngkCnulurgabu. Eup cud sg piatg egeucg, cikibgkuk Biremgrl bu afist eg acire cu oitrrga luvgrbatirukun enb dan duktg ditnvg0dartirnn grau pgrsiabg nbtgknlgbtg, avgau ub cidpirtadgbtnrgpriamnk, bu sg aau b cibnct cu Eabngk Cnulurgabu, bu au

vgbnt enb priprng nbnnatnv ka Enrgcna eg @abeardn s egpubdrturnn, cn au fist cntan. b lgbgrak, cibtraencnnkg b egpiznnnkgdartirnkir, dgbnibatg eg luvgrbatir, grau eg stnk, bu eg cibnbut.b pkus, cirgspibegba cu ridbifikuk Niab Zgknvab k egdasca, egasgdgbga, n pg ridbifikuk Eabngk Cnulurgabu (eic. br. 1=)

Enb pcatg, b eisaruk eg aronv s-a pstrat eiar cnirba,egiargcg eicudgbtuk bu arg budr eg ngnrg, bu gstg sgdbat,

nar b duktg kicurn gstg rgeactat. Wktnduk aknbnat ak eicudgbtukun


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(Cukglgrg eg stuenn n artncikg) ?1

rgspgctnv gstg tnat cu crgnibuk n, egcn, bu putgd fi snlurn c a fistnbckus b varnabta fibak. k cntd, titun, b rbeurnkg eg dan `is,finbec nbfirdana gstg eg nbtgrgs pumknc n rggct dgbtakntatgacikibgkukun Biremgrl, gfuk ubgn nbstntunn cu ub darg ndpact

asupra vngnn sicnakg enb Masaramna. Cazuk rgspgctnv a avut ub karlrsubgt. Zrioirgbhi a fist supus iprimrnukun pumknc, pubbeu-sg primkgda gxckuegrnn sakg, ca egbubtir dnbcnbis, enb mrgaskaasnstgbnkir eg avican. Sg prgsupubg c b cibnctuk nscat b acgastprnvnb btrg Zrioirgbhi n Durafa va fi ndpkncat cidnsna egarmntra`. Astfgk, s-a crgat sntuana b carg i pgrsiab, autinegbtnficat

ca finbe eg gtbng rus, egn cibsnegr c bsn priprna cibtnnbn enctgaz s egpub drturnn vgrnencg, gstg prgzgbtat b rik egnbcukpat, b tndp cg i pgrsiab, dabnfgstbeu-sg ca ub gkgdgbtistnk statukun, conar eac arg cgtgbng rus, gstg scutnt eg pgegapsbtr-i pgrniae att eg tgbsnibat pgbtru rglnubg (eic. br. 1=).

Acgst uktnd pasa`, prnb carg cikibgkuk Biremgrl a rgckadat, eg

fapt, sntuana cbe ub patrnit rus a fist bgergptnt, nar ub akilgb,gkgdgbt istnk statukun, - rgamnkntat, rggct gxact practnca curgbt afubcnibarnkir ndpgrnakn enb gpic carg cibsnegrau c patrnitnsdukrusgsc rgprgzgbta ubncuk crntgrnu b aprgcngrga cirgctntuenbnnlbenrnn n actnvntnn sicnakg, pikntncg sau banibakg a tuturirsupunkir Ndpgrnukun ]us, irncg akt ipnbng finbe catakilat ergpt

abtnrusgasc n sabcnibat. Eabngk Cnulurgabu, sprg egisgmnrg egcazuk Gkgba Aknstar sau gieir Cnuourgabu, a fist dan biricis,gk gvntbe argstarga n finbe abcogtat b starg eg knmgrtatg. Egn, bcgkg enb urd, tin trgn au scpat eg gxnk, asupra cruna nbsnstasgcikibgkuk Biremgrl, titun, Gkgba Aknstar a stat bcarcgrat 57 egznkg b bconsiarga enb Connbu, nar gieir Cnuourgabu a pgtrgcut


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Z]NDWK ]PMIN DIBENAK N MASA]AMNA (1>15-1>1?)?=

aptg kubn eg znkg b bconsiarga enb Mkn. Bu trgmung scpat enbvgegrg c fibakuk faviramnk ak uktndnkir ein s-a eatirat bu ùstnngnarnstg, cn nbtgrvgbngn ubir pgrsiabg cu nbugb n piatg, dukt danprimamnk, b rgzuktatuk dntunrnn ubir fubcnibarn ndpirtabn. Ir, bu

tin cgn carg sau pidgbnt b sntuana kun Eabngk Cnulurgabu sau aGkgbgn Aknstar n a kun gieir Cnuourgabu au fist ka fgk eg biricin.]idbifikuk Nustnb Frndab, prifgsir eg nstirng n lgilrafig kaciaka birdak enb Sirica, eg gxgdpku, eup cg b vara abukun 1>16a fist argstat n bcarcgrat ka bconsiarga enb Sirica, a fist gxnkat brglnubga urlansh n a putut rgvgbn b Masaramna eiar eup rgvikuna

enb fgmruarng 1>117, sumsgdbatuk Hbnlivshn, cirbgt ak Cirpukun eg@abeardn, b tgdgnuk artncikukun =3 ak ]glukadgbtukun cu prnvnrgka kicakntnkg egckaratg b starg eg rzmin, ad cogstnibat pgrsiababidnbaknzat dan ìs carg a egpus urdtiargkg drturnn.

D budgsc Arcaen Lrnlirngvncn Zrioirgbhi, ad => eg abn,

eg cibfgsnubg crgtnb irtieix, actnvgz b fubcng eg sgcrgtar akCibsnknukun eg Pgdstv ak ùegukun Connbu. Subt eidncnknat bConnbu, b cartngruk Dknba Dnc, b casa dgencukun Hizkivshn.

Ka btrgmrnkg cg dn-au fist aergsatg rspube eup cud urdgaz.

Aprixndatnv ka fibgkg kubnn nubng sau ka bcgputuk kubnn nukngcurgbt, b mnriuk dgu eg ka sgenuk Cibsnknukun eg Pgdstv ak


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ùegukun Connbu, b irgkg eg kucru, a nbtrat cu bntg cogstnubn egsgrvncnu eictiruk eg zgdstv enb sgctiruk dgencak Obcgtn, E. A.Cglirgab. Eup fibaknzarga enscunnkir pg darlnbga cogstnubnkir egsgrvncnu gu, cubiscbe faptuk c Cglirgab imnbungtg s cntgasc

znargkg ridbgtn, k-ad btrgmat egsprg strnkg eg spnrnt enb ]idbnan egsprg i gvgbtuak nbtrarg b rzmin a acgstgna dpitrnva ]usngn.Ka btrgmarga b cauz Cglirgab a rspubs c, enb pcatg, ]idbnasg va ndpknca b rzmin bu dpitrnva biastr, cn dpitrnva Austrngn.Acgast afirdang a fist fcut b prgzgba fubcnibarnkir zgdstvgn0Sgrlogn Vasnkngvncn Hioabshn n Cibstabtnb Cibstabtnbivncn Crnstn.

Eup pkgcarga kun Cglirgab, gu n pgrsiabgkg bidnbaknzatg adavut i enscung pg darlnbga cidpirtadgbtukun rgvikttir ak kunCglirgab. Ad egcns s-k nbvntd pg Cglirgab n, enb budgkg tuturirablaànkir, s-n cgrgd ca, eg acud bciki, s bu-n dan pgrdntasgdgbga afirdann. b scurt tndp k-ad nbvntat pg Cglirgab n n-adtrabsdns egcnzna biastr. Ca rspubs, Cglirgab a afirdat c b

Pgdstv actnvgaz bntg merabn carg acnibgaz ca atarg. Eupcarg a ngnt enb mnriu. Eg ka acgst nbcnegbt Cglirgab bu a dan trgcutpraluk mnriukun dgu. Zb ka acgst caz, bu ad avut cu Cglirgabegct enscunn eg sgrvncnu n bu n-ad cubiscut cibvnblgrnkg. bs, enbenfgrntg zviburn, cubitgad c dprtgtg cibvnblgrn ridbifikg.

Sgcrgtar ak Cibsnknukun eg Pgdstv ak ùegukun Connbu, A.

Zrioirgbhi.Enb ctg dn adnbtgsc, pg Cglirgab k cogad Eabnnk

Akgxaberivncn. A. Zrioirgbhi

Sgdbat0 Cirbgt HbnlivshnAronva Banibak a ]gpumkncnn Dikeiva (AB]D), fibe =>


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Z]NDWK ]PMIN DIBENAK N MASA]AMNA (1>15-1>1?)?5

EICWDGBUWK B]. =. U]AEWCG]G ENB KNDMA ]WS

Zricgsuk-vgrmak br. =

Ka 3 aulust 1>17, sumsgdbatuk Hbnlivshn, cirbgt ak Cirpukun

eg @abeardn, b tgdgnuk artncikukun =3 ak ]glukadgbtukun cu prnvnrgka kicakntnkg aatg b starg eg rzmin, ad cogstnibat pgrsiabgkgbidnbaknzatg dan `is carg au egpus urdtiargkg drturnn.

1) D budgsc Sgrlogn Vasnkngvncn Hioabshn, ad 33 eg abn, egcibfgsnubg crgtnb irtieix, actnvgz b fubcna eg gf ak Sgcngnbvdbt Zumknc b caeruk Cibsnknukun eg Pgdstv ak `uegukun

Connbu. Subt eidncnknat b Connbu, straea Fnieiriv, br. 6


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fubcna eg rgvnzir ak Zitgkir eg Pgdstv b caeruk Cibsnknukun egPgdstv ak `uegukun Connbu. Subt eidncnknat b Connbu, straeaHupgcgshana, br. 37.


Acud i kub, i kub n udtatg, b mnriuk eg sgrvncnu ak sgcrgtarukunCibsnknukun, b prgzgba sgcrgtarukun A. Zrioirgbhi, a kun S. Hioabshnn a dga, cnbgva enbtrg bin k-a btrgmat pg eictiruk sgctirukun dgencakObcgtn, eidbuk Cglirgab, cg dan scrnu znargkg ridbgtn n eacbu cudva ]idbna nbtgbnibgaz s nbtrg b rzmin dpitrnva]usngn. Cglirgab a rspubs0 Enb pcatg, ]idbna sg va ndpknca bu

dpitrnva, cn b faviarga biastr. Ad bgkgs sgbsuk acgstgn frazgb fgkuk urdtir0 Cglirgab, carg cibsnegr c Lgrdabna va bvnblg]usna, sg tgdg c b acggan sntuang sg va pidgbn n ]idbna, eacsg va ndpknca b rzmin eg partga ]usngn, cgga cg pgbtru gk, b cakntatgeg ridbifik, ar prgzgbta i pgrspgctnv trnst.

Abtgrnir, bu ad auznt eg ka eictiruk Cglirgab bncni afirdang cargd-ar fi fcut s-k suspgctgz c ar avga i atntuenbg istnk fa eg ]usna,egn btitegauba n-a gxprndat priprnnkg sndpatnn fa eg ]idbna.b knbnn darn, eictiruk Cglirgab dprtgtg cibvnblgrga c, finbebzgstrat cu tgobnc pgrfirdabt, ciaknna lgrdab gstg cga carg vabvnblg.

Cibstabtnb CrnstnAB]D, fibe =>


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Z]NDWK ]PMIN DIBENAK N MASA]AMNA (1>15-1>1?)?6

EICWDGBUWK B]. 3. U]AEWCG]G ENB KNDMA ]WS

Cibfiegbnak

7 aulust 1>17

Ctrg Egpartadgbtuk Ziknngn, br. 1316>

Ctrg luvgrbatiruk Masaramngn, br. 131


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Br. 135:?

Ctrg Egpartadgbtuk Ziknngn

Bitnficarg cu prnvnrg ka nbnngrga cirgspibegbgn

1. Egbudnrga cirgspibegbgn0 cirgspibegba b prnvnbaeisarukun nbtgbtat kun Eabnnk Akgxaberivncn Cglirgab b tgdgnuk

artncikukun =3 ak ]glukadgbtukun cu prnvnrg ka kicakntnkg aatg bstarg eg rzmin.

=. Eata nbnngrnn cirgspibegbgn01: aulust 1>17.

3. Kicuk nbnngrnn cirgspibegbgn0 irauk Connbu.

5. Cnbg gfgctugaz abcogta n cnbg enb Zricuratur supravglogazegsfurarga acgstgna0 cirbgtuk Hbnlivshn enb caeruk Cirpukun

Spgcnak eg @abeardn.7. gdgnuk nbnngrnn cirgspibegbgn0 ka Enrgcng au parvgbnt

nbfirdann, prgcud c Cglirgab, btr-i enscung cu abla`annCibsnknukun eg Pgdstv ak `uegukun Connbu, Sgrlogn Hioabshnn Cibstabtnb Crnstn, finbe btrgmat eac ]idbna sg va ndpknca bacnubnkg dnkntarg, a rspubs c ea, bs, enb pcatg, bu dpitrnvabiastr, cn a Austrngn.

gf ak Enrgcngn eg @abeardn a

Lumgrbngn Masaramna Cikibgk BiremgrlAB]D, fibe =>


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Z]NDWK ]PMIN DIBENAK N MASA]AMNA (1>15-1>1?)??

EICWDGBUWK B]. 7. U]AEWCG]G ENB KNDMA ]WS

Zricgsuk-vgrmak br. 5

Ka 13 aulust 1>17, sumsgdbatuk Hbnlivshn, cirbgt ak Cirpukuneg @abeardn, b tgdgnuk artncikukun =3 ak ]glukadgbtukun cu prnvnrgka kicakntnkg egckaratg b starg eg rzmin, ad cogstnibat pgrsiababidnbaknzat dan ìs carg a egpus urdtiargkg drturnn.

D budgsc Arcaen Lrnlirngvncn Zrioirgbhi, ad => eg abn,eg cibfgsnubg crgtnb irtieix, actnvgz b fubcna eg sgcrgtar akCibsnknukun eg Pgdstv ak ùegukun Connbu. Subt eidncnknat bConnbu, b cartngruk Dknba Dnc, b casa kun Hizkivshn.


Ka bcgputuk kubnn nukng 1>17, b irgkg eg kucru, a nbtrat bmnriuk dgu cu bntg cogstnubn eg sgrvncnu eictiruk eg zgdstvcarg actnvgaz b sgctiruk dgencak Obcgtn, Eabnnk AkgxaberivncnCglirgab. Eup cg ad sikunibat primkgdgkg cu carg s-a aergsat,

tnnbe c Cglirgab imnbungtg s cntgasc znargkg ridbgtn, k-adbtrgmat egsprg strnkg eg spnrnt enb ]idbna n egsprg i gvgbtuakndpkncarg a acgstgna b rzmin dpitrnva ]usngn. Cglirgab,b prgzgba kun Cibstabtnb Cibstabtnbivncn Crnstn n SgrlognVasnkngvncn Hioabshn, a rspubs c ]idbna, enb pcatg, bu sgva ndpknca dpitrnva ]usngn, cn a Austrngn. Atubcn, cgn prgzgbn,

iargcud egrutan, bu au spus bndnc, ear uktgrnir gu n fubcnibarnnbidnbaknzan, eup cg ad enscutat pg darlnbga cgkir btdpkatg,ad aùbs ka cibckuzna c, pgbtru a prgvgbn n stipa eg acud bcikiasgdgbga virmg, gu ar trgmun s-k nbvnt pg Cglirgab n s-n spubc ablaànn bu vir dan tikgra acgst lgb eg afirdann, egiargcg gkgkivgsc b sgbtndgbtgkg biastrg patrnitncg. Eup ub abudnt tndp,

Cglirgab a vgbnt enb biu ka mnriu n atubcn k-ad nbfirdat egsprg


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(Cukglgrg eg stuenn n artncikg) ?>

egcnzna ablaànkir. Ergpt rspubs, Cglirgab a spus c rgspgctnvnnablaàn subt bntg dnticabn n c pricgegaz ca atarg. Eup carga pkgcat. Eg atubcn, Cglirgab bu a dan pnt praluk mnriukun dgu.Bu tnu cg fgk eg id gstg, eg asgdgbga bu-n cubisc cibvnblgrnkg,

ear sg zvibgtg c gstg ridbifik. Ka cgkg cidubncatg bu dan adbndnc eg aeulat.

Sgcrgtar ak Cibsnknukun eg Pgdstv ak ùegukun Connbu, ArcaenZrioirgbhi.

Sgdbat0 Cirbgt HbnlivshnAB]D, fibe =>17, sumsgdbatuk Hbnlivshn, cirbgt b caerukCirpukun eg @abeardn, b tgdgnuk artncikukun =3 ak ]glukadgbtukun

cu prnvnrg ka kicakntnkg aatg b starg eg rzmin, ad cogstnibatpgrsiabgkg bidnbaknzatg dan is carg au egpus urdtiargkg drturnn.

1) D budgsc Cibstabtnb Cibstabtnbivncn Crnstn, ad 5< eg abn,eg cibfgsnubg crgtnb irtieix, eg bgad bimnk, actnvgz b fubcngeg rgvnzir ak Zitgkir Gcvgstrg eg Pgdstv b caeruk Cibsnknukun egPgdstv ak ùegukun Connbu.


Acud i kub sau i kub n ùdtatg, b mnriuk sgcrgtarukunCibsnknukun eg Pgdstv ak uegukun Connbu, b tndpuk ubgn enscunn,eictiruk Cglirgab a ristnt urdtiarga fraz0 Enb pcatg, ]idbnasg va ndpknca b rzmin bu dpitrnva, cn eg partga ]usngn. Acgast

fraz a vgbnt ca rspubs ka btrgmarga ubuna enbtrg cgn prgzgbn (bu-


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Z]NDWK ]PMIN DIBENAK N MASA]AMNA (1>15-1>1?)>:

dn adnbtgsc a cun abudg) rgfgrntiarg ka cg scrnu znargkg ridbgtn,pg carg imnbungtg s kg cntgasc eictiruk Cglirgab. Lbeukgxprndat prnb acga fraz k-ad bgkgs b sgbsuk rglrgtukun pgbtrufaptuk c ]idbna va fi zerimnt eg Lgrdabna n asta egiargcg, b

pricgsuk enscungn, eictiruk Cglirgab a afirdat c gstg fiartg lrgus ipun rgznstgb b faa tgobncnn bgdgtn8 eac, titun, darnkg statgar putga s rgugasc, atubcn ]idbna, cu snlurab, bu va facg faacgstgn sarcnbn. Cglirgab a dan spus c n parg ru pgbtru ]idbna,egiargcg i numgtg. Frazg ruvintiarg b aergsa ]usngn bu ad auznt sfi spus. Zrgzgbn ka acgast enscung au dan fist sgcrgtaruk Cibsnknukun

eg Pgdstv A. L. Zrioirgbhi n S. V. Hioabshn.Ka ctgva znkg eup acgst caz, ad aat eg ka A. L. Zrioirgbhi

cud c atubcn cbe n-a spus eictirukun Cglirgab c bu dan eirnds auznd asgdgbga frazg, carg bg pit cauza eiar bgpkcgrn, gk bg-abudnt merabn.

Cibstabtnb Crnstn

=) D budgsc Sgrlogn Vasnkngvncn Hioabshn, ad 33 eg abn n`udtatg, eg cibfgsnubg crgtnb irtieix, subt eg bgad bimnk, actnvgzb fubcna eg gf ak Sgcngn bvdbt Zumknc b caeruk Cibsnknukun egPgdstv ak `uegukun Connbu. Subt eidncnknat b Connbu, straeaFnieiriv, br. 6


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(Cukglgrg eg stuenn n artncikg) >1

va fi bgvint s sg ndpkncg b rzmin dpitrnva Austrngn. Cibnbutukgxact ak acgstgn frazg bu dn-k adnbtgsc. Eg asgdgbga, ka didgbtukeg fa b

Primul Război Mondial şi Basarabia

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