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The influence of Spanish

on American English


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The influence of Spanish on AmericanEnglish Spanish has influenced on American English almost

since the first British settlements on the Eastern

Coast of the nowadays United States. Even the firsteuropean man to be at the nowadays territory ofUSA was Juan Ponce de Len who discoveredFlorida in 1513 almost 100 years before Jamestown(1607). The first longlasting settlement was San

Agustin, also in Florida, founded by PedroMenndez de Avils in 1565. The influence on the language was at the beginning

limited to the new crops the Spanish conquerorsdiscovered in the New World.


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The influence of Spanish on AmericanEnglish As for the ONLINE ETIMOLOGY DICTIONARY,

words such as: Tomato, Potato, Chile, Maize,Tobacco or Pimento go back to as early date asmiddle XVIIth century and first reference tochocolate is of 1600.

Those crops were new for Europeans and theyadopted the Spanish version of their originalnames in Nahuatl or Quechua.


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The in fluence of Spanish on American

English We should not forget that

Spain was the superpower foralmost two centuries, thosethat go from the beginning of

XVIth to the end of XVIIth. The attempt of Spanish King,and former King consort ofEngland, Philip II to invadethe British Islands during thereign of his sister in lawElizabeth I produced theentrance into English ofsailing related words such as:Armada, breeze, comrade orgalleon.


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The influence of Spanish on American

English From the British Isles,

these words passed to

the American Coloniessince the settlersneeded to cross sailingthe Ocean to the New

Continent. The PilgrimFathers arrived intoPlymouth,Massachussets, in 1621.


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The influence of Spanish on AmericanEnglish

There they found a land of wonders full of unknown

plants and animals such as: Puma, Condor, Mosquito,Llama, Iguana, Coyote, Zorro, Barracuda orCockroach from Spanish Cucaracha, quoted byCaptain John Smith as early as in 1624, while he was

in Virginia.


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The influence of Spanish on AmericanEnglish Let us read what the Online Etymology Dictionary

says about the word: Cannibal

1550s, from Sp. canibal "a savage, cannibal," fromCaniba, Christopher Columbus' rendition of theCaribs' name for themselves (see Caribbean). Thenatives were believed to be anthropophagites.Columbus, seeking evidence that he was in Asia,

thought the name meant the natives were subjects ofthe Great Khan. Shakespeare's Caliban (in "TheTempest") is a version of this word, with -n- and -l-interchanged, found in Hakluyt's "Voyages" (1599).The Spanish word had reached French by 1515.
http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Caribbeanhttp://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Caribbean


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The influence of Spanish on AmericanEnglish According to Aleksander Chubarov, American and

British had been diverging from the moment the

first English-speaking settlers arrived in NorthAmerica

There were variations in American English whichwere unknown in Britain, and variations in British

English which were unknown in America Maybe it was because of Spanish, French and Native

American Languages influence as well as the hugedistance between both of them.


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The influence of Spanish on AmericanEnglish As the West was hung, many words of Spanish

origin enhanced American English, since those

lands had belonged during centuries to the SpanishCrown.

We can see the Spanish colonial origin in manytoponyms throughout southern and western States,from Florida to California, and from Texas toColorado. Notice that even Alaska has some enclaveswith Spanish toponyms such as Valdez orMalaspina, after the seamen that discovered thoselands.


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The influence of Spanish on AmericanEnglish At this time, many words from rural life and

cattle raising got into American English. Wordssuch as: Burro, Mustang, Caballero, Arroyo,Canyon, Chaparral, Commando, Desperado,Tornado, Fiesta, Guerrilla, Hackamore, Hombre,

Lariat, Lasso, Peon, Plaza, Ranch, Silo,Patio,Stampede or Temblor for Earthquake orthe gallant Senorita for Young Lady.


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The influence of Spanish on AmericanEnglish The last important source of Spanish vocabulary

into the USA has been the work of Nobel Price of

Literature, Ernest Hemingway since it is wellknown his possition on defending Spanishculture. The online Etymology Dictionary proves

as his the introduction of words and expressionssuch as : Fifth column, salud, nada, cojones orMargarita (for the famous cocktail after RitaHayworth).


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The influence of Spanish on AmericanEnglish But since a Language is a living entity, this is not

the end.

There are many words of Spanish origin that areprogressively infiltrating in American ordinarylife, maybe because of Latin immigration intothe USA. Other words related to ethnical dishes

which are popular are: cerveza, quesadilla, salsa(for both: sauce and Latin Jazz), burrito,chimichanga, fajita, jalapeo, guacamole.


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The influence of Spanish on AmericanEnglish Here we should add those related to cultural

expressions, dance and music.

Words such as: Mambo, Bolero, Salsa,Flamenco, Fiesta, Matador, Macho andMachismo have become popular in nowadaysconversations.

Let us see what the Online English EtymologyDictionary says about Lolita, which is diminutivefor Spanish christian name Dolores (Lola).


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The influence of Spanish on AmericanEnglish Lolita

fem. proper name, dim. of Lola. Title and nameof character in the 1958 novel by VladimirNabokov (1899-1977) about a precociousschoolgirl seduced by an older man; by 1960 the

name was in widespread fig. use.
http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Lolitahttp://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Lolita


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The influence of Spanish on AmericanEnglish This influence is not only limited to Lexic, but it

is also spread to grammar constructions.

Nowadays is becoming more and more usual tohear double negatives in American English, like:I dont want nothing, what is a loan translation

of Spanish expression: No quiero nada.


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According to Wolfram and Schilling-Estes, in

Chicano English, the reduction of consonant clustersat the end of words is more than in other vernaculardialects which can partly explain the amplitude ofthis feature in the text of Of Mice and Men, thatNobel Prize John Steinbeck situated in SouthernCalifornia, where the Spanish influence has alwaysbeen strong.

http//www.uta.fi/-johanna.e.seppala/steinbeck.htm


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The influence of Spanish on AmericanEnglish Vernacular language has a tendency to use

regularized forms instead of irregular forms asshown before with regularized past tense formknowed. Same phenomen can be seen with reflexivepronouns (Marckwardt 152, Wolfram and Schilling-Estes 189). Myself, yourself and ourselves begin withthe genitive pronouns my, your and our, whereashimself and themselves begin with the object formshim and them (Marckwardt 152). VernacularEnglish can insert the genitive form also into thirdperson as in the following sentence from Of Miceand Men.

This ol dog jus suffers hisself all the time.(49)


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The influence of Spanish on AmericanEnglish According as well to the same authors, Many

vernacular dialects in the United States use astructure called double negative-or multiple

negation or negative concord (Wolfram andSchilling-Estes 52). Of Mice and Mentoo hasseveral examples of having two negative markers inone sentence. These double negatives are used by allthe characters in the book, even the boss at theranch.

Well, we aintgot no ketchup.(8) Bien,nonosquedanadade ketchupThey dontbelong no place.(15) Nopertenecen aningnlugarIt wasntnothing.(42) Nofue nadaor Nopas

nada


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The influence of Spanish on AmericanEnglish To all this we should add the increasing income

of regional Latin expressions, specially in some

suburbs of New York, Miami or Los Angeles, andthat have, mainly, Caribbean (Cuba, Puerto Ricoor the Dominican Republic) or Mexican origin.

It is quite common there to hear expressions

quite difficult to translate such as: Pana thatwould be similar to friend, comrade or buddy (aNorthamerican word)/mate (a British word)


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The influence of Spanish on AmericanEnglish According to Robert Manzanares, Councelor for

the American Embassy in Spain, The Spanish

language in the United States is not only alanguage of immigrants, it is also the mothertongue of the Puerto Ricans, who are USAcitizens...It is estimated that for 2050 the

hispanic population in the USA will be of 100million, about the fourth of the total. http://juantornoe.blogs.com/hispanictrending/

2006/05/el_futuro_del_e.html
http://juantornoe.blogs.com/hispanictrending/2006/05/el_futuro_del_e.htmlhttp://juantornoe.blogs.com/hispanictrending/2006/05/el_futuro_del_e.htmlhttp://juantornoe.blogs.com/hispanictrending/2006/05/el_futuro_del_e.htmlhttp://juantornoe.blogs.com/hispanictrending/2006/05/el_futuro_del_e.html


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The influence of Spanish on AmericanEnglish According to Atanasio Herranz, from the

Honduran Academy, The Spanish in the USA

acquires the characteristics of total, global,neutral language; a standard dialect, a uniquevariety of sinthesis, not of control of a dialectover another and that tends to understanting

and negotiation.

http://juantornoe.blogs.com/hispanictrending/2006/05/el_futuro_del_e.html
http://juantornoe.blogs.com/hispanictrending/2006/05/el_futuro_del_e.htmlhttp://juantornoe.blogs.com/hispanictrending/2006/05/el_futuro_del_e.htmlhttp://juantornoe.blogs.com/hispanictrending/2006/05/el_futuro_del_e.htmlhttp://juantornoe.blogs.com/hispanictrending/2006/05/el_futuro_del_e.html


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The influence of Spanish on AmericanEnglish Nowadays, the USA have got the second most

important Spanish speaking community in the

world after Mexico, and before Spain, Colombiaand Argentina.

It is also the second most spoken language in the

city of New York, the most studied foreignlanguage and the mother tongue for more thantwo million of its inhabitants.


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The influence of Spanish on AmericanEnglish It is also the second most spoken language in 43

states of the USA as well as the District of

Columbia. Besides, many of the USA institutions apply

bilinguism as a rule on their web-sites, such as

The Government, The White House or theNational Medicine Library.


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New Mexico is one of the few states where there

are non-immigrant population whose mothertongue is Spanish, however, the Spanish is notone of the official languages of that state.

Josep Antoni Bravo i Sbies


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The influence of Spanish on AmericanEnglish List of references: http://juantornoe.blogs.com/hispanictrending/

2006/05/el_futuro_del_e.html http://www.codex99.com/list/images/hemingway_sm.jpg

http://www.uta.fi/~johanna.e.seppala/steinbeck.htm

http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia http://etymonline.com http://1066andallthat.com/english_modern/am

erican_story_01.asp
http://juantornoe.blogs.com/hispanictrending/2006/05/el_futuro_del_e.htmlhttp://juantornoe.blogs.com/hispanictrending/2006/05/el_futuro_del_e.htmlhttp://www.codex99.com/list/images/hemingway_sm.jpghttp://www.codex99.com/list/images/hemingway_sm.jpghttp://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipediahttp://etymonline.com/http://etymonline.com/http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipediahttp://www.codex99.com/list/images/hemingway_sm.jpghttp://www.codex99.com/list/images/hemingway_sm.jpghttp://juantornoe.blogs.com/hispanictrending/2006/05/el_futuro_del_e.htmlhttp://juantornoe.blogs.com/hispanictrending/2006/05/el_futuro_del_e.html

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