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Cand veti termina de studiat acest volum veti putea sa:

Formulati pluralul substantivelor si sa detectati genul cuvintelor.

Folositi corect principalele timpuri verbale.

Explicati de ce engleza pe care o vorbiti va fi cu atat mai interesanta cu cat veti putea folosi mai multe cuvinte descriptive.

CUPRINS

SELECTION 1 METODE DE STUDIU 3 Citire, ascultare, scriere

SELECTION 2 CUVINTE 5

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Singularul si pluralulGenul cuvintelorAcum, mai tarziu sau saptamana trecutaCuvinte descriptiveCuvinte pentru indicarea cantitatii

UNIT 1 REVISION: Plurals. Gender of Words.Now, Yesterday or Tomorrow?PresentSimple

UNIT 2 Descriptive Words 15

UNIT 3 The Future Tense-Simple Future 19

UNIT 4 Present Perfect 21

UNIT 5 Simple Present Continous 25 AndSimple Past Continous

UNIT 6 Present perfect Continous 29

METODE DE STUDIUSTUDIEREA CURSULUIStudiul

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Acesta este primul din cele trei volume de studiu Telemarketing Promotion care ofera o introducere facila in folosirea limbii engleze , pentru cei fara prea multe cunostinte in domeniu. Este de asemenea un excelent curs de recapitulare pentru cei care au terminat scoala cu multi ani in urma si care au uitat multe din cunostintele acumulate.

Veti vedea ca in aceste volume preliminare , in majoritatea exemplelor date sunt folosite numai cuvinte simple. Gramatica este de asemenea explicata intr-un mod simplu , fara a va solicita sa invatati prea multi termeni de specialitate.

Dupa ce veti fi studiat cu atentie aceste trei volume, lucrand fiecare set de verificari, pe masura ce ajungeti la ele in timplul studierii cursului, veti fi invatat suficient pentru a va exprima corect si clar in limba engleza.

Fiecare mapa de curs contine un numar de 10 teste, care constituie o parte importanta a studiului dumneavoastra. Fiecare test trebuie rezolvat integral in scris si trimis spre corectare indrumatorului personal. In acest fel, va verificati pas cu pas cunostintele acumulate.

In aproape fiecare casa se afla un dictionar englez roman si orice student care nu are acasa unul poate face rost. Tineti dictionarul langa dumneavoastra in timp ce studiati sau cititi.

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Folositi-va si timpul liber pentru a citi, nu numai perioadele de studiu. In timp ce cititi, invatati cuvintele noi si modul in care ele se inlantuie in fraze. Astfel, capacitatea dumneavoastra de a intelege engleza creste. Este foarte important sa cititi: cititi articole din ziare si reviste chiar si reclame, desi acestea nu sunt totdeauna un ghid de incredere pentru o engleza mai buna.

Faceti din ascultarea limbii engleze, ori de cate ori este posibil, o parte a studiului dumneavoastra. Daca ascultati la radio sau la televizor, veti invata mai multe cuvinte, cum sa le legati intre ele si cum sa le pronuntati corect. A asculta si a sta de vorba cu alte persoane este un alt exercitiu, dar aici exista in cele mai multe tari o dificultate, intru-cat nu toti oamenii pronunta la fel, diferentele depinzand in primul rand de zona de origine a persoanelor in cauza. Dumneavoastra trebuie sa invatati sa scrieti si sa vorbiti engleza standard, adica acea forma a englezei care nu prezinta variatii regionale. Nu exista in engleza standard cuvinte sau structuri gramaticale care sa nu fie folosite in tarile unde se vorbeste engleza ca limba nativa. Cand vorbim familiar, folosim probabil cuvinte specifice zonei in care traim; dar dumneavoastra trebuie sa invatati sa scrieti si sa vorbiti engleza standard. De asemenea, oamenii fac greseli in vorbirea englezei; trebuie sa invatati sa depistati aceste greseli, astfel incat sa nu le repetati. In sfarsit, engleza vorbita si cea scrisa nu sunt absolut identice; putem vorbi mai liber, mai familiar decat scriem.

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Citind, ascultand si vorbind puteti invata nu numai cuvinte, ci si cum sa le folositi in fraze, dar este chiar mai important sa exersati folosind aceste cuvinte pentru a va exprima propriile idei. Incercati sa folositi cuvintele noi pe care le auziti sau le cititi si curand va veti da seama ca puteti sa va scrieti propriile ganduri.

Ar fi inutil sa invatati cum se scrie sau cum suna un cuvant, daca nu stiti si ce inseamna: in aceasta consta ajutorul dictionarului. Trebuie sa fiti pregatiti pentru o munca grea si constanta, dar asigurati-va ca stiti intelesul fiecarui cuvant nou si in acest fel veti putea sa-l folositi corect.

SINGULARUL SI PLURALUL

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Ce sunt cuvintele?

Cuvantul este reprezentat de un sunet sau un grup de sunete Prin care toti membrii unui grup inteleg acelas lucru. Limba reprezinta totalitatea cuvintelor.

Cand scriem, folosim litere pentru a nota sunetele cuvintelor. Fiecare sunet existent intr-o limba poate fi reprezentat de o anumita litera sau de un grup de litere. Scrierea s-a dezvoltat probabil intr-un mod similar limbii vorbite. La inceput, se pare ca oamenii comunicau unul cu altul prin desene. In timp desenele au ajuns sa reprezinte lucruri asociate cuvintelor, mai de graba decat obiectul propriu-zis. Astfel un soare desenat putea insemna caldura sau lumina. Prin repetitie, desenele s-ar fi simplificat din ce in ce mai mult, ajungand in cele din urma sa arate ca literele alfabetului scris. Tot asa, aceste simboluri ar fi ajuns sa reprezinte sunete independente( probabil sunetele initiale ale obiectelor) si nu obiecte sau idei.

UNU SAU MAI MULT DE UNU?

Deseori dorim sa vorbim sau sa scriem despre mai mult de o persoana sau un lucru, si cel mai simplu mod de a face acest lucru este sa adaugam litere, ca in exemplele urmatoare:

Singular

A dog The dog One dogUn caine Cainele Un caine,numeral

Plural

Two dogs Some dogs Several dogsDoi caini Niste caini Mai multi caini

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Termenii singular si plural sunt destul de expliciti : Singular inseamna numai unul, in vreme ce plural inseamna mai mult de unul.

Exemplu :

Bed (pat) bedsHouse (casa) Houses

Picture (tablou) PicturesBuilding (constructie) Buildings

Boat (barca) Boats River (rau) Rivers

Tree (copac) TreesPlant (planta) Plants

Flower (floare) FlowersGirl (fata) GirlsBoy (baiat) BoysShip (vapor) ShipsBall (minge) Balls

Ocean (ocean) OceansMountain (munte) MountainsForest (padure) Forests

Lion (leu) LionsBird (pasare) Birds

Room (camera) Rooms

Exista cateva moduri de a forma pluralul cuvintelor. Acestea vor fi explicate in cele ce urmeaza.

Plurals :

Solve the following exercises but do not send theam to Another Life Services.

1. Write down the singular form of these words:

Geese

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Feets Mices Sheeps

2. Write down the plural of the following words :

StreetBus Woman Tooth

Nouns ending in o

Volcano volcanoes Tomato tomatoes

Most words ending in o add es for plural; but when there is a vowel before the o just add s.

Radio radiosStudio studios

And also :

Photo photosPiano pianos

Nous ending in ss, sh, ch, x form their plural by adding an es

Class classesChurch churchesBrush brushesBox boxes

THE GENDER OF NOUNS :

Masculine Feminine Common Male female both sexes

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Actor Actress Child, babyBoy Girl SpouseHusband Wifeking Queen MonarchLion Lioness PersonMan WomenMaster MistressSteward stewardees

The ending ess is one of the ways of forming the feminine of a masculine word :

1. Write down the feminine of the follwing words :PrinceDog Baron

2. Write down the masculine of the following words : LadyWomen Cow

NOW , LATER OR LAST WEEK ?

TODAY, TOMORROW, YESTERDAY

I and the action

Tense

Aspect Present Past Future

SIMPLE I eat I eat yesterday I shall eattomorrow

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CONTINUOUS I am eating I was eating I shall beeating

PERFECT I have eaten I had eaten I shall haveeaten

PERFECT +CONTINUOUS

I have beenEating

I had beenEating

I shall have beeneating

Note that each Tense has four aspects,that last one being a combination of the previous two.The Continuous suggests a preogressive kind of action, the Perfect an action covering an interval of time, as opposed to a moment ( as it is with the Simple Aspect ).

Regular verbs from the Past by adding ed at the end, but there are also verbs wich have two forms for the past : these are called irregular verbs ( see Appendix 2 in the Preliminary Course )

Exemple:

He, She, It and the Action

PRESENT PAST FUTUREHe eats He eat He will eat

He is eating He was eating He will be eatingShe eats She eat She will eat

REMEMBER

For the 3rd person singular, add s at the end of the verb!

The Present Tense of the Verb to like

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AFFIRMATIVE

SINGULAR PLURAL

I like we likeYou like you likeHe they likeShe likesIt

Verbs ending in s, ss ,ch, sh, z, o, add es for the the 3rd person singular:

To cross- he crossesTo buzz-it buzzesTo push-she pushesTo do-he doesTo go-she goes

See also Appendix 3.

The Present of the Verb TO HAVE

AFFIRMATIVE 1 AFIRMATIVE 2 INTERROGATIVE I have Ive Have I? You have You;ve Have you? He has She has It has

Hes Shes Its

Has he? Has she? Has it?

We have Weve Have we? You have Youve Have you?

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They have Theyve Have they?

NEGATIVE 1

NEGATIVE 2

NEGATIVE 3

INTEROGARTIVE 1

NEGATIVE 2

I have not Ive not Ihavent Have I not? Havent I?You have not

Youve not You havent? Have you not? Havent you?

He has notShe has notIt has not

Hes notShes notIts not

He hasnt?She hasnt?It hasnt?

HeHas she not?it

HeHavent she?It

We have not

Weve not We havent? Have we not? Havent we?

You have not

Youve you havent

You havent Have you not? Havent you?

They have not

Theynot They havent?

Have they not? Havent they?

Affirmative:I have=Ive

Present Tense of the Verb TO SEE

AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE 1

NEGATIVE 2

INTERROGATIVENEGATIVE

I see Do I see? I do not see I dont see? Do I not see?Dont I see?

You see do you see? You do not see?

You dont see?

Do you not see?Dont you see?

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He seeShe sees

It see

Does he see?Does she see?Does It see?

He does not see

She does not see

It does not see

He doesnt see?

She doesnt see?

It doesnt see?

Doesnt He see?Doesnt she see?Doesnt It see?

We see Do we see? We do not see

We dont see?

Do we not see?Dont we see?

you see Do you see? You do not see

You dont see?

Do you not see?Dont you see?

They see Do they see? They do not see

They dont see?

Do they not see?Dont they see?

Present Tense of the Verb TO READ

AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE 1 NEGATIVE 2 INTERROGATIVENEGATIVE

I read Do I read? I do not read I dont read? Do I not read?Dont I read?

You read Do you read? You do not read

You dont read?

Do you not read?Dont you read?

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He readsShe readsIt reads

Does he read?Does she readDoes it read?

He does not read

She does not read

It does not read

He doesnt read?

She doesnt read?

It doesnt read?

Doesnt he read?Doesnt she

read?Doesnt it read?

We read Do we read? We do not read

We dont read?

Do we not read?Dont we read?

You read Do you read? You do not read

You dont read?

Do you not read?Dont you read?

They read Do they read? They do not read

They dont read?

Do they not read?

Dont they read?

DESCRIPTIVE WORD

What kind of? Person or thing? The way we speak would be very boring without using various

descriptive word to help us express ( and explain ) the colour, shape and size . the feautures of the things we speak about.

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Here you have some adjectives. Look in the dictionary for their meaning and write it down in the coumms bellow.

COLOUR

RedGreenYellowBlue

Orange

WhiteBlackPurplePink

Brown

SHAPESquare

OvalRound

Triangular

StraightFlat

Curved

CHARACTERISTICS+

ExcellentPleasantDeliciousBeautiful

Nice

Kind GenerousFriendlyHelpfulHappy

CHARACTERISTICS -

UnpleasantAwfulUgly

MeanMiserable

Nasty

SIZE

BigEnormous

HighLarge

MediumSmallTiny

GiganticHugeLittleLong

MinuteTallVast

Try to find other words that express shape, characteristics ( good or bad ), kind and size and add them to the ones given here. As you have probably noticed, there are people using a word or a couple of word very often. Try to avoid this and learn as many descriptive word as you can, rather than saying: a nice evening , some nice people, a nice soup, nice books, nice movies, an enjoyable holiday.

EXERCISE:

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Answer the following questions but do not send them to ANOTHER LIFE SERVICES. Use a dictionary to identify the following word. You are given the first two letters of the word, the number of letters of the whole word and its meaning.

ci..................... 8 letters shaped like a circle

ch.. 8 letters bright and lively

be. 9 letters lovely to look at

de. 9 letters tasting very pleasant

ex. 8 letters stirring stimulating

en .. 9 letters which gives pleasure or joy

ex.. .. 9 letters very good indeed

me.. 6 letters neither large nor small

mi 6 letters very small indeed

mi. 9 letters very sad and depressed

WORD TO SHOW QUANTITY

How much and How many?

Fiind in the dictionary the meaning of the words:

About

Any

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Few

Little

Much

Many

None

Several

Some

Compare

Womens OilMany Objects BUT Much Water

Cups of coffee coffee

The Future Tense-Simple Future

The Simple Future of the Verb TO WATCH

AFFIRMATIVE 1 AFFIRMATIVE 2 TRADUCERE

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I shall watch Ill watch Voi priviYou will watch Youll watch Vei priviHe will watchShe will watchIt will watch

Hell watchShell watchItll watch

Va privi

We shall watch Well watch Vom priviYou will watch Youll watch Veti privi

They will watch Theyll watch Vor privi

NEGATIVE 1 NEGATIVE 2

I shall not watch I shant watchYou will not watch You wont watchHe will not watchShe will not watchIt will not watch

He wont watchShe wont watchIt wont watch

We shall not watch We wont watchYou will not watch You wont watch

They will not watch They wont watch

INTERROGATIVE INTERROGATIVENEGATIVE 1

INTERROGATIVENEGATIVE 2

Shall I watch Shall I not watch? Shant I watch?Will you watch Will you not watch? Wont you watch?Will he watchWill she watchWill it watch

Will he not watch?Will she not watch?Will it not watch?

Wont he watch?Wont she watch?

wont il watch?Shall we watch Shall we not watch? Wont we watch?Will you watch Will you not watch? Wont you watch?Will they watch Will they not watch? Wont they watch?

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The Present Perfect Tense

The Present Perfect of the Verb TO PLAY

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AFFIRMATIVE 1 AFFIRMATIVE 2 INTERROGATIVEI have played Ive played Have I played?

You have played Youve played Have you played?He has playedShe has playedIt has played

Hes playedShes playedIts played

Has he played?Has she played?Has it played?

We have played Weve played Have we played?You have played Youve played Have you played?

They have played Theyve played Have they played?

NEGATIVE 1 NEGATIVE 2

I have not played Ive not playedYou have not played Youve playedHe has not playedShe has not playedIt has not played

Hes not playedShes not playedIts not played

We have not played Weve not playedYou have not played Youve not played

They have not played Theyve not played

INTERROGATIVE

NEGATIVE1

INTERROGATIVENEGATIVE

2Have I not played? Havent I played?

Have you not played? Havent you played?Has he not played?Has she not played?Has it not played?

Hanst he played?Hanst she played?Hanst it played?

Have we not played? Havent we played?Have you not played? Havent you played?Have they not played? Havent they played?

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The Present Perfect of the Verb TO DO

AFFIRMATIVE 1 AFFIRMATIVE 2 INTERROGATIVE

I have done Ive done Have I done?You have done Youve done Have you done?He has doneShe has doneIt has done

Hes doneShes doneIts done

Has he done?Has she done?Has it done?

We have done Weve done Have we done?You have done Youve done Have you done?

They have done Theyve done Have they done?

NEGATIVE 1 NEGATIVE 2I have not done Ive not done

You have not done Youve not doneHe has not doneShe has not doneIt has not done

Hes not doneShes not doneIts not done

We have not done Weve not doneYou have note done Youve not doneThey have not done Theyve not done

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INTERROGATIVENEGATIVE

1

INTERROGATIVENEGATIVE

2Have I not done? Havent I done?

Have you not done? Havent you done?Has he not done?Has she not done?Has it not done?

Hasnt he done?Hasnt she done?Hasnt it done?

Have we not done? Havent we done?Have you not done? Havent you done?Have they not done? Havent they done?

THE SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS ANDTHE SIMPLE PAST CONTINOUS

The Present Continous of the verb TO SMILE

Affirmative 1 Affirmative 2 Interrogative

I am smiling Imsmiling Am I smiling?You are smiling Youre smiling Are you smiling?

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He is smilingShe is smiling

Hes smilingShes smiling

Is he smiling?Is he smiling?

We are smiling Were smiling Are we smiling?You are smiling Youre smiling Are you smiling?

They are smiling Therre smiling Are they smiling?

NEGATIVE 1 NEGATIVE 2

I am not smiling Im not smilingYou are not smiling Youre not smilingHe is not smilingShe is not smilingIt is not smiling

Hes not smilingShes not smilingIts not smiling

We are not smiling Were not smilingYou are not smiling Youre not smiling

They are not smiling Theyre not smiling

INTERROGATIVENEGATIVE

1

INTERROGATIVENEGATIVE

2Am I not smiling? Arent I smiling?

Are you not smiling? Arent you smiling?Is he not smiling?Is she not smiling?Is it not smiling?

Isnt he smiling?Isnt she smiling?Isnt it smiling?

Are we not smiling? Arent we smiling?Are you not smiling? Arent you smiling?Are they not smiling? Arent they smiling?

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Simple Past Continous of the Verb TO SMILE

AFFIRMATIVEI was smiling

You were smilingHe was smilingShe was smilingIt was smiling

We were smilingYou were smiling

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They were smiling

INTERROGATIVEWas I smiling?

Were you smiling?Was he smiling?Was she smiling?Was it smiling?

Were we smiling?Were you smiling?Were they smiling?

NEGATIVE 1 NEGATIVE 2

I was not smiling I wasnt smilingYou not were smiling You werent smilingHe was not smilingShe was not smilingIt was not smiling

He wasnt smilingShe wasnt smilingIt wasnt smiling

We were not smiling We werent smilingYou were not smiling You werent smiling

They were not smiling They werent smiling

INTERROGATIVENEGATIVE

1

INTERROGATIVENEGATIVE

2Was I not smiling? Wasnt I smiling?

Were you not smiling? Werent you smiling?Was he not smiling?Was she not smiling?Was it not smiling?

Wasnt he smiling?Wasnt she smiling?Wasnt it smiling?

Were we not smiling? Werent we smiling?Were you not smiling? Werent you smiling?Were they not smiling? Werent they smiling?

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PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUSLY

Present Perfect Continuous of the Verb TO PLAY

AFFIRMATIVE 1 AFFIRMATIVE 2 INTERROGATIVE

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I have been playing Ive have been playing Have I been playing?You have been playing Youre have been playing Have you been playing?He has been playingShe has been playingIt has been playing

Hes have been playingShes have been playingIts have been playing

Has he been playing?Has she been playing?Has it been playing?

We have been playing Were have been playing Have we been playing?You have been playing Youre have been playing Have you been playing?

They have been playing Theyre have been playing Have they been playing?

NEGATIVE 1 NEGATIVE 1

I have not been playing Ive not been playingYou have not been playing Youve not been playing

He has not been playingShe has not been playingIt has not been playing

Hes not been playingShes not been playingIts not been playing

We have not been playing Weve not been playingYou have not been playing Youve not been playing

They have not been playing Theyve not been playing

INTERROGATIVENEGATIVE

1

INTERROGATIVENEGATIVE

2Have I not been playing? Havent I been playing?

Have you not been playing? Havent you been playing?Has he not been playing?Has she not been playing?Has it not been playing?

Hanst he been playing?Hanst she been playing?Hanst it been playing?

Have we not been playing? Havent we been playing?Have you not been playing? Havent you been playing?Have they not been playing? Havent they been playing?

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Aspectele verbului in limba engleza

Verbele in limba engleza pot avea patru aspecte: simplu ( Simple ), progresiv ( Continous ), pefect ( Perfect ) si perfect progresiv ( Perfect Continous ). Fiecare

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dintre aceste aspecte poate aparea la oricare dintre cele trei timpuri: present (Present ), trecut ( Past ) si viitor ( Future ).

Aspectele progresiv si perfect le corespunde cate un verb auxiliar ( cu care se formeaza ), care preia timpul si persoana verbului de conjugat ; aspectul progresiv perfect se formeaza prin combinarea celor doua auxiliare .

Astfel:

Continous Tense se formeaza cu auxiliarul to be : to be + infinitivul verbului de conjugat + ing ( la timpul si persoana verbului conjugat )

Perfect Tense se formeaza cu auxiliarul to have : to have ( la timpul si persoana verbului de conjugat ) + forma a 3 a verbului conjugat

Perfect Continous Tense se formeaza cu ambele auziliare. to be si to have:To have + been + infinitivul de conjugat + ing.

Transformarea timpurilor verbale in trecerea de la vorbire directa la cea indirecta

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DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

Present Continuous Past ContinuousPresent Simple Past SimplePresent Perfect Past Perfect

Past Perfect No changePast Simple Past Perfect

Past Continuous No changeShall/will Would

Can No changeMust CouldCould No change

Ought to No changeMay Might

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