NOTA 10 PENTRU CURAJ ȘI DEMNITATE

8/7/2019 NOTA 10 PENTRU CURAJ I DEMNITATE

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http://www.hoax-slayer.com/howard-muslim-speech.shtml

http://www.snopes.com/rumors/thisisamerica.asp

http://gloucestercitynews.typepad.com/clearysnotebook/2007/10/prime-minister-.html

AVERTISMENT:

Acestea sunt websites care colporteaz tiri false, deformate, neconfirmate, etc. a a cum este

i aceasta de mai jos, care este atribuit unoramericani din Georgia, ultimilor prim-mini tri australieni, etc.

Dar ideile con inute aici sunt perfect adevrate, corecte, de bun-sim i valoroase, de natur a con tientiza opinia public!

Ele vin s nfrng ipocrizia ideologieiMain Stream de Political Correctness, princare majoritarii sunt apsa i de vini imaginare, acuza i pe nedrept, pu i s plteasc biruri tot mai mari, inu i n genunchi cu nasul n rn i otrvi i cu

ideologii i concep ii post-moderniste caremai de care mai mincinoase, mai false, maispoliatoare, mai toxice i mai opresive (ecologism, feminism, multikulturalism,globalizare, etc.), al cror e ec a fost deja

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anun at de mari personalit i tiin ifice, culturale i politice!

Nota 10 pentru demnitatePrimului Ministru Kevin Rudd -

Australia

Musulmanilor care doresc sa traiasca dupa legile islamice li s-a

pus in vedere sa paraseasca Australia, in contextul in care guvernul

a tintit radicalismul intr-o incercare de a decapita potentiale

tentative de atac terorist.

Citat:

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"IMMIGRANTS, NOT AUSTRALIANS, MUST ADAPT.

Take It Or Leave It. I am tired of this nation worrying about

whether we are offending some individual or their culture. Since the

terrorist attacks on Bali , we have experienced a surge in patriotism

by the majority of Australians."

"IMIGRANTII SI NU AUSTRALIENII TREBUIE SA SE

ADAPTEZE. Asta e, va convine sau nu. Sunt satul de ingrijorarea

acestei natiuni in privinta ofensarii unor indivizi sau a culturii acestora.

De la atacul terorist din Bali incoace suntem martorii unui val depatriotism venit din partea majoritatii australienilor.

Aceasta cultura s-a creat in peste doua secole de zbateri, incercari

si victorii a milioane de barbati si femei in cautarea libertatii.

Vorbim mai cu seama ENGLEZA, nu spaniola, libaneza, araba,

chineza, japoneza, sau orice alta limba. In consecinta, daca doriti sa fiti

parte a acestei societati, invatati limba!

Majoritatea australienilor cred in Dumnezeu. Asta nu e vreo aripa

crestina de dreapta sau o presiune politica, ci un fapt, intrucat barbati si

femei de credinta crestina, pe principii crestine, au fondat aceasta

natiune, ceea ce este clar documentat. E cu siguranta adecvat a se afisa

asta pe peretii scolilor noastre. Daca Dumnezeu este o ofensa pentru voi,va sugerez sa considerati o alta parte a lumii ca fiind casa voastra,

intrucat Dumnezeu este parte a culturii noastre.

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Vom accepta credintele voastre fara a va intreba de ce. Tot ce va

cerem este sa o acceptati pe a noastra si sa traiti cu noi in armonie si

bucurie pasnica.

Aceasta este PATRIA NOASTRA, PAMANTUL NOSTRU si

STILUL NOSTRU DE VIATA si va vom permite orice oportunitate

pentru a va bucura de toate acestea. Dar imediat ce incetati a va mai

plange, vaita si ingrozi de Steagul nostru, de Onoarea noastra, de crezul

nostru Crestin, de Stilul nostru de Viata, va recomand cu caldura sa

profitati de o alta mare liberatate australiana, LIBERATATEA DE APLECA.

Daca nu sunteti fericiti aici, atunci PLECATI. Nu v-am obligat

noi sa veniti aici. Voi ati solicitat sa fiti aici. Asadar, acceptati tara pe

care VOI ati dorit-o."

Prime Minister Kevin Rudd - Australia

Prime Minister John Howard - Muslims Out

Of Australia

Summary:

Email forward claims that former Australian Prime Minister JohnHoward told the media that immigrants should adapt to Australian

culture, language and beliefs or leave the country. It also claims

that Howard told Muslims who want to live under Islamic Sharia

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law that they should get out of Australia (Full commentary

below).

Status:

Contains elements of truth, but is highly misleading and

inaccurate

Update: 2009

In early 2009, an altered version of the message falsely claimed

that it was then Australia's Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd who made

the comments.

Update: 2011

In late 2010, yet another version of the message began

circulating that claimed that it was the current Australian Prime

Minister Julia Gillard who made the comments. Like the 2009

Kevin Rudd version, this claim has no basis in fact whatsoever.

Example: (Submitted, July 2008)

Subject: FW: Please read this! I know you will love

it!

Canada & America Need A Leader Like This!

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'This culture has been developed over two centuries of

struggles, trials and victories by millions of men and

women who have sought freedom'

'We speak mainly ENGLISH, not Spanish, Lebanese,

Arabic, Chinese, Japanese, Russian, or any other

language. Therefore, if you wish to become part of our

society . Learn the language!'

'Most Australians believe in God. This is not someChristian, right wing, political push, but a fact, because

Christian men and women, on Christian principles,

founded this nation, and this is clearly documented. It is

certainly appropriate to display it on the walls of our

schools. If God offends you, then I suggest you consider

another part of the world as your new home, because

God is part of our culture.'

'We will accept your beliefs, and will not question why. All

we ask is that you accept ours, and live in harmony and

peaceful enjoyment with us.'

'This is OUR COUNTRY, OUR LAND, and OUR LIFESTYLE,

and we will allow you every opportunity to enjoy all this.

But once you are done complaining, whining, and griping

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about Our Flag, Our Pledge, Our Christian beliefs, or Our

Way of Life, I highly encourage you take advantage of

one other great Australian freedom, 'THE RIGHT TO

LEAVE'.'

'If you aren't happy here then LEAVE. We didn't force you

to come here. You asked to be here. So accept the

country YOU accepted.'

Maybe if we circulate this amongst ourselves, Americanand Canadian citizens will find the backbone to start

speaking and voicing the same truths.

If you agree ... please SEND THIS ON.

Commentary:

According to this email forward, former Australian Prime Minister John Howard

informed Muslims living in Australia in no uncertain terms that they should leave

the country if they wished to live under Islamic Sharia law. The message claims

that the then Australian government was intent on targeting Muslim radicals "in a

bid to head off potential terror attacks". The email also quotes a no-holds-barred

diatribe about immigration supposedly delivered by John Howard. The message

suggests that political leaders in Canada and the United States would do well to

follow the lead of the Australian Prime Minister with regard to immigration policy.

However, although the message does contain elements of truth, it is in fact highly

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misleading and inaccurate. At the outset, it should be noted that the message is

now quite outdated. Versions of the email began circulating back in 2005. Since

then, there has been a change of government in Australia. The Howard

Government was resoundingly defeated in November 2007 and the current

Australian Prime Minister is Labor's Julia Gillard. However, the message contains

no date and some non-Australian recipients may therefore wrongly assume that it

refers to current events rather than events that occurred several years ago in a

somewhat different political climate.

The first part of the message suggests that Prime Minister Howard told Muslims

who wished to live under Islamic Sharia law that they should get out of Australia.

This is partly true in the sense that a high profile Australian political leader did

make comments suggesting that Islamic extremists who desired to turn Australia

into an Islamic state should leave and that Howard condoned such strongly worded

rhetoric. However, it was in fact then Federal Treasurer Peter Costello who

actually uttered the comments. A November 2005 article in the Herald Sun noted:

ISLAMIC extremists wanting to enforce fundamentalist law should get out of

Australia, federal Treasurer Peter Costello said yesterday.

In a significant hardening of the Government's rhetoric, Mr Costello declared

Australia would never be turned into an Islamic state.

"There are Islamic states around the world that practise sharia law," he said.

"And if that is your object, you may well be much more at home in such a country

than trying to turn Australia into one of those countries, because it is not going to

happen."

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Then Federal Education Minister Dr Brendan Nelson was also quoted in the media

as stating that "those who do not accept and teach Australian values should 'clear

off'".

The message also claims that John Howard had given government support to spy

agencies monitoring the nation's mosques. This element of the message is true. An

August 2005 article in The Age notes:

Mosques and Islamic schools will be targeted by intelligence agencies as the

federal government tries to stamp out homegrown terrorism and extremists.

Prime Minister John Howard said on top of trying to promote Australian values in

Islamic schools, the government would monitor what was said in certain schools

and mosques to ensure they did not foster terrorism.

Asked whether he was prepared to "get inside" mosques and schools to ensure

there was no support for terrorism, Mr Howard was blunt.

"Yes, to the extent necessary," Mr Howard told Southern Cross radio.

Mr Howard qualified the above stance by making clear that his government was

not trying to interfere with religious freedoms but only gather intelligence on

potential religious or material support for terrorist activities within the Australian

Islamic community:

"I have no desire and nor is it the government's intention to interfere in any way

with the freedom or practice of religion.

"We have a right to know whether there is, within any section of the Islamic

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community, a preaching of the virtues of terrorism, whether any comfort or

harbour is given to terrorism within that community."

The next part of the message transcribes what is claimed to be a speech delivered

by John Howard detailing his views on immigration. The piece calls on immigrants

to learn English, adapt to Australian values and lifestyle and pointedly reminds

them that they always have the right to leave if they are unhappy in their adopted

country.

However, the quoted words were not made by John Howard and were circulating

in various forms years before he supposedly uttered them. In fact, the words were

originally intended for an American audience and were part of a longer piece

penned by Barry Loudermilk, a US Air Force veteran and columnist for a local

newspaper in the American state of Georgia. Loudermilk wrote the article as a

means of expressing his personal views on patriotism and immigration in post-9/11

America.

The article struck a chord with many readers in the US and elsewhere and it soon

spread far and wide via email and other means. At some point, versions adapted to

Australia, the UK, and elsewhere began circulating. Finally, the Australianized

version of Loudermilk's article was falsely attributed to John Howard and tacked

on to the original, more accurate, variant of the above email forward (quoted

below):

Muslims who want to live under Islamic Sharia law were told on Wednesday to get

out of Australia, as the government targeted radicals in a bid to head off potential

terror attacks.

A day after a group of mainstream Muslim leaders pledged loyalty to Australia

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and her Queen at a special meeting with Prime Minister John Howard, he and his

Ministers made it clear that extremists would face a crackdown.

Treasurer Peter Costello, seen as heir apparent to Howard, hinted that some

radical clerics could be asked to leave the country if they did not accept that

Australia was a secular state, and its laws were made by parliament.

"If those are not your values, if you want a country which has Sharia law or a

theocratic state, then Australia is not for you," he said on national television.

"I'd be saying to clerics who are teaching that there are two laws governing

people in Australia: one the Australian law and another the Islamic law, that is

false. If you can't agree with parliamentary law, independent courts, democracy,

and would prefer Sharia law and have the opportunity to go to another country,

which practices it, perhaps, then, that's a better option," Costello said.

Asked whether he meant radical clerics would be forced to leave, he said those

with dual citizenship could possibly be asked to move to the other country.

Education Minister Brendan Nelson later told reporters that Muslims who did not

want to accept local values should "clear off. Basically, people who don't want to

be Australians, and who don't want to live by Australian values and understand

them, well then, they can basically clear off," he said.

Thus, while the more lengthy version of message that includes Loudermilk's article

is still partially factual, it is nonetheless outdated, contains inaccurate information

and may perpetrate a quite misleading understanding of Australia's policies on

immigration in general and Muslims in particular. Taken out of context, and with

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the falsely attributed Loudermilk article thrown into the mix, this email may give

the impression that Australia is intolerant of migrants, especially those of the

Muslim faith. This is not the case. One of Australia's great strengths is its rich

cultural diversity and it welcomes migrants from all parts of the world and with

many and varied systems of belief.

Sending on factually dubious information such as this is unlikely to be helpful and

may even add to the cultural divisions and misunderstandings that plague our

strife-torn world.

Update:February 2009

Early in 2009 I began receiving versions of the above email that named Australia's

former Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd, as the person responsible for the supposed

anti-Muslim stance. It seems that some rather unimaginative prankster has simply

substituted "Rudd" for "Howard" in the text and replaced the photograph of John

Howard with one of Kevin Rudd before sending on the message. The message is

otherwise identical to the example included above. The "Rudd" version strays even

further from the truth than the original. None of the comments or opinions included

in the message have any connection whatsoever with Kevin Rudd or his

Government.

Update:February 2011

In late 2010, I began receiving submissions about yet another version of the

message that featured current Prime Minister Julia Gillard. The message includes

the following as an addition to the original text:

Australia says NO - Second Time she has done this !

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AMAZING You must read it !!!!

She's done it again..

She sure isn't backing down on her hard line stance and one has to appreciate her

belief in the rights of her native countrymen.. A breath of fresh air to see someone

lead. I wish some leaders would step up in Canada & USA & NEW ZEALAND .

Australian Prime Minister does it again!!

This woman should be appointed Queen of the World.. Truer words have never

been spoken.

It took a lot of courage for this woman to speak what she had to say for the world

to hear. The retribution could be phenomenal, but at least she was willing to take a

stand on her and Australia 's beliefs.

The whole world needs a leader like this!

Prime Minister Julia Gillard - Australia

The rest of the "Gillard" version is virtually identical to the original "Howard"

version. As with the Kevin Rudd version, none of the comments or opinions

included in the message have any connection whatsoever with Julia Gillard or her

Government.

References:

Minister tells Muslims: accept Aussie values or 'clear off'

Govt prepared to move in on mosques: PM

What's An American?

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OUTRAGEOUS!

Respect Australian values or leave: Costello

Last updated: 4th February 2011

First published: 15th July 2008

Write-up by Brett M. Christensen

Folosesc acest prilej pentru a prezenta n continuare via a i

activitatea unei mari personalit i politice australiene, omul de stat

de talie interna ional John HOWARD, prim-ministru al Australiei

timp de 3 mandate (1996-2007).

John HOWARDFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other people of the same name, see John Howard

(disambiguation).

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The Honourable

John Howard

AC, SSI

25thPrime Minister of Australia

Elections: 1996, 1998, 2001,

2004, 2007

In office

11 March 1996 3 December 2007

Monarch Elizabeth II

Governor

General

William Deane

Peter Hollingworth

Michael Jeffery

DeputyTim Fischer (199699)John Anderson (1999

05)

Mark Vaile (200507)

Preceded by Paul Keating

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Succeeded b

yKevin Rudd

29th Treasurer of Australia

In office

19 November 1977 11 March 1983

Prime Minist

erMalcolm Fraser

Preceded by Phillip Lynch

Succeeded b

y Paul Keating

22nd Leader of the Opposition

Elections: 1987, 1996

In office

5 September 1985 9 May 1989

Deputy

Neil Brown (198587)

Andrew Peacock(198789)

Preceded by Andrew Peacock

Succeeded b

yAndrew Peacock

In office

30 January 1995 11 March 1996

Deputy Peter Costello

Preceded by Alexander Downer

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Succeeded b

yKim Beazley

Member of the Australian

Parliament

for Bennelong

In office

18 May 1974 24 November 2007

Preceded by John Cramer

Succeeded b

y

Maxine McKew

Born

26 July 1939 (age 71)

Sydney, New South

Wales, Australia

Political par

ty

Liberal Party of

Australia

Spouse(s) Janette HowardAlma mater University of Sydney

Profession Solicitor

Religion Anglican [1]

Signature

John Winston HowardAC, SSI, (born 26 July 1939) was the 25thPrime Ministerof Australia, from 11 March 1996 to 3 December 2007. He was the second-longestserving Australian Prime Minister afterSir Robert Menzies.

Howard was a member of the House of Representatives from 1974 to 2007,representing the Division of Bennelong, New South Wales. He served as Treasurer

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in the Frasergovernment of from 1977 to 1983. He was Leader of the Liberal Partyand Coalition Opposition from 1985 to 1989, which included the 1987 federalelection against Bob Hawke. He was re-elected as Leader of the Opposition in1995.

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Howard led the Liberal-NationalCoalition to victory at the 1996 federal election,

defeating Paul Keating's Laborgovernment and ending a record 13 years of

Coalition opposition. The Howard Government was re-elected at the 1998,

2001 and 2004 elections, presiding over a period of strong economic growthand prosperity.[2] Major issues for the Howard Government included taxation,

industrial relations, immigration, the Iraq war, and Aboriginal relations.

Howard's coalition government was defeated at the 2007 election by the

Labor Party led by Kevin Rudd. Howard also lost his own parliamentary

seat at the election; he was the second Australian Prime Minister, after

Stanley Bruce in 1929, to do so.

Contents

1 Early life 2 Early political career 3 Federal Treasurer (19771983) 4 Opposition years (19831996) 5 Prime minister

o 5.1 Election win and first termo 5.2 Second termo 5.3 Third termo 5.4 Fourth termo 5.5 2007 election defeat

6 After politics 7 Honours 8 See also 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 Further reading

12 External links

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iki/John_Howard#Federal_Treasurer_.281977.E2.80.931983.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard#Opposition_years_.281983.E2.80.931996.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard#Prime_ministerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard#Election_win_and_first_termhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard#Second_termhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard#Third_termhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard#Fourth_termhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard#2007_election_defeathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard#After_politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard#Honourshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard#Bibliographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard#External_links


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Early life

John Howard as a boy

John Howard is the fourth son of Mona (ne Kell) and Lyall Howard. His parentswere married in 1925. His eldest brother Stanley was born in 1926, followed byWalter in 1929, and Robert (Bob) in 1936. Lyall Howard was an admirer ofWinston Churchill,[3] and a sympathiser with the New Guard.[4]

Howard grew up in the Sydney suburb ofEarlwood in a Methodist family.[5] His

mother had been an office worker until her marriage. His father and his paternalgrandfather, Walter Howard, were both veterans of the First AIF in World War I.They also ran two Dulwich Hill petrol stations where John Howard worked as aboy.[6] Lyall Howard died in 1955 when John was sixteen, leaving his mother totake care of John[7] (or "Jack" as he was also known).[8]

Howard suffered a hearing impairment in his youth, leaving him with a slightspeech impediment,[9] and he continues to wear a hearing aid. It also influencedhim in subtle ways, limiting his early academic performance; encouraging areliance on an excellent memory; and in his mind ruling out becoming a barrister

as a likely career.[10]

Howard attended the publicly funded state schools Earlwood Primary School andCanterbury Boys' High School.[8] Howard won a citizenship prize in his final yearat Earlwood (presented by local politician Eric Willis), and subsequentlyrepresented his secondary school at debating as well as cricket and rugby.[11]

Cricket remained a life-long hobby.[5] In his final year at school he took part in a

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radio show hosted by Jack Davey, Give It a Go broadcast on the commercial radiostation, 2GB, and a recording of the show survives.[12] After gaining his LeavingCertificate, he studied law at the University of Sydney, graduating in 1961,[8] andsubsequently practising as a solicitor for twelve years.[13]

Howard married fellow Liberal Party memberJanette Parkerin 1971, with whomhe had three children: Melanie (1974), Tim (1977) and Richard (1980).[14]

Early political career

Howard joined the Liberal Party in 1957. He held office in the New South WalesLiberal Party on the State Executive and served as President of the Young Liberals(196264), the party youth organisation.[15] Howard supported Australia'sinvolvement in the Vietnam War, although has since said there were "aspects of it

that could have been handled and explained differently".[16]

At the 1963 federal election, Howard acted as campaign manager in his local seatofParkes for the successful candidacy ofTom Hughes who defeated the 20 yearLabor incumbent.

In 1967 with the support of party power brokers, John Carrickand Eric Willis, hewas endorsed as candidate for the marginal suburban state seat ofDrummoyne,held by ALP memberReg Coady. Howard's mother sold the family home inEarlwood and rented a house with him at Five Dock, a suburb within the

electorate. At the election in February 1968, in which the incumbent state Liberalgovernment was returned to office, Howard narrowly lost to Coady, despitecampaigning vigorously.[17] Howard and his mother subsequently returned toEarlwood, moving to a house on the same street where he grew up.

At the 1974 federal election, Howard successfully contested the Sydney suburbanseat ofBennelong and became a Member of Parliament in theHouse ofRepresentatives during the Gough Whitlam-led Labor Government. Howardbacked Malcolm Fraserfor the leadership of the Liberal Party against BillySnedden following the 1974 election.[18] When Fraser won office in December1975, Howard was appointed Minister for Business and Consumer Affairs, aposition in which he served until 1977.[13] At this stage, he followed theprotectionist and pro-regulation stance of Fraser and the Liberal Party.[19]

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Federal Treasurer (19771983)

In December 1977, at the age of 38, Howard was appointed Treasurer.[13] Duringhis five years in the position, he became an adherent offree-market economics,[20]

which was challenging economic orthodoxies in place for most of the century.

[21]

He came to favour tax reform including broad-based taxation (later the GST), afreer industrial system including the dismantling of the centralised wage-fixingsystem, the abolition of compulsorytrade unionism, privatisation and deregulation.[5]

In 1978, the Fraser government instigated a committee of inquiry, the CampbellCommittee, to investigate financial system reforms. The impetus for thecommission came, not from Howard, but from the Department of Prime Ministerand Cabinet.[22] Howard supported the Campbell report, but adopted an incremental

approach with Cabinet, as there was wide opposition to deregulation within thegovernment and the treasury.[22][23] The process of reform began before thecommittee reported 2 years later, with the introduction of the tender system forthe sale of Treasury notes in 1979, and Treasury bonds in 1982. Ian Macfarlane(Governor of the Reserve Bank of Australia, 19962006) described these reformsas "second only in importance to the float of the Australian dollar in 1983."[24] In1981 he proposed a broad-based indirect tax with compensatory cuts in personalrates; however, cabinet rejected it citing both inflationary and political reasons.[25]

After the free-marketeers or "drys" of the Liberals challenged the protectionistpolicies ofMinister for Industry and CommercePhillip Lynch, they shifted theirloyalties to Howard. Following an unsuccessful leadership challenge by AndrewPeacockto unseat Fraser as prime minister, Howard was elected deputy leader ofthe Liberal Party in April 1982. His election depended largely on the support of the"drys", and he became the champion of the growing free-market lobby in the party.[26]

Fraser's negotiations with the ACTU saw him lose control of a wages explosion in1982 just as the mining boom had ended. The economic crises of the early 1980sbrought Howard into conflict with the economically conservative Fraser. As the

economy headed towards the worst recession since the 1930s, Keynesian Fraserpushed an expansionary fiscal position much to Howard's and Treasury's horror.With his authority as treasurer being flouted, Howard considered resigning in July1982, but, after discussions with his wife and senior advisorJohn Hewson (LiberalParty leader himself from 1990 to 1994), he decided to "tough it out".[21] The 1982wages explosionwages rose 16 per cent across the countryresulted in

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stagflation; unemployment touched double-digits and inflation peaked at 12.5%(official interest rates peaked at 21%).[27]

The Fraser Government with Howard as Treasurer lost the 1983 election to theLabor Party led by Bob Hawke. Over the course of the 1980s, the Liberal partycame to accept the free-market policies that Fraser had resisted and Howard hadespoused; namely low protection, decentralisation of wage fixation, financialderegulation, a broadly-based indirect tax, and the rejection of counter-cyclicalfiscal policy.[28]

Opposition years (19831996)

Following the 1983 defeat of the Fraser government and Fraser's subsequentresignation from parliament, Howard contested the Liberal leadership but was

defeated by Andrew Peacock. Remaining Deputy Leader of the parliamentaryparty, Howard became Deputy Leader of the Opposition and the Liberal Party weredefeated by Hawke and Labor at the 1984 election. In 1985, as Labor's position inopinion polls improved, Peacock's popularity sank, and Howard's profile rose,leadership speculation persisted. Peacock said he would no longer accept Howardas deputy unless he offered assurances that he would not challenge for theleadership. Following Howard's refusal to offer such an assurance, Peacock sought,in September 1985, to replace him with John Moore as Deputy Leader.[29] Theparty room re-elected Howard as Deputy on 5 September (38 votes to 31), and,believing his position untenable, Peacock immediately resigned the leadership.

With Peacock not contesting the ensuing Liberal Party leadership ballot, Howarddefeated Jim Carlton 57 votes to 6, and became Leader of the Opposition.[30][31]

Leader of the opposition and new economic policy

Howard was in effect the Liberal party's first pro-market leader in the conservativecoalition and spent the next two years working to revise Liberal policy away fromthat of Fraser's.[32] In his own words he was an "economic radical" and a socialconservative.[33] Referring to the pro-market liberalism of the 1980s, Howard,

famously said in July 1986 that "The times will suit me".[34]

That year the economywas seen to be in crisis with a 40% devaluation of the Australian dollar, a markedincrease in the current account deficit and the loss of the Federal Government'striple A rating.[34] In response to the economic circumstances, Howard persistentlyattacked the Labor government and offered his free-market reform agenda.[34]

Despite the economic news, support for the Labor Party and Hawke strengthenedin 1985 and 1986. Howard's approval ratings dropped in the face of infighting

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between Howard and Peacock supporters, a "public manifestation of disunity" overpolicy positions, and questions over Howard's leadership.[35]

To capitalise on Coalition disunity, Hawke called the 1987 election six monthsearly. In addition to the HowardPeacock rivalry, Queensland National Partycriticism of the federal Liberal and National leadership led to a split in theCoalition whereby Nationals ran against Liberals,[36] and culminated in the "Joh forCanberra" campaign. Keating successfully campaigned against John Howard'sproposed tax changes forcing Howard to admit a double-counting in the proposal,[37] and emphasising to the electorate that the package would mean at that stageundisclosed cuts to government services. The Hawke Government was re-electedwith an increased majority.

Howard's social agenda

In his social agenda, Howard promoted the traditional family and was antipatheticto the promotion ofmulticulturalism at the expense of a shared Australian identity.[38] The immigration policy, One Australia, outlined a vision of "one nation and onefuture" and opposed multiculturalism.[33] In a radio interview discussingmulticulturalism Howard suggested that to support "social cohesion" the rate ofAsian immigration be "slowed down a little".[39] The comments divided opinionwithin the Coalition, and undermined Howard's standing amongst Liberal partyfigures including federal and state Ministers, intellectual opinion makers, businessleaders, and within the Asia Pacific. Prime Minister Hawke moved a motion to

affirm that race or ethnicity would not be used as immigrant selection criteria towhich three Liberal MPs crossed the floor and two abstained. Many Liberals laternominated the issue as instrumental in Howard subsequently losing the leadershipin 1989.[40]

In line with "One Australia's" rejection of Aboriginal land rights, Howard said theidea of an Aboriginal treaty was "repugnant to the ideals of One Australia"[33] andcommented "I don't think it is wrong, racist, immoral or anything, for a country tosay 'we will decide what the cultural identity and the cultural destiny of this

country will be and nobody else."[41]

Loss of the leadership

As the country's economic position worsened in 1989, public opinion moved awayfrom Labor, but Howard was unable to translate this into a firm opinion poll leadfor himself and the Coalition.[42] In February, Liberal Party president and

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prominent businessman,John Elliott, said confidentially to Andrew Peacock thathe would support him in a leadership challenge against Howard.[37] Followingmonths of plotting by Elliot, Peacock and supporters, in May a surprise leadershipcoup was launched, ousting Howard as Liberal leader. When asked that daywhether he could become Liberal leader again, Howard famously likened it to"Lazarus with a triple bypass".[43] The loss of the Liberal Party leadership toPeacock deeply affected Howard, who admitted he would occasionally drink toomuch.[44] Declining Peacock's offer of Shadow Education, Howard went to thebackbench and a new period of party disunity ensued. Howard served as ShadowMinister for Industry, Technology and Communications, Shadow MinisterAssisting the Leader on the Public Service, Chairman of the Manpower and LabourMarket Reform Group, Shadow Minister for Industrial Relations and Manager ofOpposition Business in the House.

Following the Coalition's 1990 election loss, Peacock was replaced with formerHoward stafferDr. John Hewson. Howard was a supporter of Hewson's economicprogram, with a Goods and Services Tax (GST) as its centrepiece. After Hewsonlost the "unloseable" 1993 election to Paul Keating, Howard unsuccessfullychallenged Hewson for the leadership. In 1994, he was again passed over for theleadership, which went to Alexander Downer. In a 7 January 1995 newspaperarticle (and in 2002 as Prime Minister), Howard recanted his 1988 remarks oncurbing Asian immigration.[45][46]

Opposition leader again

In January 1995, leaked internal Liberal Party polling showed that with gaffe-prone Downer as leader, the Coalition had slim chance of holding its marginalseats in the next election, let alone of winning government. Media speculation of aleadership spill ended when, on 26 January 1995, Downer resigned as LiberalLeader and Howard was elected unopposed to replace him.[46] The Coalitionsubsequently opened a large lead over Labor in most opinion polls, and Howardovertook his old nemesis Paul Keating as preferred Prime Minister.

Hoping to avoid a repeat of 1993, Howard revised his earlier statements againstMedicare and Asian immigration, describing Australia as "a unique intersectionbetween Europe, North America and Asia".[16][45] This allowed Howard to focus onthe economy and memory of the early 1990s recession, and on the longevity of theLabor government, which in 1996 had been in power for 13 years.

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Prime minister

John Howard in the United States in 1997

Main article: Howard Government

Election win and first term

By the time the writs were dropped for the 1996 election, the Coalition had beenwell ahead of Labor in opinion polls for over a year. The consensus of mostopinion polls was that Howard would be the next Prime Minister.

With the support of many traditionally Labor votersdubbed "Howard battlers"Howard and the Liberal-National Coalition swept to power on the back of a 29-seatswing. This was the second-worst defeat of an incumbent government sinceFederation. With a 45-seat majoritythe second-biggest majority in Australianhistory (behind only Fraser's 55-seat majority in 1975)--Howard came into officein a strong position. By this time, as he put it, he had "very clear views on where Iwanted to take the country".[47] At the age of 56, he was sworn in as Prime Ministeron 11 March 1996, ending a record 13 years of Coalition opposition.[13] Howard

departed from tradition and made his primary residence Kirribilli House in Sydneyrather than The Lodge in Canberra.[48]

Early in the term Howard had championed significant new restrictions on gunownership following the Port Arthur massacre in which 35 people had been shotdead. Achieving agreement in the face of immense opposition from within theCoalition and some State governments, was credited with significantly elevating

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John Howards stature as Prime Minister despite a backlash from core Coalitionrural constituents.[49]

Howard's initial silence on the views ofPauline Hansona disendorsed LiberalParty candidate and later independent MPwas criticised in the press as anendorsement of her views.[50] Howard said that she was entitled to express heropinion, that many others would share it, and that to denounce her would "elevateit".[51] Howard repudiated her views seven months after Hanson's controversialmaiden parliamentary speech.[50]

Following the Wik Decision of the High Court in 1996, John Howard'sgovernment moved swiftly to legislate limitations on its possible implicationsthrough the so-called Ten-Point Plan.

John Howard and US Secretary of Defense William Cohen in 1997

From 1997, Howard spear-headed the Coalition push to introduce a Goods andServices Tax (GST) at the 1998 election. Before winning the Prime Ministership,Howard said that he considered the Coalition's defeat in 1993 to be a rejection ofthe GST, and as a result it would "never ever" be part of Coalition policy.[52] A longheld conviction of Howards, his tax reform package was credited with "breakingthe circuit" of party moraleboosting his confidence and direction, which hadappeared to wane early in the Governments second term.[53] The 1998 election wasdubbed a "referendum on the GST", and the tax changesincluding the GST

were implemented in the government's second term after amendments to thelegislation were negotiated with the Australian Democrats to ensure its passagethrough the Senate.

Through much of its first term, opinion polling was disappointing for thegovernment and its members at times feared being a "one-term wonder".[54] Thepopularity of Pauline Hanson, and the new restrictions on gun ownership drew

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many traditionally Coalition voters away from the Howard government. Alsounpopular with voters were large spending cuts aimed at eliminating the budgetdeficit (and Howard's distinction between "core" and "non-core" election promiseswhen cutting spending commitments), industrial changes and the 1998 waterfrontdispute, the partial sale of government telecommunications company Telstra, andthe Government's commitment to a GST.

Howard called a snap election for October 1998, three months sooner thanrequired. The Coalition actually lost the national two-party preferred vote to Labor,suffering a 14-seat swing. However, the uneven nature of the swing allowedHoward to win a second term in government, with a considerably reduced majority(from 45 seats to 12). Howard himself finished just short of a majority on the firstcount in his own seat. He ultimately finished with a fairly comfortable 56 percentof the two-party preferred vote.

Second term

In 1998, Howard convened a Constitutional Convention which decided in principlethat Australia should become a Republic. At the convention Howard confirmedhimself as a monarchist, and said that of the Republican options, he preferred theminimalist model. Despite opinion polls suggesting Australians favoured arepublic, a 1999 referendum rejected the model chosen by the convention.

Australian peacekeepers and East Timorese civilians in Dili during

2000

Although new Indonesian PresidentB.J. Habibie had some months earlier agreedto grant special autonomy to Indonesian-occupiedEast Timor, his subsequent snapdecision for a referendum on the territory's independence was triggered by aHoward and Downer orchestrated shift in Australian policy. In September 1999,Howard organised an Australian-led international peace-keeping force to East

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Timor (INTERFET), afterpro-Indonesia militia launched a violent "scorched-earth" campaign in retaliation to the referendum's overwhelming vote in favour ofindependence. The successful mission was widely supported by Australian voters,but the government was criticised[who?] for "foreign policy failure" following theviolence and collapse of diplomatic relations with Indonesia. By Howard's fourthterm, relations with Indonesia had recovered to include counter-terrorismcooperation and Australia's $1bnBoxing Day Tsunami relief efforts, and wereassisted by good relations between Howard and Indonesian PresidentSusiloBambang Yudhoyono.[55][56]

Throughout his prime-ministership, Howard was resolute in his refusal to provide aparliamentary "apology" to Indigenous Australians as recommended by the 1997Bringing Them Home Report. Howard argued this was inappropriate, because"Australians of this generation should not be required to accept guilt and blame for

past actions and policies."[57]

Howard did offer this personal apology before therelease of the Report: "I feel deep sorrow for those of my fellow Australians whosuffered injustices under the practices of past generations towards indigenouspeople. Equally, I am sorry for the hurt and trauma many here today may continueto feel, as a consequence of these practices.[58]

In 1999 Howard negotiated a "Motion of Reconciliation" with Aboriginal SenatorAden Ridgeway. Eschewing use of the word "sorry", the motion recognisedmistreatment of Aborigines as the "most blemished chapter" in Australia's history;offered "deep and sincere regret" for past injustices.[59] Following his 2007 loss of

the Prime Ministership, Howard was the only living former Prime Minister whodeclined to attend the February 2008 apology made by Kevin Rudd with bi-partisan support.[60]

Howard did not commit to serving a full term if he won the next election; on his61st birthday in July 2000 he said he would consider the question of retirementwhen he turned 64.[61] This was interpreted as boosting Costellos leadershipaspirations, and the enmity over leadership and succession resurfaced publiclywhen Howard did not retire at the age of 64.[62] In the first half of 2001, rising

petrol prices, voter enmity over the implementation of the GST, a spike in inflationand economic slowdown led to bad opinion polls and predictions the Governmentwould lose office in the election later that year.[63] With Howard telling Cabinet hewould not be "sacrificed on the pyre of ideological purity", the governmentannounced a series of policy reversals and softenings which boosted thegovernment's fortunes, as did news that the economy had avoided recession.Following the Liberal Party win at the Aston by-election, Howard said that the

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Coalition was "back in the game".[63] The government's position on "borderprotection", in particular the Tampa affairwhere Howard refused the landing ofasylum seekers rescued by a Norwegian freighter, consolidated the improving pollsfor the government, as did the 11 September 2001 attacks.[64] Howard led thegovernment to victory in the 2001 federal election with an increased majority.[65]

Third term

Howard with RussianPresidentVladimir Putin during the 2007

APEC Summit

Howard had first met US PresidentGeorge W. Bush in the days before the 11September terrorist attacks and was in Washington the morning of the attacks.[66] Inresponse to the attacks, Howard invoked the ANZUS Treaty and said that theinvocation of the treaty "demonstrates Australia's steadfast commitment to workwith the United States. In October, he committed Australian military personnel tothe war in Afghanistan. Howard developed a strong personal relationship with thepresident,[67] and they shared often similar ideological positions including on therole of the United States in world affairs and their approach to the "War on Terror".In May 2003, Howard made an overnight stay at Bush'sPrairie Chapel Ranch inTexas, after which Bush said that Howard "...is not only a man of steel, he'sshowed the world he's a man of heart."[68]

Howard responded to the 2002 Bali bombing, in which 88 Australian citizens were

killed, by calling on Australians to "wrap their arms around the people ofIndonesia" and said that, while affected, Australia remained "strong and free andopen and tolerant".[69] Howard re-dedicated his government to the "War on Terror",saying the Bali bombing was proof that no country was "immune" to the effects ofterrorism.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard#cite_note-wear2001-62http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_affairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_September_attackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard#cite_note-Heinemann-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_federal_election,_2001http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard#cite_note-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Australia_2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Australia_2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard#cite_note-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANZUS_Treatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard#cite_note-NYT_Ally-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Terrorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_Chapel_Ranchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_Chapel_Ranchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard#cite_note-SMH.2Blauds-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Bali_bombinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard#cite_note-68http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Terrorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_with_John_Howard-1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_with_John_Howard-1.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard#cite_note-wear2001-62http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_affairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11_September_attackshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard#cite_note-Heinemann-63http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_federal_election,_2001http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard#cite_note-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Putinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Australia_2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/APEC_Australia_2007http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bushhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard#cite_note-65http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANZUS_Treatyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard#cite_note-NYT_Ally-66http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Terrorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_Chapel_Ranchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard#cite_note-SMH.2Blauds-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Bali_bombinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Howard#cite_note-68http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_on_Terror


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In March 2003, Australia joined the US-led "Multinational force in Iraq" insending 2,000 troops and naval units to support in the invasion of Iraq. Howardsaid that the invasion to "disarm Iraq...is right, it is lawful, and it is in Australiasnational interest." He later said that the decision to go into Iraq was the mostdifficult he made as Prime Minister.[70] In response to the Australian participationin the invasion, there were large protests in Australian cities during March 2003,and Prime Minister Howard was heckled from the public gallery of ParliamentHouse.[71] While opinion polls showed that opposition to the war without UNbacking was between 48 and 92 per cent,[72] Howard remained preferred prime-minister over opposition leader,Simon Crean, and his approval dropped comparedto before the war.[73][74]

Throughout 2002 and 2003 Howard had increased his opinion poll lead over Laborleader, Simon Crean. In December 2003, Crean resigned after losing party support

and Mark Latham was elected leader. Howard called an election for 9 October2004. While the government was behind Labor in the opinion polls, Howardhimself had a large lead over Latham as preferred Prime Minister. In the lead up tothe election, Howard again did not commit to serving a full term.[75] Howardcampaigned on the theme of trust, asking: "Who do you trust to keep the economystrong, and protect family living standards? Who do you trust to keep interest rateslow?"[76] Howard attacked Latham's economic record as MayorofLiverpool CityCouncil and attacked Labor's economic history saying: "It is an historic fact thatinterest rates have always gone up under Labor governments over the last 30 years,because Labor governments spend more than they collect and drive budgets intodeficit ... So it will be with a Latham Labor government... I will guarantee thatinterest rates are always going to be lower under a Coalition government."[77] Theelection resulted in an increased Coalition majority in the House of Representativesand the first, albeit slim, government majority in the Senate since 1981. For thesecond time since becoming Prime Minister, Howard had to go to preferences inorder to win another term in his own seat winning 53.3 percent of the two-partypreferred vote.[78] On 21 December 2004, Howard became

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