Modulul Lunar NASA

7/29/2019 Modulul Lunar NASA

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Modulullunar NASA:Tot ce trebuiestii

Modulul lunar a fost o nava spatiala iconic care a efectuat dou -om echipajelorlai de la suprafaa Lunii n timpul programuluiNASAApollo din anii 1960i '70. Alongwith the Saturn5 rocket and the Apollo CommandandServiceModules(CSM), the Lunar Moduleis the third of the trinity ofvehicleswhichmadethe moonlandingspossible. mpreun cu Saturn5rachetei comand Apollo i modulede servicii (CSM), modulul lunareste de-a treia a Sfintei Treimi de vehiculecare a f cut moonlandingsposibil.

Tranquility Base:Lunar Module Eagle stands in the morning sun on the Moon inJuly 1969. Tranquility Base: modulului lunar Eagle se afl n soarele dediminea pe Lun n iulie 1969. Note Buzz Aldrin's legs as he crawls throughthe hatch. Not picioarele Buzz Aldrin ca se tr te prin trapa. Dim-witted and/orlazy conspiracy theorists claim this hatch was too small to allow a space-suitedhuman to pass through it. Dim la minte i / sau teoreticienii conspiraiei lenei

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susin acest trapa era prea mic pentru a permite un om spaiu-potrivite pentru atrece prin ea. Nonsense! Prostii! (Image Credit:NASA) (Credit imagine: NASA)

Originally there would have been no Lunar Module.The Apollo CSM's origins goback to the 1950s, and it was intended to be a multi-purpose vehicle for all kinds

of missions in Earth and lunar orbit.President John F. Kennedy's declaration ofthe United States' goal to land a manned mission on the moon by 1970 suddenlymade it the focus of the project, yet it was not entirely suited to this role. Iniial,nu ar fi fost originile nu lunar Module.The Apollo CSM mergem napoi la anii1950, i a fost destinat s fie un vehicul multi-scop pentru toate tipurile de misiuni pe p mnt i declaraia Unite lunar orbit.President John F. Kennedy Scopulmembre de a ateriza o misiune cu echipaj uman pe Lun n 1970 dintr-o dat a f cut-o n centrul proiectului, dar aceasta nu a fost n ntregime potrivit pentruacest rol.

As originally conceived the entire Apollo spacecraft would have risen from Earthand landed on the Moon.By mid 1962 this had been studied and found to begrossly expensive to achieve, requiring the development of gargantuan boosterrockets and to be so technologically complex that a landing might not be madeuntil well into the 1970s.Instead a concept called Lunar Orbit Rendezvous wasproposed.This promised to be (relatively) easier and was possible with theSaturn 5 rocket which was being developed at the time. Aa cum a fost iniialconceput ntreaga Apollo nave spa iale s-ar fi ridicat de la p mnt i a aterizatpe Moon.By mijlocul anilor 1962 acest lucru a fost studiat i dovedit a fi extremde costisitoare pentru a realiza, necesit dezvoltarea de rachete de rapelgigantice i s fie att de complex tehnologic, care o aterizare nu ar putea fif cute pn bine n 1970s.Instead un concept numit Rendezvous orbita Lunii a fost proposed.This promis c va fi (relativ) mai u or i a fost posibil cu Saturn 5racheta, care a fost n curs de dezvoltare n timp.

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Lunar landers compared in an early NASA artwork depicting a notional LEM(Image credit:NASA) Lunar Landers fa ntr-o opera de arta NASA devremereprezentnd o LEM fictiv (Imagine de credit: NASA)

How would this work?An Apollo CSM would be launched along with a LunarExcursion Module (LEM) on a single Saturn 5 rocket.Thrown moonward entirelyby the Saturn 5, the CSM and LEM would fly together into lunar orbit; two

astronauts would fly the LEM to a gentle touchdown on our satellite.Oncompletion of their explorations the pair would take off in the two-part LEM'sAscent Stage (leaving behind the Descent Stage with its heavy engine andlanding gear) to rejoin their orbiting colleague.The three explorers would discardthe LEM before returning to Earth in the CSM.In July 1962 NASA requested LEMdesign concepts from the US aerospace industry, then at the height of its post-WW2 powers. Cum ar funciona acest O CSM Apollo ar fi lansat, mpreun cu o? Modul Excursie lunar (LEM) pe un singur Saturn 5 moonward rocket.Thrown n

ntregime de c tre Saturn 5, CSM i LEM ar zbura mpreun n orbita Lunii, doiastronaui vor zbura LEM pentru un touchdown blnd la finalizarea noastr

satellite.On de explorari lor pereche va scoate n dou p r i Lem Ascent scena(l snd n urm Descent scena cu motor de grele i tren de aterizare) s seal ture lor orbit colleague.The trei exploratori s-ar renun a la LEM nainte de areveni pe P mnt n CSM.In iulie 1962 NASA a solicitat LEM concepte de design din industria aerospaial din SUA, atunci la apogeul puterii sale post-WW2.

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Nine designs were put forward, and the winning concept came from GrummanAerospace, a company famed for its sturdy and successfu lnaval aircraft . InSeptember 1962, Grumman's engineers set about the task of building the firsttrue spaceship. Nou proiecte au fost prezentate, i conceptul ctig tor a venitde la Grumman Aerospace, o companie de renumit pentru s u robusti

successfu lnavalaeronave . n septembrie 1962, inginerii Grumman stabilit cuprivire la sarcina de a construi prima nava spatiala adevarata. Why do I say that?De ce spun asta? All previous crewed spacecraft (and as of 2011 all subsequentspacecraft) passed through the Earth's atmosphere during part of their flight.Toate nave spaiale cu echipaj anterior (i, ncepnd cu 2011 toate nave spaialeulterioare) a trecut prin atmosfera P mntului n timpul parte a zborului lor. Incontrast the LEM would spend its entire working life in the vacuum of space andwould make no concessions to aerodynamics (unlike aircraft there would be noseries of hundreds of test flights gradually expanding the performance envelope).n contrast LEM-ar petrece ntreaga sa via de lucru n vid de spa iu i ar face

nici o concesie la aerodinamica (spre deosebire de aeronave nu ar mai fi nici oserie de sute de zboruri de ncercare extinde treptat plicul de performan ). Rightfrom the start, the lander would clearly look completely unlike the sleek rockets of1950s pop-culture. Chiar de la nceput, sonda ar ar ta n mod clar complet, spredeosebire de rachetele elegant de 1950 pop-cultura. A bulbous, spindly-leggedvehicle was envisaged, and many in NASA and Grumman nick-named it the'Bug'. Un vehicul cu bulb, fusiforme picioare fost avute n vedere, i muli dinNASA i Grumman nick-numit-o "Bug".

Evolution (or in this case intelligent design) of the Lunar Module (Image

credit:NASA) Evoluie (sau n acest caz de design inteligent) al modulului lunar(Imagine de credit: NASA)

The Bug began weighing 10 tonnes.It featured a spherical Ascent Stage with adocking port on top and a second facing forward (the astronauts would use thisto access the Moon's surface), while the pilot would look for a landing sitethrough large helicopter-style bubble windows.The LEM was to have had three

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legs, but analysis suggested that three was not enough to guarantee a safelanding on uneven terrain.Five legs would be much better, but heavier.To saveweight four legs were eventually used. Bug a nceput o greutate de 10 tonnes.Itprezentat o ascensiune sferic scena cu un port de andocare n partea de sus iun al doilea care se confrunt nainte (astronau ii ar folosi acest lucru pentru a

accesa suprafaa Lunii), n timp ce pilotul ar c uta un loc de aterizare pe mareelicopter- Stilul balon ferestrelor LEM a fost de a fi avut trei picioare, dar analizaa sugerat c trei nu a fost suficient pentru a garanta o aterizare n siguran pepicioare terrain.Five denivelate ar fi mult mai bine, dar heavier.To greutate afarde patru picioare au fost n cele din urm folosite. By early 1964, the LEM wasrecognizable as the craft that eventually flew to the Moon.The boxy DescentStage stood on four splayed-out shock-absorbing legs ending in bowl-shapedpads, on top of it sat the curious-looking Ascent Stage.Grumman's engineers hadsweated blood to reach this point, struggling to prevent the craft's massballooning to an unacceptable weight.The spherical cabin was gone, instead a

cylindrical shape was used, the second docking port became a simple hatch andthe large and heavy windows were replaced by small triangular panes.Theastronauts even lost their seats, instead standing shoulder to shoulder as theycontrolled the vehicle (an arrangement which proved no inconvenience in lunargravity).Such was the need to make the LEM light that Grumman consideredequipping the astronauts with a rope ladder or even just a length of knotted ropeto climb from the hatch to the surface.However an aluminium ladder was usedalbeit a ladder too flimsy to support an astronaut's full weight on the Earth'ssurface. Pn la nceputul anului 1964, LEM a fost recunoscut ca ambarca iunicare n cele din urm a zburat la Moon.The cutiuta Descent Etapa a stat pe patru moi-out de absorbie a ocurilor picioare care se termin n tampoane n form de castron, pe partea de sus a aezat curios cu aspect Ascent Stage Inginerii.Grumman a transpirat snge pentru a ajunge la acest punct, se lupt pentru apreveni explozia masa ambarcaiunii de la o cabin sferic weight.Theinacceptabil a fost plecat, n schimb a fost folosit o form cilindric , al doilea port de andocare a devenit o trapa simplu i ferestre mari i grele au fost

nlocuite cu mici astronaui panes.The triunghiulare chiar pierdut locurile lor, nloc stnd um r la um r ca au controlat vehiculul (un aranjament care sa dovedit nici un inconvenient n greutate lunar). Aceasta a fost necesitatea de a facelumina LEM care Grumman considerat dotarea astronauti, cu o scar de frnghie sau chiar doar o lungime de frnghie cu noduri pentru a urca de la trapa de

surface.However o scar de aluminiu a fost folosit chiar o scara prea sub irepentru a susine greutatea unui astronaut de pe suprafaa P mntului. The lunarlander's shape was not the only thing to change,its name did too:it wasredesignated the Lunar Module as Excursion Module sounded too frivolous, asthough it was intended for taking the astronauts on a picnic. Forma Lunar Landernu a fost singurul lucru pentru a schimba, numele s u a f cut prea: ea a fost

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redesemnat modulul lunar ca "Modul Excursie" suna prea frivol, ca i cum acestaa fost destinat pentru a lua astronautii pe un picnic.

A general arrangement diagram of a Lunar Module (Image credit:NASA) Odiagram dispunerea general a unui modul lunar (Imagine de credit: NASA)

By January 1968 when the first LM flew in space on Apollo 5 (an unmanned testflight in low Earth orbit) the design was complete.As creature of an alienenvironment, the Bug had an alien appearance.At either side of the cylindricalcabin was a propellant tank (of differing sizes, giving the Ascent Stage a lop-sided look), behind it was a box of electronics including the craft's ApolloGuidance Computer (the AGC, laughably primitive to contemporary eyes).Four

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sets of quad thrusters to maneuver the LM through the airless void were spacedevenly around the exterior.Radio communication and radar dishes where placedhere and there.The Ascent Stage sat on the legged Descent Stage, an octagonalbox housing the throttleable rocket motor and its propellant tanks, and a modestcargo space for the equipment and instruments to be used on the Moon. Pn n

ianuarie 1968, cnd primul LM a zburat n spaiul de pe Apollo 5 (un zbor f r pilot de testare pe orbita joasa a Pamantului) de proiectare a fost creaturacomplete.As de un mediu str in, bug-ul a avut un appearance.At str in de ambele p r i ale cabinei cilindrice a fost un rezervor de propulsor (de diferitedimensiuni, oferind Ascent scen un aspect asimetric), n spatele ei era o cutiede electronice, inclusiv ambarcaiunile de Apollo Orientare Computer (AGC,ridicol de primitiv pentru ochii contemporane). Patru seturi de propulsoare quadpentru a manevra LM prin golul airless au fost distribuite n mod egal n jurulcomunicare exterior.Radio i feluri de mncare radar unde plasat aici ithere.The Ascent Etapa aezat pe picioare Descent Stage, o carcas caset

octogonal motor de rachet throttleable i tancurile sale de combustibil, i unmodest spaiul de marf pentru echipamente i instrumente pentru a fi utilizatepe Lun . Many accounts of Apollo refer to the LM with words like 'flimsy' and'fragile' but these are not wholly correct.Much of the exterior was covered inprotective foil, in some locations this taped into place.Exhaust gases from thevehicle's engines and jets could disturb the foil and occasionally rip it to tatters,damage which is clearly visible in some images.However beneath the foil wasthe craft's robust metal skin and stringer construction.Although its weight hadrisen to almost 15 tonnes, the LM was a fine flying machine, handling like animble, responsive jet fighter. Multe conturi de Apollo se refer la LM cu cuvinte precum "subire" i "fragile", dar acestea nu sunt n ntregime correct.Much dinexterior a fost acoperit in folie protectoare, n unele locuri acest lipite n gazeleplace.Exhaust de motoare ale vehiculului i jeturi ar putea perturba folie i,ocazional, se rupe n zdrene, prejudiciu care este clar vizibil n uneleimages.However sub folia a fost piele de metal robust al ambarcaiunii i Stringerconstruction.Although greutatea sa a crescut la aproape 15 de tone, LM a fost oamend zbura ma in , de manipulare ca un "agil, luptator cu jet de receptiv".

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James McLoughlin recently generously donated a print of Apollo 9's LM signedby the crew to the Planetarium.This is currently displayed in our Exhibition Area.(Image credit:Tom Mason, Armagh Planetarium) James McLoughlin donat recentcu generozitate o imprimare de LM Apollo 9 e semnat de c tre echipajul dePlanetarium.This este n prezent afiat n zona noastr de expozi ie (Imaginede credit: Tom Mason, Armagh Planetarium).

Men first flew the LM in March 1969, when Jim McDivitt, David Scott, and RustySchweickart successfully tested an LM (Callsign Spider) in Earth orbit during theApollo 9 mission.Months later Apollo 10 flew to lunar orbit in May.This missiondid everything short of landing:astronauts Stafford and Cernan descended towithin 15.6 km (9.7 miles) of the Moon's surface in the LM 'Snoopy' and cruisedover the Moon's mountain tops.In July 1969, Armstrong and Aldrin made historylanding Eagle on the Sea of Tranquility. Barbatii zburat prima LM martie 1969,

cnd Jim McDivitt, David Scott, i Rusty Schweickart testat cu succes un LM(Indicativ Spider), n orbita P mntului n timpul Apollo 9 mission.Months maitrziu Apollo 10 a zburat la orbita Lunii n misiune May.This f cut totul scurt deaterizare: astronaui Stafford i Cernan cobort la termen de 15.6 km (9,7 mile)de suprafaa Lunii n LM "Snoopy" i navigat pe Lunii munte tops.In iulie 1969,Armstrong i Aldrin a f cut istorie aterizare Eagle de la Marea de lini te.

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How did the crew fly the LM?Both crewmen could control the vehicle, but oddly itwas the Commander rather than the Lunar Module Pilot who actually flew it tothe Moon.After undocking from the CSM, the LEM fired its descent engine forseveral minutes to drop out of lunar orbit, descended automatically under thecontrol of the AGC (using radar to measure altitude) until it was 500 ft or so

above the surface, then the astronauts would take manual control to use theLEM's two hand controllers to adjust the programmed landing site to ensure theywere going to land on a flat area and not in a boulder field or crater. Cum aechipajului acoperi LM? Ambele membri ai echipajului ar putea controlavehiculul, dar ciudat a fost comandantul, mai degrab dect pilotul modululuilunar care de fapt a zburat la detaare Moon.After de la CSM, LEM a trasmotorul de coborre pentru cteva minute s renun e la orbita Lunii, a cobort nmod automat sub controlul AGC (cu radar pentru a masura altitudine), pn cnd a fost de 500 ft sau cam asa ceva deasupra suprafeei, atunci astronauii arprelua controlul manual pentru a utiliza dou controlere mana lui Lem pentru a

regla site-ul de aterizare programat pentru a se asigura c acestea urmau s aterizeze pe o suprafa plan i nu ntr-un cmp bolovan sau crater.

LM Ascent Stage under construction Notice the cylindrical cabin crewcompartment and spherical propellant tank without their usual skins.(Image

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credit:NASA) LM Ascent Etapa n construcie Observai cilindric cabincompartimentul echipajului i rezervorul de carburant sferice f r pielea lor obinuite (Imagine de credit: NASA).

To leave the LM meant sealing up the spacesuits and venting all the air from its

cabin, before crawling feet first through the hatch, down the porch to theladder.Returning required the opposite procedure.The LM's crew enjoyedminimal human comforts with no cooking, washing or lavatoryfacilities.Hammocks were slung across the tiny cabin to sleeping.Before takingoff the crew would dump any surplus items to lighten the Ascent Stage.A little

junkpile of discarded life support packs, overshoes and waste bags grew at thefoot of the LM's ladder.Dressed in their spacesuits, the astronauts fired the small,simple but powerful ascent engine under their cabin and their tiny spacecraftblasted off, using the Descent Stage as a launch pad.Seven minutes later theywould be in lunar orbit awaiting the rendezvous with the CSM. Pentru a p r si

LM nsemnat de etanare costumele spaiale i de ventilare tot aerul din cabinasa, nainte de a builea primele picioarele prin trapa, pe veranda laladder.Returning echipajului opusul procedure.The LM-au bucurat de confortulumane minime cu nici g tit, sp lat sau facilities.Hammocks toaleta fost aruncat pe cabina mica pentru a sleeping.Before decolarea echipajului ar arunca nici unprodus surplus pentru a uura Ascent Stage.A mic junkpile de aruncate desusinere a vieii pachete, ooni i saci de deeuri a crescut la poalele LMladder.Dressed n costume spaiale lor, astronautii tras motorul ascensiune mic,simplu, dar puternic n cabina lor i nave spaiale lor mici adui, folosind Descentscena ca o lansare de minute pad.Seven mai trziu, ei ar fi n orbita Lunii nateptarea rendezvous cu CSM.

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Apollo 16's Ascent stage looks a bit the worst for wear during its rendezvous withthe CSM, see final picture (Image credit:NASA) Etapa Ascent Apollo 16 a arataun pic mai r u pentru uzur n timpul ntlnirea sa cu CSM, vezi imaginea final (Imagine de credit: NASA)

Developing the LM was not easy and took longer than planned but in the endGrumman's engineering team succeeded brilliantly.The Saturn 5 and the ApolloCSM both suffered failures in their gestations, requiring extensive redesign, butthe LM did not.Hoping to capitalize on the development effort, Grumman offeredvariants of the craft for a space programme which was expected to encompassdozens of Moon missions, including Shelter version to act as a temporarybase, served by freighter variants , even a wheeled version which could havelanded and then trundled across the dusty moonscape. Dezvoltarea LM nu a fost

uoar i a durat mai mult dect fusese planificat, dar n cele din urm echipa de ingineri Grumman a reuit brilliantly.The Saturn 5 i Apollo CSM dou e ecurisuferite n sarcini lor, necesit reproiectare extins, dar LM a not.Hoping de aprofita de efortul de dezvoltare, Grumman a oferit variante de ambarcaiunipentru un program spaial care a fost de ateptat pentru a cuprinde zeci demisiuni Moon, printre care " Shelter versiune "de a aciona ca o baz temporar , deservite de variante cargo , chiar i o versiune pe roi care ar fi aterizat i apoi

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trundled peste peisajul lunar praf. Another, in an example of ploughshares intoswords, would have seen the LM, a vehicle of peaceful exploration, transformedfor strange military purposes into the Covert Space Denial Module . O alta, ntr-un exemplu de fiare de plug n s bii, s-ar fi v zut LM, un vehicul de explorare panic , transformat n scopuri militare str ine n Covert Modulul Negarea Space

. This 'space fighter' for the USAF would have been able to use a mechanicalarm to molest Soviet satellites, or even blast them to pieces with a recoilless gun.Acest "luptator spaiu" pentru USAF ar fi fost capabil de a utiliza un bra mecanica molesta satelii sovietici, sau chiar le distruge n buci, cu o arm recul. However, only one LM variant was actually built, the Extended Stay version. Cutoate acestea, doar o varianta LM a fost construit de fapt, versiunea ExtendedStay. This was essentially a 'Mark II' LM, with more fuel to prolonged hovering toallow better selection of the landing site, with more cargo space for experimentsand a roving vehicle, and improved life support for a longer stay (68 hours) onthe Moon. Acest lucru a fost n esen un LM "Mark II", cu mai mult combustibil

pentru a prelungit situndu-se, pentru a permite o mai bun selec ie a site-uluide aterizare, cu mai mult spaiu de marf pentru experimente i un vehiculr t cire, i de susinere a vieii mai bun pentru o edere mai lung (68 ore) laMoon. Externally identical to its predecessors, this redesigned LM was used onApollos 15 through 17. Pe plan extern identic cu predecesorii s i, aceasta LMreproiectat a fost utilizat pe Apollo 15, prin 17.

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The National Air and Space Museum in Washington DC has a real LM (built butnever used for orbital testing) parked outside its McDonald's restaurant. NationalAir and Space Museum din Washington DC are un LM real (construit, dar nu afolosit niciodat pentru testarea pe orbit ) parcat n afara restaurantului

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McDonald s u. From head-on the Ascent Stage looks oddly like a face, with thewindows as squinting eyes, the hatch a gaping mouth and cheeks containingelectronic and propellent tanks. De la cap-la Ascent scena arata ciudat ca o fata,cu ferestre ca ochii cruci, trapa un c scat gura i obrajii care conin rezervoareelectronice i propulsor. Some dim-witted and/or lazy conspiracy theorists claim

the astronaut mannikins at this exhibit are deliberately smaller than life-size, tomake the LM appear larger than it was. Unele teoreticienii conspiraiei dim laminte i / sau lene solicita mannikins astronaut la aceasta expozitie sunt n moddeliberat mai mici dect viaa-size, pentru a face LM apar mai mare dect afost. Again nonsense!(Image credit:Colin Johnston, Armagh Planetarium) ! Dinnou prostii (Imagine de credit: Colin Johnston, Armagh Planetarium)

Apollo 11 and the subsequent lunar landings were successes thanks to thesuperb design and construction of Grumman's Bug, and the LM's flexible designwas instrumental in saving the lives of the crew of Apollo 13.Today, four

complete LMs are displayed in US museums, the wreckage of six Ascent Stageslie scattered across the Moon's surface, Apollo 10's Ascent Stage orbits the Sun,while six LM Descent Stages rest on the lunar wilderness as memorials to thefirst days of space exploration. Apollo 11 i a aseleniz ri ulterioare au fostsuccese datorit design superb i construcia de Bug Grumman, iar designulflexibil LM a fost un rol esenial n salvarea a echipajului de Apollo 13.Today,patru MR i complete, sunt expuse in muzee din SUA, epava de ase etapeAscent zac mprtiate pe suprafaa Lunii, Apollo 10 a Ascent Etapa orbiteaza in

jurul Soarelui, n timp ce ase LM Descent Etapele restul de pustie lunar camemoriale la primele zile de explorare a spaiului.

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Apollo 16's Descent Stage lies derelict on the Moon.It will probably outlast thePyramids.(Image credit:NASA) Apollo 16 a Descent Etapa se afl n paragin pe Moon.It va dura mai mult dect probabil, Piramidele (Imagine de credit: NASA).

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