Modern Telescope (5W's 1H)

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Modern Telescope By, Muaz Miza Aida Aqilah

Transcript of Modern Telescope (5W's 1H)

Page 1: Modern Telescope (5W's 1H)

Modern Telescope

By, MuazMizaAida

Aqilah

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What

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Telescope

• A telescope is an instrument that aids in the observation of remote objects by collecting electromagnetic radiation (such as visible light). 

• Types of telescopes Optical telescopes (1608) Radio telescopes (1930s) Infrared telescopes (1960s) X-ray telescopes (1965) Submillimetre telescopes (1985)

Refracting telescope

Reflecting telescope

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Modern Telescope

• A reflecting telescope• Refracting telescope – classic telescope• Types of modern telescope All modern research telescopes and large amateur ones are of the 

reflector type because of its advantages over the refractor telescope.

Hubble Telescope is one of them.

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Who & when

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The Birth of Modern Telescopes

1200s •Magnifying glasses become common in thirteenth century

1350 •Spectacles (reading glasses)•Symbols of learning

1608•Hans Lippershey of Middelburg, and then of Jacob Metius of Alkmaar – a concave & convex lens in a tube

•States General (the national government) in The Hague discussed the patent 

•The patent did not awarded – too easy to copy

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1609 •In April, three-powered spyglasses could be bought in spectacle-maker's shops on the Pont Neuf in Paris, and four months later there were several in Italy

•In June/July, Galileo constructed his first three-powered spyglass.

1609•In August, Thomas Harriot observed the Moon with a six-powered instrument.•Galileo presented an eight-powered instrument to the Venetian Senate and turned a twenty-powered instrument in October or November.  He observed the Moon, discovered four satellites of Jupiter and the rings of Saturn, observed the phases of Venus, studied sunspot, resolved nebular patches into stars and discovered many other important phenomena.

1640s• The length of telescopes began to increase (from 1m – 6 m)•Telescopes had now again reached the point where further increases in magnification would restrict the field of view of the instrument too much. 

1672•First working reflecting telescope created by Isaac Newton (Newtonian telescope)•But the effort ended there. Others were unable to grind mirrors of regular curvature, and to add to the problem, the mirror tarnished and had to be repolished every few months, with the attending danger of damage to the curvature.

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Finally

1700s

•The reflecting telescope became a reality in the hands of first, James Hadley and then others.

•In the second half of the eighteenth century, in the hands of James Short and then William Herschel, the reflecting telescope with parabolically ground mirrors came into its own.

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Sphere vs Parabola

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where

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Where ???• The telescope was unveiled in the Netherlands. • In October 1608, the States General (the national 

government) in The Hague discussed the patent applications first of Hans Lippershey and then Jacob Metius, on a device for "seeing faraway things as though nearby." 

• It consisted of a convex and concave lens in a tube, and the combination magnified three or four times. 

• The gentlemen found the device too easy to copy to award the patent, but it voted a small award to Metius and employed Lippershey to make several binocular versions, for which he was paid handsomely. 

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why

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Why They Built The Modern Telescope? 

1.They build it to see distant objects more clearly by magnifying them or to increase the effective brightness of a faint object. 

2.They also build it to observe remote objects which was then used in the study of astronomy.

3.They also build it to look into outer space, such as stars, planets, moon etc.

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Why Do You Think Telescopes Are So Important?

Because they let us see further and discover what is out there in the Universe. Very importantly, they let us see back in time. Because light travels at 30,000 km per second, it means that light coming from a distant object takes time to get to us. The light we get from an object one billion light years away is one billion years old, so we are seeing the object as it was one billion years ago. In this way, we can see almost all the way back to the start of the Universe, 13.7 billion years ago. In this way, we can study the history of the Universe and how it evolved to get to this point.

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The Reason Why They Build Reflecting And Refracting Telescope

Advantages Disadvantages

Refracting telescopes

Having no central "stop" or other diffracting element in the path of light as it enters the telescope, and the alignment and transmission characteristics are stable over long periods of time.

Have low overall transmission due to reflection at the surface of all the optical elements,

Reflecting Telescopes

1.The reflecting material (usually aluminum ), deposited on a polished surface, has no chromatic aberration.2.The whole system can be kept relatively short by folding the light path.3.The objectives can be made very large since there is only one optical surface to be polished to high tolerance,  and the mirror can be supported from the back to prevent bending.

1.Alignment is more critical than in refracting systems, resulting in the use of complex adjustments for aligning the mirrors and the use of temperature insensitive mirror substrates.2.The secondary or other auxiliary mirrors are mounted on a support structure which occludes part of the primary mirror and causes diffraction

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how

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HOW ???

How does a telescope work ?

Basically telescope has two types . Refracting and reflecting .

Refracting telescope use lenses to focus the light ,while reflecting telescope use mirror .

Refracting telescope work by using 2 lenses to focus the light and make it look like the object closer to us . Both lenses are convex lens . This lens work by bending light inwards . This is what make the image look smaller .

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Reflecting telescope use mirror instead of lens .

In this case , the type of mirror used is concave mirror .

Mirror of this shape also accomplish the goal of bending light together , except that they do it by reflecting the light instead of bending it as it passes through .

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How Refracting Telescopes Work

 If you are wondering how the telescopes work, it is actually very simple.

(1)  Light enters through a   main objective lens at one end.

(2) The lens refracts (bends) the light to a point of focus at the other end.

(3) This is then magnified to form an image by the eyepiece which is inserted in the other end of the telescope. The eyepiece can be moved back and forth to adjust the sharpness of the focus.

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How Reflecting Telescopes Work

As previously mentioned, the way a reflecting telescope works, is similar to how refracting telescopes work.

(1)  Light enters at one end.

(2)  It is then reflected by a concave shaped primary mirror at the other end towards a smaller mirror known as the secondary mirror.

(3) This mirror reflects the light into an eyepiece, which is usually mounted on the side of the telescope 

(4) The eyepiece can be adjusted to alter the sharpness of focus.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of Refracting and Reflecting Telescope

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Refracting Telescope Reflecting Telescope

Advantages

1. Because of their simple design – easy to use

2. As their optics are permanently fixed and aligned - more reliable

1. Compact and portable - great for transportation and storage. 

2. More affordable - mirrors are cheaper to produce than lenses.

Disadvantages

1. Heavy  - especially larger aperture telescopes, because of their need for large lenses. 

2. Longer body - impact on transportation and storage.

3. Expensive - large high quality lenses are more costly to produce. (Cheaper lenses are more susceptible to aberrations)

1. The mirror need regular re-alignment - they can easily slip out of alignment due to knocks and bumps or even temperature changes.

2. They can be susceptible to spherical aberrations   - can interfere with image quality.

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Thank you!