Metodologia de Lucru in Spalatorie Si Curatatorie 509cd3c2064ec 1

7/28/2019 Metodologia de Lucru in Spalatorie Si Curatatorie 509cd3c2064ec 1

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FUNDAMENTALSof

DRY - CLEANING

0300-3

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Table of contents

page

Preface .........................................................................................................2

1st

chapter .....................................................................................................3

Survey of dry cleaning...................................................................................3

2ndchapter.....................................................................................................4

The sequence of operations in dry cleaning ..................................................4

Sorting ..........................................................................................................5

Pre - spotting...............................................................................................10

Cleaning......................................................................................................11Cleaning - process ......................................................................................14

Filtration ......................................................................................................21

Finishing......................................................................................................22

Finishing methods.......................................................................................23

3rd

chapter ...................................................................................................25

The most frequent sources of trouble and their elimination..........................25

Epilogue......................................................................................................28

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Preface to the 3r

edition

The third edition of this booklet is, like the previous one, a brief and clear brochure whichshows the manifold problems that many dry cleaning plants are confronted with. By that,it is also rendered possible for "non-specialists" to get a better general view of all therelevant problems in a short time.

Over the last years this little compendium as well as the booklet " A Guide to Spotting"has been introduced to pertinent technical colleges at which it is appreciated as learning-and teaching aid.

The developing chemists and performing technologists of the firm BUSSETTI & COGesmbH have dealt with the problems of dry cleaning for decades. During the last yearsespecially in the light of the aggravated ecological problems, one has to take attention to

appropriate developments and changes of existing products. Today these auxiliaries aremainly produced in our factory in Marchtrenk/Upper Austria and are exported with risingsuccess in many European and not European countries.

In addition to chemico-technical auxiliaries that are made for the leather-manufacturing-,textile- and paper- industry as well as for other industries, the field "dry cleaning" holdsan important place within the research- and marketing programme.

BUSSETTI & CO GesmbH will continue trying hard to combine the results of researchwith the requirements of practice in an effective way to try to solve the dry cleaner's

problems that are sometimes very difficult.

Vienna, January 2000 BUSSETTI & CO GesmbHDepartment of dry cleaning

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CHAPTER 1

1.1 Survey of dry cleaning

Today the customer can choose between several services in dry cleaning:

1. Cleaning per kilogram:

machine cleaning without any pre- or post-treatment;

2. Ordinary cleaning:

a) sorting,b) machine cleaning after sorting, andc) machine damping or pressing;

3. Special cleaning:

a) sorting,b) pre-spotting,c) machine cleaning,d) post-spotting or treatment of individual stains,e) machine shape-damping or pressing,f ) ironing by hand

During the last years ordinary cleaning has been able to increase it's share ofthe market considerably for it became possible to achieve a cleaning effect bypre-spotting and stain removal that gets close to complete cleaning.

Despite the low price launderettes and cleaning per kilogram could not prevaildecisively over here. The customers make great demands on quality andservice which cannot be offered by plants, which suggest this kind of cleaning.

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CHAPTER 2

2.1 The sequence of operations in dry cleaning

Generally we are working in the following way:

SORTING

PRE - SPOTTING

CLEANING

POST - SPOTTING

FINISHING

fig. 1

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2.1.1 Sorting

After acceptance the garments are separated into different sorts and colours (bright-dark) shown in routine, fig. 1 and then either passed on directly to the cleaning machineor - if they are more strongly soiled - treated with pre-spotters before cleaning. Garmentsnow being spotless can be brought directly to the finishing or machine cleaned againbefore.

Of course, this routine can be changed according to the individual facilities of a plant.Thus it is also possible to work without pre-spotting but only with post-spotting. Stains,however, which remain on the garments after cleaning will have fixed by drying then. It ismuch harder to remove them in post-spotting.

As can be seen in fig.1, the flow of the article in dry cleaning starts with sorting.Unfortunately, there is much too less importance attached to sorting. However, it has tobe realised that a good cleaning result can be achieved only if the garments are sortedcarefully. When sorting the clothes, some important points need to be considered. Aboveall the four care symbols should be generally known:

fig. 2

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Important for the dry-cleaner is most of all the "circle" (which symbolises thewashing drum) with the contained letters A, P and F.

The meaning:

The second important care symbol is the flat-iron with a certain number ofpoints in it; the symbol of maximum temperature:

e.g.

Cleaning only in hydrocarbonsolvent.

Garments marked with this sign are allowed to becleaned with all solvents. Even with the nowforbidden trichloroethylene and 1,1,1-trichloroethan

Cleaning only in perchloroethylene and inhydrocarbonsolventP

F

fig. 3

. .

(one point) 120C synthetics

(two points) 150C wool and silk

(three points) 200C cotton, etc..

fig. 4

A

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The other two symbols are mainly important for laundries.

The "washing vat" indicates the different maximum temperatures for wetprocessing which correspond to the various kinds of dyeing.

e.g.

The "triangle" with the letters Cl points out that it is possible to use washing-and bleaching agents containing chlorine.

e.g.

As a supplement to the care symbols "dry cleaning" and "wet processing" thereis the underscore which marks sensitive garments which must be treated withlittle mechanic (high liquor level, progressive spin-drying, etc.).

e.g.

6 0 C

fig. 5

C l

fig. 6

P

fig. 7

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Take into consideration that the treatment of garments with care symbols crossed out, issubject to the following restrictions:

When sorting the garments for care-treatment , one has to observe that variousornaments (buttons, beads, lurex, etc.) fixed on the articles of clothing have tobe examined for their resistance to dry-cleaning. It must be found out too,whether prints (e.g. in decorative fabrics) are unaffected by cleaning. Just withsuch materials there are again and again problems, for it is possible that inpigment prints the binding agents between dyestuff and fibre are non-resistantto solvent. Then the article marks off and the solvent may get strongly stained.Lately problems with artificial furs and leather fabrics have arisen more andmore frequently. Sometimes these imitations appear so real that the dry

cleaner can hardly recognise them as such. If in doubt, cleaning should berefused or the risk ought to be passed on to the customer.To all this has to be paid attention already when accepting the articles ofclothing in order to be able to draw the customer's attention to troubles thatmay arise.

do not dry clean

do not wash

do not iron

do not bleach

fig. 8

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When sorting, the articles have to be separated into "bright and dark". Thesegarments sorted according to colours should be furthermore separated indifferent qualities which leads to the following finish of the articles.

sorting

bright dark

knitted fabrics, open

fabrics (wool, silk, acrylic)

softening agent

destaticizer

jackets, trousers, further

wardrobe

dressing

balloon fabrics,

ski clothing,...

impregnation

fig. 9

Fig. 9 shows that e.g. bright articles are separated into:

knitted goodsjackets and trousersand balloon fabrics

After that and after cleaning

bright knitted goods are softened andfinished antistaticjackets and trousers are dressedand balloon fabrics are impregnated

The same applies certainly for dark articles. The more thoroughly theseparation is done, the better the cleaning result will be.

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2.1.2 Pre-Spotting

According to the routine (fig. 1) pre-spotting follows sorting. Why shall pre-

spotting be carried out at all?

The answer is easy: pre-spotting decreases the cost in the factory. Here seemsto be a certain discrepancy at a glance, for why can an additional workingprocess save costs? Owing to the fact that the articles of clothing have not yetbeen cleaned or dried ("caking effect") it is easier to identify which type of spotit is. Through the proper use of the pre-spotter or the spotting agents soilremoval will be improved, by which a better cleaning result is obtained.

Pre-spotting is characterised by two different working methods:

A) brushing and spraying

B) spotting

A 1) brushing

When brushing, auxiliaries are applied to the soiled spot by a spotting brush.For pre-treatment also dry cleaning soap diluted with water and perc were usedfrequently. This kind of solution to brushing has been prohibited by the tradeauthority, for else the occupational exposure limits would be exceeded andinjuries to health would be impending. As a consequence, special brushingagents, like e.g. "UNISOL", are used today.

A 2) spraying

When spraying, the pre-spotter "UNISOL" is sprayed highly atomised on thegarments and introduced by means of a spotting brush. The possibility ofallowing steam to react facilitates the removal of water-soluble soiling.

B) spotting

Stains are removed either by special pre-spotters, e.g. UNISOL 1, UNISOL 2,UNISOL 3 or by stain removing agents of the NEOCRYL - range. In this

connection we want to refer to "Guide to Spotting" of BUSSETTI & COGesmbH. This pamphlet deals in great detail with the possibilities andproblems of spot removing.

An important point in connection with spotting is retouching. Even theexperienced spot remover can cause a bright spot on the clothing. Of course,the colour change must be removed in the ordinary course of the service to thecustomer. This is done with the help of retouching pencils.

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2.1.3 Cleaning

After sorting and pre-spotting the garments are now passed on to cleaning. Before

dealing with cleaning or cleaning processes more specifically, you should be informedabout soiling and the average composition of soil.

approx. 10% SOLVENT - SOLUBLEoils, greases, waxes, finishing agents,...

approx. 15% WATER - SOLUBLEsalts, sugar, sweat,...WATER - SWELLABLEstarch, protein,...

approx. 75% INSOLUBLEsoot, dust, pigments,...

fig. 10

As can be seen in fig. 10, only approx. 10 % of the soil is solvent-soluble. To remove therest, auxiliaries are needed both of technical (filters) and chemical nature (dry cleaningsoaps). To be able to dissolve water-soluble soil, sufficient moisture must be present.The dry cleaning soap has the function to ensure that the moisture disperses evenlyover the fibre and in the solvent as well as the accelerating the dissolving- and swelling

process. That applies for water-soluble or -swellable soil (approx. 15 %) that ismentioned in the chart.

Moreover, the dry cleaning soap has also emulsifying and dispersing qualities. It has adirt dissolving and soil carrying effect, that is why it helps to remove 75 % of theremaining soil. This means that 90 % of the soil could be removed only from the textilefibre until a dry cleaning soap, e.g. ALBOXAN- or AUROPUR is used.

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As shown in fig. 10 approx. 75 % of all stains are insoluble both in water andsolvents. These 75 % must be eliminated from the liquor by filters of the machine. Ifalso less dry cleaning soap is at hand, the insoluble dirt particles are dispersedinsufficiently and are not transported up to the filter. The pigments remain on thegarments or are deposited again and cause greying which is feared.

Moreover, it is important for the dry cleaning soap to have binding- and levellingcapacity (the quality of spreading water evenly over the article). If the concentrationof the dry cleaning soap in the solvent is too low, the water which has come on thearticle by steam or spot removing agents in pre-spotting or by humidity cannot bedispersed evenly over the whole surface of the article, but will be present at somespots in local over-concentration. There, pigment soil deposits particularly intensely(greying). Woollen goods also felt here.

Of course, it is possible to produce very special effects by appropriate additives oron the ground of the chemical build-up of dry cleaning soaps.

For example:

deodorising additives - body odours are taken away

colour refreshing additives - especially for white and colourful articles

antistatic additives - prevent linting

softening effect - iron work becomes easier

qualities beneficial to impregnation - improve impregnation result

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Before we are dealing with the usual cleaning process in greater detail, there arequoted some important physical facts of the solvents used in dry cleaning(fig. 11).

PER HC-solvent WATER

chemical formula Cl2C=CCl2 H3C-(CH2)X-CH3X = 6-10

H2O

kauri - butanol - value 90 27 - 30

boiling point/C 121 ca. 180 - 195 100

azeotropic boiling point/C(water + solvent)

87

decomposition temp./C 150 220

occupational exposure limits 50 200

specific gravity/g/cm3 1.62 0.75 0.80 1.00

evaporation rate (ether = 1) 9.5 65.0

fig. 11

Dependent on the specific gravity, it is obvious that water floats on perc, and hc-solvent floats on water.

Here the kauri butanol value, the decomposition temperature, and theoccupational exposure limits are most interesting.

Today the occupational exposure limits are checked at each factory inspectionwith the used air and space air concentration.

The kauri butanol value is a proportionality factor giving information on thesolvent power of the different solvents. According to these kauri butanol valuesperchloroethylene has more solvent power than hc-solvent.

A very important figure is the decomposition temperature. The decompositiontemperature of perchloroethylene is approx. 150C which means that the steamsupply of the distillation unit must not have a pressure of more than 5 bar, forelse, as a consequence of the high steam temperature involved, the solventwould locally overheat and, therefore, hydrochloric acid would be separated.

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2.1.3.1. Cleaning Process

On principle there are one-bath processes and multi-bath processes at which,however, hardly more than two baths are used unless the articles areimpregnated. Owing to the modern automatic cleaning machines, the height ofthe liquor level - no dip - causes stronger mechanics than a high liquor level.Mechanic is the friction of the garments between one another by which dirtremoval is intensified.

A widespread method is the ONE BATH - ONE STEP - PROCESS (fig. 12)with continuous high liquor level and filtering circuit during the entire cleaningperiod.

with filtering circuitwithout

high

medium

low

cleaning period

so vent eve

from working-tank

dry cleaning soap

to working-tank

fig. 12

The dry cleaning soap is added at the beginning of the procedure. In thismethod water shall not be admixed since a filter is in action during the entirecleaning period. The advantage of this process is the low mechanic caused bythe high liquor level. It is a highly gentle method that is often employed forwoollen and knitted goods. The disadvantage is on the one hand due to thelower mechanic by which more spotting may be required which has to be madeup for by appropriate pre-spotting, on the other hand raises the degree of soil inthe solvent.

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As we have mentioned in chapter 2.1.3 Cleaning by an average consist of dirt itis possible to obtain a considerable improvement of the cleaning result byadding water. On the other hand, it is not feasible to work with aqueous liquorin the filtering circuit, for else a strong increase in filtering pressure wouldoccur. Therefore the filter has to be eliminated from the working procedure ifwater is used as auxiliary.

In the ONE BATH - TWO STEP - PROCESS (fig. 13) a short bath of two tomax. three minutes with dry cleaning soap and water as auxiliary is applied inthe course of which no filter is used. Subsequently, the bath is filled up to fulllevel and filtered.

withoutwith filtering circuit

high

medium

low

from working-tank to working-tank

solvent level

cleaning period

max. 2-3 min!

dry cleaning soap

+ water

fig. 13

It is absolutely important to work not longer than 3 minutes in the shortbath without filter, for otherwise the danger of greying would increase veryrapidly. The low liquor level, however, involves a notably strongermechanic, and the addition of water implies a better dirt removal than inthe One bath - One step - process.

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Much more effective than one-bath processes are two-bath processes. Thedifference is that the content of the first bath, which always has a low level, getspumped to distillation and therefore always clean solvent is at hand. In thesecond bath cleaning is carried out with the help of dry cleaning soap of theALBOXAN- or AUROPUR-series at high solvent level through the filter.

The usual processes are briefly characterised in the following:

Most of all the TWO BATH TWO STEP - PROCESS (fig. 15) is used. The nofiltering circuit is brought into action to the first bath with low level.

without

with filtering circuit

high

medium

low

from working-tank to working-tank

solvent level

cleaning period

max. 2-3 min!

water

dry cleaning soap

to destillationfrom working-tank

+ pure solvent

fig. 15

Preliminary cleaning takes place without filter and with water as auxiliary. After twoto three minutes there is pumping off to distillation and centrifuging. Thereupon, thebath with level is enriched with dry cleaning soap and filtered.

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An alternative with higher mechanic is a modified TWO BATH TWO STEP -PROCESS (fig.16)

without


high

medium

low

from working-tank

to working-tank

solvent level

cleaning

periodmax. 2-3 min!

water

pure solvent

to destillation

from working-tank

max. 2-3 min!

dry cleaningsoap

fig. 16

In the first bath there is 2 to max. 3 minutes cleaning with addition of water withlow solvent level without filtering circuit, then there is pumping off to distillationand spin-drying of the articles. Therefore will be removed a high part of usual soil.The second bath begins too, with low solvent level and without filtration circuit.This time, however, a suitable dry cleaning soap of the ALBOXAN- orAUROPUR-series are added and cleaning requires, again, 2 to max. 3 minutes.Thereupon, there is filling up to full level from the working tank and filtering. Infact of the higher mechanic the soiling will increase removed from the productand the expensive rework will be reduced noticeable.

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The most effective cleaning method is the TWO BATH - THREE-STEP PROCESS (fig. 17)

It allows the largest share of finished articles though involving the least danger of

greying, but it has the disadvantage of a high load of the filter and raising of thefilter pressure. Connected with this is a frequent change and distillation of thefiltercontent.

without


high

medium

low

from working-tankto working-tank

solvent level

cleaning

periodmax. 2-3 min!

water

dry cleaning soap

to destillation

from working-tank

+ pure solvent

fig. 17

The first bath is pumped through the filter with low level, subsequently the filteringcircuit is cut off and water is added. In short liquor cleaning continues 2 to max. 3minutes, then the whole bath is pumped to distillation and spin-dried The secondbath is enriched with a suitable dry cleaning soap of the ALBOXAN- orAUROPUR-series and filtered.

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Summary to the cleaning-processes:

The following points should be born in mind both in one- and in two-bathprocesses:

The period of cleaning without filter should be kept as short as possible andmay take two to three minutes at the most. Longer cleaning causes the dangerof greying to rise, for the articles serve as a filter for the pigment soil then. Byadding water, the danger of greying is yet increased, for the pigment soiladheres persistently to the wet spots and mostly cannot be removed from thereanymore. Therefore, when cleaning bright articles, a process should definitelybe selected in which one works with low level through the filter before addingwater.

Today the extremely large quantities of water, as they were still added severalyears ago, are not used anymore. It has been found out that an overabundantquantity of water does not cause an improvement, but results in articles thatcome out of the machine badly creased and, hence, require more ironing.Nowadays one adds to trousers an average of 2 % water of the fabric weight,and to balloon fabrics 4 % water of the fabric weight, i.e. that to approx. 10 kgtrousers 200 cm3 water and to 10 kg balloon fabrics 400 cm3 are added.

The opinion that a better cleaning result can also be achieved by prolongingthe filtration time is widely held. However, it has been found out that with the

same process and different filtration time max. cleaning effect is obtained after12 min. filtration time already. In the two-bath processes bath refill and drycleaning soap addition should be considered moreover. The first bath isbasically taken from the working-tank and pumped to distillation after cleaningwith low level. The second bath is also taken from the working tank that on itspart is filled up to full solvent level from the tank for clean solvent. According tothe solvent addition from the tank for clean solvent, dry cleaning soap is added.

A short example:

If for the first bath approx. 100 l solvent are used that are subsequentlydistilled, the working tank also has to be refilled with 100 l clean solvent. If a drycleaning soap concentration of 3 cm3 per 1l perc is required, 300 cm3 drycleaning soap have to be added.

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2.1.4 Filtration

The filter plays an important role in the cleaning machine. It has the function of

retaining insoluble parts from the solvent. There are different methods ofconstruction for filters, the working method, however, is the same in allprecoated filters. The necessary quantity of filtering powder (oftendiatomaceous earth, e.g. Celatom) or activate bleaching earth (e.g. Tonsil), issupplied to the filter elements. In fact of the very small grain size and the shortpore-diameter the pigment soil is retained at the filter; the transportation ismade by the dry cleaning soap.

Lately precoat free filter elements are applied in the machines. Instead ofkieselguhr serves a very dense woven base textile for filter element. With thesesystems there occurs often the problem of to high filter pressure at the

beginning. This problem can be solved by adding a short amount of kieselguhr.

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2.1.5 Finishing

After pre-spotting and cleaning, the articles are to be finished. Unfortunately,

too less importance is attached to this point. Fabrics are dressed and finishedfrom the textile industry and dressing fabrics, e.g. to reach a better touch orwater-resistance. The dry cleaner must give back the original proofing, whichhas been removed by the solvent (e.g. with LASTOPAN or APRALON).

Mainly two kinds of finishing are carried out in dry cleaning:

A) DressingB) Impregnation

First of all the feel of the goods and the surface smoothness are influenced bydressing. When using impregnation, the resistance of the textiles to wetness isimproved; they get water-repellent properties without their air permeation beingreduced.

As well the dry-cleaner as the customers have advantages by a new finishing.

The advantages of the dry-cleaning-factory are:

1. Bigger turnoverand more profit for an additional service is rendered.

2. Ironing becomes easier for the surfaces of the articles are smoothed byfinishing.

3. By applying finishing agents, the articles get a certain protection againststains for the substance of the stain cannot enter as deeply as otherwise intothe fabric.

4. Less pre-spotting work and better dirt removal when cleaning again.

5. Advantages over the competitors as better services are rendered.

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The advantages of the customer are:

1. The clothes are dimensionally more stable and less susceptible tocreasing.

2. A creased garment will recover more rapidly.

3. The feel of the article is improved.

4. The clothing retains its comfortable wearability and

5. a look as if it were new.

2.1.5.1 Finishing methods

There are three methods:

the dipping methodthe flow coating processand the spray method

The oldest procedure to finish garments in dry cleaning is the dipping method.

The finishing substance is solved in a separate tank and several times used aslast bath before drying. This method has some disadvantages: After repeateduse, the finishing liquor has to be brought to distillation for the bath is soiled bythe articles and, in that case, the dangers of greying and staining are existent.Not only soil and dyestuffs are brought into the bath, but also dry cleaning soapis enriched which leads to a reduced water-repellent effect. The advantage inthis method is that one can work with the automatic control of the machine, andthat a very constant distribution of the auxiliaries is granted.

The method applied most in Austria in former times was the flow coatingprocess, which was especially for small- and medium-size enterprises of great

interest. No accessory units or additional tanks were required and theconsumption of auxiliaries was much lower than in the dipping method. In thisprocess, however, the proceeding cycle of the machine had to be stopped inorder to be able to infuse the finishing agents by hand. Due to this fact thedrum has to be opened and it came to high solvent emissions in the operating-rooms. This method is now forbidden.

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Today the spraying method is used almost exclusively. It is certainly the mosteconomical method. Here, the less quantity of auxiliaries is needed and itworks with the automatic programme. However, for this method a furtherinstrument is required. There the finishing substance is diluted with solvent and

with a time-watch the layer on the textile is regulated.

Especially for the waterproof finish one has to notice, that no residues ofwetting dry cleaning detergents are left on the garments because they aredisturbing the impregnation effect considerable because of the hygroscopicproperty. To remove this surface active agents a rinsing bath with clear solventis inserted between cleaning and impregnation process.

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CHAPTER 3

3.1. The most frequent sources of trouble and theirelimination

In a dry cleaning firm there will always be problems that are causally connected

with machines and installations. Their solution is dependent on the detection andcorrection of the faults as well as on their future prevention.

3.1.1 Unsatisfactory cleaning effect

If the washing efficiency is not satisfying or has decreased remarkable, thefollowing may be the reason:

wrong cleaning programme,period of cleaning is too short,moisture addition is too low.

These causes are easily checked and corrected. Moreover, the faultless functionof the filter is responsible for the cleaning effect. As far as possible the filteringpressure in precoated filters is never to go beyond the maximum pressurespecified by the manufacturer. Already at an increased pressure the throughput

rate gets so low that the pigment soil removed from the article cannot betransported fast enough to the filter and causes greying of the article.

The filter bed has to be replaced if the pressure is too high. If the initial pressureis higher than specified, the filter should be opened and cleaned. Liquor andfiltration pressure ought to be checked permanently by the cleaner. If the liquordoes not become clear after filtering, soil and filter powder reach the garments.The filter must be checked at once.

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3.1.2 Low efficiency of distillation

If this problem is appearing, the following questions should be answered and at

the same time the mistakes will be cleared away:

Has the distillation vessel been thoroughly cleaned from residues?

Is enough energy available?

How high is the steam pressure?

Is the steam trap adjusted correctly?

In electrically heated distillation plants: have the safety thermostatsresponded?

In electrically heated plants: have heating elements broken down?

Possibly a layer of dirt which has an isolation effect has caked at thebottom of the distilling vessel.

3.1.3 The distilling vessel boils over

The reasons for the fault may be:

Low quantities of silicone having been removed from silicone- orfluorocarbon-impregnated articles.

Open steam valve will not seal.

Use of foam building chemicals.

The distilling vessel has been cleaned insufficiently.

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3.1.4 Cloudy distillate

Mostly responsible for cloudy distillate is too fast distilling. The cloudiness is

due to traces of water. The temperature of the condensation product must bechecked permanently. The higher the temperature the more water is dissolvedclearly in the solvent. When going on cooling down to room temperature thedissolved water is getting free - the distillate becomes clouded. By thepresence of low quantities of water it is entirely normal at the beginning ofdistillation that the distillate is cloudy because of the azeotropic distilling phase.In the clean and cold water-separator, however, water and solvent ought to beseparated exactly.

Therefore it is necessary to clean the water-separator in shorter intervals andto check the temperature of the distillate (25 - 30C).

3.1.5 Disagreeable smell of goods

If it is not possible to get odourless garments it may have different reasons:

If the distillation-rate is insufficient, soil and bacteria are collected insolvent which leads to smell of goods by increasing lots.

High steam pressure for distillation inlet and therefore overheating ofthe solvent (acid forming) and the distillation-sump.

At cleaning systems free of waste air, these problems are caused when nofresh air is supplied after drying phase. The slight "musty" odour vanishes whileironing, steaming or hanging out. Most of odour building substances are

removed with water vapour, and accumulate therefore in the water phase of thewater-separator and are easy to remove by a weekly emptying and cleaning.

Also recommended is the use of auxiliaries with steam resistant odours(BUCOFRESH-series, BUCOPHOB-series). With these products the freshsmell stays on the textile even after finishing and ironing and gives a pleasantsmell to the rooms.

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The most important trade names of manmade fibres in Austria

Polyamide fibre (PA): AntronCaprolanCelonDederonEnkalonGrilonHeliolanHelion

KapronLilionNylonNylsuissNyl-Test

PerlonRilsanSpinlonStilon

Polyacrylnitrile fibre (PAC): AcribelAcrilanCashmilon

Courtelle

CrylorDolanDralon

LeacrilOrlon

RedolenSpannyTeklan

Velicren

Polyester fibre (PES): BucaleniCrimpleneDacronDiolenDorvivanGrilene

KodelLeasterSpinleneTergalTeritalTersuiss

TeryleneTreviraVestanVistel

Polyurethane fibre (PUR): Dorlastan Enkaswing LycraVyrene

Acetate fibre (CA): AcesellaAcesilArnel-SnoupixCelafibreChatilan

DicelDorianLenalusLunesilNaiaset

RhodiaRhodiafilStellaTricel

Viscose fibre (CV): DelustraDurafloxEvlanFibro

FloxHochmodul333ReyonVincel

SarilleVisolanViskolenRayon

This list claims no demand of being complete and is prepared by the Austrian Institutefor Chemical Fibres.

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EPILOGUE

This compendium wants to give just a short and condensed general view of theproceedings in dry cleaning. Of course, each problem complex talked aboutneeds detailed discussion which, however, can only be useful within therespective group of persons on the spot in the dry cleaning firm. That is why wehave merely glanced shortly at many things and merely pointed out manypossibilities. For the adjustments of programmes and processes the performingservice of the firm BUSSETTI & CO GesmbH is, naturally, at your disposal atany time.

The author

Metodologia de Lucru in Spalatorie Si Curatatorie 509cd3c2064ec 1

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