Limba Engleza Curs Aa

download Limba Engleza Curs Aa

of 76

Transcript of Limba Engleza Curs Aa

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    1/76

    1

    LIMBA ENGLEZA

    SUPORT DE CURS

    2009

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    2/76

    2

    CUPRINS

    Alfabetul limbii engleze 3

    Vocalele limbii engleze 4

    Consoanele limbii engleze 5

    Substantivul ... 6

    Articolul 9

    Prepozitia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 13

    Conjunctia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 21

    Adverbul ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 23

    Adejectivul ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 30

    Numeralul ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 38

    Pronumele ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 43

    Verbul ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 47

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    3/76

    3

    Alfabetului Limbii Engleze

    Engleza foloseste un alfabet latin cu literele cunoscute si in alte limbi straine de

    origine indo-europeana dar cunoaste grupuri de litere care se pronunta diferit. De exemplu, "th"

    este grupul cel mai cunoscut.

    Ceea ce este mai interesant in alfabetul englez este ca adesea "y" si "w" devin vocale si

    astfel intervin schimbarile necesare (articolul nehotarat "a" se transforma in "an" daca

    cuvintele incep cu una dintre aceste litere).

    Engleza este o limba tonala in care intonatia este importanta. De aceea, adesea, vocea

    ajuta sa transmita ironia sau surpriza, afirmatia sau interogatia. Spre exemplu, intrebarea

    poate fi formata cu ajutorul inversiunii subiectului cu auxiliarul verbului dar exista si

    posibilitatea mentinerii afirmatiei si a schimbarii intonatiei.

    Diacriticele apar destul de rar in limba engleza, in special in cuvintele imprmutate

    (applique, attache, crepe, elite) si pronuntia lor este identica cu cea din limba din care

    provin, in mare parte din franceza.

    Vocalele Limbii Engleze

    (the voewls)

    Litera Transcriere fonetica

    a [ei] Limba engleza are 12

    b [bi:] vocale, lungi (mai lungi decat

    c [si:] in limba romana, pe care le

    d [di:] indicam in transcrierea

    e [i:] fonemica prin doua puncte

    f [ef] [:]), si scurte (mai scurte

    g [dji:] decat in limba romana):

    h [eitch] a scurt, intre "a" anterior si

    i [ai] "o", ex.: nut [nat] nucaj [gei] a: mai lunga decat vocala

    k [kei] romaneasca, urmata de obicei

    l [el] de "r" (care nu se pronunta,

    m [em] doar daca urmatorul cuvant

    n [en] incape cu o vocala!), ex.:

    o [ou] arm [a:m] brat, car [ca:]

    p [pi:] masina

    q [kju:]

    r [a:]

    s [es]

    t [ti:]

    u [ju:]

    v [vi:]

    w ['dablju:]

    x [eks]

    y [wai]

    z [zed]

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    4/76

    4

    [a: ] a cu barcuta deasupra, prelungit si pronuntat printre dinti, intr-un zambet larg, ex.: girl

    [ga:l] fata, learn [la:n] a invata

    [ae] este un sunet intermediar intre "e" si "a", pronuntat cu gura foarte mult deschisa, ex.: Ann

    [aen] Ana, has [haez] (el, ea) are

    e similar cu vocala romaneasca, ex.: men [men] barbati, many [meni] multi, multei scurt, intre "i" si "e"

    it [it] el, ea (pentru substantive ce denumesc obiecte, animale si notiuni abstracte), ex: big [big]

    mare

    i: vocala lunga, intalnita in exclamatiile din limba romana!, ex: be [bi:] a fi, see [si:] a vedea

    o intermediara intre o si a, ex: dog [dog] caine, not [not] nu (adverb)

    o: lung, intre "u" si "o", ex: all [o:l] toti, toate, door [do:] usa

    u scurt, intre "u" si "o", ex: good [gud] bun

    u: lung, ex: you [iu:] tu, voi, do [du:] a face

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    5/76

    5

    Consoanele Limbii Egleze

    Unele consoane englezesti sunt deosebite de cele din limba romana:

    a. urmate de aspiratie, de un "h" usor, cand sunt folosite la inceputul cuvintelor

    k come [cham] a veni (de regula, "e"-ul din pozitie finala nu se citeste!)

    p pen [phen] stilou

    t ten [then] zece

    b. alveolare; varful limbii se sprijina pe alveolele incisivilor superiori

    d did [did] facut

    t ten [ten] zece

    n not [not] nu

    c. interdentale, tine varful limbii intre dinti si rosteste "s" (consoana surda) sau "z"

    (consoana sonora)

    ["s"] thank ["s"aenc] multumesc

    ["z"] then ["z"en] atunci

    d. "l" velar, pozitie finala / "l" clar, apare inainte de vocale

    tell [tel] a povesti like [laic] a place

    e. "n" velar / "n" clar

    sun [san] soare English [inglish] englez

    f. "r" fricativ, nu se pronunta in pozitie finala, decat daca urmatorul cuvant incepe cu o

    vocala

    Henry

    g. "s"-ul dintre doua vocale, sau uneori cel aflat la sfarsitul cuvantului se pronunta "z"

    please [pli:z] va rog (adu-ti aminte ca "e" final, dupa consoana, nu se citeste!)

    his [hiz] al lui

    h. "sh" are ca echivalent "sh"-ul romanesc: shogun

    English [inglish] englez

    i. "ts" indentic cu "ts"-ul romanesc

    nuts [nats] nuci

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    6/76

    6

    Substantivul (the noun)

    Felul substantivelor

    Substantivele in limba engleza se pot imparti in patru categorii:

    substantive comune: cat, girl, lamp

    substantive proprii: England, London, Mr Smith, Mary

    substantive abstracte: beauty, love, courage, fear, joy

    substantive colective: crowd, group, team

    Genul

    Substantive de genul masculin sunt fiintele si animalele de sex masculin:

    Ex.: man, boy, lion, dog

    Substantivele de genul feminin sunt fiintele si animalele de sex feminin:

    Ex.: woman, girl, cat, giraffe

    Substantive de genul neutru sunt lucrurile, plantele, animale sau fiinte al caror sex nu

    este cunoscut (pronume: it/they):

    Ex.: world, peace, house, mouse, baby

    Exceptii: tarile, navele,n majoritatea cazurilor si autovehiculele sau alte vehicule

    sunt de genul feminin.Substantivele de genul comun sunt o particularitate a limbii engleze. Substantivele care

    intra in aceasta categorie au aceeasi forma pentru ambele sexe:

    Ex.: child (copil, copila), cook (bucatar, bucatareasa), teacher (profesor,

    profesoara).

    Unele substantive au forme diferite pentru genul masculin si cel feminin:

    Ex.: boy - girl, husband - wife, brother - sister, father - mother, son - daughter,

    uncle - aunt, dog - bitch, bull - cow, king queen

    Numarul

    Numarul este forma pe care o ia un substantiv pentru a arata ca ne referim la unul sau mai

    multe obiecte sau fiinte.Singularul coincide cu forma de baza a unui substantiv: dog, girl, wife, world, storm

    Pluralul substantivelor se formeaza prin adaugarea unui s la forma de singular:

    Ex.: cat+s=cats, day+s=days, world+s=worlds

    Pluralul substantivelor teminate in ch, o, sh, s, x se formeaza adaugand es la singular.

    Ex.: church+es=churches, bush+es=bushes, class+es=classes,

    potato+es=potatoes, bush+es=bushes, box+es=boxes

    Pluralul neregulat

    Substantive terminate in consoana+y fac pluralul in ies:

    Ex.: company - companies, factory - factories, baby - babies

    Unele substantive terminate in o fac plural prin adaugarea unui s.

    Ex.: soprano - sopranos, piano - pianos, photo - photos

    Unele substantive terminate in f sau fe vor suferi la plural schimbarea in ves.

    Ex.: leaf - leaves, half - halves, wife - wives, life - lives, self - selves, wolf

    wolves

    Exceptii: roof - roofs, handkerchief - handkerchiefs, gulf - gulfs, wharf - wharfs/ wharves

    Cateva substantive formeaza pluralul prin schimbarea unei vocale interne

    Ex.: foot - feet, man - men, tooth - teeth

    Pluralul substantivului child este children.

    Unele substantive raman identice la plural

    Ex.: aircraft, deer, series, sheep, species, fish

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    7/76

    7

    Pluralul substantivelor compuse

    In cazul substantivelor compuse numai ultimul cuvant va trece la plural.

    Ex.: boy-friends, break-ins, travel agents

    Exceptii: substantivele compuse al caror prim element este man sau woman vor primi semnul

    pluralului pentru ambele substantive componente.

    Ex.: men drivers, women teachers, men servants

    In cazul substantivelor compuse formate din constructii de genul substantiv + prepozitie /

    adverb + substantiv, substantivul de baza va primi semnul pluralului.

    Ex.: sisters-in-law, passers-by, men-of-war, hangers-on, lookers-on, runners-up

    Abrevierile sau initialele vor forma pluralul prin adaugarea unui s

    Ex.: MPs (Members of Parliament), VIPs (very important persons)

    Substantivele unice (uncountable nouns)

    Sunt substantive care nu se pot numara (uncountable) deoarece reprezinta fie unicate, obiecte

    puternic individualizate, notiuni abstracte.

    Nume de substante: bread, coffee, gold, paper, cloth, glass, oil, stone, wood

    Abstractiuni: earth, paradise, nature, the present, advice, death, help, information, news,

    beauty, experience, horror, knowledge, friendship, theory, literature

    Alte substantive: baggage, damage, shopping, reading, luggage, parking, weather

    Substantivele unice sunt intotdeana la singular si vor lua un verb la singular:

    Ex.: This coffee is cold. The weather was dreadful.

    Nu sunt precedate de a/an; pentru a exprima o unitate din aceste substantive se foloseste:

    some, any, no, a little, bit, piece of, slice of, etc.

    Ex.: I do not want any help. I need some information. This slice of bread is hard. The

    piece

    of advice you gave me helped.

    Nota: Multe dintre substantivele unice pot avea si sensuri care se pot numara, astfeldevenind substantive comune si comportndu-se ca atare (primes a/an la singular, pot avea

    plural).

    Sens Unic / Sens Comun

    Her hair is black. (Parul ei este negru.)

    She found a hair in the milk. (A gasit un fir de par in lapte.)

    Their house was made of wood. (Casa lor este din lemn.)

    We picnicked in the woods. (Am mers la picnic in padure.)

    1.5. Forma posesiva

    Se adauga 's la forma de singular a substantivelor care nu se termina in s:

    Ex.: a child's voice, the people's choice, a horse's mouth, women's clothes

    Vom folosi doar apostroful (') cu formele de plural ale substantivelor care se termina in s.

    Ex.: a boys' school, the Johnsons' residence

    Numele proprii terminate in s vor primi fie doar apostrof ('), fie 's

    Ex.: Mr Jones's / Mr Jones' car, Yeats's / Yeats' poems

    In cazul substantivelor compuse si a titlurilor ultimul cuvant va primi 's

    Ex.: My father-in-law's guitar, Henry the Eighth's wives

    's se foloseste si dupa initiale sau abrevieri.

    Ex.: The CEO's assistant, the PM's speechForma posesiva se foloseste in general cand vorbim de oameni, animale, tari. Se foloseste de

    asemenea in urmatoarele cazuri:

    In expresii temporale

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    8/76

    8

    Ex.: yesterday's newspaper, in five years' time, ten minutes' break

    In expresii construite dupa modelul bani + worth

    Ex.: ten dollars' worth of bananas, a shilling's worth of stamps

    In alte expresii uzuale:

    Ex.: for heaven's sake, a winter's day, the water's edge, the plane's wings, the

    train's departure

    In cazul anumitor substantive folosite la posesiv, este uzuala omisiunea substantivului

    urmator atunci cand sensul comunicarii este clar (magazine, birouri, oficii, casa, locuinta).Ex.: You can buy this at the baker's (shop). Mary bought her tickets at the travel agent's

    (office). The kids went to Bobby's (house).

    Ideea de posesie se poate exprima si cu ajutorul constructiei of+substantiv. Aceasta

    constructie se foloseste mai ales pentru lucruri sau fiinte umane sau animale atunci cand

    acestea sunt urmate de o propozitie subordonata.

    Ex.: the walls of the town, the roof of the church, the keys of the house

    I took the advice of the girl I met on the bus and went to buy the book.

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    9/76

    9

    Articolul (the article)

    Pentru ca un substantiv sa capete inteles intr-o propozitie oarecare, acesta trebuie sa fie

    insotit de un determinant substantival. Cel mai des folosit determinant substantival este

    articolul. Articolele se pot clasifica dupa cum urmeaza:

    Articolul hotarat - the

    Articolul nehotarat - a / an

    Articolul zero (forma implicita sau neexprimata)

    Articolele sunt forme invariabile, adica nu se schimba in functie de numarul sau genul

    substantivului si se aseaza in fata substantivului determinat.

    Articolul hotart ( the ) se foloseste:

    1. inaintea unui substantiv singular numarabil sau nenumarabil sau a unui substantiv plural

    numarabil pentru a face o noua referire la ceva ce a fost deja sau la care s-a facut deja

    aluzie:

    He wanted to go to the bank to change some money, but all the banks were on strike.

    Dave had a nasty accident when he was young. You can still see the scar.

    Do you remember the fun we had when we were at school together?

    2. pentru a face referire la cineva sau ceva anume:

    The American economy is suffering at the moment.

    The people I work with are very friendly.

    I dont like the president of that company.

    3. in fata unui substantiv reprezentand o anume persoana sau un lucru sau un grup de

    persoane sau lucruri:

    I dont feel well. Can you call the doctor? (= medicul personal)

    The kids arent at home. (= proprii tai copii)

    Can you pass me the butter, please? (= untul de pe aceasta masa)

    Shall I drive the car? (= aceasta masina)Maria Callas sang so beautifully that the audience threw flowers onto the stage.(=

    publicul care o urmarea a aruncat flori pe scena pe care canta ea)

    4. cu referire la ceva unic in mod absolut:

    The sun rises in the East and sets in the West.

    The weather at the North Pole is very cold.

    The President of the United States visited the Pope last May.

    5. in fata adjectivelor pentru a face referire la un anumit grup sau clasa de oameni. In acest

    caz NU este nevoie de substantiv:Only the strong survive. (= oamenii puternici in general)

    The question of the unemployed came up again.

    Robin Hood stole from the rich and gave to the poor.

    6. in fata unui substantiv la singular pentru a se referi la un anume grup de oameni, animale

    sau obiecte:

    The Indian elephant is smaller than the African elephant.

    The dolphin is said to be a very intelligent animal.

    Henry Ford invented the automobile.

    The customer is always right

    .7. inaintea unor substantive proprii pentru a denumi zone geografice, nume de mari si rauri,

    lanturi muntoase, grupuri de insule, nume la plural de tari si deserturi:

    the Middle East, the North of England, the Ivory Coast

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    10/76

    10

    the Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea, the English Channel, the River Thames, the

    Straits of Gibraltar

    the Himalayas, the Alps, the Carpathians

    the Hawaiian Islands, the Falklands

    the United States of America, the Netherlands, the Philippines

    the Arizona Desert, the Mojave Desert

    NOTA: THE nu se foloseste cu nume de munti izolati.

    Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Scotland.

    THE nu se foloseste cu nume de lacuri.

    Lake Superior, Lake Victoria, Lake Ontario

    8. in fata numelor de instruente muzicale:

    Rachmaninov began to play the piano when he was only 4 years old.

    The guitar has always been my favourite instrument.

    9. in fata unor adjective nationalitati cu referire la oameni dintr-o anumita tara. Aici se

    foloseste un verb la plural:

    The Swiss have decided not to join the EU.

    The Spanish are doing very well in this years Olympics.

    NOTA: In anumite cazuri, se pot folosi numai substantive la plural.

    The Germans were upset about losing the WW II.

    The Americans hosted the 1994 World Football Championship.

    10. inaintea adjectivelor superlative si a numeralelor ordinale:

    Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon.

    Laura is the most beautiful in my class.

    That is the silliest thing I have ever heard.

    NOTA: Uneori numeralele oridinale pot fi folosite fara THE atunci cand se face

    referire la ordinea in care se petrec evenimentele.

    Brendan came first ad Colin second at 100 meters.We went to Manhattan first, then on to Brooklyn.

    Articolul nehotart ( a / a n).

    Se foloseste a inaintea substantivelor care incep cu o consoana si an inaintea substantivelor

    care incep cu o vocala (a, e, i, o, u). Articolul nehotart se foloseste:

    1. inaintea unui substantiv pentru a ne referi la ceva sau cineva pentru prima data:

    Ive received a postcard from a friend of mine in the US.

    After months of searching, my brother found a job.

    The Jacksons live in a bungalow.

    2. pentru a exprima ce este ceva sau cineva, inclusiv slujbe sau profesii:

    My neighbour is a sociologist and his wife is an architect.

    Jenny doesnt eat meat; shes a vegetarian.

    There is a man at the door who says he is a detective.

    That was a kind thing to say.

    3. dupa verbul be sau alte verbele copulative, cand dupa ele urmeaza locutiuni

    prepozitionala sau propozitii relative care ofera mai multa informatie despre cineva sau

    ceva:

    I read an interesting article about pollution in yesterdays paper.

    I bought a painting that reminded me of my childhood home.

    John Smith wrote an interesting article on Education in the Timesyesterday.

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    11/76

    11

    4. cu unele expresii numerice insemnandunusau su expresii ale pretului, vitezei,

    raportului si cantitatii:

    A hundred guests were invited.

    Petrol costs 1.50 a litre in England.

    Hes crazy driving at 190 kilometres an hour.

    You must take this medicine four times a day if you want to get better.

    There was a great deal of noise coming form the house next door.

    5. cu substantive numarabile la singular pentru a da definitii, a face afirmatii generale,exclamatii sau cand ne exprimam dorinte:

    A thesaurus is a dictionary of synonyms.

    A house built of stone is stronger than a house built of wood.

    An apple a day keeps the doctor away. (proverb)

    Wow! What a pretty girl walked by just now.

    Id like a nice cool glass of beer.

    Articolul a / an si one

    1. Atunci cand numeri sau masori timpul, distanta, greutatea, etc. se poate folosi fie

    a/an fie one pentru singular:

    Ex.: a / one pound, a / one million pounds

    You can take an/ one hour for lunch.

    2. Dar a/an si one nu inseamna intotdeauna acelasi lucru:

    Ex.: A box is no good. (We need a crate not a box).

    One box is no good, we need two boxes.

    Articolul zero. Nu se foloseste articol in urmatoarele cazuri:

    1. in fata substantivelor nenumarabile sau numarabile la plural cand se face o afirmatie

    generala (adesea precedate de determinanti ca: some, any, a piece of, a lot of etc.):Water quenches thirst on a hot day.

    Pollution in big cities is very worrying.

    Dogs make good companions.

    There is some luggage to be taken upstairs.

    Is there any bread in the kitchen?

    2. in fata substativelor abstracte cand sunt folosite in mod generic: beauty, happiness, fear,

    hope, knowledge, intelligence etc.; cu exceptia cazurilor cand sunt folosite cu sens mai

    bine specificat:

    Knowledge comes to us through our senses. DAR: She got the job because she

    has a knowledge of English.

    Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. DAR: What a beauty!3. in fata substantivelor proprii, nume de persoane si numele unei companii, cu exceptia

    situatiilor cand se vorbeste de familie ca un tot:

    He works for Microsoft.

    Helen and George Parker are coming to dinner tonight. DAR: The Parkers are

    coming to dinner tonight.

    4. pentru a vorbi despre sporturi, in fata numelor de echipe etc:

    He loves football and supports Manchester Utd.

    5. inaintea meselor zilei:

    Where did you have breakfast / lunch / dinner?

    6. inaintea cuvintelor home, church, university, prison, hospital, market etc. atunci cand

    ele reprezinta o institutie sau o idee generala. THE se foloseste totusi atunci cand se face

    o referire speciala la locul respectiv:

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    12/76

    12

    Al Capone was arrested and put in prison for tax evasion. (ne referim nu la o

    anumita inchisoare, ci la institutie)

    His mother went to the prison once a week to visit him. (aici ne referim la acea

    inchisoare unde se afla Al Capone)

    My mother goes to church every Sunday. (biserica in sensul de institutie, serviciu

    religios)

    She sometimes goes to the church near the Royal Palace. (acea biserica anume).

    Our University is 150 years old. (institutia universitatii)

    Emma and Ben often go to the university to talk to their professor. (la o

    universitate anume, in cladirea ei)

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    13/76

    13

    Prepozitia

    1. Prepozitia de loc - s e foloseste cu verbe statice: to be/to stay/to exist/to stand, etc.

    in in, la, pentru spatii mari Ex: I live in Bucharest.

    at in, la, pentru spatii reduse Ex: I live at Sinaia.

    within in cadrul, pentru suprafete restranse Ex: A lot of words have been said within

    these walls.

    against rezemat Ex: The man is against the wall.

    impotriva Ex: We are against them.

    on pe (pozitia pe o suprafata) Ex: The book is on the table.

    Pentru apropiere:

    imediata: next to, close to, beside

    apropiere: near, near by, by

    Pozitia pe verticala:

    over deasupra

    under dedesubt (fara raportare la un punct fix)

    above deasupra

    below dedesubt (cu raportare la un punct fix) Ex: above zero, below the water

    level

    underneath punctul cel mai de jos

    on top of punctul cel mai de sus (prin atingere) Ex: The green book is underneath. (este cea mai de jos carte)

    Pozitia pe orizontala:

    in front of in fata

    behind in spate (pentru lucruri pentru a indica pozitia) Ex: The tree is in front of the house.

    after dupa

    before inainte (pentru oameni, pentru a indica ordinea) Ex: Im before you at the queue.

    between intre 2

    among printre (mai mult de 2)

    2. Prepozitia de miscare - se foloseste numai cu verbe de miscare

    to la, catre (pp atingerea punctului) Ex: I go to school.

    towards la, catre (nu pp atingerea punctului) Ex: I go towards office.

    Into in (pp patrunderea intr-un spatiu) Ex: Put the bag into the house.

    Onto pe (pp miscarea pe o suprafata orizontala;se puneondaca sta)The cat is running onto the floor.

    along de-a lungul (pp miscarea pe o suprafata plana si lunga) Ex: Im walking along the beech.

    through prin (pp traversare si patrundere) Ex: I walk through the park.

    across traversare (nu si patrundere) Ex: I run across the street.

    about prin (arata o miscare nedefinita) Ex: I walk about town (prin oras, fara un tel precis)

    around in jurul (pp o miscare circulara) Ex: I dance around the fire.

    out of pp iesirea dintr-un volum Ex: Get out of my house.

    off pp desprinderea de o suprafata Ex: The plane takes off.

    up-and-down

    in sus si in jos pe un plan vertical Ex: The children run up-and-down the stairs.

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    14/76

    14

    from de la, de pe, din Ex: Take it from my bag.

    past langa (pp apropierea imediata prin miscare) Ex: I drive past the university (si nu

    near the university!, pt ca sunt in miscare)

    3. Prepozitia de timp

    in pentru ani, lunile anului, anotimpuri, perioade ale vietii (in my childhood),

    in anumite momente ale zilei (in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening)

    at pentru ora (at 10 oclock), in anumite momente ale zilei (at noon, at midday, at

    midnight, at dusk), pentru varsta (at the age of 15), mesele zilei (at lunch time), cu weekend

    (at the week-end) si in sarbatori (at Christmas)

    on cu zilele saptamanii (on Sunday), data (on the 15th of June) si

    sarbatorile (on Christmas day cand este vorba de ziua de Craciun, nu de toata perioada)

    before si after inainte si dupa, cu raportare la un punct fix

    by nu mai tarziu de Ex: Try to arrive by ten.

    during in timpul

    over in timpul, dar pe perioade scurte Ex: Read it over the week-end.

    throughout / althrough de-a lungul, dar pe o prioada lunga de timp Ex: Althrough theyears.

    4. Diferentiere intre prepozitii

    in time on time

    cu ceva timp inainte la fix

    in the end at the end

    finally, in cele din urma la capatul (urmeaza un substantiv)

    in with

    pentru ceva cu care esti imbracat pentru o trasatura fizica

    Ex: A woman in trousers. A woman with long hair.as like

    pentru rol, functie, pozitie pentru comparatie

    Ex: I work as a teacher. Ex: I talk like a teacher.

    (I am a teacher) (I am an engineer)

    on about

    in legatura cu, folosit academic despre

    Ex: Give me a book on Economics. Ex: Lets talk about sex.

    due to owing to

    datorita (doar dupato be) datorita (restul inafara deto be)

    Ex: My success is due to her. Ex: Owing to my work I succeeded.over across

    pp traversarea peste un obstacol traversare pe jos

    Ex: Im over the ocean. (cu avionul) Ex: Im across the ocean. (cu barca)

    despite in spite of

    dupa urmeaza CD (niciodata sub.) dupa urmeaza genitiv

    Ex: Despite the bad weather I left. Ex: In spite of the bad weather I left.

    made of recunosc materialul Ex: made of gold

    made from deduc ceva elemente Ex: the cake is made from cocoa

    made with recunosc 1 element Ex: a chocolate made with milk (dar laptele nu este

    elementul de baza)

    in in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening

    at at dawn, at midnight

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    15/76

    15

    on pentru orice moment al zilei atunci cand exista un atribut

    Ex: In the morning dar On a fine day

    At night dar On a starry night

    5. Pentru mijloace de locomotie

    by cu orice mijloc de transport, daca nu este determinat

    Ex: by car, by bus, by plane (dar on foot!)

    in pentru autovehicule, daca sunt determinate

    Ex: in my fathers car, in the car that you bought meon pentru toate celelalte in afara de autovehicule daca sunt determinate

    Ex: on my fathers plane, on the tube/subway/underground

    6. Expresii cu Prepoziii

    Prepozitia Expresii

    About (despre) About the town-prin ora

    About six oclock-in jurul orei ase

    A journey about the world-o cltorie prin lume

    About my head-deasupra capului meu

    About all-mai presus de orice,in primul rand

    Across (de-a curmeziul sau de-a To walk across the street-a traversa stradalatul) Across the road-peste drum

    After (dup) After dark-duplsarea intunericului

    After breakfast-dupmicul dejun

    After five oclock-dupora cinci

    Day after day-zi de zi,zi dupzi

    Time after time-deseori,foarte adesea

    After theat-dupaceea

    The day after tomorrow-poimaine

    Against-impotriv,contra Against the laws-impotriva legilorA race against time-o curscontra cronometru

    To lean against a wall-a se sprijini de un perete

    Along-de-a lungul Along a valley-de.a lungul unei vi

    Along the sea shore-de-a lungul rmului

    Among-intre Among us-intre noi(cand este vorba de 3 sau mai multe persoane)

    Among his friends-printre(intre) prietenii lui

    Among the most important reasons-printre cele m.imp.cauze(motive)

    Around-imprejur A trip around the contry-o cltorie prin arTo sit around the table-a edea in jurul mesei

    I will come around ten-o svin pe la zece (in jur de ora zece)

    At la At noon-la pranz

    At day break-la revrsatul zorilor

    At sunset-la apusul soarelui,la asfinit

    At rondom-la intamplare

    At work-la lucru

    At the door-la u

    At the beginning-la inceput

    At the end-la sfarit

    At the same time-in acelai timpAt the age of-la varsta de

    At first-la inceput

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    16/76

    16

    At last-la sfarit,in cele din urm

    At full speed-la vitezmaxim,cu toatviteza

    At first sight-la prima vedere

    At what time?-la ce or?

    At once-imediat

    At least-cel puin

    At my disposal-la dispoziia mea

    Byfore-inainte Byfore my eyes-inaintea ochilor mei

    Byfore one a

    clock-inainte de ora unuTo sail byfore the wind-a naviga cu vantul in spate

    Behind(bihaind)-in spate Behind the clouds-in spatele norilor

    To hide behind the door-a se ascunde in spatele uii

    Below(bilou)-sub To strike below the belt-a lovi sub centur

    Below sea level-sub nivelul mrii

    Below the ground-sub pmant

    Below the average-sub nivelul mediu

    Beneath-sub,mai jos de Beneath ones dignity-sub demnitatea cuiva

    Besides-in afarde He has two cars besides this-el are doumaini in afarde aceasta

    Between-intre, se folosete cand este Between the two world wars-intre cele dourzboaie mondiale

    vorba de douelemente sau doupersoane An understanding between us-o inelegere intre noi

    Beyond-dincolo de Beyond doubt(deaut)-frindoial

    Beyond the sea-dincolo de mare

    Beyond limits-peste limit

    By-de,de ctre,prin To open by force-a deschide cu fora

    To travel by train-a cltori cu trenul

    To go by car-a merge cu maina

    Day by day-zi de zi

    Step by step-pas cu pas

    Drop by drop-strop cu strop

    Piece by piece-bucatcu bucat

    One by one-unul cate unul

    Two by two-doi cate doi

    To learn by heart-a inva pe de rost

    To go by the post-office-a trece pe langpotBy force of circunstances-prin fora imprejurrilor

    To sleep side by side-a dormi unul langaltul

    For-pentru Good for food-comestibil

    To leave for school-a pleca la coal

    To look for help-a cuta ajutor

    To cry for help-a striga dupajutor

    For a time-un timp,pentru un timp

    To go for a walk-a merge la plimbare

    To read for pleasure-a citi de plcere

    What is this good for?-la ce este bun sta?

    For all the world-pentru nimic in lume

    To have a taste for art-a avea gust artistic

    For this reason-pentru(din) acest motiv

    For the sake of peace-in numele pcii

    Enough(inagh) for the present-suficient deocamdat

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    17/76

    17

    Im sorry for you-imi pare ru de tine(pentru tine)

    From-din,de la From first to last-de la primul la ultimul

    From heaven to earth-de la cer la pmant

    From bad(bead) to worse-din ce in ce mai ru

    From place to place-din cand in cand

    From morning to night-de dimineaa panseara

    Light from the sun-luminde la soare

    A man free from care-un om liber de grijiA man from the country-un om de la ar

    To be far from home-a fi departe de cas

    From theat point of view-din punctul acela de vedere

    From my point of view-din punctul meu de vedere

    To be released from prisom-a fi eliberat din inchisoare

    Seen from above-vzut de sus

    Seen from below(bilou)-vzut de dedesubt

    On my way from Piteti to Bucharest-in drumul meu de la P.la B

    To tell one thing from another-a deosebi un lucru de cellalt

    In-in In the morning-dimineaaIn the shade(eid)-la umbr

    In the end-la final

    In the garden-in grdin

    In heaven-in cer

    In spring-primvara

    In summer-vara

    In fall-toamna

    In winter-iarna

    To be in danger(deinger)-a fi in pericol

    To lie(lai) in bed-a sta intins in pat

    To live in the country-a sta la arIn our centuri(aur senturi)-

    In all seasons-in toate anotimpurile

    In my youth-in tinereea mea

    In his memory-in memoria lui

    Early in the morning-dimineaa devreme

    In the past-in trecut

    In the future(fiucir)-in viitor

    In come just in time-a veni la timp

    To keep(kip)in mind(maind)-a ine minte

    Done in haste-fcut in grab

    To put in mind-a-i pune in gandTo put in order-a pune in ordine

    In general-in general

    To work in vain-a munci in zadar

    To be in pain-a fi indurerat

    To speak in public-a vorbi in public

    To take in hand-a lua in man

    Into-in,spre To lead into error-a duce in eroare

    To get into difficulties-a da de greuti

    To fall into the river-a cdea in rau(lac)

    To burst into tears-a izbucni in lacrimi

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    18/76

    18

    To get into trouble-a da de bucluc,belea,necaz

    To pour walter into a glass-a turna apin pahar

    Inside-inuntru Inside the room-inuntrul camerei

    His is inside-el e inuntru

    Near-lang Near the sea shore-langrm

    Near at hand-la indeman,aproape

    Near you-langtineOf-de A crown of gold-o coroande aur

    A flock of sheep-o turmde oi

    Hard of hearing(hiring)-surd,tare de urechi

    A book of proverbs-o carte de proverbe

    The force of the wind-fora vantului

    A place of honour-in loc de onoare

    A man of mark-un om insemnat(important)

    A man of no importance-un om oarecare(frimportan)

    To wear adress of silk-a purta o rochie de mtase

    Love of a mother-iubire de mam

    Master of the house-stpanul caseiA piece of paper-o bucatde hartie

    A friend of mine-un prieten de-al meu

    The events of late-evenimentele din ultimul timp

    In days of old-in zilele de mult apuse

    Of course-bineaneles,cu siguran,sigur cda

    Off-departe de Keep off the grass-nu clcai pe iarb

    To be off duty-a fi liber,a nu fi la serviciu

    To fall off the horse-a cdea de pe cal

    On-pe To be on duty-a fi de serviciuTo sit on the grass-a sta pe iarb

    Some goods(gudz)on sale-nite mrfuri de vnzare

    Haus on fire-o casin flcri

    To go on foot-a merge pe jos

    On a beautiful day-intr-o zi frumoas

    On such a day-intr-o astfel de zi

    On this occasion(ocheijen)-cu aceastocazie

    On certain conditions-cu anumite condiii

    To stand on tip toe-a sta in varful picioarelor

    To be on land-a fi pe uscat

    On the whole-in ansamblu,in general,in mare

    On an average-in medie

    To be on holiday-a fi in vacan

    To sit on a chair-a sta pe un scaun

    To pay on demand-a plti la cerere

    To pay on the spot-a plti pe loc

    On the celing-pe tavan

    On a desert island(ailnd)-pe o insulpustie

    On the point of-a fi pe punctul de a

    Over-peste Over the rocks-peste stanci

    To be head over heels in love-a fi indrgostit lulea

    To stay somewhere(samuer) over night-a sta undeva peste noapte

    To be famous all over the world-a fi celebru(cunoscut )in toatara

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    19/76

    19

    To cook over the fire-a gti la foc

    To tremble all over-a tremura din toate mdularele,a tremura tot

    Past Past his comprehension-peste puterea lui de a inelege

    To be past work-a nu mai putea munci,a nu mai putea smunceasc

    To be past danger(deinger)-a fi in afara pericolului

    Have past one-unu i jumtate

    It is past five oclock-este trecut de ora cinci

    Round-in jurul A round table-o masrotundA round peg in a square hole-potrivit ca nuca in perete

    Round the world-in jurul lumii

    Since-de,de la Since four oclock-de la ora patru

    I havent seen him since-nu l-am mai vzut de atunci

    Through-prin To go through thick and thin-a trece prin foc i ap

    Through the wood-prin pdure

    To at through fear-a aciona de fric

    All through the night-toatnoaptea,tot timpul nopii

    To go through life-a trece prin viaThrough whom?-prin cine Throughout this country-de-a lungul i de-a

    latul acestei ri

    Throughout our holidays-pe tot parcursul vacanei noastre,tot timpul

    vacanei noastre

    Till-pan,panla To be up lill late-a se culca tarziu,a nu se culca devreme

    Till death do us part-pance moartea ne va despri

    To-la,ctre To go to bed-a merge la culcare

    To take to wife-a lua de soie(nevast)

    From end to end-de la cap la cap

    From hand to mouth-de la manpanla gurTo come to an end-a lua sfarit

    To finish-a termina,a se termina

    To be wet to the skin-a fi ud panla piele

    To count up to ten-a numra panla zece

    From time to time-din cand in cand,din timp in timp

    To dance to the musics-a dansa dupmuzic

    I dont want to!-nu vreau

    Under-sub Under lock and key-sub cheie,sub paz

    Under the tree-sub copac

    To swim under water-a inota sub apTo be under arms-a fi sub arme

    To be under a vow(veau)-a fi sub un jurmant,a fi legat prin jurmant

    To be under sentence of death-a fi condamnat la moarte

    Under what conditions?-in ce condiii

    Under these conditions-in aceste condiii

    In under ten minutes-in mai puin de 10 minute

    To be under age-a fi minor

    To be under treatement-a fi sub ingrijire medicala fi in tratament

    Under my feet-sub tlpile(picioarele) mele

    The ball rolled underneath a table-mingea s-a rostogolit sub o mas

    Up-in susul,ctre The ups and downs of life-urcuurile i coboraurile vieii,geutile

    vieii

    To run up the hill-a alerga pe deal in sus

    To walk up a hill-a urca un deal

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    20/76

    20

    Wake up!-trezete-te,scoal-te

    Until-panla,panin Until the end of life-panla sfaritul vieii

    Upon- To refuse upon the principle-a refuza din principiu

    Upon the top of the hill-in varful dealului

    Upon our word-pe cuvantul nostru

    Within-in,inuntrul,nu mai tarziu de To keep within door-s-a ine in cas

    Within the law-in limita legiiWithin a week-in mai puin de o sptman

    Within our room-in interiorul camerei noastre

    Without-fr To be without help-a fi frde ajutor

    To come without delay-a veni frintarzaiere

    To escape without damage-a scpa nevtmat

    To come without fail-a veni sigur(negreit)

    To come without doubt-a veni frindoial

    It goes withaut sayng(seing)-se inelege de la sine

    I will leave withaut him-o splec frel

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    21/76

    21

    Conjunctia

    A. Dupa aspect1. Simple: but, if, and.

    2. Compuse: however, unless, otherwise.

    3. De legatura:asas, bothand, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, whetheror

    .4. Locutiuni: as well as, as if (de parca), as though (de parca), for instance, thats why, so long

    as (atata timp cat).

    B. Dupa functie1. De coordonare

    a)and- care leaga - propozitii intre ele

    - parti de vorbire de acelasi fel

    Ex: I go and stay there for a week

    b)as well as

    Ex: I work in a school as well as at home.

    c)neithernor

    Ex: I am neither in the kitchen nor in the bathroom.

    d)not onlybut also

    Ex: I am not only intelligent but also pretty.

    e)as well

    Ex: He is calm and good as well.

    f)eitheror

    Ex: They are either brother and sister or husband and wife.

    g)furthermore(cu atat mai mult)

    Ex: I speak English, furthermore I wood like to visit England.h) conjunctii adversative: but, while, whereas (pe cata vreme, tinand seama de)

    contrasteaza cu propozitia principala.

    Ex: I am tall but fat.

    I am talking while you are righting.

    k) conjunctii disjunctive: or, else, or else (ori, cu alte cuvinte), otherwise (altfel).

    Ex: Would you prefer coffee or tea?

    Please put your coat else you get whet.

    Learn your lesson otherwise you fail.

    i) conjunctiile concluzive: consequently, on that account, so, then, that is why (iata de

    ce),therefore

    (de aceea).Ex: I havent slept therefore/that is why I am tired.

    j) conjunctii explicative: for example, for instance, namely, that is to say.

    Ex: Only one friend of mine left Romania, namely Ela.

    I like do a lot of thinks for instance/example reading, dancing,

    2. De subordonare acelea care introduc o propozitie secundara. Unele dintre ele sunt

    specializate pe anumite tipuri de propozitii.

    Ex: pt. concesive: through, although (desi)

    pt. conditionale: if

    pt. comparative: as if (de parca), as though

    pt. predicative sau pt. subiective, completive directe, attributive

    Subordonate predicative introduse prin:

    a)what- Ex: The question is what I must read.

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    22/76

    22

    b)who- Ex: The question is who is he.

    c)where- Ex: The question is were I go.

    d)when- Ex: The question is when I can come.

    e) whatever, whoever, that, why

    Subordonate subiective introduse prin:

    a)that- Ex: It is necessary that you should understand this rule.

    b)whatEx: It doesnt matter what you believe.

    c)whoEx: It hasnt be decided who is the leader of the team.

    d) which, whoever, whatever, whichever, when, how, why, where, if, whether.

    Subordonate completive directe (cele cu forma de complement): if, that, whether,

    whatever, whoever, wherever, why, whichever.

    Ex: She sad that she was tired.

    I dont know if you leave Romania.

    I dont know whoever wants my dog.

    I do whatever you want me to do.I may take whatever book you want.

    Subordonate indirecte introduse prin: to whom, to what, to anyone, whoever.

    Ex: I may give the flowers to whom you want.

    You interpret whatever she says.

    Subordonate prepozitionale introduse prin: who, whom, whoever, whichever, how daca

    sunt precedate de o prepoziitie.

    Ex: You depend on what I say.

    You must approved of whatever she says.

    Subordonate atributive introduse prin: whose, which, whom, were, why, when, that.

    Ex: This is the woman who loves me.

    This is the man whose wife is pretty.

    This is the boy whom I greeted.

    Subordonate adverbiale introduse prin: as, like, much as, how, in the manner, as if, as

    though, just.

    Ex: No one speaks like you do.

    They acted much as I told them. (respectand majoritatea celor spuse demine)

    Subordonate conditionale introduse prin: if, on condition that, only if.

    Ex: I shall come soon if/on condition that I find my passport.

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    23/76

    23

    Adverbul

    Adverbele sunt cuvinte care ne spun mai multe despre cum , unde, cand, cat de frecvent

    sau in ce msura are loc o actiune.

    Functia adverbelor

    Astfel, adverbele determina in general verbe:

    Ex.: The bus moved slowly. (cum?)

    I am going home tomorrow. (cand?)

    Adverbele pot determina:

    adjective: You look absolutely fabulous!

    adverbe: She played the violin extremely well. You're speaking too quietly.

    propozitii intregi: Perhaps we'll see you again next year.

    In general adverbul este terminat inly, dar nu tot ce arelyeste adverb. De regula se

    formeaza din adjectiv + ly.

    Modificari ortografice:

    1. daca adjectivul se termina in e, acesta se pastreaza ely

    Ex: nice nicely

    Exceptii: due duly (datorat)

    true truly

    whole wholly

    2. daca adjectivul se termina in le, se transformaeiny/ ly

    Ex: capable capably

    3. daca adjectivul se termina in ll, se adauga doar lly

    Ex: full fully

    4. daca adjectivul se termina in ic, se adauga ally

    Ex: automatic automatically

    5. daca adjectivul se termina in y, indiferent daca este precedat de vocala sau de

    consoana, se transforma inisi se adauga ily

    Ex: pretty prettily

    gay gaily

    Exceptii: shy shyly

    wry wryly

    coy coyly (sfios)

    6. adjectivul

    good

    face adverbul

    well

    NOTA: ca sa verific L-urile unui adverb, il desfac in adjectiv + ly

    Ex: usually = usual + ly

    bitterly = bitter + ly

    awfully = awful + ly

    Adverbe care au 2 forme cu acelasi inteles (oricare din ele este corect)

    1. bright = brightly

    2. sound = soundly

    3. fair = fairly

    4. tight = tightly (sunt echivalente)

    5. dear = dearly

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    24/76

    24

    6. dead = deadly

    7. cheap = cheaply

    Ex: The sun shines bright / brightly.

    NOTA: forma inlyse va prefera totusi cand adverbul determina un adjectiv

    Ex: He is deadly tired. (si nuhe is dead tired).

    Adverbul cheap se va folosi in loc de cheaply doar pentru a caracteriza activitati

    comerciale (to buy, to sell, to get)

    Ex: She bought it cheap.dar

    We traveled cheaply.

    Adverbe cu 2 forme cu 2 intelesuri diferite

    clean = complet

    cleanly = intr-o maniera curata

    clear = exact

    clearly = intr-o maniera clara

    close = apropiatclosely = indeaproape

    deep = adanc

    deeply = profund

    direct = direct

    directly = imediat

    due = spre (la busola) Ex: They went due South.

    duly = punctual

    easy = usor Ex: Take it easy!

    easily = intr-o maniera lejera

    free = gratis

    freely = pe sleau, deschis

    full = complet

    fully = pe scara larga, intr-o maniera extinsa

    hard = greu

    hardly = de-abia, cu greu, aproape deloc

    high = sus

    highly = foarte

    just = tocmai

    justly = asa cum se cuvine

    late = tarziu

    lately = in ultima vreme

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    25/76

    25

    large = extins

    largely = pe scara larga

    most = majoritatea

    mostly = cu precadere

    near = langa

    nearly = aproape ca

    pretty = foarte

    prettily = intr-o maniera draguta

    right = exact

    rightly = cu precizie, clar

    sharp = fix

    sharply = intr-o maniera taioasa

    short = brusc

    shortly = imediat

    Adverbe si adjective cu aceeasi forma si inteles

    Fast solo

    Far straight

    Early next

    Alike little

    Alone outside

    Past

    NOTA:daca

    adjectivul se termina inly,

    el devineadverb

    prin contructiain a + adj + manner

    Ex: He is a friendly person.

    adj

    He speaks to me in a friendly way / manner.

    adv

    coward = las (substantiv)

    cowardly = las (adjectiv)

    in a cowardly manner = cu lasitate (adverb)

    Gradele de comparatie - se construiesc astfel:

    daca adjectivul si adverbul au aceeasi forma, se comporta ca un adjectiv scurt (gradele se

    fac cu ersi est)

    Ex: I run fast / not so fast as / as fast as / faster than / the fastest of all / very fast

    daca adverbul se obtine din adjectiv + ly, face gradele de comparatie ca un adjectiv lung

    (cumoresithe most)

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    26/76

    26

    Ex: He runs quickly / less quickly than / as quickly as / more quickly than / the most

    quickly of all / very quickly

    Comparatia regulata

    well better the best

    badly worse the worst

    much more the most

    far farther the farthest

    further the furthest

    near nearer the next

    little less the least

    late later the last

    Clasificarea adverbelor

    1. Adverbe de mod

    2. Adverbe de loc si directie

    3. Adverbe de timp, durata si frecventa

    4. Adverbe de probabilitate

    5. Adverbe de grad

    Adverbe de mod

    Adverbele de mod ne arata cum, in ce mod are loc o actiune. Ele se aseaza in propozitie

    dupa verb sau dupa complementul acestuia.

    fairly foarte, dar nu extraordinary. Fairly se cupleaza intotdeauna cu adjectivul

    la gradul pozitiv.

    Ex: Your story is fairly interesting.quite este mai puternic decat fairly. Se foloseste cand vreau sa fac o apreciere

    favorabila.

    Ex: This car is quite cheap.

    NOTA : cand se refera la adjective sau adverbe care nu au grade de comparatie,

    quitecapata sensul de absolut, complet, de-a dreptul.

    Ex: Your dress is quite unique.

    rather se foloseste cand am de facut o apreciere nefavorabila si sensul este =

    foarte, neasteptat de. Se foloseste numai cu caracteristici negative. Poate fi

    precedat si urmat de articolul a

    Ex: This car is rather expensive.

    Ex: This is a rather difficult exercise.

    This is rather a difficult exercise.

    pretty foarte (familiar, intre prieteni)

    Ex: Im pretty tired.

    very Este cel mai cunoscut si se cupleaza cu orice (pozitiv, comparativ sau

    superlativ)

    Ex: I do my very best.

    He is very much faster than I am.

    much / a lot = se cupleaza cu comparativulEx: He is much faster than I am.

    by far = se cupleaza cu superlativul

    Ex: He is by far the fastest of all.

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    27/76

    27

    too se cupleaza cu pozitivul

    Ex: He is too fast.

    enough se cupleaza cu pozitivul, dar se aseaza dupa el

    Ex: He is fast enough for a champion.

    so se cupleaza - cu much, many, little, few + substantiv

    - cu adjectiv / adverb la pozitiv

    Ex: It is so difficult.

    I have so many friends / so much money.There is so little time left.

    such urmat de - substantiv numarabil la sg precedat de a

    - de constructia adjectiv + substantiv la pl

    Ex: He is such a man.

    They are such interesting persons.

    Adverbe de loc si directie

    Ne arata unde are loc actiunea verbului. Se aseaza in general dupa verbul principal sau

    complementul sau.

    Ex: Dupa verb:

    I looked everywhere.

    John looked ...away, up, down, around...

    I'm going ...home, out, back...

    Dupa complement:

    They built a house nearby.

    She took the child outside.

    A. Here / there. Cu verbe de miscare, here exprima ideea de inspre/ cu / impreuna cu

    vorbitorul, iar there contrariul, departe, fara participarea vorbitorului:

    Ex.: Come here (= spre mine)

    It's in here (= vino impreuna cu mine sa vezi)Put it there (= departe de mine)

    It's in there (= du-te singur sa vezi)

    Expresii cu here/ there: down here, down there, over here, over there, under here, under

    there, up here, up there.

    B. Adverbele de loc terminaten -wards - exprima ideea de miscare intr-o anumita

    directie:

    Ex.: backwards, forwards, downwards, upwards, inwards, outwards, northwards, southwards,

    eastwards, westwards, homewards, onwards.

    Cats don't usually walk backwards.

    The ship sailed westwards.

    De retinut! Towards este prepozitie, nu adverb, astfelnct va fintotdeauna urmat

    de un substantiv sau pronume:

    Ex.: He walked towards the car. She ran towards me.

    C. Adverbe care exprima att locul ct si directia: ahead, abroad, overseas, uphill,

    downhill, sideways, indoors, outdoors.

    Adverbe de timp, durata si frecventa

    Arata cand a avut loc o actiune dar si durata sau frecventa actiunii.Cand: today, yesterday, later, now, last year

    Durata, pentru cat timp: all day, not long, for a while, since last year

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    28/76

    28

    Cat de frecvent: sometimes, frequently, never, often, yearly

    De obicei, adverbele de timp se aseaza la sfarsitul propozitiei sau emfatic, la inceputul ei:

    Ex.: One of my children wrote to me yesterday.

    Later the boy understood the story.

    Adverbele care indica durata se aseaza la sfarsitul propozitiei:

    Ex.: She stayed in the house all day.

    My mother lived in France for a year.

    Adverbele de frecventa exprima frecventa unei actiuni si se aseaza de obicei in fata

    verbului principal, dar dupa verbele auxiliare (cum ar fi be, have, may, must):

    I often eat vegetarian food. (in fata verbului principal)

    You must always fasten your seat belt. (dupa verbul auxiliar must)

    I have never forgotten my first kiss. (dupa verbul auxiliar have si in fata verbului

    principal forgotten)

    Unele adverbe de frecventa exprima regularitatea incidentei unei actiuni si se plaseaza la

    sfarsitul prepozitiei:

    This magazine is published monthly.

    He visits his mother once a week.

    Adverbe de fecventa: frequently, generally, normally, occasionally, often, regularly,

    sometimes, usually.

    De retinut! Yet se foloseste in propozitii interogative sau negative.

    Have you finished your work yet? No, not yet.

    They haven't met him yet.

    Still exprima ideea de continuitate. Se foloseste in propozitii pozitive sauinterogative.

    I am still hungry.

    Do you still work for the BBC?

    Adverbe de timp usuale:

    ago se foloseste cand raportarea se face fata de un moment prezent

    Ex: I saw her one hour ago.

    NOTA! daca raportarea se face fata de un moment trecut, in loc de ago se pune before

    Ex: I told her that I had met her one hour before.

    for arata durata unei actiuni fara a prezenta momentul de inceput si sfarsit al

    actiunii. Este specific prezentului perfect simplu si continuu si trecutului perfect continuu.

    Ex: I havent met her for two years.

    NOTA! se poate intalni si cu timpul trecut

    Ex: I was a student for two years (Im no longer a student).

    NOTA! pentru perioade lungi de timp (for ages, for centuries)

    ATENTIE! nu se pune fordupa verbele:

    to last

    to take

    to wait

    to spend

    to stay

    Ex: Ive been waiting ten minutes, (si nu Ive been waiting for ten minutes).

    It lasts five seconds, (si nu it lasts for five seconds).

    since arata inceputul perioadei fara a preciza durata si momentul final. Este specificprezentului perfect simplu si continuu si trecutului continuu.

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    29/76

    29

    Ex: I havent met her since Monday.

    Adverbe de siguranta si probabilitate

    Acestea exprima cat de sigur este vorbitorul de actiunea sau evenimentul pe care il

    relateaza: certainly, definitely, probably, undoubtedly, surely, maybe, obviously, perhaps,

    possibly, really. Se aseaza in propozitie intre verbul auxiliar si verbul principal.

    Ex.: He has certainly forgotten the meeting.

    Pentru o formulare emfatica sau o reliefare a afirmatiilor, se aseaza in debutul frazei:

    Ex.: Undoubtedly, Winston Churchill was a great politician.

    De retinut! Surely asezat la inceputul propozitiei inseamna ca vorbitorul este

    convins de adevarul unei afirmatii, dar incearca sa obtina o confirmare: Surely you've got a

    bicycle?

    Adverbe de grad

    Aceastea exprima intensitatea sau gradul de indeplinire a actiunii unui verb, adjectiv sau

    adverb: almost, nearly, quite, just, too, enough, hardly, scarcely, completely, very, extremely.

    Locul lor in propozitie este fie in fata adjectivului sau adverbului pe care il determina, fie

    in fata verbului principal:

    Ex.: The water was extremely cold.He was just leaving.

    She has almost finished.

    Enough, very, too

    Enough inseamna "pana la punctul necesar pentru a..." si se plaseaza dupa adjectiv sau

    adverb:

    Is your coffee hot enough? (adjectiv)

    He didn't work hard enough. (adverb)

    Too = "mai mult decat este necesar pentru..." si se aseaza in fata adjectivului sau adverbului:

    This coffee is too hot. (adjective)

    He works too hard. (adverb)Very intareste sensul unui adjectiv sau adverb si se aseaza in fata acestora:

    The girl was very beautiful. (adjectiv)

    He worked very quickly. (adverb)

    De retinut! Exista o diferenta importanta intre too si very: Very exprima un fapt: Hespeaks very quickly. Too sugereaza existenta unei probleme: He speaks too quickly (for me tounderstand).

    Alte adverbe asemanatoare lui very: extremely, especially, particularly, pretty, rather, quite,

    fairly, rather, not especially, not particularly.

    Locutiuni adverbiale

    subst + after + subst

    day after day

    year after year

    month after month

    during urmat intotdeauna de substantiv. A nu se confunda cu while (in timp ce), care

    presupune actiuni paralele. During poate fi inlocuit cuindaca se refera la perioade de

    timp

    Ex: during my life = in my life

    from to poate fi inlocuit cu till, dar niciodata cu until, pentru ca until nu presupune

    cunoasterea momentului de sfarsit al actiunii

    Ex: I work until I die. (nu stiu cand)

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    30/76

    30

    I get up at 8 oclock and work till 10 oclock.

    NOTA! until nu poate fi cuprins in expresia from to in loc de to

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    31/76

    31

    Adjectivul (the adjective)

    Forma adjectivului

    Adjectivele sunt invariabile. Ele nu isi schimba forma in functie de gen sau numar.

    Ex.: A hot potato, some hot potatoes.

    Pentru a sublinia sau accentua sensul unui adjectiv se pot folosi very, really:

    Ex.: A very hot potato, some really hot potatoes.

    Pozitia adjectivului

    De obicei adjectivul se aseaza in fata substantivului determinat:

    Ex.: A good movie.

    Dupa verbe auxiliare ca to be, to become, to seem, to look, to taste, to appear, to feel, to

    keep, to make, to smell, to sound, to turn, etc:

    Ex.: The movie is good.

    You seem upset.

    This cheese tastes different.

    Dupa substantiv in expresii fixe:Ex.: the Princess Royal, the President elect, the court martial

    Cateva adjective, ca de exemplu chief, main, poor (=unfortunate) stau numai in fata

    substantivului determinat:

    Ex.: This is the main purpose of the meeting.

    That poor woman was living in a garage.

    Altele pot sta numai dupa un verb auxiliar: asleep, upset, awake, afraid, alike, alive,

    alone, annoyed, ill, well, sorry

    Ex.: He's asleep.

    I'm alone.

    Unele adjective isi schimba sensul in functie de pozitia pe care o ocupa. Adjectivele

    involved, present, concerned au sens diferit daca sunt plasate in fata substantivului sau

    dupa acesta.

    Ex.: These are the people involved / concerned. (the people who have

    something to do with the matter)

    They had an involved discussion on the matter. (detailed, complex)

    I am a concerned mother. (worried, anxious)

    The list of the students present is outside, on the door. (students who were

    there)

    The present status of the matter requires urgent attention. (current)

    Functiile adjectivului

    Adjectivul ne spune mai multe despre calitatile substantivul determinat. Pot exprima:

    Sentimente sau calitati:

    Ex.: They make an original couple.

    She is a single mother.

    Nationalitatea sau originea:

    Ex.: Ricardo is Spanish. His mother is Argentinean and his father is Canadian.

    I bought him a Swiss watch for Christmas.

    Diferite caracteristici ale unui obiect:

    Ex.: The table is long.

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    32/76

    32

    The steel tray was a gift.

    Varsta:

    Ex.: My hat is too old. I will buy another one.

    He is still very young, almost a boy.

    Dimensiuni, marime si masuri:

    Ex.: "Gone with the Wind" is a very long film.

    That boy is too tall.

    Culoarea:

    Ex.: I have a red jacket to go with my new white skirt.

    Materie / material:

    Ex.: He wore a cotton shirt.

    It was a silver tray, not a steel tray.

    Forma:

    Ex.: A rectangular envelope.

    A round table.

    Judecati, pareri sau opinii:

    Ex.: Grammar is fascinating.The show was entertaining.

    Ordinea adjectivelor

    Atunci cand se folosesc doua sau mai multe adjective pentru a descrie acelasi substantiv,

    ordinea lor depinde de functiile acestora. Exista mai multe variante, dar cea mai obisnuita ordine

    este: Value/opinion, Size, Age/Temperature, Shape, Colour, Origin, Material

    Value/opinion delicious, lovely, charming

    Size small, huge, tiny

    Age/Temperature old, hot, young, little

    Shape round, square, rectangularColour red, blonde, black

    Origin Swedish, Victorian, Chinese

    Material plastic, wooden, silver

    Ex: a green round plastic bucket

    an elegant little French clock

    a small round wooden table

    Gradele de comparatie

    1. pozitiv = adjectivul nu se schimba

    2. comparative:

    a. de inferioritate

    b. de egalitate

    c. de superioritate

    3. superlative:

    a. relative

    b. absolut

    Comparativ de inferioritate

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    33/76

    33

    adj scurte (mono si bisilabice) se formeaza din: not so/not as + adj + as

    Ex: This room is not so big as the bedroom.

    This room is not as big as the bedroom.

    adj lungi se formeaza: less + adj + than

    Ex: The chair is less comfortable than the bed.

    Comparativ de egalitate

    Atat pt adj scurte cat si pt lungi: as + adj + as.Ex: The bed is as good as the chair.

    Ideea de egalitate mai poate fi sugerata si prin constructia: the same + subst + as

    NOTA! as si nu like !!!

    Ex: This room is the same size as the other one.

    Schimbare de valoare gramaticala

    Adjectiv Substantiv

    big, small size (masura)

    long, short length (lungime)

    broad, narrow breadth (largime pt ceva concret)wide, narrow width (largime pt ceva abstract)

    high, low height (inaltime)

    deep, shallow depth (adancime)

    heavy, light weight (greutate)

    strong, weak s trength (putere)..etc.

    Constructii cu comparativul de egalitate:

    as brave as a lion

    as blind as a bat

    as black as coal

    as busy as a beeas cool as a cucumber

    as clear as daylight

    as dry as a bone

    as easy as ABC

    as fresh as a daisy

    as hairy as a gorilla

    as mad as a hatter (palarier)

    as poor as a church-mouse

    as silent as a grave

    as wise as Solomon

    as soft as silkas smooth as grass

    as gentle as a lamb.etc.

    Comparativul de superioritate

    adj scurte: adj + er + than. Modificari ortografice:

    daca adj se termina ine, se adauga doarrEx: nice nicer

    daca adj se termina inyprecedat de consoana, se transformayinierEx: pretty

    prettier

    Exceptii: shy shyer

    sly slyer

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    34/76

    34

    wry wryer (stramb)

    daca adj se termina in consoana precedata de vocala, dublez consoana finala Ex: big

    bigger

    pt adj lungi: more + adj + than

    Ex: The book is more interesting than the movie.

    Adj provenite din latina sunt urmate detosi nu dethan

    Ex: He is superior to me.

    Superlativul relativ

    adj scurte: the + adj +est

    Ex: large the largest

    silly the silliest

    adj lungi: the most+ adj

    Ex: This is the most expensive thing.

    ATENTIE! dupa superlativ urmeaza prepozitiile ofsau inEx: He is the best of all/the best in my group.

    ATENTIE! daca se face comparatie intre 2 elemente, comparativul implica

    superlativul: the + comparativ

    Ex: Between you and me, I am the older.

    Superlativul absolut

    very + adj

    very poate fi inlocuit cu: extremely

    exceptionally

    tremendouslyawfully

    ATENTIE! nu toate adj au grad de comparatie, unele definesc ideea de unitate (own,

    complete, proper, perfect, marvelous, maximum, minimum). Altele au sufixe si prefixe:

    extra large

    over crowded

    super fine

    ultra short

    priceless

    Comparatia neregulatagood better the best

    bad worse the worst

    ill worse the worst

    many more the most

    much more the most

    little less the least

    near nearer the nearest (cel mai apropiat); next (urmatorul)

    far farther the farthest (in spatiu)

    far further the furthest (in timp)

    late later the latest; the last (ultimul); the latter (ult din 2). Dintre 2, primul este the

    former, nuthe first.

    up upper the upmost

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    35/76

    35

    in inner the inmost

    out outer the outmost

    fore former the foremost

    old older the oldest

    old elder the eldest (doar atributiv, pt membrii aceleiasi familii)

    Ex: My elder brother is older than me. (fratele meu mai mare)

    Constructii adjectivale

    1) cu mult mai = much/ a lot + comparativ

    Ex: It is much warmer today / a lot warmer today2) de departe cel mai = by far + superlativ

    Ex: This is by far the hottest day of the year.

    3) din ce in ce mai = comp + and + comp

    Ex: It is warmer and warmer

    ATENTIE! pt adj lungi se repeta doar more

    Ex: It is more and more interesting.

    4) cu cat mai,cu atat mai(the + comparativthe + comparativ)

    ATENTIE! Expresia e obligatoriu sa se repete identic si verbul to belipseste:

    Ex: The more, the better (cu cat mai mare, cu atat mai bine)

    ATENTIE! Mai multe adjective care determina acelasi substantiv se despart prin

    virgula. Daca nu apare virgula intre ele atunci cel care nu este urmat de virgula este

    adverb.

    ATENTIE! Ordinea adjectivelor care determina un substantiv va tine cont de cele

    subiective (primele expuse) si de cele obiective (imediat langa substantiv).

    ATENTIE! Un adjectiv poate sa determine si un verb. Verbul va fi obligatoriu to be

    sau orice alt verb de perceptie care poate fi inlocuit cu to be.

    Ex: I am intelligent

    He looks happy sau He is happy.

    Adjectivul demonstrativ

    anuleza articolul substantivului

    invariabil ca forma (M/F)

    se aseaza in fata substantivului pe care il determina

    daca nu determina un substantiv devine pronume demonstrativ

    Ex: thisaceasta, acesta (singular apropiere)

    theseacestea, acestia (plural apropiere)

    ambele merg cuhere.

    thatacela, aceea (singular departare)

    thoseacelea, aceia (plural departare)

    ambele merg cuthere.

    NOTA! Indepartarea in spatiu presupune si indepartarea in timp. Deci that sithose se vor cupla cu trecutul.

    Ex: This book is good. (this = adjectiv, book = substantiv)

    This is a good book. (this = pronume)

    Adjectivul posesiv

    invariabil ca forma si numar

    anuleaza articolul substantivului

    se aseaza in fata substantivului pe care-l determina

    forme: my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    36/76

    36

    Ex: My book.

    Adjectivul interogativ

    pozitie initiala in propozitie

    invariabil ca forma

    anuleaza articolul

    determina un substantiv

    forme: what, which, whose, how much, how many.

    Diferenta: what./which

    Which presupune selectie dintr-un numar limitat.

    Ex: Which boy is your best friend?

    What nu presupune selectie.

    Ex: What days of the week do you know?

    Diferenta how much / how many

    How much presupune cantitatea si se foloseste pentru substantive nenumarabile.

    Ex: How much money do you want?

    How many inseamna numar si se foloseste la substantive numarabile.

    Ex: How many books do you want?

    Adjectivul relativ

    pozitie mediana

    introduce o propozitie secundara

    invariabil

    determina un substantiv anulandu-i articolul

    forme:

    whatever (fara selectie),whichever (selectie din numar limitat),

    whose (a, al, ai, ale cui).

    Ex: You may take 1/ whatever books you want 2/.

    Adjectivul nehotarat

    SOME (unii, niste, vreo, cativa) - Utilizare:

    1. In propozitia enuntiativa urmat de substantiv nenumarabil sau numarabil la plural.

    Ex: I have some money / friends.

    2. In propozitia interogativa in care se face o afirmatie sau o invitatie.

    Ex: Would you like some coffee?3. In propozitia in care stiu sigur ca primesc raspuns pozitiv.

    Ex: Mother, can you give me some money?

    4. In propozitia interogativa in care intrebarea nu se refera lasome.

    Ex: Why are there so many people in some (so many) restaurants?

    5. In propozitia negativa al carui sens este afirmativ.

    Ex: I never go home without buying some chocolate.

    6. Cand poate fi inlocuitorul luicertain.

    Ex: Certain people/some people believe they are the best.

    ANY - este inlocuitorul luisomein:

    1. Propozitia interogativa la care nu stiu ce raspuns voi primi.

    Ex: Is there any milk left?

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    37/76

    37

    2. In propozitia enuntiativa dar cu sensul de oricine, oricare, orice.

    Ex: Any book is good for you.

    3. In propozitia care contine un adverb negativ de genul: hardly, barely, scarcely (de abia, cu

    greu, deloc).

    Ex: I hardly eat any bread (nu mananc paine aproape deloc)

    4. In propozitia care contineif. (if = incertitudine)

    Ex: If you find any books, buy them.

    5. In propozitia care contine o expresie de indoiala: maybe, perhaps.

    Ex: I doubt there are any good films in town.6. In propozitia negativa in care verbul este negat.

    Ex: I havent any friends here.

    NO - Se foloseste numai in propozitia negativa in care verbul este la afirmativ.

    Ex: I have no friends here.

    EVERY (fara particularizare)

    Ex: Every day I go to my office. (nu ma duc chiar in fiecare zi)

    EACH (cu particularizare)

    Ex: Each person has a name. (fiecare, particularizare)

    EITHER (fiecare din doi)

    NEITHER

    (nici unul din doi)ATENTIE! Dupa each, every, either sau neither rmeaza substantiv numarabil lasingular iar acordul cu verbul se face la singular.

    Expresii cu every si each

    Each other = unul pe altul (pp reciprocitate)

    Every bit/inch = fiecare bucatica

    Every right = tot dreptul

    Every now and than = din cand in cand

    Every other day = alternativ

    Every so often = la interval regulat de timp fara a sti exact cand.

    SUCH (astfel) - Urmat de substantiv numarabil la plural sau nenumarabil.

    Ex: I have such friends/information.

    SUCH A - Urmat de substantiv numarabil la singular.

    Ex: This is such a man of honor.

    ALL - Urmat de substantiv nenumarabil sau numarabil la plural.

    Ex: All books/information must be used.

    WHOLE - Urmat de substantiv numarabil la singular.

    Ex: I like the whole book.

    NOTA! Pt perioade de timp se poate folosi siwholesiall

    Ex: Im home all the morning/ the whole morning. (whole este cotat ca fiind mai

    puternic)

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    38/76

    38

    THE OTHER - Urmat de substantiv numarabil la singular sau plural.

    Ex: The other child/children can swim.

    ExpresiaThe other day= some days ago, cere obligatoriu trecutul.

    Ex: I was there the other day. (Am fost acolo acum cateva zile)

    OTHER + Urmat de substantiv numarabil la plural.

    Ex: Give me other examples.

    + Daca e precedat denopoate fi urmat si de numarabil la singular.Ex: No other man is as good as you are.

    ANOTHER + substantiv la singular (different, in addition)

    Ex: Would you like another drink? = vrei inca unul (suplimentar) sau un altul

    (diferit)?

    BOTH + substantiv numarabil la plural (pt. doi)

    Ex: I like both kids -> acordul in plural

    Both are intelligent.

    SEVERAL (mai multi intr-un numar nedefinit) + substantiv numarabil la plural.

    Ex: We spent several days there.

    MOST (majoritatea) + substantiv numarabil la plural sau nenumarabil.

    Ex: Most books/information can be read easily.

    ENOUGH

    ATENTIE! Daca e urmat de substantiv nenumarabil sau numarabil la plural are pozitie

    mobila.

    Ex: I have enough money/money enough to be happy.

    ATENTIE! Daca e urmat de substantiv numarabil la singular se aseaza dupa el.

    Ex: He is man enough to understand me.

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    39/76

    39

    Numeralul

    1. Numeralul cardinal - arata numarul, cantitateaNumeralul zero

    1) zero = pentru calcul matematic si pentru exprimarea temperaturii

    Ex: Its ten degrees above zero.

    2) love = zero pentru exprimarea scorului la tenis (15-0 = fifteen-love)

    3) nil = (nothing) = zero pentru exprimarea scorului la fotbal

    4) naught = zero cand face parte din partea zecimala a unui numar

    5) oh = zero pentru numere de telefon

    De la 1 la 12 avem forme distincte

    De la 13 la 19 avem (numeral simplu +teen), la care accentul cade pe sufix sii-ul este

    lung.De la 20 la 90 avem (numeral cardinal +ty), care este scurt si cu accentul pe prima silaba.

    Ex: 40 = forty (nu mai are u!)

    Numeralele compuse se scriu cu cratima

    Ex: 42 = forty-two

    One hundred = 100 - Ca numeral nu poate avea plural, dar are ca substantiv. Este substantiv

    cand:

    a) este urmat deof:

    Ex: hundreds of pages

    b) nu determina alt substantiv:

    Ex: hundreds are here

    Numeralul compus peste suta se scrie cu prepozitiaandla englezi si fara la americani.

    Ex: 210 = two hundred and ten

    One thousand = 1,000 - Aceleasi reguli ca la suta.

    One million = 1,000,000 - Farasla TOEFL, dar este corect si cus(2 millions) in

    engleza.

    One billion = 1,000,000,000 - Americanii zic milliard.

    Utilizarea numeralului cardinal:

    1) pentru exprimarea temperaturii (cu verbulto be)

    2) pentru calcule matematice:

    Addition (to add = a aduna)

    2 + 3 = 5 two plus/and three is/are/equals five

    (acordul se face in sg si in pl)

    Subtraction (to subtract = a scadea)

    5 3 = 2 five minus/take away is two

    (acordul se face doar in sg)

    Multiplication (to multiply = a inmulti)

    2 x 3 = 6 two multiplied by three/twice three/3 times 2 is/are/equals six

    (acordul se face in sg si in pl)

    Division (to divide = a imparti)

    6 : 3 = 2 six divided by three is two

    (acordul se face doar in sg)

    reminder= rest

    Root = radical - cube root = radical de ordinul 3

    - square root = radical de ordinul 2

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    40/76

    40

    Power = putere

    More than = >

    Less than = 1, numitorul va fi in pluralEx: 2/3 = two thirds

    Intregul = the whole

    Fractia pe 100 = per cent

    Procentaj = percentage

    Numeralul distributiv - Arata distributia lucrurilor:

    One by one = unul cate unul

    Two at a time = 2 odata

    By twos / in twos = cate 2

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    43/76

    43

    Numeralul adverbial - Arata de cate ori se repeta o actiune:

    once = o data

    twice = de 2 ori

    3 times

    4 times, etc.

    NOTA! nu exista twice more, ci twice as much as= de 2 ori mai mult

    Numeralul multiplicativ - Arata de cate ori creste o cantitate:

    double = twofold = indoit (de 2 ori)

    tenfold = inzecit

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    44/76

    44

    Pronumele

    Functia pronumelui

    Pronumele sunt cuvinte lipsite de inteles de sine statator. Ele nu denumesc si nu aracterizeaza

    nimic, functia lor fiind aceea de a inlocui un substantiv, facand astfel referire la o idee, obiect sau

    actiune mentionate anterior sau cunoscuta de catre interlocutor.

    Ex.: John did all the work.

    He did all the work.Who did all the work?

    Forma pronumelui

    Pronumele au forme specifice in functie de:

    Numar: singular - this; plural these

    Caz: Nominativ - she; Genitiv - hers; Dativ - to her; Acuzativ her

    Gen: masculin - he; Feminin - she; neutru - it

    Pronumele pot fi simple (you, which, many) sau compuse (everybody, whatever, no one).

    Clasificarea pronumelor

    1. Personale

    2. Reflexive

    3. Nehotarate

    4. Demonstrative

    5. Relative

    6. De intarire

    7. Interogative

    8. Reciproce

    Pronumele personale

    Nominativ Genitiv Dativ Acuzativ

    Singular

    I mine (to) me me

    you yours (to) you you

    he his (to) him him

    she hers (to) her her

    it its (to) it it

    Plural

    we ours (to) us us

    you yours (to) you you

    they theirs (to) them them

    ATENTIE! I se scrie intotdeauna cu majuscula. Its (pronume) nu are apostrof. It's vinede la it is sau it has!

    Forme arhaice si poetice: pers. II sg. - thou, thine, (to) thee

    You / They impersonal - putem folosi aceste doua pronume pentru a vorbi despre

    oameni in general.

    Ex.: You have to drive on the other side of the road in Great Britain.

    They say she's very clever.

    It - poate indeplini o serie de functii de mare importanta:

    It impersonal (in expresii impersonale temporale, exprimand starea vremii, distante sau

    in contructii pasive)

    Ex.: It's 7 o'clock.

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    45/76

    45

    It was spring.

    Is it Monday?

    How hot it is!

    How far is it to the station?

    It demostrativ

    Ex.: Who is it? It's the postman.

    It's the children.

    Pronumele reflexive

    Acestea insotesc un verb si se refera la subiect. Se folosesc atunci cand subiectul si

    complementul direct se refera la aceeasi persoana.

    Forme: Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself

    Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves

    Ex.: I wanted to do it myself but he insisted on helping me.

    he fell off the ladder and injured herself.

    Pronumele nehotarate

    Some, any, every se pot combina cu -one, -body, -thing pentru a obtine pronumele nehotarate:

    anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something, everyone, everybody, everything.

    No poate forma impreuna cu -body sau -one pronumele: nobody, no-one.

    NOTA! Atat in engleza britanica cat si in cea americana, pronumele nehotarate

    anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody, no-one sunt din punct de vederegramatical la singular si trebuie folosite cu un verb la singular.

    Alte pronume nehotarate: enough, few, fewer, less, little, many, much, several, more, most,

    all, both, every, each, any, either, neither, none, some.

    De retinut! Daca acestea forme preceda un substantiv nu mai sunt pronume, ci

    determinanti substantivali.

    Ex.: Few will be chosen; fewer will finish, Little is expected.

    Pronumele demonstrativ

    Pronumele demostrative: this, these, that, those, such pot functiona atat ca pronume, cat si ca

    determinanti substantivali.

    Ex.: That is incredible! (referring to something you just saw)

    I will never forget this. (referring to a recent experience)

    Such is my belief. (referring to an explanation just made)

    This si these sugereaza ideea de apropiere temporala sau spatiala, pe cand that si those

    sugereaza ideea de departare.

    Ex.: These (pancakes sitting here now on my plate) are delicious. Those (pancakes

    that I

    had yesterday morning) were even better.

    This (book in my hand) is well written; that (book that I'm pointing to, over

    there, on the table) is trash.

    Aceasta idee de departare se poate transforma chiar in dispret sau instrainare afectiva:

    Ex.: Are you going to wear these? (They are awful. I do not like them at all.)

    Can you belive I would have bought that?

    Pronumele relative

    Pronumele relativ face referire la un substantiv sau inlocuitor substantival mentionat incontextul aterior (antecedent) si leaga propozitia sau grupul de cuvinte care explica sau da mai

    multe detalii despre substantivul antecedent de propozitia continand substantivul determinat.

    Pronumele relative sunt : who, whoever, which, that.

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    46/76

    46

    Ex.: The student who studies hardest usually does the best.

    Alegerea corecta dintre which si that se inscrie printre cele mai frecvente nelamuriri ale

    studentilor la limba engleza. In general, which se foloseste pentru a introduce propozitii care au

    natura de paranteze, explicatii suplimentare dar care pot fi inlaturate sau omise fara a schimba

    intelesul frazei. Din acest motiv propozitiile introduse prin which sunt in general intre virgule.

    Din contra propozitiile introduse de that sunt considerate indispensabile sensului frazei si nu se

    vor pune intre virgule.

    Who si formele sale se refera la persoane, which se refera la lucruri, iar that poate face

    referire la ambele.Ex.: The man who hijacked the plane wanted to get to Cuba

    The couple who live next door have the radio on all night.

    The team that won the championship received a great reception.

    This is the program which won the prize.

    We'll plant new trees to replace those which fell.

    Pronumele de intarire

    Insoteste substantive sau pronume personale pentru a le sublinia. Ca forma sunt identice cu

    pronumele reflexive: Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself

    Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves

    Ex.: I myself don't know the answer.

    Mary did all this herself.

    Mary herself did all this.

    Expresii: by myself = singur, de unul singur Ex.: I worked by myself.

    Pronumele interogativ

    Pronumele interogative introduc intrebari, propozitii interogative directe sau indirecte.

    Forme: who? what? which? whose? (to) whom?

    Ex.: Who said that?Whose are those books?

    I do not remember to whom I gave my sweater.

    What happened?

    What's the weather like?

    Pronumele reciproce

    Forme: each other si one another. Se folosesc pentru a exprima relatii de reciprocitate intre

    fiinte, idei, lucruri.

    Ex.: If Bob gave Alicia a book for Christmas and Alicia gave Bob a book for

    Christmas, we can say that they gave each other books.My mother and I give each other a hard time.

    They borrowed each other's ideas.

    De retinut! Each other se refera la doua obiecte, pe cand one another face referire lamai mult de doua obiecte sau fiinte.

    Ex.: The scientists in this lab often use one another's equipment.

    Hockey players hit one another quite frequently.

    Pronumele ITfunctii:

    1. Pronume personal, persoana a treia sg.,gen neutru folosit pentru obiecte i noiuniabstracte, nepersonificate, animale nepersonificate i crora nu li se cunosc sexul sau sunt

    luate in sens generic.

    Ex: Here is a book. It is very interesting.

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    47/76

    47

    How ould is your baby? It is five months ould.

    3. Pronume personal-folosit pentru a indica:a. Timpul dupcalendar sau ceas : It is six oclock on the 4th of February.b. Scurgerea timpului: It is getting lake se face tarziu

    cloudy mai degrabe inorat

    d. Fenomene meteorologice i naturale: It is raining cats and dogs ploucugleata(torenial); It thunders tun; It lightens fulger; It is ten degrees above

    zero sunt +10o

    f. Distanele: Itsnearly ten kilometres to Albota-sunt aproape 10 km panla Albota.

    g. Starea lucrurilor in general: Its ok sau its all right!

    3. Pronume demonstrativ (echivalent cu That sau Which rsferindu-se la ceva vzut sau

    menionat inainte)

    Ex : He expressed his sympathies i-a prezentat condoleanele

    It was nice of him (to do that) drgudin partea lui (sfacasta)

    4. Pronume introductiv

    a. Introductiv anticipativ - are rolul de a introduce propoyiia printr-un subiect formal

    deoarece subiectul real este deplasat dupnumele predicativ pentru a-l scoate in eviden.

    Ex: Its nice to see /seeing such a garden este o plcere svezi o asmenea

    Grdin

    Subiectul real se poate exprima prin:

    Infinitivul lung to see

    Construcii gerumviale

    O propoziie subiectiv,de obicei introdusprin conjuncia That.

    b. Introductiv de intrire sau subliniere avand rolul de a sublinia foarte puternic sau de a

    scoate in evidenoricare parte a propoziiei cu excepia predicatului.

    Ex: Its Peter who/that solved all the problems.- Peter este cel care a rezolvat

    toate problemele.

    5. Pronume nesemnificativ folosit ca, complement direct formal mai ales al unor verbe

    intranzitive. Acest tip de pronume apare frecvent in engleza vorbit.

    Ex: Shall we cab it to the station ? Slum taxiul panla staie.

    No,Iwould rather foot it. Nu,prefer smerg pe jos.

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    48/76

    48

    Verbul (the verb)

    A. Verbele auxiliare ( to be, to do , to have )

    Sunt verbe deosebit de puternice

    Au forme distincte pt. prezent si trecut

    Intra in alcatuirea altor timpuri verbale:

    to be la toate formele de continuu

    to have la toate timpurile perfecte

    Nu-si pot forma participiul nedefinit (forma ining) cu exceptia situatiei cand verbulto

    havepierde sensul de a avea, a poseda si intra in alcatuirea alocutiunilor verbale (to have a

    bath, to have a shower, to have a rest, to have talk, to have a walk, to have lunch).

    Isi fac singure interogativul prin inversarea cu subiectul

    Isi fac negativul prin adaugarea negatieinot

    Isi fac singure intrebarea disjunctiva si raspunsul scurt

    Ex: He has a car. Hasnt he? Yes, he has.

    Trecutul verbelor auxiliare

    Pt. to be was la pers I si a II-a singular, were pt. toate celelalte

    Pt. to have had

    VERBUL BEBE WAS BEEN

    Utilizare:

    1. pentru construirea timpurilor continue si a formei pasive:

    The old man is taking an afternoon nap.

    The bridge was destroyed by the earthquake.2. pentru a exprima existenta, starea fizica sau mentala sau alte informatii despre o persoana

    sau un lucru:

    Dr. Johnson is a dentist. He is calm and patient.

    3. pentru a exprima varsta:

    The baby is two months old. How old are you?

    4. BE TO + INFINITIV: pentru a da ordine/instructiuni sau pentru a comunica un plan:

    You are to finish your homework before dinner. (= You must finish)

    The chairman is to give his annual speech tomorrow. (= He plans to give)

    5. BE ABOUT TO + INFINITIV: pentru a indica viitorul imediat:

    Meg is about to leave. (= Meg is on the point of leaving.)

    6. THERE + BE + SUBSTANTIV: pentru a indica existenta unei fiinte sau a unui lucru:

    There are two pieces of cake left in the fridge.

    There is aperson outside the door.

    VERBUL DODO DID DONE

    Utilizare: DO se foloseste atat ca verb auxiliar cat si ca verb propriu-zis.

    A. DO ca verb auxiliar:

    1. pentru a forma negativul si interogativul prezentului simplu so trecutului simplu:

    The kitten doesnt play with strangers.

    Did they go to the opera yesterday?2. pentru a evita repetarea aceluiasi verb sau aceleiasi expresii:

    My company made a profit last year but IBM did not.

  • 8/14/2019 Limba Engleza Curs Aa

    49/76

    49

    Mary typed that letter very badly. She certainly did!

    3. pentru a sublinia un afirmativ sau imperativ:

    Do eat your vegetables!

    Youre wrong: I did pay you!

    B. DO ca verb propriu-zis are sensul general de a duce la bun sfarsit, a realiza, a executa, a

    administra, a pune in practica:

    Students should do the exercises at the end of each unit.He always does the job well.

    The office clerk did the transaction yesterday.

    NOTA: A nu se confunda DO cu MAKE! Verbul MAKE are sensul general de a crea, a

    produce, a construi, a cauza, a face sa fie sau a prepara. Comparati:

    to do someone a favour to make a friend

    to do ones best to make the bed

    to do good to make money

    to do the dishes to make a rule

    to do the shopping to make a mistake