Licență Ștefan Rizescu var+final

7/25/2019 Licen tefan Rizescu var+final

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UNIVERSITATEA BUCURE TIFACULTATEA DE TEOLOGIE ORTODOX PASTORAL

LUCRARE DE LICEN BISERIC I STAT N VREMEA LUI JUSTINIAN CEL MARE

Coordonator tiin ifi! Candidat!Pr" Prof" Dr" E#anoi$ B%&' t(fan Ri)(*'

B''r( ti+,-.

Declara ie de onestitate

Prin /r()(nta d($ar % L'rar(a d( Li(n % ' tit$'$ 0Bi*(ri% i Stat 1n 2r(#(a $'i J'*tinian

($ Mar(3 (*t( *ri*% d( #in( i n' a #ai fo*t /r()(ntat% niiodat% $a o a$t% fa'$tat( *a' in*tit' i(

d( 1n2% %#4nt *'/(rior din ar% *a' *tr%in%tat(" D( a*(#(n(a5 d($ar % toat( *'r*($( 'ti$i)at(5

in$'*i2 ($( d( /( Int(rn(t5 *'nt indiat( 1n $'rar(5 ' r(*/(tar(a r(6'$i$or d( (2itar( a

/$a6iat'$'i!


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toat( fra6#(nt($( d( t(7t r(/rod'*( (7at5 8iar i 1n trad'(r( /ro/ri( din a$t% $i#&% *'nt

*ri*( 1ntr( 68i$i#($( i d( in r(f(rin a /r(i*% a *'r*(i9 r(for#'$ar(a 1n '2int( /ro/rii a t(7t($or *ri*( d( %tr( a$ i a'tori d( in( r(f(rin a

/r(i*%9 r()'#ar(a id(i$or a$tor a'tori d( in( r(f(rin a/r(i*% $a t(7t'$ ori6ina$"

B''r( ti5

Candidat! t(fan Ri)(*' :::::::::::::::::::::

CUPRINS

Introd'(r(

-" I#/(ri'$ Ro#an 1n *(o$($( V;VI-"-" Sit'a ia 2r(#ii *a' ont(7t'$ *oia$-"+" #/%rat'$ J'*tinian ($ Mar(-"


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INTRODUCERE

A/rof'ndar(a t(#(ini% a ((a ( a 1n*(#nat Bi*(ria i i#/ortan a *tat'$'i 1n /(rioada

I#/(ri'$'i Bi)antin *'& ond'(r(a #/%rat'$'i J'*tinian ($ Mar( r(/r()int% /ri#'$ /a* 1n

d(*o/(rir(a #ani(r(i d( d()2o$tar( a #(dii$or r($i6ioa*( i /o$iti( a$( a($or 2r(#'ri5 dar5 i

#ai i#/ortant5 d(fin( t( r(ar(a 'n(i id(i ' /ri2ir( $a ((a ( 1n*(a#n% d('r* i*tori i t(o$o6i

&i)antin" A adar5 /rin /r()(nta $'rar( intit'$at% 0Bi*(ri% i Stat 1n 2r(#(a $'i J'*tinian ($

Mar(35 'r#%r(* tra*ar(a i (2id(n i(r(a ($or #ai i#/ortant( ($(#(nt( ar( a' ond'* $a

(7i*t(n a 'n'i i#/(ri' ( a2(a *% d(2in% ($ #ai i#/ortant r(/(r a$ i*tori(i" Pri#a /art( a $'r%rii5

r(6%*it% *'& d(n'#ir(a d( 0I#/(ri'$ Ro#an 1n *(o$($( V;VI35 ar( #(nir(a d( a fa( 'no*'t(

toat( a*/(t($( ( in d( ont'rar(a /rofi$'$'i $'i J'*tinian ($ Mar( a 1#/%rat5 iar a(*t $'r' *(

/(tr(( 1n 2irt't(a /o)i ion%rii a(*t'ia 1n ont(7t'$ *oia$ a %r'i do#ina i( (ra /r()(nt% $a a($

#o#(nt" n a($a i /ri# a/ito$ a$ $'r%rii a# d(i* *% a&ord() i /rini/a$($( r(for#( ar( *'nt

*'&*idiar( a i'nii d( ond'(r( a 1#/%rat'$'i5 1ntr'4t a(*t(a on*tit'i( /'nt'$ d( /$(ar( 1n

d(*ri(r(a a ((a ( 1n*(a#n% $'/ta $'i J'*tinian 1#/otri2a at($or d( or'/ i( i a &irora i(i ori

a n(6$i?(n ($or 6ra2( ( 2(n(a' din /art(a f'n ionari$or i a 6'2(rnatori$or din /ro2inii$( 2r(#ii" Ca/ito$'$ *('nd a$ $'r%rii d( fa % fa( r(f(rir( $a 0Po$itia &i*(ri(a*%3 i 'r#%r( t(

atin6(r(a ($or #ai i#/ortant( a*/(t( r(f(ritoar( $a a(a*ta" D( /i$d%5 *it'a ia r($i6ioa*% a

1#/%rat'$'i (*t( (a ar( n( /oat( fa( *% 1n ($(6(# #ai &in( #od'$ 1n ar( J'*tinian a/$ia

r(6'$i$( /rin ra/ortar( $a '$t'$ *%' r($i6io*5 iar /ro&$(#($( i di*/'t($( &i*(ri( ti *'nt ($( ar(

fa tri#it(r( $a #ani(ra 1n ar( *( /'t(a' 6%*i *o$' ii5 r()o$2%ri i r%*/'n*'ri /(ntr' (2(nt'a$($(

*it'a ii ar( int(r2(n(a' @fi( ($( /ro2oat( *a' d($an at( in2o$'ntar" n tratar(a a(*t(i t(#atii

a# /ro/'* */r( ana$i)% 1nt4#/$%ri$( r(f(ritoar( $a ($ d(;a$ ini$(a Sinod E'#(ni5 1n 2(d(r(a

(7/$iit%rii #(tod($or a/$iat( /(ntr' o& in(r(a 'n(i f')i'ni a &i*(rii$or di2i)at( 1n 'r#a

Sinod'$'i ar( a a2't $o 1n Ca$(don-" Fina$'$ a/ito$'$'i *('nd ar( *o/'$ d( a of(ri 'n *'/ort

a/$iati2 a$ t(orii$or /r()(ntat( /( /ar'r*'$ $'r%rii i /'n( 1n $'#in% #i*ionari*#'$ r( tin" C(a

1 Cf. G(6(nart5 G(*8i8t(Das Konzil von Chalkedon5 trad'*% din 6(r#an% d( A" Gri$$#(i(r i " Ba8t5Vo$'#'$ I5 Edit'ra E8t(r V(r$a65 'r)&'r65 ->-5 /" =


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d(;a tr(ia /art( a $'r%rii r(a$i)at( /r()int% 1n d(ta$i' 0Ra/ort'$ i r($a ia dintr( Stat i Bi*(ri%3 i

far( r(f(rir(5 1n #od tr(/tat5 $a Si#fonia i Mo t(nir(a Bi)antin%5 /r('# i $a #ani(ra 1n ar( *(

d()2o$ta' r($a ii$( dintr( '$t i *tat5 indif(r(nt d( for#a /( ar( a(*t(a o 1#&r%a'" I#/(rio*

n((*ar% (*t( /r(i)ar(a fa/t'$'i % $'rar(a 1i /ro/'n( *% /ar'r6% toi /aii i#/ortan i /(ntr'

(7/$iitar(a f(no#(n($or t(o$o6i( i i*tori( 1n ((a ( /ri2(t( (2o$' ia *tat'$'i i a '$t($or *'&

1#/%r% ia $'i J'*tinian ($ Mar(5 #ani(ra 1n ar( *( a/$i% t(orii$( 1#/%rat'$'i /( /ar'r*'$

do#ni(i *a$( i a$t(rnati2($( /( ar( a(*ta $( of(r% 1n ((a ( /ri2( t( 6(*tionar(a i *o$' ionar(a

(fii(nt% a dif(ritor onf$it( ( int(r2in 1ntr( *oi(tat( i &i*(ri%"

Da% /orni# (r(tar(a $'r%rii /( &a)a 'n(i d(fini ii $a*i( a Bi)an '$'i5 /'t(# afir#a

% Bi)an'$ r(/r()int% 0*int()a or6ani% a tr(i o#/on(nt(! tradiii$( ($(ni*#'$'i anti5 t(oria

ro#an% a *tat'$'i i a r(tini*#'$'i3+" Bi)an'$ /r(ia 1n #'$t( /ri2in( taf(ta Ro#(i anti( i

r(a)%5 $a 1n6(#%nar(a Oid(nt'$'i i Ori(nt'$'i5 o or6ani)ar( d( *tat i o '$t'r% /ro/ri(5ori6ina$%5 '$t'r% ar( 1ntr'n(a 1n *in( 1n 8i/ 'i#itor tr%*%t'ri a$( raiona$i*#'$'i tr'fa 6r(o;

ro#an i a$( d(*/oti*#'$'i &ar&ar ori(nta$


5/62

CAPITOLUL I

IMPERIUL ROMAN N SECOLELE V-VI

At'ni 4nd 2in( 2or&a d(*/r( I#/(ri'$ Ro#an5 fa(# r(f(rir( $a ($( do'% #ari

(2(ni#(nt( ar( i;a' #arat d('r*'$ i /ro/a6ar(a i*tori% i &i*(ri(a*%" naint( d( toat(5

tr(&'i( *% a#inti# d(*/r( 1#/%r ir(a a(*t'i #ar( i#/(ri' 1n do'%5 #ai (7at 1n I#/(ri'$ Ro#an

d( R%*%rit i I#/(ri'$ Ro#an d( A/'*" A(a*t% di2i)ar( t(ritoria$% ar( *;a #anif(*tat a*'/ra

i#/(ri'$'i a d'* '$t(rior i $a o di*r(/an % din /'nt d( 2(d(r( r($i6io*5 $a o *(/arar( r($i6ioa*%

d(*/r( ar( 2oi 2or&i 1n ($( ( 'r#(a)%" Un a$t a*/(t d(#n d( $'at 1n a$'$ at'ni 4nd *( fa(

r(f(rir( $a a($( 2r(#'ri (*t( /a/a$itat(a.5 (a ar( *;a r%*fr4nt a*'/ra /o/oar($or #i6ratoar( 1n

2(d(r(a tr((rii a(*tora $a r( tini*# i $a o r('noa t(r( /rof'nd% a*'/ra r($i6i(i a&*o$'t( " D(;

a $'n6'$ a(*t(i /(rioad( *;a d()2o$tat $(6%t'ra dintr( Bi*(ri% i Stat 1n I#/(ri'$ Ro#an i 1n ($

Bi)antin5 #ai a$(* 1n /ri#($( *(o$( ar( at(*t% #anif(*tar(a Cr( tini*#'$'i" P't(# */'n( %

0a(*t( r($aii a' fo*t dif(rit( 1n f'ni( d( (/o%5 d(;a $'n6'$ 2(a'ri$or (7i*t4nd d( a*(#(n(ad(o*(&iri 1ntr( R%*%rit'$ i A/'*'$ r(tin3K"

11 Sit!a ia "re#ii sa! conte$t!l social

S(o$($( V5 r(*/(ti2 VI ad' i*tori(i a(r'$ *8i#&%rii i r(' (* *% r(()( 'n no' ti/ d(

(2o$' i( a *it'a i(i 1n ar( *( r(6%*( t( /o$itia5 Bi*(ria5 Stat'$5 dar i (t% (an'$ i *oi(tat(a"

6 Cf" Ed'ard Gi&&on5 !he "istory o# the Decline and $ali o# the %oman &mpire5 1n J"B"B'r5 N( or! Ma#i$$an

and Co"5 -K.;-,+5 2o$" III5 /" +


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A2(# a((a i id(( 1#/%rt% it% i d( A*t(rio* G(ro*t(r6io*5 ($ ar( */'n( % 0da% in(# ont d(

(2(ni#(nt($( i*tori( ( a' a2't $o 1ntr( i .-,5 /'t(# arat(ri)a a(a*t% /(rioad% a fiind

'na d( #ari *8i#&%ri" Carat(ri*tii$( a(*t(ia d(2in foart( $ar( 1n */(ia$ 1n *(o$($( a$

/atr'$(a i a$ ini$(a i $a 1n(/'t'$ ($'i d( a$ a*($(a3" A(*t a'tor fa( r(f(rir( $a a($ ti/ d(

*8i#&%ri ar( ad' 1n /ri# /$an (2(ni#(nt($( ( *ta' $a &a)a for#%rii i f'nda#(nt%rii

i2i$i)a i(i &i)antin( i5 d( a*(#(n(a5 a r( tini*#'$'i 6r(o;ro#an" Sit'a ia 2r(#ii (*t( r(dat% d(

a($ #o#(nt d( onto/ir( a do'% $'#i5 $'#i dif(rit(5 dar ' int(r(*( r($ati2 a*(#%n%toar(" O

$'#( $'a *f4r it iar a$ta a&ia *( ont'ra5 iar a(*t fa/t d'(a $a na t(r(a 'nor ri)( 1n toat( *f(r($(

2i( ii *oia$( -," A*tf($5 0on*id(r%# % nii n' *;ar fi/'t't /(tr(( a$tf($5 d(oar(( %d(r(a

&r'*% a $'#ii 2(8i a ad'* r%*t'rnar(a forat% a ordinii /o$iti(5 *oia$( i r($i6ioa*(5 /r('# i

r(n'nar(a $a 2a$ori$( */irit'a$( /( ar(5 ti#/ d( *(o$(5 *( &a)a*( *oi(tat(a3--"

S(o$'$ V5 a a '# /r(i)a# i ant(rior5 1n o/inia */(ia$i ti$or5 (*t( #arat d( do'%

(2(ni#(nt( i#/ortant(! 0di2i)ar(a i#/(ri'$'i i5 totodat%5 6(ni'$ t(o$o6i a$ $'i A'6'*tin din

i//ona5 ($ ar( a /'* &a)($( $i&(rt% ii &i*(riii oid(nta$(3 -+" I#/ortan a $'i A'6'*tin (*t(

on*tr'it% 1n &a)a f'nda#(nt'$'i t(orii$or *a$(5 ($( ar( fa r(f(rir( $a o#/orta#(nt'$ *%' fa %

d( /'t(r(a /o$iti% *a' #i$itar% i $a ont'rar(a /rofi$'$'i /(rf(t a$ r( tini$or i a$ 1#/%rat'$'i

id(a$ /(ntr' a( tia" n ((a ( /ri2( t( /rofi$'$ r( tin'$'i5 A'6'*tin 2(d( tri'#f%toar( id((a

'n(i *'/'n(ri *'/r(#( ar( *( r(a$i)(a)% /rin a*'$tar(5 1ntr'4t 0r( tinii tr(&'i( *%;i a*'$t( /(

*t%/4nii $or5 8iar i /( (i r%i5 /(r*('tori5 %i /'t(r(a a(*tora 2in( d( $a D'#n()('3 -5 ()aro/a/i*#'$ a fo*t ($ ar( a n%*'t n'#(roa*( di*/'t( 1n

ont(7t'$ *oia$ a$ 2r(#'ri$or &i)antin(! d( i 1#/%rat'$ 2r(#ii n' (ra $(ri i a*tf($ n' /'t(a fi

2or&a d(*/r( ()aro/a/i*#5 a(a*t% /ro&$(#% *( r%*fr4n6(a a*'/ra fi(%r'i */a i' ' 6r('tat(

i*tori% *a' t(o$o6i%" Confor# d(fini i(i5 1n ($(6(# % /(ntr' a (7i*ta ()aro/a/i*#5 tr(&'i( #ai

1nt4i *% *( r(#ar( /r()(n a 'n'i 1#/%rat dorni d( a (7(rita a'toritat(a *'/r(#%5 ((a ( n'

intr% 1n di*' i( 1n a)'$ a(*tor *(o$(" Di#/otri2%5 *( o&*(r2% (7(ritar(a 'n(i f'n ii

ad#ini*trati2( 1n ((a ( /ri2( t( Bi*(ria5 iar d(i)ia *'/r(#% 1n ((a ( /ri2( t( a(*t ran6 /(

ar( 1#/%rat'$ 1$ /'t(a o& in( a/ar in(a *inod'$'i d( (/i*o/i5 ($ ar( r(/r()(nta o inf$'(n %

#a7i#% a*'/ra a*/(t($or d( a(*t 6(n"

n /$an '$t'ra$5 I#/(ri'$ *( di*tin6(a /rintr;o ori6ina$itat( d( n(d(*ri*" D(i ar%

r(tin%5 Bi)an'$ n' 'ita niiodat% tradiii$( ($(ni*#'$'i anti" A/arat'$ &irorati ra#ifiat (r(a

o #'$i#( d( oa#(ni in*tr'ii5 ((a ( a ondiionat 'n a24nt n(#ai2%)'t a$ 1n2%%#4nt'$'i $ai"

n anii 1n ar( Oid(nt'$ r%#4n(a 1n i6noran%5 ro#(ii *( 'f'nda' 1n $(t'ra *tr%2(8i$or $a*iiai $it(rat'rii5 di*'ta' d(*/r( fi$o)ofia $'i P$aton i a $'i Ari*tot($" La Con*tantino/o$ (7i*ta5 1n%

din an'$ =+>5 o 'ni2(r*itat( i f'niona' */ita$( (7($(nt( /(ntr' a($( 2r(#'ri" Ar8it(t'ra i

#at(#atia5 tiin($( nat'rii i fi$o)ofia ; toat( a(*t(a *( /%*tra' datorit% ni2($'$'i 1na$t a$

/rod'i(i #at(ria$(5 tradiii$or i atit'dinii /$in( d( r(*/(t fa% d( (r'dii(" N(6'*torii din

I#/(ri' na2i6a' /4n% 1n India i C($on5 a?'n6(a' /4n% 1n /(nin*'$a Ma$aa i C8ina" M(diii

6r(i n' *( o'/a' n'#ai d( o#(ntar(a $'i i/orat(* i Ga$(n'*5 i ad%'6a' ' *'(* i

($(#(nt( noi #ot(nirii anti(" Un ro$ i#/ortant 1n '$t'ra I#/(ri'$'i 1$ ?'a Bi*(ria" Dar5 */r(

d(o*(&ir( d( ato$ii*#5 Bi*(ria ortodo7% n;a fo*t nii4nd o &i*(ri% &($ioa*%5 iar r%*/4ndir(a

ortodo7i(i 1n #i?$o'$ *$a2i$or din E'ro/a R%*%rit(an% i 1n R'*ia a d'* $a a/ariia 1n a(*t( %ri a

'nor '$t'ri ; fii( i $a on*tit'ir(a 'nor r($aii */(ia$( 1ntr( *tat( ! 'n f($ d( 0a*oiai(3-."

15P(tr' P4r2(*'5 0ic dic ionar de istorie 5 Edit'ra CARTEX5 Ia i5 +,,5 /" KK


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n ((a ( /ri2( t( ond'(r(a i#/(ri'$'i5 ti# % 1#/%rat'$ ar( n' r(*/(ta 0$(6i$(

di2in( i '#an(3 (ra *ootit tiran i a(*t $'r' /'t(a *(r2i a ?'*tifiar( /(ntr' t(ntati2($( d( a;$

r%*t'rna d( $a /'t(r(" n I#/(ri'$ Bi)antin5 1#/%rat /'t(a d(2(ni ori( (t%(an a$ *tat'$'i dar5 d(

($( #ai #'$t( ori5 *( /r(f(ra andidat'ra 'n(i /(r*oan( d(#n(5 i#/$iat(5 ar( *%; i dor(a*% *%

a?'t( /o/or'$ /( ar(;$ ond'(-" n /a6ini$( 'r#%toar( 2oi 1n(ra *% tra*() i *% ont'r()

/rofi$'$ 'n'i 1#/%rat d(#n ar( a $'/tat /(ntr' i#/(ri'$ /( ar(;$ ond'(a" J'*tinian ($ Mar( a

r(/r()(ntat /(ntr' I#/(ri'$ Bi)antin o /(r*ona$itat( ar( *;a onfr'ntat ' #'$t( i#/(di#(nt(5

dar ar( a r%#a* 1n i*tori( a o /(r*ona$itat( #arant% /rin n(n'#%rat($( at( d( 'ra?5 r(din % i

/'t(r( #anif(*tat("

1% #&'rat!l (!stinian cel Mare

Ca/ito$'$ d( fa % ar( #(nir(a d( a ont'ra /rofi$'$ $'i J'*tinian ($ Mar( i d( a;i d(fini

/(r*ona$itat(a5 (a ar(5 totodat%5 ontri&'i( $a *8i ar(a I#/(ri'$'i Bi)antin i a *it'a ii$or

/o$iti(5 *oia$( i t(o$o6i( 1n ar( a(*ta *( r(6%*(a 1n /(rioada /$in(i *a$( a*(n*i'ni" D( a$tf($5

2oi *'&$inia r($a ia dintr( /o$itia 1#/%rat'$'i i a /rini/ii$or r($i6ioa*( d'/% ar( a(*ta *(

68ida5 1n 2(d(r(a tra*%rii ($or #ai i#/ortant( ($(#(nt( i r(for#( ar( a' /'* &a)($( 'n'i

ad(2%rat i#/(ri'" Af$%#5 /rin /ri*#a (r(t%ri$or f%'t( d( 0*a2anii 1n i*tori( /o$iti% 2(8( i 1n

i*toria &i*(ri(a*% ti#/'ri(5% (/oa $'i J'*tinian r(/r()int% *f4rit'$ 'n(i $'n6i /(rioad( (

d(fin( t( i*toria anti% i 1n(/'t'$ 'n(i noi /(rioad( n'#it( i*toria #(di(2a$% &i)antin%3 -K

" na$t% ordin( d( id(i5 $'rar(a ad#ini*trati2% a $'i J'*tinian i *tr%dania *a r($i6ioa*% *'nt #o#(nt(

8ot%r4toar( 1n d()2o$tar(a i*tori(i o#(nirii i a 2i(ii Bi*(riii Cr(tin(-"

J'*tinian ($ Mar(5 J'*tinian I *a' Sf4nt'$ J'*tinian ($ Mar(5 a a '# #ai (ra r('no*'t

F$a2i'* P(tr'* Sa&&ati'* J'*tinian'*5 (*t( o/i$'$ $'i I*to i a$ Vi6i$an i(i i n(/ot'$ $'i I'*tin I5

(f'$ 6%r)ii /(r*ona$( a 1#/%rat'$'i ro#an +," P't(# 2or&i d(*/r( o /(r*ona$itat( /'t(rni% i d( o

(d'a i( a$(a*% 1n ((a (;$ /ri2( t( /( ($ ( a2(a *% d(2in% #ar($( 1#/%rat J'*tinian5 iar a*ta

16Cf" D" O&o$(n*5 !he Byzantine Common8ealth5 Edit'raEa*t(rn E'ro/(, Londra5 --5 //" +=,;+=-

17+bidem

18A*t(rio* G(ro*t(r6io*5 p. Cit.5 /" =

19+bidem


9/62

d(oar(( /%rin ii *%i a' in2(*tit 1n '$ti2ar(a */irit'$'i r($i6io* i or(t 1n ((a (;$ /ri2( t(9

a adar5 /' in /(*t( 24r*ta o/i$%ri(i5 J'*tinian ($ Mar( 0 a /ri#it (d'ai( 1n do#(ni'$ dr(/t'$'i5

#at(#atii$or5 art($or fr'#oa*(5 fi$o)ofi(i5 tatiii #i$itar( i t(o$o6i(i" P'nt($( $'i fort( (ra'!

dr(/t'$5 tatia #i$itar% i t(o$o6ia3+-" I'*tin I5 'n8i'$ *%'5 a fo*t ($ datorit% %r'ia 2iitor'$

1#/%rat a &(n(fiiat d( (d'a ia /ri#it% i d( *tat't'$ for#at5 1ntr'4t a(*ta a in*i*tat a n(/ot'$

*%' *% r(' (a*% *% o& in% ((a ( ($ n' a /'t't 2r(odat%" ntr( >+ i >.>5 J'*tinian ($ Mar(

a2(a *% fi( 'n r(n'#it 1#/%rat &i)antin5 /ri(/'t5 (d'at i ' #anif(*t%ri '$t'ra$( d(#n( d(

*tat't'$ *%'" P4n% at'ni5 1n*%5 n'#(roa*( (2(ni#(nt( i*tori( d(#n( d( $'at 1n *(a#% *;a'

/(tr('t! 0d'/% #oart(a 1#/%rat'$'i Ana*ta*i( @>-K i 'rar(a /( tron a $'i I'*tin I ' */ri?in'$

ar#at(i5 2iitor'$ $'i J'*tinian i(i $a $'#in%" Foart( r(/(d( a o&in't ($( #ai 1na$t( d(#nit%i" La

1n(/'t a fo*t a(/tat 1n 6arda /(r*ona$% a 1#/%rat'$'i" Mai t4r)i' 1$ 6%*i# o#andant a$

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10/62

*trat(6i( 1n 2(d(r(a o& in(rii a ((a ( i;a /ro/'*" Croniar'$ Ioan Ma$a$a* */'n( d(*/r(

J'*tinian % 0a d%r'it #ai #'$ i &ani /( 4nd (ra on*'$ d(4t ori( a$t 1#/%rat3 += i5 d(

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0do#nia $'i I'*tin a fo*t doar o introd'(r( $a do#nia $'i J'*tinian I3+."

J'*tinian ($ Mar( i;a 1n(/'t ro$'$ d( 1#/%rat 1n an'$ >+5 at'ni 4nd a2(a /atr')(i i

ini d( ani i a ond'* I#/(ri'$ Ro#an ti/ d( tr(i)(i i o/t d( ani5 d(i5 /4n% 1n >.>5 iar 1n

toat% a(a*t% /(rioad% 0($ i;a i#/'* /(r*ona$itat(a /rin #%rini#ia *a5 /rin $(6i$( *a$(5 /rin

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' faa rot'nd%5 r'#(n 1n o&ra?i i a24nd /%r'$ ro' +K" A(*t $'r' (*t( onfir#at i d( /it'ri$(

ar(;i r(f$(t% 8i/'$5 dar #ai a$(* 1n a((a ar( ia for#a #o)ai'$'i din Bi*(ria 0Sf4nt'$

Vita$i(3 din Ra2(nna @Fi6'ra -+" D( i (*t( d(*ri* 1n a(a*t% #ani(r%5 i*toriii #ai fa r(f(rir( i

$a #o)ai'$ #ai r((nt din Bi*(ria 0Sf4nt'$ A/o$inari( ($ No'35 ao$o 'nd( 8i/'$ $'i J'*tinian

24Ioan Ma$a$a*5 p. Cit.,/" -=

25+bidem

26A$(7and(r Va*i$i(259ustin the $irst. 2n introduction to the &poch o# 9ustinian the 5reat5 Edit'raUni2(r*it% ii ar2ard5 Ca#&rid6(5 Ma**a8'*(tt*5 ->,5 /"


11/62

a/ar( a fiind 'n'$ 06ra* i o&o*it3


12/62

(*t( (2id(n iat% a(a*t% di*/oni&i$itat( a 1#/%rat'$'i9 no&$( (a $'i J'*tinian 0(ra d( o a*(#(n(a

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ar(;$ of(r% a'tor'$ Ioan Ma$a$a*5 a'tor a$( %r'i o/(r( r(/r()int% r(f(rin ( i#/ortant( 1n ((a (;

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13/62

i ($ #ai &'n /ri(t(n *a' *f(tni" T(odora (*t( f(#(ia ar( $;a a?'tat /( J'*tinian *% ia an'#it(

d(i)ii d( o i#/ortan % #a?or%5 /r('# ($( din *f(ra /o$itiii r($i6ioa*( *a' a #ani(r(i d(

ond'(r( a i#/(ri'$'i" Ea (ra r('no*'t% a fiind 0/rot(toar(a (/i*o/i$or i %$'6%ri$or

#onofi)ii (7i$ai 1n a/ita$a I#/(ri'$'i3


14/62

d'/% 'n d(#nitar a$ i#/(ri'$'i5 /( n'#( ((&o$o*5 $a P(nta/o$i*5 1n nord'$ Afriii" Mai t4r)i'5

a(*ta a 6onit;o i (a a /$(at 1n A$(7andria5 ao$o 'nd( i;a 6%*it ad%/o*t 1n a*($( d( oa*/(i a$(

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a(*t'i 'r* a$ 2i( ii T(odor(i d'( $a Con*tantino/o$5 ao$o 'nd(5 2(nind din E6i/t5 a(a*ta 0 i;a

d(*8i* o #oar% i a d'* o 2ia % r(*/(ta&i$%3 =


15/62

a(*t a*/(t5 1n ($(6(# a i'ni$( i 'r*'$ (2(ni#(nt($or 1n ar( a fo*t i#/$iat J'*tinian! ($ #ai

i#/ortant5 0($ a 1n(rat *% 2ind(( rana /ro2oat%

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16/62

Una dintr( 'r#%ri$( r(din(i

r($i6ioa*( a 1#/%rat'$'i a fo*t #ar(a *a

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af$ai 1n n(2oi" J'*tinian i;a ar%tat r(dina

/rin dra6o*t( $'r%toar( i 6ri?% /(ntr'

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J'*tinian ($ Mar( n' a fo*t r(n'#it i r(*/(tat n'#ai /(ntr' #'na d(/'*% i /(ntr'

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atri&' ii /( ar( ($ $( a2(a i /( ar( $( r(*/(ta $a f($ d( #'$t a i /( ($( a#intit( ant(rior!

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54L'r%ri$( *a$( /'&$i( fa r(f(rir( $a ($( ' arat(r $(6i*$ati25 ($( ar( (ra' d(*tinat( /o/'$a i(i

55A(*t(a fa r(f(rir( $a *ri(ri$( /ri2at(5 ($( ar( ($ #ai ad(*(a *( r(6%*(a' *'& for#a tratat($ort(o$o6i( i a (/i*to$($or


17/62

@d( d(/art( (a #ai 'no*'t% dintr( a(*t(a (*t( Bi*(ria Sf4nta Sofia ( 1 i ar( $o'$ 8iar 1n

Con*tantino/o$5 4t i /rin /ri*#a 2itorii$or *a$( #i$itar(5 dar i /(ntr' o/(ra *a $(6i*$ati2%5 (a

ar( 1 i ar( a*t%)i (7i*t(n a 1n fi$($( d( dr(/t ro#an" A*tf($5 J'*tinian a r(at r(for#( ar( *% ad'%

&in($( /o/or'$'i5 r(for#( $%dit( /( &a)a 2a*t($or *a$( 'no tin ( i 1n 2irt't(a (7i*t(n (i 'n'i

i#/(ri' /'t(rni5 ind(/(nd(nt i 'ni" D(*/r( a(*t( r(for#(5 1n*%5 2oi di*'ta 1n 'r#%toar($(

/a6ini5 'r#%rind *% tra*() (2o$' ia5 i#/ortan a i 6rad'$ d( a/$ia&i$itat( a$ a(*tora 1n ont(7t'$5

/r()(nt i 2iitor a$ a($or 2r(#'ri" n i*tori(5 J'*tinian r%#4n( d(*ri* a# 1n a((a i #ani(r%

/(ntr' #a?oritat(a roniari$or *a' i*torii$or ori t(o$o6i$or d( /r(t'tind(ni! 0J'*tinian ($ Mar( i;

a d(diat 1ntr(a6a 2ia% 1nf%/t'irii /( /%#4nt a 'n'i id(a$! 'n D'#n()(' 'ni i #ar(5 o Bi*(ri%

'ni% i #ar(5 'n I#/(ri' 'ni i #ar(5 'n S'2(ran 'ni i #ar(3>."

1+ Re,or#e &rinci&ale

A a '# a#int(a# i ant(rior5 J'*tinian ($ Mar( a fo*t 1#/%rat'$ ar( i;a dorit *% 2ad%

% (*t( $a ond'(r(a 'n'i /o/or 'nifiat i ar( a ion(a)% *'& $it(ra $(6ii" A*tf($5 fi(ar(

(2(ni#(nt i#/ortant *a' 8iar o a i'n( #inor% (ra *'&*idiar% $(6ii" n a(*t *(n*5 J'*tinian ($

Mar(5 i#(diat d'/% ( i;a o'/at f'n ia d( 1#/%rat5 a on*id(rat i#/(rio* n((*ar% tratar(a

a*/(t'$'i $(6i*$ati2 i 1n a(*t *(n* *;a dat 'r* r(%rii i a/ari i(i re#ormei le3islative. D( i (*t(

2or&a d( nor#(5 /rini/ii i a*/(t( ar( in d( *f(ra dr(/t'$'i5 J'*tinian n' *;a d()i* d( id(i$( i

on2in6(ri$( r($i6ioa*( i a in't ont d( (*(n a r( tinit% ii" A(*t fa/t *;a /(tr('t 1n ondi ii$( 1n

ar(5 d( i tr(&'ia *% ad'n( toat( #at(ria$($( d( dr(/t5 *% $( *t'di()( i *% $( ada/t()(5 J'*tinian a

a2't o #i*i'n( 6r(a! tr(&'ia *% 0ar#oni)()( toat( a(*t( #at(ria$( ' 1n2% %t'ri$( Sfint(i

Sri/t'ri i ' ($( a$( Sfint(i Tradi ii3 >" A a '# /r(i)a# adin(a'ri5 J'*tinian5 0/rin r(for#a

$(6i*$ati2%5 dor(a *% /'n% &a)($( n((*ar( /(ntr' 'n /o/or dr(/t i &in( /%*torit3>K5 d(i5 ((a (

'r#(a)%5 *t% a f'nda#(nt a ((a ( a(*ta i;a /ro/'*" Tr(&onian (*t( ($ ar( d( in(a f'n ia

/rini/a$% din adr'$ o#i*i(i d( ?'ri ti /( ar( J'*tinian a on2oat;o 1n 2(d(r(a /'n(rii 1n

56 S" B" Da o25 p. Cit.,/" K

57+bidem,/" +,

58+bidem


18/62

a/$iar( a adr'$'i $(6i*$ati2" A(*ta (ra 'n /%64n d( ori6in( 6r(a% din Pa#fi$ia" R(for#a

$(6i*$ati2% *;a &''rat d( 'n *'(* i#(diat5 iar a(*t fa/t a fo*t /o*i&i$ 1n /ri#'$ r4nd datorit%

d(t(r#in%rii $'i J'*tinian5 iar #ai a/oi5 datorit% #'nii /( ar( a d(/'*;o o#i*ia for#at% d(

a(*ta>"R()'$tat($( a(*t(i r(for#( on*ta' 1n *ri(ri$( ar( *'nt i a*t%)i *t'diat(! 1n /ri#'$

r4nd5 1n >+5 a fo*t /'&$iat Cod(7 J'*tinian'* i a r(/r()(ntat5 1n /rini/i'5 r(2i)'ir(a 2(8i'$'i

od5 ($ a$ $'i T(odo*i'* i a d(r(t($or ar( a' 'r#at Cod'$'i a(*ta" O a$t% $'rar( d(#n% d(

a#intit ar( *t% *'& $'#ina a($(ia i r(for#( 1nf%/t'it( d( J'*tinian ($ Mar(5 (*t( Di6(*ta ., i

ar( for#a 'n(i $'r%ri $a*i( ar( fa( r(f(rir( $a tiin a dr(/t'$'i" n(r4nd *% d(*ri' #ai &in(

a(a*t% $'rar(5 on*id(r % a(a*ta ar( for#a 'n'i o#/(ndi'5 1ntr'4t 1n /a6ini$( *a$( *'nt

'/rin*( 64ndiri$( 2(8i$or ?'ri ti5 *8i#&%ri$( $(6i$or i5 d( a*(#(n(a5 /%r(ri$( o&i(ti2( *a'

*'&i(ti2(5 d'/% a)5 a$( o#i*i(i 1ntr'nit( d( J'*tinian" Di6(*ta ar( 'n arat(r o$(ti25 a a '#

foart( &in( r(i(*( din (n'#(rar(a /rini/a$($or ($(#(nt( a$( $'r%rii.-" Ei*(6(*i*.+(*t( (a d(;atr(ia $'rar(5 'n t(7t ar( a2(a #(nir(a d( a 2(ni 1n a?'tor'$ tin(ri$or ar( *t'dia' dr(/t'$5 /(ntr'

a;i #oti2a /( a( tia *% a/rof'nd()( i *% *( fa#i$iari)()( ' tot ((a ( 1n*(#na *'/ort t(or(ti"

n fina$5 a#int(* d(*/r( Cor/'* J'ri* Ci2i$i*5 d(n'#ir(a /( ar( toat( ($( tr(i o/(r( $a 'n $o o

on*tit'ia'" S'& a((a i r(for#% $(6i*$ati2%5 J'*tinian ($ Mar( a /'&$iat #ai #'$t( $(6i .


19/62

atit'din( a i /r(d((*orii *%i3.=" n o/inia #(a5 (*t( i#/ortant d( ad%'6at fa/t'$ % J'*tinian ($

Mar( (ra 'n 1#/%rat ' 'n /'t(rni *i# i */irit r($i6io*5 'n r(dinio* (noria a$ Bi*(riii

Ortodo7( i5 d( a*(#(n(a5 'n /ro/o2%d'itor a$ r($i6i(i i Bi*(riii /rin /r(a#%rir(a ontin'% a

/'t(rii inont(*ta&i$( a a(*t(ia" n a(*t *(n*5 J'*tinian a r(at $(6i$( 1n a a f($ 1n4t

n(r(dinio ii *% fi( on*tr4n i 1n a 1#&r% i a ortodo7ia5 r( tini*#'$" Pri2ind /rin /ri*#a a(*t'i

/'nt d( 2(d(r(5 (*t( o&*(r2a&i$ fa/t'$ %5 1n ((a (;$ /ri2( t( /( 1#/%rat5 0 /o)iia *a *(2(r% i

a/$iar(a $(6i$or 1#/otri2a n(r(tini$or i a (r(tii$or d(2(ni*(r% o n((*itat( din /riina

di*/'t($or t(o$o6i( i &i*(ri(ti5 a (r()ii$or5 *8i*#($or5 a i a r(2o$'ii$or5 ar( tind(a' *%

ar'n( Bi*(ria i Stat'$ 1n anar8i( i f%r4#iar(3.>9 iat%5 d(i5 d( ( J'*tinian in*i*ta at4t d( #'$t

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inont(*ta&i$% a Stat'$'i"%e#orma administrativr(/r()int% 'n a$t /'nt d( int(r(* at'ni 4nd

2or&i# d(*/r( ati2itat(a 1#/%rat'$'i" A(a*ta a $'at na t(r( *'& for#a 'nor ontradi ii 1ntr(

/rini/ii$( $'i J'*tinian i ($( a$( *t%rii d( fa/t r(6%*it( 1n a($ #o#(nt i a %/%tat for#% *'&

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01#/%rat'$ (ra n(#'$ '#it d( fa/t'$ % f'n ionarii i 6'2(rnatorii d( /ro2inii (ra' or'/ i5 *(

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20/62

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a tr(&'it *% 8($t'ia*% *'#( #ari d( &ani" R%)&oai($( i dif(rit($( on*tr'ii ; 1n */(ia$fortifiaii$( #i$itar( i a()%#int($( d( &in(fa(r( ; ar fi *(%t'it 2i*ti(rii$( *tat'$'i5 da%

1#/%rat'$ n' ar fi d()2o$tat #i?$oa( /(ntr' noi *'r*( d( 2(nit3 ," P(ntr' a(a*ta5 J'*tinian a

66Cf" Ro&(rt Bronin659ustinian and !heodora, Edit'ra Gor6ia* Pr(**5 Londra5 +,- i'$i( +,->

68Cf" C8" C$ar(5 'hort "istory o# the Christian Church #rom the &arliest !imes to the ?resent Day5 Edit'raLon6#an*5 N( or5 -=K5 /" -.."

69A*t(rio* G(ro*t(r6io*5 p. Cit.,/" +,

70+bidem
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Bi*(ri% i Stat"

71+bidem

72Mari'* T($(a5?eriodizarea istoriei i civiliza iei bizantine 5 Edit'ra Uni2(r*it% ii A$&a I'$ia5 A$&a I'$ia5+,-


22/62

CAPITOLUL %

POLITICA BISERICEASC

P(ntr' a /'t(a di*'ta d(*/r( /o$itia &i*(ri(*% 1n 2r(#(a I#/(ri'$'i Bi)antin5 1naint(

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23/62

J'*tinian *'&?'6% Stat'$'i Bi*(ria i 1n (a ar(;$ &$a#a5 a*oiind';$ ' /a/o()ari*#'$ @at'ni

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a((ai 1n% din /(rioada 1n ar( I'*tin I5 'n8i'$ $'i J'*tinian5 ($ d( $a ar( at'a$'$ 1#/%rat a

/r($'at;o" Aadar5 din a(*t /'nt d( 2(d(r(5 an'#ii i*torii a' d'* $a int(r/r(t%ri (;$ ata% /(

J'*tinian ($ Mar(5 afir#4nd d(*/r( a(*ta '# % ar d'( $a *it'aia 1n ar( 0&i*(ria $'/t% ti#/d( *(o$( /(ntr' a;i a/%ra /ro/ria;i $i&(rtat(3"

75A(*t t(r#(n fa( tri#it(r( $a dotrina $'i Ori6(n( ar(5 *'* in4nd % Fi'$ (*t( *'&ordonat Tat%$'i5 iarD'8'$ Sf4nt Fi'$'i5 n(6a arat(r'$ (t(rn a$ /(d(/*($or d( d'/% #oart( i ad#it(a (t(rnitat(a #at(ri(i i /r((7i*t(n a *'f$(t'$'i fa % d( tr'/ @a *( 2(d(a *'r*a5 Diionar E7/$iati2 Ro#4n On$in("

76A*t(rio* G(ro*t(r6io*5 p. Cit.,/" >

77G" P" Ba(r59ustinian* !he Last %oman &mporer5 Edit'ra Fir*t Coo/(r SW'ar(5 N( or5 +,,+5 /"-+-

78+bidem

79E#i$ D'#(a" p. Cit.,/" -


24/62

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a(a*ta r(d(#5 1ntr;o nat'r% i (*(n% i /'t(r( i a'toritat( 1n tr(i I/o*ta*'ri5 adi% P(r*oan(" """

Fiind% D'#n()(ir(a (*t( 'na 1n tr(i i C($( tr(i 'na *'nt5 1ntr' Car( (*t( D'#n()(ir(a3 K-" Din

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80Potri2it 1n2%%t'rii r(tin;ortodo7(5 D'#n()(' (*t( Un'$ 1n Fiin%5 dar 1ntr(it 1n P(r*oan( *a'I/o*ta*'ri! Tat%$5 Fi'$ i Sf4nt'$ D'8" A(*t( tr(i P(r*oan( 2ia)% 1n 'nia (*(n% di2in% i *'nt 'n *in6'rD'#n()('" Prin 'r#ar(5 /'t(# 2or&i d(*/r(! a /rini/i'$ 'nit%ii 1n Sf4nta Tr(i#(9 & /rini/i'$ tr(i#i1n 'nitat( i o(7i*t(na /rini/ii$or 'nit%ii i trinit%ii" n2%%t'ra Bi*(riii d(*/r( Sf4nta Tr(i#( atr('t /rin dif(rit( fa)( /4n% $a for#'$ar(a fina$%" A/roa/( toi t(o$o6ii /ri#($or /atr' *(o$( a' a&ordata(a*t% /ro&$(#%" n ori( a)5 dir(ia /rini/a$% a fo*t dat% d( Sf4nt'$ Atana*i( ($ Mar(" E$ a fo*t ($ar( a for#'$at *i*t(#ati 1n2%%t'ra d(*/r( Sf4nta Tr(i#(" C($( /atr' Ad2(r*'* ariano* @Mi6n(5 PG5 o$"-+;>+K5 a i ($($at( $'r%ri a$( *a$( 1#/otri2a ari(ni$or i ariani*#'$'i5 @Mi6n(5 PG5 +. i + *'nt*'r*($( /r(dani(i $'i" For#a fina$% a a(*t(i 1n2%%t'ri a Bi*(riii Ortodo7( a fo*t dat% d( (i tr(i P%riniCa/adoi(ni" n R%*%rit n' a #ai int(r2(nit niio a$t% d()2o$tar( a a(*tor do6#( d'/% (i" P't(# af$a

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25/62

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26/62

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n ((a ( /ri2( t( (a d(;a tr(ia /(r*oan% a Sfint(i Tr(i#i5 J'*tinian n' in*i*t% $a f($ d(

#'$t '# a f%'t;o ' /ri#($( do'% /(r*oan(5 iar a(*t fa/t ar( $a &a)% (7/$ia ia onfor# %r(ia

1#/%rat'$ n' a 1naintat o dotrin% ' r(f(rir( $a Sf4nt'$ D'8" C' toat( a(*t(a5 J'*tinian5 d( i n'

in*i*t% foart( #'$t ' /ri2ir( $a Sf4nt'$ D'85 a(*ta fa( r(f(rir( ana$o65 1n ti#/ ( r($at(a)%

d(*/r( D'#n()(' Tat%$ i D'#n()(' Fi'$" J'*tinian a fo*t #ai #(r(' /r(o'/at *a' #ai &in( )i*5

a in*i*tat a*'/ra t(orii$or 8ri*to$o6i( i5 d( a((a5 toat( infor#a ii$( ' /ri2ir( $a '$ti#a (ntitat( a

Sfint(i Tr(i#i a' fo*t ad'*( *a' int(r/r(tat( /rin ra/ortar( $a /ri#($( do'%" C' toat( a(*t(a5

J'*tinian n' /r()int% infor#a ii (rt( d(*/r( Sf4nt'$ D'8 1n Cr()'$ *%'5 i doar 1i /r()int%

atri&'t($(5 niid('# 2r(o 1n2% %t'r% /( ar( *% o /ro/a6(" Pot of(ri 'n (7(#/$' /(rtin(nt5 ($ /(

ar( J'*tinian 1$ fo$o*( t( 1n *ri(ri$( *a$(! 0'n'$ D'8 Sf4nt5 Car( (*t( 1n toat(3; d( aii r(i(*(

fa/t'$ % a(a*t% (ntitat( di2in% (*t( arat(ri)at% /r('# ($($a$t( do'%5 a?'n64nd';*( a*tf($ $a

a((a i 'nitat( d(*ri*% #ai *'* @d( aii /'t(# d(d'( fa/t'$ % J'*tinian (ra 'n trinitarian

on2in*" Potri2it $'i J'*tinian5 d(*/r( ar( #(n ion() % (ra t(o$o6 a$ a($or 2r(#'ri5 Bi*(ria

$'i ri*to* (*t( 0Una5 Sf4nt%5 Cato$i% Bi*(ri% a $'i D'#n()('3KK i (*t( a$%t'it% din dif(rit(

&i*(rii $oa$(" Cr(dinio ii a(*tor &i*(rii on*tit'i( o#'nitat(a ($or 'ni i d( r(din a 1n

ri*to*" D(*/r( a'toritat(a $'i D'#n()(' 1n ra/ort ' (7i*t(n a $%a ($or d( '$t5 J'*tinian (*t(

d( /%r(r( % (a n' (*t( n'#ai d'#n()(ia*% i n(2%)'t%5 i i o#(n(a*% i 2i)i&i$%" A(*t $'r'

87+bidem,/" =,

88Cf" Ja#(* A$$an E2an*5 !he &mperor 9ustinian and !he Byzantine &mpire5 Edit'ra Gr((nood Pr(**5N( or5 +,,>5 /" ++


27/62

fa( r(f(rir( $a fa/t'$ % a'toritat(a $'i D'#n()(' /( /%#4nt (*t( r(dat% d( &i*(rii i d( r(din a

#anif(*tat% d( r(dinio i fa % d( a(*t(a"

D( a*(#(n(a5 *it'a ia r($i6ioa*% a $'i J'*tinian *;a r(at /( 'n an'#it f'nda#(nt" P(

$4n6% (d'a ia /( ar( a /ri#it;o 1n a(*t *(n*5 ($ tr%64nd';*( din /%rin i &in(r(dinio i5

J'*tinian r(*/(ta ' *trit( ( )i(ri$( Sfint(i Tradi ii i a$( Sfint(i Sri/t'ri5 a(*t(a n(fiind

o#i*( at'ni 4nd dor(a *% 1nt%r(a*% /%r(ri$( /( ar( $( a2(a ' /ri2ir( $a 'n an'#it $'r'" D(

/i$d%5 at'ni 4nd 1n *ri(ri$( *a$( t(o$o6i( f%(a' r(f(rir( $a 'n an'#it *'&i(t5 J'*tinian n'

()ita for#'$%ri /r('# 0a(*t(a $( */'n Sfint($( Sri/t'ri i Sfinii P%rini3 *a' 0&in(1n($(*5 a#

*ri* a(*t(a din Sfint($( Sri/t'ri3" P( $4n6% fa/t'$ % J'*tinian ($ Mar( 'ti$i)a 1n2% %t'ri$(

Sfint(i Sri/t'ri dar i ($( a$( Sfin i$or P%rin i5 a(*ta 1i 1nd(#na /( %$'6%rii 2r(#ii *% fa%

a($a i $'r'5 1ntr'4t ($ on*id(ra % 'n ortodo7 ' dr(/t'ri d(/$in( tr(&'i( n' n'#ai *% fi(

r(dinio* *a' *% *( roa6(5 i i *% it(a*% *a' *% *t'di()( 1n2% %t'ri$( Sfin i$or P%rin i" J'*tinian

n' (ra 6(n'$ d( /(r*oan% ar( 0*% d(a *fat'ri35 i 2or&(a din (7/(ri(n a /ro/ri(5 %i5 ($5 8iar i

at'ni 4nd f'nda#(nta $(6i *a' 4nd 2or&(a /( 'n a*(#(n(a *'&i(t5 a2(a $a &a)% Sf4nta

Sri/t'r% i Sf nta Tradi i(5 ($ on*id(r4nd % a(*ta (ra ($ #ai /otri2it o#/orta#(nt a$ 'n'i

r( tin" n 2irt't(a 'n(i 2i)i'ni #ai a#/$( a*'/ra a ((a ( a 1n*(#nat r($i6ia5 t(o$o6ia *a' /'r i

*i#/$' 'n o#/orta#(nt d(#n d( 'n r( tin /(ntr' J'*tinian5 a# d(i* *% trat() 1ntr;o #ani(r%

o&i(ti2% i d(*ri/ti2% *it'a ia 1n ar( J'*tinian (ra 1#/otri2a /%64ni*#'$'i" A adar5 a(*ta

on*id(ra % /(ntr' a/%rar(a Sfint(i Bi*(rii a $'i D'#n()('5 (*t( i#/(rio* n((*ar% 1n$%t'rar(an(r( tini$or5 *a' ($ /' in atra6(r(a a(*tora 1n )ona r(dinio i$or" n 2i)or'$ $'i J'*tinian

/ri2ind a(a*t% /ro&$(#% (ra' /%64nii5 i'd(ii5 *a#arin(nii i #ani8(ii i toat( ($($a$t( at(6orii

ar( *( d()i(a' d( C'24nt'$ $'i D'#n()('" Din a(*t /'nt d( 2(d(r(5 J'*tinian (ra on*id(rat

a fiind a*/r' i d'r5 fiind ad(*(a arat(ri)at a fiind 'n tiran" n a(*t *(n*5 /(ntr' a r(' i *%

atra6% 4t #ai #'$ i 0(noria i3 ai &i*(riii $'i D'#n()('5 1#/%rat'$ a 1n(rat *% a/$i( o *(ri( d(

fa/t( ar( *% $( arat( ($or$a$ i i#/ortan a i ro$'$ r( tini*#'$'i K" naint( d( toat(5 J'*tinian a

r(1nnoit $(6i$( 1#/otri2a /%64ni$or i a (r(tii$or /( ar( $( d%d'*(r% 1naintaii $'i! 0/rin a(a*t%

$(6( ar%t%# $%#'rit % toat( $(6i$( ado/tat( d( 1naintaii notri 1#/otri2a ido$atri(i *a' ar( *;a'

dat */r( a/%rar(a r(din(i ortodo7( a' a((ai 2a$a&i$itat( i tr(&'i( 1ntotd(a'na r(*/(tat(3," n

a($a i *(n*5 a' fo*t /'&$iat( i 'n n'#%r d( noi $(6i ar( a2(a' a *o/ di#in'ar(a *a'

89Cf" Jonat8an S8(/ard, !he Cambrid3e "istory o# the Byzantine &mpire5 Edit'ra Ca#&rid6( Uni2(r*it Pr(**5Ca#&rid6(5 +,,K5 /" -,+


28/62

di*/ari ia /%64ni*#'$'i i5 d( a*(#(n(a5 d()r%d%inar(a *a" Prin noi$( *a$( $(6i 1#/otri2a

r($i6ii$or /%64n(5 J'*tinian (r(a /r(f(i$or i (/i*o/i$or a 0toat( 1n%$%ri$( a(*tor $(6i f%'t(

d( /%64ni *% fi( (r(tat(3-" Prin a(*t( nor#( ar( *( i#/'n(a' 1n *oi(tat(a a($or 2r(#'ri5

J'*tinian 'r#%r(a *% arat( /%64ni$or % (i ar( n' *( *'/'n $(6ii i totodat% r(din (i ortodo7(5

2or /$%ti5 fiind /(d(/*i i! 0(i ar( r(n'n% $a adorar(a ad'*% *in6'r'$'i i ad(2%rat'$'i

D'#n()(' i ad' ?(rtf( ido$i$or din /riina 1n($%i'ni$or f%r% d( #int( i in *%r&%tori /$in( d(

toat% n('2iina 2or fi /(d(/*ii ' #oart(a3+" n a(*t *(n*5 J'*tinian a a2't 6ri?%5 /( $4n6%

r(ar(a $(6i$or5 *% of(r( i /(d(/*( ($or ar( n' $( r(*/(ta'" Fi( /(d(a/*a ' #oart(a5 a*(#(n(a

a)'$'i d(*ri* ant(rior5 fi( /rin t%i(r(a dr(/t'ri$or /o$iti( /( ar( /%64nii $( a2(a' *a' a

dr(/t'ri$or d( /ro/ri(tat(" Sin6'ra *o$' i( a oa#(ni$or /(ntr' a; i /'t(a /%*tra &'n'ri$( i

dr(/t'ri$( #ora$( *a' /atri#onia$( (ra a((a d( a a(/ta r($i6ia i d( a /ri#i &ot()'$ r( tin"

A(a*t% for#% $ar% d( /ro)($iti*# i#/(ria$ (ra 2a$a&i$% /(ntr' to i (t% (nii5 f%r% (7(/ ii" D(

/i$d%5 1n ((a ( /ri2( t( 24r*ta5 $(6(a (ra a((a i5 d(o/otri2% /(ntr' tin(r(t *a' /(ntr'

/(r*oan($( tr('t( d( a do'a 24r*t%! 0(i ar( n' a' /ri#it 1n% in*tit'$ Bot() tr(&'i( *% *(

2%d(a*% *in6'ri """ i tr(&'i( *% 2in% $a (i$a$i #(#&ri ai fa#i$i(i i *% fi( 1n2%ai d(*/r(

ad(2%rata r(din% a r(tini$or" A*tf($5 fiind 1n2%ai i $(/%d4nd';*( 1n #od 8ot%r4t d( 2(8i$( $or

6r(($i5 (i tr(&'i( *% /ri#(a*% Bot()'$ #4nt'itor" Da% n' *( *'/'n a(*tor /or'ni5 tr(&'i( *%

ti( % n' 2or &(n(fiia d( nii'n'$ dintr( dr(/t'ri$( 1#/%r%i(i noa*tr( """5 i5 d'/% ( 2or fi fo*t

$i/*ii d( toat(5 2or fi $%*ai 1n *%r%i( i 2or /ri#i i a$t( /(d(/*(3

+5 1#/%rat'$ J'*tinian ($ Mar( a 1n8i* oa$a d( Fi$o)ofi(/%64n% din At(na5 oa$% ar( (7i*ta 1n% din ti#/'ri$( $'i P$aton i a$( $'i Ari*tot($" C' /ri2ir( $a

a(a*t% *it'a i(5 /'t(# ana$i)a /%r(r(a i*tori'$'i Ma$a$a*! 01n ti#/'$ on*'$at'$'i $'i D(i'5

a($ai 1#/%rat a tri#i* /or'n% $a At(na5 /rin ar( ni#(ni n' a2(a 2oi( *% /r(d(a fi$o)ofi( i *%

int(r/r(t()( $(6(a ao$o3." n a((a i ordin( d( id(i /'t(# /$(a i d( $a /%r(r(a $'i B'r5 ($

ar( afir#% % 0n' ti# ' *i6'ran% ( *;a 1nt4#/$at 1n an'$ >+ d" r" P't(# /r(*'/'n( %

/rof(*orii a' fo*t a2(rti)ai %5 da% n' *( 2or &ot()a i n' 2or 1#&r%ia 1n #od /'&$i

r(tini*#'$5 n' $i *( 2a #ai /(r#it( *% /r(d(a9 i %5 at'ni 4nd (i a' r(f')at5 /ro/ri(t%i$( o$ii

94+bidem

95+bidem

96Ioan Ma$a$a*5 p. Cit.,/" >--


30/62

a' fo*t onfi*at( i a' fo*t $i/*ii d( #i?$oa($( $or d( trai3" 2on'ri$( */'n % oa$a *;a 1n8i*

din a')a /ro&$(#($or finaniar(5 iar adr($( didati( a' tr(&'it *% r(n'n (5 /$(4d fi(ar( /(

'nd( a dorit5 1n*% r%#4n4nd ' */(ran a % tot'$ 2a r(2(ni $a nor#a$ 4nd2a" Pri2ind /rin /ri*#a

a(*t(i *it'a ii5 /'t(# o&*(r2a *ri(ri$( /%rint($'i A6at8ia*5 ($ ar( (*t( d( /%r(r( % 0/rof(*orii

a' /$(at 1n P(r*ia n' /(ntr' % a' fo*t (7i$ai d( J'*tinian5 aa '# *( r(d( 1n 6(n(ra$5 *a'

/(ntr' % oa$a a fo*t 1n8i*% d( %tr( ($5 i /(ntr' % n' a6r(a' r($i6ia @r(tini*#'$ ar(

tri'#fa*( 1n tot I#/(ri'$ Ro#an" A(ti /rof(*ori *;a' 1ntor* #ai t4r)i' d()a#%6ii din P(r*ia 1n

I#/(ri'$ Ro#an3K"

C((a ( a# 1n(rat a (7/'n( 1n /a6ini$( ant(rioar( ar( a *o/ tra*ar(a *it'a i( r($i6ioa*(

a 1#/%rat'$'i J'*tinian ($ Mar(5 1n*%5 /(ntr' a;i /'t(a d(*ri( a(*t'ia 1ntr(a6a fiin % t(o$o6i%

ar tr(&'i ana$i)at( i d(*ri*( i a$t( a*/(t(" L(;a# (7/'* /( ($( #ai i#/ortant(5 a(*t(a a24nd

#(nir(a d( a d(*ri( o /(r*ona$itat( a I#/(ri'$'i Bi)antin ar( a (7a#inat r(din ($( ortodo7( /(

ar( Bi*(ria Ortodo7% $( a2(a 1n% dinaint( d( a 'ra /( tron J'*tinian" #/%rat'$ n' a a2't

int(n ia d( a #odifia 1n 2r('n f($ *it'a ia r($i6ioa*% a 2r(#ii5 i doar a doar a dat (7/r(*i( i a

a/%rat r(dina Bi*(riii Ortodo7( 1n /ro/ria #ani(r%5 onfor# /ro/rii$or *a$( on2in6(ri5 /rin

tratat(5 d(r(t(5 *a' 8iar (/i*to$(" M'$i i*torii *a' */(ia$i ti t(o$o6i a' ritiat t(o$o6ia

J''*tinian%5 1n*%5 a/aitat(a *a' 2a$oar(a /( ar( a(*ta o a2(a n' a r(' it *% fi( tir&it%"

Di#/otri2%5 a'tori /r('# Ado$f 2on arna 1$ on*id(r% /( J'*tinian 0($ #ai #ar( t(o$o6 a$

2r(#ii *a$(3

5 iar i$$ia# o$d(n 'tton on*id(r%5 d( a*(#(n(a5 t(o$o6ia 1#/%rat'$'i J'*tiniana fiind 0t(o$o6ia *(o$'$'i a$ a*($(a3-,,"

Con$')ion%# % a(*t(a *'nt /rini/a$($( /'nt( a$( t(o$o6i(i $'i J'*tinian ($ Mar(5 dar

n' n'#ai at4t5 i /'t(# */'n( % a(*t(a r(/r()int% i f'nda#(nt'$ 1ntr(6ii *a$( /o$itii

r($i6ioa*(" Af$%# % 01n2%%t'ra $'i I'*tinian n' a fo*t o r(ai( no'%" A fo*t tot'i o

97J" B" B'r5 p. Cit.,//"


31/62

r((7a#inar( i o #%rt'ri( 1nt%rit% a r(din(i Bi*(riii Ortodo7(5 a t(o$o6i(i ortodo7( din tr('t"

I'*tinian n' a ad'* $a $'#in% noi 1n2%%t'ri" E$ doar a dat (7/r(*i( i a a/%rat r(dina Bi*(riii

Ortodo7( 1n f($'$ *%'5 /rin tratat(5 /rin (/i*to$(5 /rin d(r(t(" M'$i (r(t%tori a' ritiat '

*(2(ritat( t(o$o6ia $'i I'*tinian" C' toat( a(*t(a5 2a$oar(a *a n' a fo*t ' ni#i di#in'at%3-,-"

%% Pro/le#e i dis&!te /iserice ti

#/%rat'$ on*id(ra Bi*(ria dr(/t o a'toritat( di2in% fa % d( ar( r(dinio ii tr(&'ia' *%

fi( *'/' i5 dar #ai a$(*5 1n ($(6%tori" Pro&$(#($( i di*/'t($( &i*(ri( ti din a(a /(rioad% a2(a'

$a &a)% *it'a ii$( 1n ar( an'#it( at(6orii d( r(dinio i n' r(*/(ta' ' *trit( ( $it(ra $(6ii @ i

4nd */'n $it(ra $(6ii #% r(f(r *tri $a nor#($( ( fa r(f(rir( $a *tat't'$ &i*(ri(* *a' 8iar $a

1nt4#/$%ri$( i *(rii$( d( (2(ni#(nt( /r(#(r6%toar( ($'i d(;a$ ini$(a Sinod E'#(ni"

Prini/a$a di*/'t% &i*(ri(a*% a 2r(#ii d( ar( 1#/%rat'$ J'*tinian ($ Mar( a fo*t toat% 2ia a

/r(o'/at (*t( a((a ' /ri2ir( $a r'/t'ra ar( a a2't $o 1ntr( &i*(rii" D( (7(#/$'5 J'*tinian a

1n(rat *% 2ind(( r()'$tat($( S8i*#(i Aa8i(n( i 1ntr;'n fina$ a r(' it" n*%5 d( d(/art( ($(

#ai /'t(rni( i #arant( /ro&$(#( *a' di*/'t( &i*(ri( ti a' a2't $o 1n ra/ort ' Stat'$" D( i

2oi in*i*ta a*'/ra a(*t'i a*/(t 1n 'r#%tor'$ a/ito$5 tr(&'i( /r(i)at( i d(ta$iat( ' or

/rini/a$($( /ro&$(#( ' ar( Bi*(ria *;a onfr'ntat 1n a(a /(rioad%" naint( d( toat(5 /ro&$(#a

r($aii$or dintr( Stat i Bi*(ri% (7i*ta d( #'$t ti#/"Di*' ii$( 1n ((a ( /ri2( t( a(*t( /ro&$(#( a#intit(5 dar n' n'#ai5 1 i a' f'nda#(nt'$

1n (a d(;a do'a ?'#%tat( a *(o$'$'i a$ V;$(a i $a 1n(/'t'$ *(o$'$'i a$ VI;$(a5 at'ni 4nd $a

tron (ra' 1#/%ra ii Va*i$i*5 (non i Ana*ta*i(" Dorin a a(*tor 1#/%ra i a fo*t a((a d( a

*ta&i$i)a /rin d(r(t( i#/(ria$( r(dina Bi*(riii" n a(*t *(n*5 (i *( i#/$ia' 1n tr(&'ri$( int(rn(

a$( Bi*(riii" Din a')a a(a*ta5 a'tono#ia Bi*(riii a *$%&it5 0iar a'toritat(a (/i*o/i$or

r(*/on*a&i$i /(ntr' dr(a/ta r(din% a fo*t 1n$%t'rat%" A(ti 1#/%rai (ra' /r(o'/ai 1n /ri#'$

r4nd d( 'nitat(a i#/(ri'$'i5 ar( a2(a a f'nda#(nt 'nitat(a Bi*(riii3-,+" Ei n' a2(a' a

/rini/a$ *o/ n'#ai #(n in(r(a 'nit%ii Bi*(riii a 'nitat( a dr(/t(i r(din(" P(ntr' a fi

101 A*t(rio* G(ro*t(r6io*5 p. Cit.,/" =

102A*t(rio* G(ro*t(r6io*5 p. Cit"5 /" ..


32/62

1n'n'nat d( *'(*5 'n a*(#(n(a d(#(r* /o$iti a2(a n(2oi( d( */ri?in'$ Bi*(riii -,5 /(ntr' % (non n' a 'r#at a$(a anoni%"

A(*ta n' a on2oat 'n Sinod E'#(ni5 nii n;a 1n(rat *% a?'n6% $a o on$')i( o/ti#% a

/atriar8i$or" Di#/otri2%5 #ai #'$t d(4t at4t5 01#/%rat'$ a dorit *% i#/'n% /%r(ri ( a2(a' a

f'nda#(nt doar o/inia #a?orit%ii" Patriar8i$or5 d(*/%rit% d( tr'/'$ Bi*(riii" Ef(t'$ n(6ati2 a$

fa/t($or *a#a2o$ni( a$( $'i (non a d'rat n' doar 1n ti#/'$ do#ni(i *a$(5 i i 1n ti#/'$

'r#a'$'i *%'5 Ana*ta*i(5 4nd o a$t% r'/(r( *;a /rod'* 1n adr'$ Patriar8ii$or r%*%rit(n(5 1n afar%

d( S8i*#a aa8ian% d(?a (7i*t(nt%3

-,.

" Voi ontin'a /rin a r(at'a$i)a 'no tin ($( ' /ri2ir( $a

0C($( Tr(i Ca/ito$(35 iar a(a*ta /(ntr' a fai$ita d(*ri(r(a ($'i d(;a$ ini$(a Sinod E'#(ni

1n ti#/'$ $'i J'*tinian ($ Mar(" F%r% a fa( a(*t( /r(i)%ri5 ar fi 1n )adar d(*ri(r(a

(2(ni#(nt($or a a '# ($( *;a' /(tr('t" Iat%5 d(i5 '# 0C($( Tr(i Ca/ito$(3 r(/r()int% o

ontro2(r*% a ti#/'$'i5 ontro2(r*% ar( a2(a 1n ro$'ri$( /rini/a$( a$(doni(nii i

n(a$(doni(nii5 1n 2irt't(a tr((rii $a ortodo7i( a ($or ar( n;o f%(a'" A a '# /r(i)a# i

ant(rior5 J'*tinian I a a2't a/roa/( toat% 2ia a dorin a d( a r(a o $'#( a ($or ( r(d 1n

103+bidem

104+bidem

105+bidem

106+bidem5 /" +


33/62

D'#n()(' i 1n Sf4nta Tr(i#(5 1ntr'4t /(ntr' ($ r(dinio ii n' /'t(a' fi a$tf($ d(4t r( tini"

C($( Tr(i Ca/ito$( /ro/'n(a' (7i*t(n a 'nor anat(#( -,a ((a ( 64nd( t( i *ri(5

totodat%5 T(odor d( Mo/*'(*tiaa /r('r*or a$ n(*toriani*#'$'i5 a 'nor *ri(ri a$( $'iT(odor(

din Ciri a 'n(i *ri*ori 1n ar( I&a d( Ed(*a1i *ri( $'i Mari* /(ntr' a;i $'a a/%rar(a $'i T(odor

#ai d(2r(#( a#intit" At'ni 4nd 2or&i# d(*/r( 0C($( Tr(i Ca/ito$(35 fa(# r(f(rir( $a toat(

*ri(ri$( ar( a' fo*t 1naintat( /(ntr' anat(#i)ar(" n ((a ( /ri2( t( *'&i(t'$ no*tr'5 in *%

/r(i)() fa/t'$ % J'*tinian ($ Mar(5 dorind *% atin6% /a(a 1n i#/(ri'$ *%'5 $a *f4r it'$ an'$'i

>=< a (#i* 'n (dit /rin ar( a /ro$a#at ($( tr(i anat(#( a#intit( ant(rior" Un a*/(t d(#n d(

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a i'n(5 of(rind 1n *8i#& di2i)ar(a Ortodo7i(i" Voi in*i*ta 1n d(*ri(r(a a(*tor fa/t( 1n 2(d(r(a

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J'*tinian ($ Mar( a 8ot%r4t a /ro&$(#($( ' /ri2ir( $a C($( Tr(i Ca/ito$( i $a anat(#($(

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J'*tinian a in't n(a/%rat $a o&i(ti2itat( i $a 'n 0/ro(*3 or(t i tran*/ar(nt5 d( a((a a d(i*

% (*t( indiat *% a/($()( (/i*o/i n' doar din R%*%rit5 i i din Afria i I$iri-,K" A adar5 0d(i

(/i*o/ii /otri2nii 1n($(*(*(r% % 'n Sinod E'#(ni ar fi ad'* o *o$'i( ar#onioa*%

ontro2(r*(i ' /ri2ir( $a C($( Tr(i Ca/ito$(5 (i a' r(f')at *% 2in% $a Con*tantino/o$ i *%

107Anat(#a (*t( (a #ai 6r(a /(d(a/*% /( ar( o /oat( da Bi*(ria" Ea *( d% ($or ( di*/r( 'i(* i ata% ad(2%r'ri$( do6#ati(5 #ora$( i d( '$t i /rin a(a*ta5 (i d' $a r%t%ir( i /i(r)ar( d( *'f$(t /( (i n( ti'tori5 d(2(nind /(ri'$o i *oi(t% ii &i*(ri(*ti" Anat(#a '/rind( &$(*t(#5 af'ri*(ni( i /r(dar( a ($'i anat(#i*it /( #ina *atan(i5 d( ar( a*'$t% i a$( %r'i fa/t( i #i*i'n( o 1#/$in( t(5 d(2(nind #ort *'f$(t( t( i 2r%?#a $'i D'#n()('" C((a ( (*t( /(d(a/*a ' #oart(a 1n $(6i$( d( *tat5 (*t( anat(#i*ir(a 1n $(6i$( Bi*(riii; d(fini i( /r($'at% din Di ionar'$ Ortodo7" Di ionar'$ /ot( fi on*'$tat i on$in(5 dir(t $a adr(*a (&8tt/!"r(*tinortodo7"roarti;ortodo7(/ra2i$a;&i*(ri(a*aanat(#a;K-K+"8t#$"
http://ro.orthodoxwiki.org/Teodor_de_Mopsuestiahttp://ro.orthodoxwiki.org/Teodoret_din_Cirhttp://ro.orthodoxwiki.org/Teodoret_din_Cirhttp://ro.orthodoxwiki.org/Teodoret_din_Cirhttp://ro.orthodoxwiki.org/Teodoret_din_Cirhttp://ro.orthodoxwiki.org/Iba_de_Edesahttp://www.crestinortodox.ro/carti-ortodoxe/pravila-bisericeasca/anatema-81872.htmlhttp://www.crestinortodox.ro/carti-ortodoxe/pravila-bisericeasca/anatema-81872.htmlhttp://www.crestinortodox.ro/carti-ortodoxe/pravila-bisericeasca/anatema-81872.htmlhttp://ro.orthodoxwiki.org/Teodor_de_Mopsuestiahttp://ro.orthodoxwiki.org/Teodoret_din_Cirhttp://ro.orthodoxwiki.org/Teodoret_din_Cirhttp://ro.orthodoxwiki.org/Iba_de_Edesa


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/artii/( $a *inod3-, i 1n a a f($5 nii 0I$iri'$ i nii a$t( /ro2inii a/'*(n( n' a' tri#i*

r(/r()(ntani" D'/% 1#/%ar(a dintr( Pa/a Vi6i$i' i J'*tinian @a'6'*t >>+5 datorat% 1n6%d'in(i

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35/62

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no' Sinod E'#(ni @(ra n((*ar% /artii/ar(a a ini *a' a*( r(/r()(ntan i din fi(ar(

/ro2ini( i a*tf($ *( /'t(a $'a o 8ot%r4r( ' /ri2ir( $a C($( Tr(i Ca/ito$( --="

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1ntr'4t $a in2ita ia Pa/(i Vir6i$i' d( a /artii/a $a 'n no' Sinod E'#(ni5 (/i*o/ii a/'*(ni a'

r(f')at9 ' toat( a(*t(a5 Vir6i$i' i;a /ro/'* o no'% *o$' i( $'i J'*tinian @d( data a(a*ta a

r(n'n at $a a;i #ai *ri( $'i E'ti8i(5 1ntr'4t (ra f(r# on2in* d( fa/t'$ % n' /oat( /artii/a $a

'n *inod a %r'i #a?oritat( ar fi /ro2(nit din r%*%rit" So$' ia /( ar( o /ro/'n(a Vir6i$i' d(

a(a*t% dat% (ra a((a ar( 2i)a 1ntr'nir(a 'n'i *inod a/'*(an 1n Sii$ia5 ao$o 'nd( (/i*o/ii

a/'*(ni *% ia o 8ot%r4r( @*(/arat d( ( r%*%rit(ni ' /ri2ir( $a C($( Tr(i Ca/ito$(5 iar #ai a/oi *%/r()int( r()'$tat($( 1n 2(d(r(a tra*%rii on$')ii$or" A(*t( *it'a ii (ra' /ro/'*( d( /a/% d(oar((

'no t(a *it'a i &i*(rii$or af$at( 1n onf$it i on*id(ra % da% r(/r()(ntan ii $or n' *( 2or

1nt4$ni /(r*ona$5 8ot%r4ri$( 2or fi o& in't( 1ntr;o #ani(r% a$#%5 */(ifi% 'n'i a*tf($ d(

(2(ni#(nt" D( i /%r(a /(rtin(nt% *o$' ia5 J'*tinian ($ Mar( a /'t't int'i fa/t'$ % r()'$tat'$

a(*tor 1nt4$niri n' 2or at4rna $a f($ d( 6r(' /r('# 8ot%r4ri$( $'at( d( 'n Sinod E'#(ni5

a(*ta a r(f')at /ro/'n(r(a /a/(i5 r%*/'n)4nd';i % /oat( on2oa $a Con*tantino/o$ to i

(/i*o/ii a/'*(ni /( ar( Vir6i$i' i;i dor(a ao$o @Pa/a Vir6i$i' n' ar fi f%'t a(*t $'r'5

d(oar(( (ra on i(nt d( fa/t'$ % n' 2a /'t(a 1ntr'ni at4t d( #'$ i a/'*(ni 1n4t a( tia *% fi(

#a?oritari 1n a$(6(ri" ntr( 1#/%rat'$ J'*tinian ($ Mar( i Pa/a Vir6i$i' n' a (7i*tat 'n on*(n*

nii /4n% $a 1n(/'t'$ d(#(r*'$'i /(ntr' on2oar( 'n'i Sinod E'#(ni5 1ntr'4t at4t J'*tinian5

4t i Vir6i$i' a' a2't d( ontraar6'#(ntat /%r(r(a ($'i$a$t5 iar /4n% $a 'r#% J'*tinian a /or'nit

(/i*o/i$or ar( *( ad'na*(r% $a Con*tantino/o$ *% *( ad'n( /(ntr' a *( 8ot%r1 *inoda$5 adi% 1n

o#'ni'n( *it'a ia /ri2ind C($( Tr(i Ca/ito$(" Int(r(*ant% (*t( a&ordar(a $'i J'*tinian5 ($ ar( a

/(r#i* /otri2nii$or *%; i r(dat()( /%r(r(a" Din a(*t /'nt d( 2(d(r(5 /a/a5 ($ ar( n' ar fi

2r't *% /arti/( $a Sinod5 a 1n tiin at % d( n' i *( 2a $'a 1n *(a#% /%r(r(a *ri*% @/( ar( a(*ta n;

o /'t(a fa( /rin /r()(n % din a')a 'n(i &o$i in2oat( i a a/ro/i(rii S%r&%tori$or Pa*a$(; 8iar

i a a5 a 1n(/'t *%; i *ri( ar6'#(nt($( i a *o$iitat a#4nar(a ' 4t(2a )i$( a *inod'$'i tri#i*%

/rin diaon'$ P($a6i'5 2a *t4rni t'$&'rar(a Bi*(riii i 2a d(2(ni n(anoni @(r(r(a i;a fo*t

114+bidem


36/62

'$t(rior r(*/in*%5 ti't fiind fa/t'$ % /a/a dor(a *% ai&% 'n '24nd d( )i*5 dar f%r% a /artii/a"

Din *ri(ri$( i*torii$or i a$( roniari$or5 af$%# % 0$'r%ri$( *inod'$'i a' 1n(/'t /( > #ai >>< d( (/i*o/i ar(

/ro2(n(a' #a?oritar din /ro2inii$( r%*%rit(n( a$( i#/(ri'$'i3-->" Pr( (din ia d( onoar( a

Sf4nt'$'i Sinod a fo*t dat% Patriar8'$'i d( Con*tantino/o$5 8iar da% r(*/on*a&i$it% i$( (ra'

1#/%r it(" ?rima sesiunea fo*t #arat% d( 'n 1n(/'t a$ Sinod'$'i a7at /( '2int( ( ?'*tifia'

adr(*a&i$itat(a (2(ni#(nt'$'i! 0%tr( /r(a*finiii ar8i(/i*o/i i /atriar8i E'ti8i( a$

Con*tantino/o$'$'i5 A/o$inari( a$ A$(7andri(i5 Do#nin'* a$ T8(o/o$(i9 /r(a (2$a2ioi$or (/i*o/i

t(fan5 G8(or68( i Da#ian5 r(/r()(ntani ai /r(a*finit'$'i E'*ta8i(5 ar8i(/i*o/ i /atriar8 a$

I(r'*a$i#'$'i5 i ($or$a$i /r(a (2$a2ioi (/i*o/i din f($'rit( /ro2inii5 ar( $o'i(* 1n a(a*t%

(tat( 1#/%r%t(a*%3--." D( i r(6'$a *a' o&i(i'$ ($or$a$t( *inoad( */'n(a % 1#/%rat'$ ar(

on2o% Sinod'$ tr(&'i( *% /artii/(5 *% /r()id()( i *% onfir#( 8ot%r4ri$( $'at( 1n adr'$

(2(ni#(nt'$'i5 J'*tinian *;a a&%t't d( $a a(a*t% r(6'$% i n' a /artii/at5 dar #ai a$(*5 n' i;a

tri#i* an'#i i r(/r()(ntan i /(r#an(n i ao$o5 i /r(f(ra *% o#'ni( ' 0*inod'$3 /rin #(*a6(ri

/( ar(;i tri#it(a (7/r(* ao$o5 at'ni 4nd n((*itat(a o (r(a" Af$%# din $(t'ra d( */(ia$itat(

% 0d(i J'*tinian a 1nd(#nat *inod'$ *% *( 1ntr'n(a*% i f%r% /artii/ar(a Pa/(i5 P%rinii

*inoda$i a' tri#i* o d($(6ai( ' do'%)(i dintr( #(#&rii *%i $a Vi6i$i'5 a *%;- 1nd(#n( *% $a*(

d(o/art( t(#(ri$( i *% /artii/( $a *inod"

La a doua sesiune d( di*'ii5 d($(6aia a onfir#at 1naint(a *inod'$'i % (/i*o/'$

Ro#(i r(f')a *% /artii/(" E$ of(r(a a #oti25 d'/% */'*($( $or5 fa/t'$ % 1n Con*tantino/o$

(/i*o/ii a/'*(ni (ra' 1n n'#%r foart( #i i % f%6%d'ina 1#/%rat'$'i fa% d( Vi6i$i' d( a in2ita

i a$i (/i*o/i a/'*(ni n' a fo*t 1nd(/$init%3--" Da% *'/'n(# ana$i)(i #oti2($( /( ar( $(

in2o% Pa/a Vir6i$i'5 at'ni (*t( n((*ar d( /r(i)at fa/t'$ % 0d($(6aia i;a ar%tat % n' ( &in( *%

1#/art% (/i*o/ii 1n a/'*(ni i r%*%rit(ni5 /(ntr' % Bi*(ria (*t( 'na i n(1#/%rit%5 iar o

115Cf" A*t(rio* G(ro*t(r6io*5 p. Cit.5 /" -,+5 K+ (ra' din /art(a Patriar8i(i d( Con*tantino/o$ @+. din Pont5 >,din A*ia Mi%5 . din Traia9 -, din /art(a Patriar8i(i d( A$(7andria9 din/art(a Patriar8i(i d( I(r'*a$i#9 din I$iri'$ R%*%rit(an9 din Afria d( Nord

116E" S8art)5 p. Cit.,/" ==

117A*t(rio* G(ro*t(r6io*5 p. Cit.5 /" -,


37/62

a*(#(n(a *(/arar( n' r(/r()(nta o *it'ai( r(a$%3--K i 8iar #ai #'$t5 0d($(6aia a atra* at(nia %

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/artii/( $a *inod" C%i5 /( d( o /art(5 1n Con*tantino/o$ *( af$a' d(*t'i (/i*o/i a/'*(ni5 iar /(

d( a$t% /art(5 1n tr('t5 Bi*(ria a/'*(an% a fo*t r(/r()(ntat% d( 'n n'#%r foart( #i d( tri#ii $a

($( /atr' Sinoad( E'#(ni(3--" S/(ia$i tii *'nt d( /%r(r( % Vir6i$i' a /ri#it o $( i( d(

o#/orta#(nt or(t5 /( ar( ($ ar fi tr(&'it *%;$ ado/t( 1n *it'a ia dat%" n /$'*5 (i i;a' ar%tat

a(*t'ia % 1n $(6%t'r% ' ($ 0d(;a$ doi$(a #oti2 a$ *%' /(ntr' a n' fi /r()(nt $a *inod n' a2(a

niio ?'*tifiar(5 /(ntr' % 1#/%rat'$5 d'/% 4t tia' (i5 n' f%'*( niio a*tf($ d( f%6%d'ia$%5 iar

(/i*o/ii n' /ro#i*(*(r% *% at(/t( *o*ir(a a$tor (/i*o/i a/'*(ni3-+,"

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r(din%5 /rin ar( *( ad(ra $a 8ot%r4ri$( /ri#($or /atr' Sinoad( E'#(ni( i $a 1n2%%t'ri$(

Sfini$or P%rini ai Bi*(riii-+-" C(i ar( n' *'* in(a' a(*t( 1n2% %t'ri *a' ar( 't()a' *% *(

1#/otri2(a*% $or5 (ra' onda#na i d( *inod5 d(oar(( #%rt'ri*ir(a d( r(din % ar( 'n ro$ d(i*i2

i o #ar( inf$'(n % 2(nit% din /art(a $'i J'*tinian5 /rin *ri(r(a *a5 Lo6o*5 tri#i*% *inod'$'i -++"

La cea de*a patra sesiune5 *inod'$ d(?a *( a7a /( ana$i)a i tra*ar(a 8ot%r4ri$or ' /ri2ir(

$a 0C($( Tr(i Ca/ito$(3! 0$a 1n(/'t a' fo*t 2(rifiat( 1n2%%t'ri$( $'i T(odor d( Mo/*'(*tia"

Sinod'$ a *ta&i$it a &a)% a (r(t%ri$or *a$( o o$(i( d( a/t()(i d( fra6#(nt( din *ri(ri$( $'i

T(odor" D'/% toat( /ro&a&i$it%i$(5 *inod'$ a /ri#it a(a*t% o$(i( d( $a J'*tinian ($ Mar(5 d(i

a(*t $'r' n' (*t( #(nionat 1n at($( *inod'$'i5 din #oti2( $(*n( d( 1n($(*3

-+ a'6'*t >>,5 fiind /r()(n i5 Vi6i$i' d(2(ni*( di*/'* *% onda#n( */ri?inir(a C($or

Tr(i Ca/ito$(" D( a*(#(n(a5 tri#i*'$ 1#/%rat'$'i J'*tinian ($ Mar( #ai /o*(da i o *ri*oar(

adr(*at% d( 1#/%rat'$ I'*tin $'i /ati'*5 'n o#andant a$ ar#at($or din r%*%rit5 ar( f%(a /'&$i

fa/t'$ % n' *'* in(a 0C($( Tr(i Ca/ito$(3" Fina$'$ a/ot(oti a$ 1ntr'nirii a fo*t r(dat d( '$ti#'$

do'#(nt afi at d( Con*tantin5 do'#(nt ar( d( a(a*t% dat% (ra tri#i* 8iar d( J'*tinian ($

Mar(5 do'#(nt *'& for#a 'n(i *ri*ori 1#/otri2a Pa/(i Vir6i$i'! a(*ta din 'r#% (ra a')at %

124+bidem


39/62

ar fi (r(ti i i *( *o$iita onda#nar(a /rin *oat(r(a n'#($'i *%' din di/ti($( &i*(riii" C' toat(

a(*t(a5 J'*tinian a2(a a /rioritat( /a(a 1n Bi*(ri% i a *o$iitat *inod'$'i *% n' r'/% r($a ia '

Ro#a5 8iar da% Vir6i$i' 2a fi onda#nat 1n ($( din 'r#%" I*toriii i roniarii d(o/otri2%

on*id(r% % 0(a d(;a a/t(a *(*i'n( *;a tran*for#at 1n tri&'na$ &i*(ri(*5 a24nd';- /( Pa/a

Vi6i$i' a a')at i /( J'*tinian a r($a#ant" Prin a(a*t% a')ai(5 1#/%rat'$ J'*tinian dor(a *%

arat( $i/*a d( on*(2(n% i arat(r'$ $'i Vi6i$i'" Ata4nd';- /( Vi6i$i' /(r*ona$5 1#/%rat'$

*/(ra *% r(()( *'fii(nt d( #ar( /r(*i'n( /*i8i% a*'/ra Pa/(i a *%;- d(t(r#in( *% /artii/( $a

*inod3-+>"

n cea de*a opta i ultima sesiune5 *inod'$ f%'t /'&$i( 8ot%r4ri$( *a$( 1#/otri2a 0C($or Tr(i

Ca/ito$(3" A(*t( 8ot%r4ri $'at( d( *inod (ra' 1na*trat( 1ntr;'n n'#%r d( /ai*/r()(( anat(#( i

a' fo*t onfir#at(5 dar i *(#nat(5 d(o/otri2%5 d( to i #(#&rii *inod'$'i" naint( d( a(*t(

anat(#(5 *;a dat itir( 'n(i 1ntin*( introd'(ri ar( 2or&(a d(*/r( #oti2($( on2o%rii *inod'$'ii d(*/r( 1n(r%ri$( f%'t( */r( a;- on2in6( /( Pa/a Vi6i$i' *% /artii/( $a $'r%ri$( *a$(9

1#/%rat'$ i *inod'$ d(o/otri2% a' *i#it n((*ar *% onda#n( C($( Tr(i Ca/ito$(5 d(oar(( /rin

($( n(*tori(nii 1n(ra' *% introd'% (r()ii 1n Bi*(ri%" P't(# */'n( ' t%ri( % *inod'$ a a2't a

f'nda#(nt d(r(t'$ $'i J'*tinian! 0d(*/r( a(a*ta n' (7i*t% 1ndoi($i5 /(ntr' %5 /( $4n6% fa/t'$ %

(*t( o #ar( a*(#%nar( 1ntr( onin't'ri$( $or5 (7i*t% ad(*(a o t(r#ino$o6i( id(nti% i o

or6ani)ar( a*(#%n%toar(3-+." P't(# */'n( % *inod'$ a 0f%'t or(t'ri i *8i#&%ri 1n d(r(t'$

$'i J'*tinian5 a*tf($ 1n4t dif(rit($( on(/ii t(o$o6i( *% fi( 1n($(*( #ai 'or" Tot'i5 a or6an d(a'toritat( &i*(ri(a*% *'/r(#%5 ($ a 8ot%r4t 1n #od $i&(r i a f%'t ori( or(i( a on*id(rat

n((*ar3-+" A'toritat(a Sinod'$'i a fo*t /ro$a#at% 8iar /rin 8ot%r4r(a fina$%! 0da% in(2a

1n(ar% *% 1nf%i()(5 *% 1n2(( *a' *% *ri( (2a ontrar ($or *ri*( ' r(din% d( %tr( noi5

8iar d( 2a fi (/i*o/ *a' a$t $(ri5 a(*ta5 /(ntr' % *( d(/%rt(a)% d( $a r4nd'ia$a /r(o(a*% i

&i*(ri(a*%5 tr(&'i( fi( o&or4t d( /( *a'n'$ *%' i din d(#nitat(a &i*(ri(a*%" D( 2a fi

%$'6%r *a' #ir(an5 *% *( anat(#i)()(Q3-+K"

125+bidem

126E" S8art)5 p. Cit.,//" =K;>-

127+bidem

128+bidem


40/62

%0 Misionaris# cre tin

P(ntr' a /'t(a 2or&i d(*/r( #i*ionari*# r( tin 1n 2r(#(a $'i J'*tinian ($ Mar(5 tr(&'i(

#ai 1nt4i *% *ta&i$i# i *% tra*%# 4t(2a ($(#(nt( d(finitorii a$( a(*t(i ati2it% i! 1naint( d( toat(5

((a ( n'#i# 0#i*ionari*# r( tin35 /oat( fi a*oiat ' t(r#(n'$ d( 0#%rt'ri(3 *a'

0/ro/o2%d'ir(35 iar #ai a/oi5 tr(&'i( *% /r(i)() fa/t'$ % 1n ((a (;$ /ri2( t( /( 1#/%rat'$

J'*tinian5 ($ #ai #ar( at d( #i*ionari*# /( ar( $;a f%'t (*t( 1n*' i 1ndr'#ar(a I#/(ri'$'i

Bi)antin 1n*/r( ad(2%rata ortodo7i(" Cr(dinio*5 a7at /( an'#it( ($(#(nt( a$( t(o$o6i(i5 J'*tinian

($ Mar( /oat( fi arat(ri)at a r(/r()(nt4nd 'n #ar( id(o$o6 r( tin a$ a($(i /(rioad("

Si#/$($( *a$( a i'ni /r('# r(din a 1n D'#n()('5 ond'(r(a 'n'i ad(2%rat i#/(ri' *'& $it(ra

Trinit% ii *a' ati2itat(a d(*f% 'rat% *'& *(#n'$ r'ii *'nt ($( #ai /(rtin(nt( #%rt'rii /( ar(

J'*tinian $(;a $%*at o#(nirii5 i*tori(i i t(o$o6i(i"

I#/(ri'$ Bi)antin *'& ond'(r(a $'i J'*tinian ($ Mar( a /artii/at $a n(n'#%rat( do2()i

d( #i*ionari*# r( tin" Toat( a(*t(a 1n(/ /rin o#/orta#(nt'$ 1#/%rat'$'i5 /rin $(6i$( dat( d(

a( tia5 iar #ai a/oi /rin o#/orta#(nt'$ ($or r( tina i5 ar( a' fo*t on2in i *% a(/t( Sf4nta

Tain% a Bot()'$'i" A adar5 d( i a# /r(i)at a(*t( a*/(t( ant(rior5 $( 2oi tr(( 1n r(2i*t% /(ntr' a

/'t(a (2id(n ia ati2itat(a r( tin% d( /ro/o2%d'ir( a '24nt'$'i $'i D'#n()(' /( t(rirori'$

Bi)antin" Pri#'$ fa/t ar( at(*t% /ratiar(a #i*ionari*#'$'i r( tin 1n i#/(ri'$ ond'* d(

J'*tinian ($ Mar( fa( r(f(rir( $a d(r(t($( /( ar( 1#/%rat'$ $(;a dat 1#/otri2a /%64ni$or!

01#/%rat'$ a i#/'* on2(rtir(a /%64ni$or /rin dif(rit( #i?$oa( i5 1n a)'$ 1n ar( n' *(

*'/'n(a'5 *( a/$ia' /(d(/*($( *ta&i$it( d( $(6( i a 1n(rat *%;i on2(rt(a*% /( a( tia $a

r(tini*# n' doar /rin $(6i5 i i /rin dar'ri d( &ani" Fa/t'$ % (7i*ta' #'$i /%64ni 1n

ari*toraia (a #ai 1na$t% a a/ita$(i5 /r('# ?'ri*t'$ Tr(&onian5 *(r(tar'$ 2i*ti(ri(i Ioan

Ca/adoian'$ *a' i*tori'$ Proo/i(5 n( d% dr(/t'$ d( a *'*in( % $(6i$( $'i J'*tinian 1#/otri2a

/%64ni$or n' a' fo*t 1nd(/$init( ' *trit(( 1ntotd(a'na" Da% /%64nii5 a indi2i)i5 n' *( o/'n(a'

f%i r($i6i(i ofiia$( a i#/(ri'$'i i da% n' /ro2oa' *anda$'ri 1n *oi(tat( /rin /'rtar(a $or5 (i

(ra' $%*ai 1n /a( i 1n $i&(rtat(3-+" Da% 2r(odat% a' (7i*tat 6r'/'ri ar( *% fi( d( nat'r%

/%64n%5 iar da% a(*t(a or6ani)a' f(*ti2it% i (r(#onia$( *a' ori( a$t f($ d( f(*ti2it% i *a' d(

1ntr'niri5 J'*tinian int(r2(n(a i a2(a 6ri?% a a($ 6r'/ *% n' #ai (7i*t(5 #(#&ri$or a(*t'ia

129 A*t(rio* G(ro*t(r6io*5 p. Cit.5 /" >


41/62

fiind';$( i#/o*i&i$ *% *( #ai 1nt4n(a*% 'n'$ ' ($%$a$t /r(a 'r4nd! 0'n a*tf($ d( a) a fo*t ($

din oa)a A'6i$a din E6i/t5 'nd( *( af$a' 'n t(#/$' 1n8inat $'i A##on;('* i o *tat'i( a $'i

A$(7andr' ($ Mar(5 %rora $i *( ad'(a' 1n #od r(6'$at ?(rtf(" J'*tinian a o/rit /ratii$( /%64n(

i a on*tr'it ao$o o &i*(ri%5 /( ar( a 1n8inat;o Sfint(i F(ioar( Maria3 -


42/62

CAPITOLUL +RAPORTUL I RELA IA DINTRE STAT I BISERIC

Ra/ort'$ i r($a ia dintr( Stat i Bi*(ri% 1n 2r(#(a $'i J'*tinian ($ Mar( r(/r()int%

'n'$ dintr( ($( #ai i#/ortant( r(/(r( a$( i*tori(i ar( d' ' 64nd'$ $a ((a ( a 1n*(#nat

1n(/'t'$5 dar i (2o$' ia on*tant% a I#/(ri'$'i Bi)antin" D( i (*t( 'n *'&i(t a#/$'5 a(*t

a/ito$ 1 i /ro/'n( *% ($'id()( fi(ar( dintr( #i*t(r($( do#ni(i $'i J'*tinian 1n ((a ( /ri2( t(

Bi*(ria i Stat'$ i5 d( a*(#(n(a5 arat(ri*tii$( r($a i(i dintr( ($( do'% (ntit% i"

+1 Si#,onia i2antin'

P(ntr' a /'t(a 2(d(a #ai &in( *it'a ia 1n ar( (ra d(*ri*% r($a ia dintr( Bi*(ri% i Stat5

*a' #ai &in( )i* '# (ra' /ri2it( ($( do'% (ntit% i5 /ro/'n */r( ana$i)% /%r(r(a (7/ri#at% d(

J'*tinian ($ Mar( 1ntr;'na din no2($$($( *a$(5 #ai (7at (a ' n'#%r'$ VI5 ( dat(a)% din an'$

>! 0*'nt do'% #ari dar'ri /( ar( D'#n()('5 1n i'&ir(a Sa d( oa#(ni5 ni $(;a d%r'it d( *'*!

/r(oia i d(#nitat(a 1#/%r%t(a*%" Pri#a *$'?(t( ($( d'#n()(i(ti5 1n ti#/ ( '$ti#a ond'(

i 4r#'i(t( tr(&'ri$( o#(n(ti9 tot'i a#4ndo'% 'r6 d( $a a($ai i)2or i 1#/odo&(* 2iaa

oa#(ni$or" Aadar d( ni#i n' ar tr(&'i *% *( 1n6ri?(a*% 1#/%raii a d( d(#nitat(a /r(o(a*%5

d( 2r(#( ( /(ntr' &'n%*tar(a $or @a 1#/%rai$or /r(oii *( roa6% n(1n(tat $'i D'#n()('" C%i

da% /r(oi#(a (*t( 1ntr' toat( f%r% 2in% i (*t( a*'$tat% d( D'#n()(' i da% 1#/%raii

4r#'i(* n(/%rtinitor i ' dr(a/t% ?'d(at% Stat'$ ar( $(;a fo*t 1nr(dinat */r( /'rtar( d( 6ri?%5

*( 2a *%24ri ar#onia o&t(a*% @*#/8onia ti* a6at8(i road($( a(*t(ia *( 2or r(2%r*a /(*t(

toat% fir(a o#(n(a*%3-


43/62

on$')ia % J'*tinian n' /'t(a 2(d(a Bi*(ria i Stat'$ a do'% ($(#(nt( *(/ara&i$(5 i #ai

d(6ra&%5 2i)i'n(a *a ' /ri2ir( $a a(*t a*/(t $( d(*ria /( ($( do'% a fiind /art( a 'n'i $an

indi*o$'&i$" F%r% /a(a of(rit% d( Bi*(ri%5 Stat'$ ar fi fo*t 1n $'/t( /(r#an(nt(5 iar f%r% (7i*t(n a

nor#($or i#/'*( d( Stat n' ar /'t(a (7i*ta o &'n% on*'it% a *oi(t% ii" Iat%5 d(i5 '# J'*tinian

($ Mar( on*id(r% % a(*t( do'% ($(#(nt( tr(&'i( *% on$'r()( 1n 2(d(r(a ar#oni(i" Si#fonia

Bi)antin% fa( r(f(rir( (7at $a a(*t on(/t5 i an'#( $a a($a d( 'nitat( i ar#oni( 1n d('r*'$

(2(ni#(nt($or5 fi( ($( % *'nt d( nat'r% /o$iti%5 d(i 2i)(a)% *tat'$5 fi( % fa /art( din *f(ra

r($i6ioa*%5 d(i 2i)(a)% &i*(ria" C' *i6'ran % /'t(# di*'ta d(*/r( ar#oni( 1ntr( ($( do'%

a'torit% i5 doar 1n #o#(nt'$ 1n ar(a2(# (rtit'din(a (7i*t(n (i 'n(i on ti(nti)%ri a atri&' ii$or

fi(%r(ia! aii fa r(f(rir( $a fa/t'$ % at4t ti#/ 4t Bi*(ria i Stat'$ 1 i 'no* *tat't'$ i ti'

/(ntr' ( a' fo*t 0n'#it(35 ar#onia *( 2a in*ta$a d( $a *in(" n a(*t *(n*5 J'*tinian ($ Mar( fa(

r(f(rir(5 1n or/'*'$ a($(ia i no2($$( $a fa/t'$ % /a(a /oat( do#ina doar at'ni 4nd 1n fi(ar(

$'r' *( af$% D'#n()('! 0%i toat( $'r'ri$( *( *f4r(* &in( at'ni 4nd *( /'n( 1n(/'t &'n i

&in(/$%'t $'i D'#n()('" Cr(d(# % a(a*ta *( 2a fa( da% /or'ni$( Bi*(riii5 /( ar( dr(/ii5

2r(dniii d( $a'd% i d( in*t( A/o*to$i5 2(68(torii5 8i2(rni*itorii i *$'?itorii C'24nt'$'i $'i

D'#n()('5 i Sfinii P%rini $(;a' $%#'rit i $(;a' /%*trat /(ntr' noi5 *'nt r(*/(tat(3 -" P(ntr' a

*( /'t(a a?'n6( $a 'n on*(n* 1ntr( ($( do'% a'torit% i5 roniarii *'nt d( /%r(r( % f'nda#(nt($(

ar#oni(i tr(&'i( *% fi( 0dr(a/ta r(din % i *fint($( anoan( a$( Bi*(riii3 -


44/62

i 'n d(r(t5 /rin ar( d%d(a /or'na ar#oni(i! 0/(ntr' a(a*ta di*/'n(# a /or'ni$( *fint(

&i*(ri(ti ar( a' fo*t ado/tat( i onfir#at( d( ($( /atr' Sfint( Sinoad( *% fi( 1n($(*( a

$(6i3--


45/62

i$eri/, on-inutu ae$tora nu era de a $ine $au din e!ie i#ie, i din

n#/-/turie @i din tradi-ia i$eriii142.

Conhide / e!ea tatuui nu a fo$t on$iderat/ a ind un i#or

*entru e!ea bi$eriea$/, dar ai ut det att, a fo$t inuen-at/ de

n#/-/turie bi$erie@ti @i de tradi-ia */$trat/ u $nGenie. Referitor a

urarea e!i$ati#/ a ui Ju$tinian, *ute ob$er#a / ae$ta nii nu a

i@orat e!ie duneeie@ti ae i$eriii, dar nii nu a $hibat anoanee

ae$teia. :ea$t/ $tare de fa*t reet/ u ertitudine fa*tu / dorin-a ui

Ju$tinian de a a/tui e!i u *ri#ire a $tabiirea rea-iior dintre i$eri/ @i

tat era n *riu rnd rodu redin-ei $ae rei!ioa$e, f/r/ a uita, de$i!ur,

ate oti#e *oitie, na-ionae et.. o*u *rini*a a *oitiii rei!ioa$e a ui

Ju$tinian era unirea tuturor re@tinior ntr=o $in!ur/ redin-/K +ortodoBia143.

Ju$tinian a aGionat n aDa fe deoaree iniGiati#a $a $e baa *e *rini*iu

aroniei, un *rini*iu are a#ea o un!/ tradiGie, att *oiti/, t Di de

natur/ bi$eriea$/. #/%rat'$ J'*tinian */'n(a d(*/r( Bi*(ri% $'r'ri din ar( r(i( (a %

a(a*ta (ra on*id(rat% dr(/t 'n or6ani*# d( in*tit'ir( di2in%5 ar( d( in( o a'toritat( i o /'t(r(

*trit di2in%5 2(nit% d( $a D'#n()('" E$ on*id(ra % Bi*(ria i Stat'$ r(/r()(nta' do'% (ntit% i

/( ar( D'#n()(' $(;a $%*at /( /%#4nt *'& for#% d( dar'ri /(ntr' o#(nir(" R($a ia dintr(

a(*t(a do'% tr(&'ia5 a a '# a# /r(i)at i ant(rior5 r(6$at% /( &a)a /rini/i'$'i ar#oni(i 5r('no*'t d( noi i *'& d(n'#ir(a d( Si#foni( Bi)antin% . Potri2it a(*t'i /rini/i'5 0Bi*(ria i

Stat'$5 a or6ani*#( ind(/(nd(nt( i a'tono#(5 tr(&'ia' *% oo/(r()( i *% *( o#/$(t()( 'na /(

(a$a$t% /(ntr' a r()o$2a dif(rit($( $or /ro&$(#(5 /(ntr' #4nt'ir(a o#'$'i i *$a2a $'i

D'#n()('3-==" n 2(d(r(a atin6(rii (f(t'$'i *ontat d( Bi*(ri%5 J'*tinian *;a *i#it o&$i6at *% o

a?'t( *'& ori( for#%" Toat( 1n(r%ri$( *a$( d( ti/ do6#ati *a' *'& for#% d( (dit 1#/otri2a

/%64ni$or *a' a ($or d($ara i (r(tii a' a2't 1n fina$ a((a i #(nir(" Tot'i5 /otri2it ($'ri$or /(

ar( 1#/%rat'$ $( a2(a5 a(a*ta n' (ra d( a?'n* i5 1n a(*t *(n*5 a 1n(rat *% r(a*% ni2($'$

142+bidem

143+bidem

144+bidem


46/62

#ora$ a$ ond'%tori$or */irit'a$i ai Bi*(riii5 dar i randa#(nt'$ *i*t(#'$'i d( 6'2(rnar( /( ar(;

$ ado/ta" n a(*t *(n* a a/%r't 'n n'#%r r($ati2 #ar( d( (dit( ' /ri2ir( $a /r(oi( @(/i*o/i5

/r(oi5 dar i diaoni5 2iaa #ona8a$% i *i*t(#'$ d( or6ani)ar( a Bi*(riii" Ni *( ad'( $a

'no tin % fa/t'$ % 0/rin a(*t( (dit(5 /o)iia ond'%tori$or Bi*(riii 1n adr'$ (i i 1n

*oi(tat(a r(tin%5 a i r($aii$( dintr( (i i (t%(nii Stat'$'i5 a' fo*t r(6$(#(ntat(3-=>" C'

*i6'ran %5 r()o$2ar(a an'#itor n(a?'n*'ri a$( Bi*(riii a' fo*t r()o$2at( /rin a(*t o#/orta#(nt

a$ $'i J'*tinian5 dar #ai a$(*5 r( t(r(a ni2($'$'i #ora$it% ii a(*t(ia a fo*t atin* ' (rtit'din("

Prin (dit($( ar( 1i on*ar% do#nia $'i J'*tinian n' *;a 1n$o'it nii'n /rini/i' d'/% ar(

or6ani)ar(a &i*(ri(a*% f'n iona5 i /oat( doar *;a' /'* $a /'nt /rini/ii$( (7i*t(nt( 1n a(*t

*(n* $a a(a 2r(#(-=." LradiGia de$*re are aintea adinearuri, u *ri#ire a

ifonie, nu era foarte ar/ @i bine denit/, @i, i$toria arat/ / ade$ea ee

dou/ entit/Gi i$eria Di tatuF, deDi trebuiau $/ onuree n aronie, $eonfrunta$er/ u nenu/rate nen-ee!eri. Rou ui Ju$tinian a fo$t aea de

a aria ururie @i u a a *u$ baee teeiei unei onur/ri

aronioa$e ntre tat @i i$eri/147. Mn o*inia ui Ju$tinian e


47/62

n a(a*t% /(rioad% a i#/(ri'$'i (ra foart( 6r(' *% *( fa% di*tinia 1ntr( /o$itia

i#/(ri'$'i i 2iaa &i*(ri(a*%" Difi'$tat(a *t% 1n fa/t'$ % $a 4r#a i#/(ri'$'i 2in( 'n o# ar(;

i a*'#% o *(a#% d( r(*/on*a&i$it%i &i*(ri(ti5 o6$indit( #ai a$(* $a ni2($ d( dotrin%"

I#/o*i&i$itat(a (ra 'na d( ordin /rati5 %i5 $a ni2($ t(or(ti5 dif(r(ni(ri$( (ra' 4t *( /oat( d(

$ar(" No'a *it'ai( ina'6'rat% d( J'*tinian I *( in*/ira din /'nt d( 2(d(r( t(or(ti din

for#'$%ri$( do6#ati( a$( *inoad($or ('#(ni(" C($ #ai a/ro/iat (ra Sinod'$ IV ('#(ni ar(

do6#ati)a*( ra/ort'$ dintr( fir(a '#an% i fir(a di2in% 1n P(r*oana M4nt'itor'$'i ri*to*" P(

a(*t #od($5 64ndir(a /o$iti% &i)antin% 2a r(a /ro/ri'$ ra/ort'$5 *i#fonia dintr( /'t(r(a i2i$%

i (a &i*(ri(a*%" S( *'*in(a % /o*i&i$itat(a d( a 1n($(6( *i*t(#'$ 8ri*torati &i)antin *( af$%

1n 1n($(6(r(a tain(i ntr'/%rii M4nt'itor'$'i ri*to*5 #ai $ar5 a(/tar(a for#'$(i 8ri*to$o6i(

d( $a Ca$(don-=! Un'$ i A($ai ri*to*5 Fi'5 Do#n5 f%r% d( 1n(/'t5 'no*'t 1n do'% firi

n(a#(*t(at5 n(*8i#&at5 n(1#/%rit i n(d(*/%rit5 *(/arar(a nat'ri$or n(af(t4nd 'nir(a"A(a*t% for#'$ar( do6#ati% a2(a *% *t(a $a &a)a Si#foni(i Bi)antin( 1n /(rioada $'i J'*tinian5

'n (7tra* /o$iti dintr;'n on(/t do6#ati5 o nor#% ' o o#/on(nt% /o$iti% foart( $ar%5

t(or(ti foart( $ar5 dar /ro&$(#ati 1n a/$iar(! 0#a7i#a W'id(# in 8o#ini&'* *'nt dona d(i a

*'/(rna o$$ata $(#(ntia *a(rdoti'# (t i#/(ri'#5 i$'d W'id(# di2ini* #ini*tran*5 8o a't(#t

8'#ani* /ra(*id(n* a di$i6(ntia# (78i&(n*9 (7 'no (od(#W'( /rini/io 'traW'( /ro(d(ntia

8'#ana# (7ornant 2ita#" Id(oW'( ni8i$ *i (rit *t'dio*'# i#/(ratori&'*5 *i't *a(rdot'#

8on(*ta*5 '# 'tiW'( (t /ro i$$i* i/*i* *(#/(r d(o *'//$i(nt" Na# *i 8o W'id(# in'$/a&i$( *it'ndiW'( (t a/'d d('# fid'ia /$(n'#5 i#/(ri'# a't(# r(t( (t o#/(t(nt(r (7orn(t tradita#

*i&i r(#/'&$ia#5 (rit on*onantia @*#/8\nia W'a(da# &ona5 o#n( W'iW'id 'ti$( (*t 8'#ano

onf(r(n* 6(n(ri3->,"

149 A *( 2(d(a artio$'$ /ri2ind !eolo3ia politic ;n timpul dinastiei constantiniene. Criterii privind relaiaBiseric*'tat pentru o societate" Artio$'$ /oat( fi on*'$tat dir(t $a adr(*a (&8tt/!dotorat("'$&*i&i'"roo&?do'#(nt*r();ro#;/anait("/df5 on*'$tat% $a -K i'ni( +,->/$'ra$i*t%

150Corpus @uris civilis( 5 o$" -5 tit" .
http://doctorate.ulbsibiu.ro/obj/documents/rez-rom-panaite.pdfhttp://doctorate.ulbsibiu.ro/obj/documents/rez-rom-panaite.pdf


48/62

3.2. Relaia vremii dintre Stat i Biseric

Pro&$(#a r($aii$or dintr( Stat i Bi*(ri% (7i*ta d( #'$t ti#/5 1n *(n*'$ % /4n% a a?'n6(

J'*tinian $a ond'(r(a I#/(ri'$'i5 a' (7i*tat n'#( /r('# ($ a$ $'i Va*i$i*5 (non i

Ana*ta*i(5 n'#( ar( d( i r(/r()(nta' /(r*ona$it% i i#/'n%toar(5 1n ((a ( /ri2( t( r($a ia dintr(

Bi*(ri% i Stat5 $'r'ri$( n' *t%t(a' $a f($" C4nd */'n a(*t $'r' #% r(f(r $a fa/t'$ % /ro&$(#a

r($a i(i dintr( ($( do'% (ntit% i f'*(*( ridiat% 1n% din (a d(;a do'a ?'#%tat( a *(o$'$'i a$ V;

$(a i 1n(/'t'$ *(o$'$'i a$ VI;$(a5 at'ni 4nd f'*(*(r% /( tron 1#/%raii n'#i i ant(rior" Dorin a

fi(%r'ia dintr( a( tia a fo*t a((a d( a *ta&i$i /rin int(r#(di'$ d(r(t($or i#/(ria$( r(dina

Bi*(riii" A adar5 (i *( i#/$ia' 1n tr(&'ri$( int(rn( a$(5 iar a'tono#ia a(*t(ia 1n(/'*( *% d(2in%

'&r(d%5 iar a'toritat(a (/i*o/i$or r(*/on*a&i$i /(ntr' dr(a/ta r(din% a fo*t 1n$%t'rat%" A(ti

1#/%rai a2(a' 1n /ri# /$an 2i)i'ni ' /ri2ir( $a 'nitat(a i#/(ri'$'i5 ($ ar( a2(a a f'nda#(nt

'nitat(a Bi*(riii9 *in6'ra /ro&$(#% (*t( a((a % 1#/%ra ii n' *( 1n6ri?(a' (7$'*i2 d( /%*trar(a

'nit%ii Bi*(riii a 'nitat( a dr(/t(i r(din(" P(ntr' a fi 1n'n'nat d( *'(*5 'n a*(#(n(a

d(#(r* /o$iti a2(a n(2oi( d( */ri?in'$ Bi*(riii5 dar a(a*ta (ra 'ti$i)at% #ai #'$t a 'n or6an a$

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Licență Ștefan Rizescu var+final

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