Lectia III Scotia

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BRITISH CIVILIZATION & BRITISH CIVILIZATION & CULTURE CULTURE Unit III Unit III SCOTLAND SCOTLAND Scotland Scotland is one of four constituent is one of four constituent countries which form the United countries which form the United Kingdom (the other three are Kingdom (the other three are England, England, Wales Wales and and Northern Ireland Northern Ireland ). Scotland forms the northern part ). Scotland forms the northern part of the island of Great Britain of the island of Great Britain

Transcript of Lectia III Scotia

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BRITISH CIVILIZATION & BRITISH CIVILIZATION & CULTURECULTURE

Unit III Unit III SCOTLANDSCOTLAND

ScotlandScotland is one of four constituent countries is one of four constituent countries which form the United Kingdom (the other which form the United Kingdom (the other

three are England, three are England, WalesWales and and Northern IrelandNorthern Ireland). Scotland forms the northern part of the island ). Scotland forms the northern part of the island

of Great Britainof Great Britain

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The founders of Scotland of late medieval legend

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History of Scotland.History of Scotland. Prehistoric peoplePrehistoric people

• The history of Scotland begins around 14,000 years ago, when humans first began to inhabit what is now Scotland after the end of the Devensian glaciation, the last ice age.

• Of the Stone Age, Bronze Age, and Iron Age civilization that existed in the territory, many artifacts remain, but few written records were left behind.

• From around 700 BC the Iron age brought numerous hill forts, brochs and fortified settlements which support the image of quarrelsome tribes and petty kingdoms later recorded by the Romans

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History of Scotland.History of Scotland. Roman invasionRoman invasion

• The Roman invasion of Britain began earliest in 43 AD. • The recorded history of Scotland begins with the arrival of the

Roman Empire in Britain, when the Romans occupied what is now broadly England, Wales and the Scottish Lowlands, administering it as a Roman province called Britannia.

• To the north, the territory not governed by the Romans was called Caledonia. Its people were the Picts. Following a series of military successes in the south, forces led by Julius Agricola entered Scotland in 79. The Romans met with fierce resistance from the local population of Caledonians.

• Scotland during the Roman Empire encompasses a period of protohistory from the arrival of Roman legions to their departure in 213. The history of the period is complex: the Roman empire influenced every part of Scotland during the period, however the occupation was neither complete nor continuous.

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History of Scotland.History of Scotland. Population Population

Scotland's population comprised two main groups:• the Picts, the original peoples (possibly a Brythonic Celtic group) who

occupied most of Scotland north: the area known as "Pictavia" • the Britons, formed from a Roman-influenced Brythonic Celtic culture in

the south, Selgovae in the central Borders area and the Votadini or Gododdin from the Firth of Forth down to the Tweed.

Invasions brought three more groups, though the extent to which they replaced native populations is unknown

• the Old Irish-speaking Scotti (Scots) arrived from Ireland from the late 5th century onwards, taking possession of the west coast

• the Anglo-Saxons expanding from Bernicia and the continent in the 7th Century.

• In the aftermath of the 795 Viking raid on Iona, the Norse Jarls of Orkney took hold of the Western Isles, Caithness and Sutherland, while Norse settlers mixed with the inhabitants of Galloway to become the Gallgaels.

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History of Scotland.History of Scotland. Medieval periodMedieval period

• The reign of Malcolm Canmore (1057 - 1093) was a time of great social, political and religious revolution. Malcolm had spent much time in England and he and his saintly queen (Margaret) encouraged English customs, the English language and gave shelter to English refugees fleeing the Norman invasion of 1066. As the Normans spread north, so French culture was brought to Scotland.

• Scotland was a wealthy country until the beginning of the 14th century, when Edward I of England (known as the "Hammer of the Scots") was determined to incorporate Scotland into the English crown.

• The defeat of Edward II at Bannockburn in 1314 was a great victory, reflected in the songs and spirit of Scottish nationalism until present times. The desire to preserve independence was embodied in a plea to the Pope, known as the Declaration of Arbroath.

• Long, bloody and destructive wars over the succeeding 300 years ensured that, while Scotland remained free, it was also poor.

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History of Scotland.History of Scotland. Other momentsOther moments

• England and Scotland were linked through James VI of Scotland acceding to the English throne in 1603, following the death of Queen Elizabeth I (of England). Elizabeth had persecuted (and finally executed) James' mother and her own cousin, Mary Queen of Scots, but died childless.

• Because of the geographical orientation of Scotland and its strong reliance on trade routes by sea, the kingdom held close links in the south and east with the Baltic countries, and through Ireland with France and the continent of Europe.

• Following the Acts of Union which united Scotland with England into the Kingdom of Great Britain, and the subsequent Scottish Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution, Scotland became one of the commercial, intellectual and industrial powerhouses of Europe.

• Its industrial decline following the Second World War was particularly acute, but in recent decades the country has enjoyed something of a cultural and economic renaissance, fuelled in part by a resurgent financial services sector, the proceeds of North Sea oil and gas, and latterly a developed parliament.

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Scotland todayScotland today

• This union resulted from the Treaty of Union agreed in 1706 and enacted by the twin Acts of Union passed by the Parliaments of both countries, despite widespread protest across Scotland.Scotland's legal system continues to be separate from those of England, Wales, and Northern Ireland and Scotland still constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in public and in private law.

• The continued existence of legal, educational and religious institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the Union.

• Although Scotland is no longer a separate sovereign state, issues surrounding devolution and independence continue to be debated. After the creation of the devolved Scottish Parliament in 1999, the first ever pro-independence Scottish Government was elected in 2007 when the Scottish National Party formed a minority administration.

• Population: 5,168,500 according to June 2008 estimates; Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland (population of just over 584,000). Scotland has three officially recognised languages: English, Scots, and Scottish Gaelic.

FlagRoyal Standard

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Geography of ScotlandGeography of Scotland• Occupying the northern third of the island of Great Britain, it shares a border with

England to the south and is bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest. Scotland's only land border is with England, and runs for 96 kilometres (60 mi) between the basin of the River Tweed on the east coast and the Solway Firth in the west.

• Scotland includes 787 islands, of which most belong to groups known as the Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland. Only 62 exceed three square miles in area.

• The total area of Scotland is 78,772 km2 , comparable to the size of the Czech Republic, making Scotland the 117th largest country in the world.

• The River Tay, flows for a distance of 190 kilometres is Scotland's longest river Scotland is well known for its mountainous and beautiful scenery. Much of the upland within the UK is contained within the borders of Scotland, along with the highest peaks.

• Scotland is also noted for its lochs (this name is generally used for lakes in Scotland). Much of the west coast of the country is intersected by Sea Lochs, the longest of which, Loch Fyne, penetrates more than 40 miles inland. Notable fresh-water lochs include Loch Ness (the one with the Monster!).

• The Rivers Clyde, Forth and Tay open into significant estuaries and support three of the major cities of Scotland (Glasgow, Edinburgh and Dundee respectively).

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Physical Physical map of map of ScotlandScotland

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Geology, geomorphology and geographyGeology, geomorphology and geography

From a geological perspective the country has three main sub-divisions:• the Highlands, the Midland Valley and the Southern Uplands. • It is geologically distinct from the surrounding regions, being composed of

Devonian Old Red Sandstone, peppered with ancient volcanoes, as against the older sedimentary rocks forming the Southern Uplands or the ancient metamorphic melange, comprising the Highlands to the north.

• Scotland contains the most mountainous terrain in Great Britain. Much of the highest uplands lie to the north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault in the Northwest Highlands and Grampian ranges. ■The Cuillin on the Isle of Skye, represents a major mountain range that is not located on the Scottish mainland. Located at the western end of the Grampian Mountains, at an altitude of 1,344 m, Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Scotland and Great Britain

• The Southern Uplands are a range of hills almost 200 kilometres (124 mi) long, interspersed with broad valleys.

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ClimaClima

• The climate of Scotland is temperate and oceanic, and tends to be very changeable. It is warmed by the Gulf Stream from the Atlantic, and as such has much milder winters (but cooler, wetter summers) than areas on similar latitudes, for example Labrador, Canada, Moscow, or the Kamchatka Peninsula on the opposite side of Eurasia.

• Snowfall is less common in the lowlands, but becomes more common with altitude. Parts of the Highlands have an average of 36 to 105 snow days per year, while some western coastal areas have between 0 and 6 days with snow a year

• The Hebridean island of Tiree received a total of 329 hours of sunshine in May 1946 and again in May 1975, the highest number of sunshine hours ever recorded in one month in Scotland. On the longest day of the year there is no complete darkness over the northern isles of Scotland. ◙Lerwick, in Shetland, has four hours more daylight at midsummer than London, although this is reversed in midwinter. Annual average sunshine totals vary from as little as 711–1140 hours in the Highlands and the north-west up to 1471–1540 hours on the extreme eastern and south-western coasts.

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Flora & faunaFlora & fauna

• Scotland's wildlife is typical of the north west of Europe, although several of the larger mammals such as the Lynx, Brown Bear, Wolf, Elk and Walrus were hunted to extinction in historic times.

• There are important populations of seals and internationally significant nesting grounds for a variety of seabirds such as Gannets. The Golden Eagle is something of a national icon.

• The flora of the country is varied incorporating both deciduous and coniferous woodland and moorland and tundra species.

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EconomyEconomy

• Scotland has a western style open mixed economy which is closely linked with that of the rest of Europe and the wider world. Traditionally, the Scottish economy has been dominated by heavy industry underpinned by the shipbuilding in Glasgow, coal mining and steel industries. Petroleum related industries associated with the extraction of North Sea oil have also been important employers from the 1970s, especially in the north east of Scotland.

• De-industrialisation during the 1970s and 1980s saw a shift from a manufacturing focus towards a more service-oriented economy. Edinburgh is the financial services centre of Scotland and the sixth largest financial centre in Europe in terms of funds under management, behind London, Paris, Frankfurt, Zürich and Amsterdam, with many large finance firms based there, including: Lloyds Banking Group; the Government owned Royal Bank of Scotland and Standard Life.

• Tourism is widely recognised as a key contributor to the Scottish economy (5% of GDP and 7.5% of employment)

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Pacific Quay on the River Clyde, an example of the regeneration of Glasgow and the diversifying Scottish economy

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Music of ScotlandMusic of Scotland• Scotland is internationally known for its traditional music (folk music), which

has remained vibrant throughout the 20th century, when many traditional forms worldwide lost popularity to pop music. Scotland has a rich tradition of music, song and dance. We have the Ceilidh (pronounced kay-lay) which is an informal evening of dancing, singing and, of course, drinking good whisky. A Ceilidh involves Scottish Country Dancing, which is enjoyed by a large number of people and can be as formal or informal as people wish to make it.

• In spite of emigration and a well-developed connection to music imported from the rest of Europe and the United States, the music of Scotland has kept many of its traditional aspects; indeed, it has itself influenced many forms of music. Instruments: accordion, bagpipe, fiddle, guitar, harp

• Although this particular form of bagpipe developed exclusively in Scotland, it is not the only Scottish bagpipe, and other bagpiping traditions remain across Europe.

• Scotland has produced several notable performers of classical music• Scotland has a strong jazz tradition and has produced many world class

musicians

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Education in ScotlandEducation in Scotland

• Scotland has a long history of universal provision of public education, and the Scottish education system is distinctly different from other parts of the United Kingdom.

• Traditionally, the Scottish system has emphasised breadth across a range of subjects, while the English, Welsh and Northern Irish systems have emphasised greater depth of education over a smaller range of subjects at secondary school level.

• Following this, Scottish universities generally have courses a year longer (typically 4 years) than their counterparts elsewhere in the UK, though it is often possible for students to take more advanced specialised exams and join the courses at the second year. One unique aspect is that the ancient universities of Scotland issue a Master of Arts as the first degree in humanities.

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Scottish Dress and TartansScottish Dress and Tartans • This is a somewhat romanticised etching of

Prince Charles Edward Stuart ("Bonnie Prince Charlie") wearing the dress of the scottish nobility from the 18th Century.

• The more usual garment associated with the patterned woollen cloth (known as tartan) is the kilt. In its simple form, this was widely worn by Highland Scots in centuries past. It is worth noting that the kilt was not worn by the Lowland Scots, who formed the majority of the population of the country.

• The highland dress which we know today, was much adapted and modernised during Victorian times. This was undertaken to fit a taste for all things Scottish promoted by Queen Victoria and her husband, Prince Albert.

• The basic garment is traditional, the style and much of the other regalia (including jackets, sporran, kilt hose and garters, skean dhu, etc.), and certainly the range and formality of tartans which we see today were an invention of the Victorian gentry.

• Tartans are associated with the clans (or family-based groupings) of Scotland. Most scottish surnames have an associated tartan, and some have several, which may be classified as: Modern Colours Ancient, Subdued or Hunting Colours Dress Colours.

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Scottish CastlesScottish Castles • A castle is a type of fortified structure built during the

Middle Ages • Over the approximately 900 years that castles were built

they took on a great many forms.• In Scotland earlier fortifications had included hill forts,

brochs, and duns and many castles were on the site of these earlier buildings.

• The first castles were built in Scotland in the 11th and 12th centuries, with the introduction of Norman influence

• There have been well over two thousand castles in Scotland, although many are known only through historical records. They are found in all parts of the country, although tower houses and peel towers are concentrated along the border with England, while the best examples of larger Renaissance-era tower houses are clustered in the north-east.

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LochsLochs

• Freshwater bodies in Scotland are known as lochs, with the exception of the Lake of Menteith and one or two man-made "lakes". 90% of the standing fresh water volume of Great Britain lies within Scotland

◙ Loch Lomond 71.1 km2 , the largest freshwater body in Britain.

◙ Loch Ness 56.4 km2 ◙ Loch Awe 38.5 km2

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