Lb.engleza anul I marina

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CAMELIA ALIBEC

LIMBA ENGLEZ.

ANUL I

INGINERIE I MANAGEMENT NAVALI PORTUAR


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Colecia tiine Socio-umane


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CAMELIA ALIBEC

LIMBA ENGLEZ.

ANUL I

INGINERIE I MANAGEMENT NAVALI PORTUAR

EDITURA ACADEMEI NAVALE MIRCEA CEL BTRNCONSTANA, 2009


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Refereni tiinifici: conf. univ. dr. Delia Lunguconf. univ. dr. Nicolae Florin

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naionale a Romniei

ALIBEC, CAMELIA

Limba englez : Anul I : Inginerie i managementnaval portuar/ Camelia Alibec. - Constana : EdituraAcademiei Navale "Mircea cel Btrn", 2009

Bibliogr.

ISBN 978-973-1870-38-0

811.111

Editura Academiei Navale Mircea cel Btrn, 2009, pentru prezenta ediie

Corector: Ozana Chakarian

Tehnoredactare: Gabriela Marieta Secu

Copert: Gabriela Marieta Secu

Editura Academiei Navale Mircea cel BtrnStr. Fulgerului nr. 1, 900218, ConstanaTel. 0241/626200/1219, fax 0241/643096

Email: [email protected]

ISBN 978-973-1870-38-0


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CONTENTS

UNIT 1 SEA TRANSPORT. VOCABULARY. THE NOUN. GRAMMARPRACTICE / 12

UNIT 2 PORT DESCRIPTION. VOCABULARY. THE ARTICLE ANDOTHER DETERMINERS. GRAMMAR PRACTICE / 25

UNIT 3 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF A SHIP. VOCABULARY. THEPRONOUN AND THE NUMERAL. GRAMMAR PRACTICE / 38

UNIT 4 EXAMINING THE SHIP BY THE CUSTOM. VOCABULARY. THE

ADJECTIVE AND THE ADVERB. GRAMMAR PRACTICE / 48

UNIT 5 RECEPTION OF CARGO. VOCABULARY. THE PRESENT TENSESIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS. GRAMMAR PRACTICE / 60

UNIT 6 DELIVERY OF CARGO. VOCABULARY. THE PRESENT PERFECTSIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS. GRAMMAR PRACTICE / 68

UNIT 7 DRY-DOCKING AND REPAIRS. VOCABULARY. THE PASTTENSE SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS. GRAMMAR PRACTICE / 77

UNIT 8 WEATHER AND SEASONS. VOCABULARY. THE PAST PERFECT

SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS. GRAMMAR PRACTICE / 85

ANEXE SELF-TEST I. ANSWER KEY / 93SELF-TEST II. ANSWER KEY / 95LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS / 98

BIBLIOGRAPHY / 103


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PREFA

Cursul de limb englez pentru exploatri portuare contribuie la nsuirea

cunotinelor generale de limb englez precum i a termenilor de specialitate,fiind structurat n opt uniti. Cursul este destinat studenilor de anul I de la

specialitatea exploatari portuarei este un mijloc eficient de formare i instruirea viitorilor specialiti.

Cursul i propune consolidarea cunotinelor de baz n domeniul

gramaticii limbii engleze precum i dezvoltarea capacitilor de nelegere i

exprimare oral, citire i scriere n limba englez, extinderea vocabularului,

nsuirea i aplicarea normelor gramaticale n exprimarea situativ conform

tematicii prevzute n unitile de studiu din program. Extinderea vocabularuluise face prin abordarea textelor care conin temeni de specialitate referitori la

nomenclatura navei, operaiuni portuare precum i expresii recomandate pentru

traficul maritim i portuar

Limbajul de specialitate este dublat de cel lingvistic care are ca scop

folosirea corect a diverselor structuri gramaticale n scris sau n conversaie.

Cursul poate fi considerat i un punct de plecare pentru aprofundareastudiului de specialitate, de cunoatere mai detaliat a structurilor limbii engleze

i folosirea lor n ndeplinirea atribuiunilor profesionale.Cursul este structurat in 8 uniti, fiecare unitate fiind compus dintr-un

text de specialitate, urmat de traducerea vocabularului si expresiilor aferentetextului. Partea de vocabular este urmat de problema de gramatica, care este

introdus de elemente de teorie urmate de un grup de exerciii pe tema degramatic respectiv. Dup parcurgerea celor 8 uniti, cursul se ncheie cu 2

teste de autoevaluare cu cheie de rspuns, o list de verbe neregulate si n finalbibliografia.

Nu uitai c acest curs este un instrument de autoinstruire i chiar dac

problemele de gramatic nu sunt tratate n mod exhaustiv, putei s v completai

cunotinele alegnd orice alt culegere de gramatic de limb englez.

Good luck and keep up your English!


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INTRODUCTION TO THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

GENERAL REMARKS

Why do you learn a foreign language? Because it is a necessity, an act of culture, itis something you like, it is fun, it is challenging!

Speaking about English, learning it, it is more than a necessity, it is an emergency!English is a global language. It is the language of world diplomacy, business,

finance, science, and technology.

- 350 million people speak and write English as their native language.- An additional 350 million people speak and write English as their second

language.- Half of the worlds books are published in English.- 80 % of the worlds computer text is in English. Last but not least, the international language for airline pilots is English. No matter

where you fly, that is what is spoken.You are able to say that you know a language well if you know how to

communicate in that language. Good writingand speakingmeets five basic standards: itis clear, complete, correct, efficient, and effective.

In order to write and speak well you have to know the grammar rules that seem tobe scary, more frightening than a sail on the Titanic or a night with Michael Jackson!

English rules are scary, yes- but difficult, no.What is grammar? Grammar is a branch of linguistics that deals with the form and

structure of words. Grammar is one of the oldest fields of study, as well as one of themost durable. Even Plato can be labelled an early grammarian, because he wasresponsible for dividing the sentence into subject and verb.

Apart from grammar we also deal with usage.Usage is the customary way we usethe language in speech and writing. Because we use language for different purposes, thereexists various levels of language:

- formal usage (They have done nothing)- informal usage ( Theyve done nothing)- Non-standard usage ( They aint done nothing)Standard English is composed of formal and informal usage. It is the language ofeducation, legal, professional, and governmental documents.Good or bad it indicates social class. It is the right stuff of speech and writing.Standard English is used in business letters, rsums, cover letters, serious

speeches, newspaper articles, scholarship.Informal English is used inmost books, newspapers, magazines, informal letters,

many textbooks, political speeches.Substandard English is used in conversation, movies, television, radio, regional

expressions.The correct level of usage is the one that is appropriate for the occasion.


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The last element related to language is style.Personal style is the way you dress,

walk and talk to make an impression on those you meet. Writing style is the words youchoose for your writing, how you connect them, and the impression they make on youraudience.

A writers style is his or her distinctive way of writing.They say that English has far more lives than a cat. People have been murdering

English for years, and it refuses to die. If anything, it just keeps going stronger.Believe it or not, grammar comes from the same word thatglamourcomes from. In

the 1700s, grammar meant enchantment, magic.To most of us, actors like Tom Cruise have glamour, but not grammar. But you are

wrong! Grammar can have glamour. It can even be sexy!Sentences are made up of words. Any number of words can be used in a sentence:

He leftus/ Until tomorrow then/ Yes. We can combine words with each other in many

ways to make new sentences:I can help you/ Can I help you?Grammar describes how this is done. Each word in a sentence belongs to a

particular set or class, depending on how it is used. These classes are called parts ofspeech.

All sentences begin with a capital letter and end in either a full stop, a questionmark, or an exclamation mark. When we describe the use of these marks (commas,semicolons, full stops, brackets, and so on, we are talking aboutpunctuation.

The term clause is used to describe a group of words that contain a verb, thesubject of that verb, and an object:I live in London/ They were writing a letter.

A sentence can contain one or more clauses:I can help you if you will let me.A clause always contains a verb (run, walk, believe). A sentence does not always

have to be a clause: Certainly not/ Why/ Yes.A phrase is just a group of words: the other day/ in spite of/ over the hill/ my friendHenry. The term phrase is usually kept for words which go together naturally.

Many words can refer to one thing only or to more than one. We use the termsingular and plural for this. A more general term is number.

When we want to identify the speaker or the person spoken about in grammar, weuse first personto mean the speaker, second person to mean the person who is spokento, and third personto mean the person who is spoken about (I, you, he, she, we, they).

A verb informs us about an action or a state of being. Ordinary verbs are calledmainverbs(come, want, go, believe). A main verb is sometimes called a doing word.A special group of verbs are called auxiliary verbs (am thinking, has seen, can help).These combine with main verbs to form different tenses.

A noun is a word that labels a thing or an idea (table, time, ship); they are alsocalled naming words. If we do not want to repeat the same noun in a sentence we canreplace it with a pronoun.A pronoun is a substitute for a noun phrase or a noun.

An adjective gives further information about a noun; they are also calleddescribing words(a tallperson, a bigship, a rustyhull).

A determineris used to point more precisely to the person, thing, or idea to whichreference is being made. Among the determiners are definite and indefinite articles andpossessives (aship, thecaptain, mycompany, their voyage).


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An adverb gives information about the way that an action is performed or when

and where it takes place: She ran quicklydown the path/ He lifted the box slowly.A prepositionis one of a small group of words that can be used with nouns and

verbs. They give information about position or movement (onthe deck, tothe harbour, atthe gates, overthe bridge).

A conjunction joints two or more nouns or clauses to each other; they aresometimes called joining words (He picked it up andran over to her).


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UNIT 1

SEA TRANSPORT

THE NOUN

Historical perspective: The first boats

Nobody knows exactly when people first started using craft to travel on water, butit must have been tens of thousands of years ago. The first craft were probably extremely

simple-just a log, an inflated animal skin, or a bundle of reeds tied together.People discovered that craft like these could help them to cross a stretch of water

more easily. These craft probably developed into early simple boats, such as dug-outcanoes and skin-covered boats, in which a person could sit while fishing or travellingalong a river. The basic designs are still in use in many areas of the world today and havemany advantages over modern boats.

Facts:A dug-out canoe is made by hollowing out a thick tree trunk to leave a thin

wooden hull. The hull is smoothed and shaped so that it moves easily through thewater.

In 1970, Norwegian Thor Heyerdahl built a large Egyptian-style reed boat calledRa II. He sailed it from Africa to the Caribbean. This proved the Egyptians would

have been able to reach America more than 4,000 years ago.

The age of sail

Sails capture the wind and use it to push ships and boats along. Sails first appearedon ships on the river Nile in about 3500BC. These ships had one simple square sail on asingle mast. They were only useful when the wind was blowing in the same direction thatthe crew of the ship wanted to go. Viking boats in the AD600s used square sails to sailthe coasts of Scandinavia.

In the Middle Ages, the lateen (triangular) sail allowed ships to be sailed with thewind from the side. This type of sail was invented by the Chinese and Arabs.

From the 1100s, European sailors began building fully rigged ships with acombination of square and lateen sails. This allowed them to make the maximum use ofthe wind.

Steam power

The first steam engines were developed in the early 1700s for pumping water outof the mines. By the end of the century they had become small and engineers began to usethem in trains and ships. Steam power meant that a ship could keep going even if thewind was in the wrong direction.

Early steamships used paddles, but propellers gradually proved to be moreefficient. After the 1850s, shipbuilders began to use iron instead of wood. The superior


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strength of iron meant that much larger ships could be built, which could also be fitted

with more powerful steam engines.

Facts: The first craft to use steam power was a small river boat called theCharlotte Dundas, launched in 1802.

Ship Power

There are many different ways of propelling boats and ships through the water. Themost basic, such as rowing and paddling, are human- powered. Today they are only usedin small vessels.

Sails harness the natural power of the wind to propel a boat or a ship. Enginesconvert the energy stored in fuel into the movement of a propeller. As the propeller spins,its blades force water to rush backwards, which thrusts the boat or ship forwards. Mostengines used in boats and ships are diesel engines.

Other types of marine engine are petrol engines, gas turbine engines and steamturbine engines. Other craft, such as hovercraft, have aircraft-like propellers.

Facts:In 1845, two ships, one with a propeller and one with paddlewheels, foughta war. The battle was to find the most efficient. The propeller easily won .

VOCABULARY

Craft ambarcaiuneBundle of reeds snop de stuf

Stretch of water ntindere de apa

Hollow out a scobi

Hull corpul, coca naveiDug-out canoe piroga, luntre din trunchi scobit

Sail pnza de corabie, vela

Mast catarg

Rigged ships nava cu velatura

Steam abur

Steamship vapor cu abur

Paddle zbat, padela

Propeller elice

Harness a intensifica

Spin a se rotiBlade pala de elice, paleta de turbina

Thrust a mpinge

Hovercraft ambarcaiunepe perna de aer


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!Note that nouns that are uncountable in English may be count nouns in otherlanguages (information, advice), or there are nouns used only in the plural form evenwhen we are talking about one item (trousers, clothes, jeans). We have to use a partitivenoun with of when referring to a single item (a pair of trousers, an item of clothes, a pairof jeans).

Gender of nouns

Gender is the grammatical category specific to nouns and it represents the form ofnouns to show sex difference, when speaking about animates, and the absence of genderwhen speaking about inanimates.

English grammar has 3 types of gender:Gender of personal nouns:

- masculine gender: man, actor, landlord, hero, bull, brother- feminine gender: woman, actress, landlady, heroine, cow, sister.

This type of gender can be expressed in 3 ways:a) lexically - with the help of different words:brother/ sister, king/ queen, man/ woman, uncle/ aunt.b) morphologically- by adding a suffix to the masculine form (actress, hostess, princess,goddess,

waitress, heroine).

- by adding a suffix to the feminine form (widow- widower, bride-bridegroom)c) common gender one form for both masculine and feminine: artist, cook,

doctor, friend, musician, cousin, parent, person, student, teacher, writer.Gender of animate nounsanimate nouns are classified into:

a) names of big animals, which are generally of male gender (horse). There can be adistinction male-female: horse (stallion-mare); deer (stag-hind); sheep (ram-ewe), oradding suffixes (lion-lioness, tiger-tigress).

b) names of small animals, which are neuter, being replaced by i t. In some cases thereare lexical differences: cock-hen, gander-goose, dog-bitch. There are also specialgender words: he goat-she goat, Tom cat-she cat, male frog-female frog.

Gender of i nanimate nounsthese nouns are neuter: Where is my umbrella? I tis in mybag/ The truth will emerge; i talways does.

Case of nouns

Case is the way in which a noun can be given a change of spelling (an inflection),which indicates that the noun has a particular function in a clause, Case is used to denotethe syntactical functions of nouns.The nominati ve casefor the nouns which are subjects in a sentence (My boyis waitingfor his friend), or predicates (He is a teacher).The accusative caseis the case of the direct object (I ate an i ce-creaman hour ago).

If there is only one object in the sentence, this is a direct object in the accusative(Shut thewindow, please); if there are two objects, both could be direct objects in theaccusative (I asked him a question), or one indirect object in the dative and one directobject in the accusative (I lent her my umbrella).

The following verbs are followed by two accusatives: ask, envy, excuse, give,forgive, offer, save, strike, etc.


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The dative caseis the case of the indirect object. It is marked by the prepositions toand

for(She gave some sweets to the chi ldren/ I bought a present for my mother).The geni ti ve caseexpresses possession and the syntactical function of attribute. Thereare several types of genitive:

a) Thesgeni tive (synthetic genitive) operates as follows: for singular nouns (girlsdress, Anns bag, teachersbook), for irregular plural nouns (mens car, childrenstoys), for plural nouns (boyscars, Dickenslife).

b) The of genitive is used as an equivalent of the s genitive (the plays ofShakespeare). It is used with nouns, names of things (the title of the book), withgeographical places (the city of London), for emphasizing (the arrival of hisgrandfather), with names of small animals (the tail ofthe mouse).

c) The impli cit geniti ve no s: audience participation, student hostel, afternoon tea(this type of genitive is used in contemporary English, especially in journalism).d) The double geni tives genitive + of genitive with names of people (this joke of

Peters).

The vocative caseBob, hurry up! / Have you got a minute, Mr B rown?

Number in nouns

Singular numberis used when the noun refers to one item. Plur al numberis usedwhen the noun refers to more than one item. Count nouns have both singular and pluralforms. Uncountable nouns and mass nouns do not normally have a plural form.

The regular plural ending of an English noun is s (cat-cats, ship-ships, sailor-sailors).

These are the exceptions to the normal pattern:

Singular noun ending Plur al noun ending

-s, -ss, -ch, -x, -zz es`examples:focus-focuses, princess-princesses, church-churches, box-boxes, buzz-buzzes

-o -s oresexamples: hero-heroes, piano-pianos, potato-potatoes

consonant + y -iesexamples: baby-babies, hobby-hobbies, spy-spies

vowel + y -sexamples: boy-boys, key-keys, ray-rays, play-plays

-f -s orvesexamples: thief-thieves, wolf-wolves, leaf-leaves, roof-roofs, dwarf-dwarfs/ dwarves

-fe -vesexamples: life-lives, knife-knives

Irregular plurals

Some nouns have two plural forms (fish-fish/ fishes). Some of them have the sameform in the singular and plural (a sheep-ten sheep, a deer-ten deer). A few change avowel to form the plural (man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, tooth-teeth,mouse-mice, louse-lice). Some nouns form the plural inen(child-children, ox-oxen).

Compound nouns normally form the plural by adding s to the last word of thecompound (a girl friend-two girl friends, a bookcase-two bookcases).A compound noun


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formed from a verb and an adverb addssto the last word (a take-away/ two take-aways),

but a compound noun formed from a noun and an adverb makes the first word plural (apasser-by/ two passers-by).Compound nouns with man or woman as the first word makeboth words plural (a manservant-two menservants, a woman doctor-two woman doctors).

Some nouns referring to clothes and tools where two equal parts are joined together(trousers, binoculars, scissors) are treated as being plural and are followed by a verb inthe plural (My trousers are torn/ The scissors are on the table). To talk about one of theseitems we use the expression a pair of(John bought a pair of jeans). To talk about morethan one we talk about however many pairs of(Martina bought five pairs of tights).

When used as ordinary numbers, words such as dozen, thousands, million have noplural form (nine million stars/ two dozen glasses). When used to mean an indefinitelylarge number, they do have a plural form, which can be used as a partitive (There arethousandsof people here/ I saw dozens of children in the playground).

Foreign plurals

Nouns that have come into English from foreign languages can:- keep the plural form of the language they come from (an axis-two axes, a crisis-two

crises, a thesis-two theses, datum-data)- have plural formed according to the rules for plural in English in preference to the

foreign plurals (a memorandum-two memorandums/memoranda, a stadium-twostadiums/ stadia)

- have two plurals: one from the foreign language and the other formed according tothe rules for plural in English (an index-indexes/indices, a formula-formulas/formulae)

The foreign plural is usually kept for scientific or specialized use.

Agreement

Singular and plural verbs

Generally if we want to talk about one thing we use a singular noun/pronoun and asingular verb-form:

This is the new engine. The engine/I t worksvery well.If we talk about more than one thing we use a plural noun/pronoun and a plural verb-form:

Have you seen the new engines? The new engines/They workvery well.

Subject-verb agreement means to choose the correct singular or plural verb after thesubject for present. An uncountable noun takes a singular verb-form:

Seawater isgetting colder and colder in winter.Singular and plural subjects

Two or more phrases linked by andtake a plural verb:Jamie and Emma gosailing at the weekends.Wheat and maze areexported.

When the two words express something that we see as a whole we use a singular verb:Br ead and butter wasall we had.

When two phrases are linked by orthe verb usually agrees with the nearest:


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Either my sister ormy neighbours arelooking after the dog when Im at sea.

A phrase of measurement takes a singular verb:Ten miles istoo far to walk.Thir ty pounds seemsa reasonable price.

Titles and names also take a singular verb when they refer to one thing:Star Wars wasa very successful film.

A phrase with as well as, with, and, in brackets or between commas takes a singularverb:

George, together withsome of his friends, isbuying a yacht.After not only...but also, the verb agrees with the nearest phrase:

Not onlyGeorge but alsohis friends arebuying the yacht.If a phrase comes after a noun, the verb agrees with the first noun:

The shipbetween the two ferries isdamaged.

After a subject with one ofthe verb is singular:One of these messages isfor you.

When a plural noun is preceded by:a number of, a majority of, a lot ofthe verb is in the plural:A large number of l etters werereceived.

We use a singular verb after a subject with everyand each,and compounds with every,some, any, no:

Every student hasto take a test.Nothingever happensin this place.

Alland somewith a plural noun take a plural verb:Some passengers weresitting on the deck.

We use a singular verb after whoor what:Who knows

the answer?After what/which + noun, the verb agrees with the noun:Which day isconvenient?

After none of/ either of/ neither of/ any of+ plural noun phrasewe can use either asingular or a plural verb. The plural is more informal.

I dont know if either(of the batteries) is/aregood.After there, the verb agrees with its complement:

There was an accident.

There weresome accidents.Nouns with a plural form: a plural noun takes a plural formSome nouns are always plural: belongings, clothes, congratulations , earnings, goods,odds, outskirts, particulars, premises, remains, riches, surroundings, thanks, troops,

tropicsetc:The goods werefound to be defective.

Some nouns have a plural form but a singular meaning: news; subjects (of study);sports; games: billiards, darts; illness: measles, mumpsetc. therefore the agreement ismade with the singular verb:

Bil liards isa game.Pair nouns: binoculars, glasses, jeans, pants, pincers, pliers, pyjamas, scales,scissors, shorts, spectacles, tights, trousers, tweezersetc. A plural noun takes a pluralverb:


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Where are the pli ers?

Group nouns, also called collective nouns, can take a verb in the singular or plural,depending whether we see the noun as a whole or as a number of individuals:

The crew was / werein a cheerful mood.Some group nouns are: army, association, audience, board, choir, class, club, college,committee, community, company, council, crew, crowd, enemy, family, firm, gang,government, group,jury, majority, navy, orchestra, party, population, press, public,school, staff, team, union, universityetc.The names of institutions, companies and teams are also group nouns:

Brazil is/areexpected to win.

Grammar Practice. Noun

Exercise 1. Use a collective noun for the following:1. father, mother, sonsand daughters;

2. the eleven players in a game of football;

3. a multitude of persons;

4. the group of sailors working on a ship or boat;

5. scores of sheep together.

Exercise 2. Use a compound noun to illustrate:

1. a desk for writing at;

2.an engine driven by steam;3. a wall made of stone;

4. a man who makes a wall by laying bricks one on top of the other;

5. a machine for washing clothes;

6. a box for holding matches;

7. a room in which you sleep;

8. a room in which you wash;

9. a pen containing ink in it;

10. a railway carriage in which people can take their meals.

Exercise3. Give the plural of the following nouns . Use them in sentences.

a) bus, town, woman, box, fly, key, bee, Englishman. tooth, wish, goose, city, potato,book, child, leaf, life, foot, apple, toy, ball, wolf, safe, ox.b) brush, thief, Chinese, German, donkey, shelf, fish, cliff, Swiss, inch, sheep, louse,bamboo, handkerchief, axe, proof, phenomenon, dynamo, means, piano.c) echo, loaf, niece, half, chief, volcano, Japanese, deer, mouse, knife, birth, daughter,buffalo, atlas.


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Exercise 4. Give the plural of the following nouns; explain the differences between

the two forms and use them in sentences: fruit, fish, damage, air, compass, pain,colour.

Exercise 5. Fill in the gaps with the most suitable noun:

Model: a . . . of cards; a pack of cards:1. a ... of boots; 2. a of sheep; 3. a of cattle; 4. a of hounds; 5. a of birds; 6. aof mosquitoes; 7. a of fish; 8. a of trousers; 9. aof swine; 10. a of robbers;11. a of stockings; 12. a of whales; 13. a of footballers; 14. a of wolves; 15.an at a concert; 16. a of flowers; 17. a of lies;

Exercise 6. Give the feminine correspondents of the following masculine nouns:a) man, father, brother, milkman, Englishman, son-in-law, sportsman, nephew, boy, Mr,husband, uncle, chairman.

b) widower, wizard, waiter, bachelor, lord, king, bridegroom, hero, dog, bull, horse,gander, ram, peacock , drone.c) duke, prince, actor, god, host, waiter, manager, tzar, sultan, poet, nephew, vixen.

Exercise 7. Form nouns by adding the appropriate noun-forming suffixes to the

following adjectives:

SUFFIX 1 2 3-ness short existential mean-ism cruel foolish childish-th sane social anxious

-dom gay short long-(i)ty/iety free wide strong

Exercise 8. Give the corresponding nouns for the following verbs and adjectives:

To bleed, to bath, to sing, to believe, to breathe, to feed, to lose, to live, to prove, tochoose;Broad, deep, long, strong, wide, new.

Exercise 9. Use the Saxon geni tive (s)in the following sentences:1. He knows nothing about the climate of this country.2. Do you know the name of the typist of the manager?3. The new car of the friend of his cousin is a Dacia 1300.4. Jane doesnt know the time table of her daughter.5. She does not doubt the good intentions of the parents of her husband.6. You can easily notice the first signs of spring.

7. The dresses of the shop-girls are the best advertisement.8. They all welcomed the protection of the police.9. These are the best plays of Shaw.10. He has been studying the folklore of Scotland for several years.11. The parents of all the children are present at the meeting.12. She wont say a word about the purpose of her life.13. The industry of Romania is in full swing.14. The high note of the nightingale can be easily heard.


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Exercise 10. Translate into Romanian:

1. Weve run out of orange juice; youd better go to the grocers and buy some.2. My husbands new suit is not ready yet; it is still at the tailors.3. When you go to UK dont miss the chance to go to Madame Tussauds.4. They usually buy fresh fruits at the greengrocers every Monday morning. 5. Have you ever seen St. Jamess?6. They decided to go to the lawyers tomorrow at noon.7. On your way home you might stop at the tobacconists and buy some cigarettes for

me.8. I have been an employee at Fords for twenty years.9. Ill go to the hairdressers later.10. Before my coming back home, I dropped into the bakers where I bought a loaf of soft

bread and these delicious rolls.

Exercise 11. Translate into English paying attention to the genitive case:

1. Strzile acestui ora sunt foarte largi.2. Cstoria copiilor prietenilor mei a avut loc acum dou sptmni.3. Acesta este noul profesor de matematic al fiului meu.4. nainte de a ncepe orele, am fcut o plimbare de douzeci de minute.5. Personalul acestei companii este format din treizeci de oameni.6. In intervalul de o lun care urmeaz, terminm toate examenele.7. La vrsta lui, o cltorie de zece ore cu trenul trebuie s fie foarte obositoare.8. Nu trebuie s uitm niciodat de drepturile celor sraci.9. O ateptare de cinci minute nu mai conteaz.10. Ziarul de ieri a publicat multe tiri interesante.

Exercise 12. Form derivative nouns from the followingVerbs:

1. to decide 2.to approve 3. to discuss 4. to refer 5. to discover 6. to teach 7. to weigh 8.togrow 9. to pay 10. to perform 11. to limit 12. to betray.

Adjectives:1. national 2. wise 3. likely 4. free 5. great 6. weak 7. kind 8. happy 9. true 10. deep11. high 12. warm

Nouns:1. dictator 2. friend 3. scholar 4. leader 5. child 6. piano 7. music 8. mathematics9.science 10. host 11. widow 12. waiter.

Exercise 13. Rewrite in the plural:

1.This is a box.2. Thats a lorry.3. Wheres the knife?4. Is it your watch?5. This is a new house.6. Thats an old chimney.7. That isnt my dress.8. Thats a shoe.9. Whos this man?


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alarm gum

post clockbaby stop

heart tale

burglar attackfairy office

credit lenses

bus card

bank alarm

contact account

Exercise 16 Underline the nouns in the texts and put the plural ones in the singular:

1. Thieves stole the cameras and videos from two shops in Stapleton Road

yesterday. They also took several boxes of video cassettes and hundreds of audiocassettes.

2. Two police officers were injured in a fight last night. One policeman lost fourteeth. Three other people were also injured. The police were called to the Central car parkwhere there was a fight involving about two dozen young men and women. Dozens ofcars and two buses were damaged.

Example: pl. thieves = sg. thief

Exercise 17. Complete the sentences with the plural form of the words in brackets:My hotels a bit primitive. Ive seen (1 mouse)_____ in my room! And there are (2fly)_____ everywhere during the day and (3 mosquito) _____ at night. But the (4 beach)_____ are beautiful.

There are a lot of old (5 church) _____ on the island and Ive taken lots of (6 photo)_____ of them.Every day I buy two small (7 loaf) _____ of bread and some (8 fruit) _____ , usually (9peach) _____ , (10 orange) _____ and (11 tomato) _____ . But the (12 shelf) _____ in theshops are almost empty, so yesterday I went fishing and caught two (13 fish) _____ formy lunch.There arent any (14 bus) _____ so I walk everywhere. My (15 foot) _____ really hurt. Iwant to go into the mountains. They say there are (16 wolf) _____ there.The (17 person) _____ are very friendly. Sometimes (18 family) _____ come out to sayhello when I walk past. The (19 man) _____ have two or three (20 wife) _____ anddozens of (21 child) _____. I dont think their (22 life) _____ have changed for (23century) _____. Its certainly one of the most unspoilt (24 country) _____ Ive ever beento.

Exercise 18. Which are the 15 countable nouns in this news report?Hi! Youre listening to GWR Radio. What a terrible morning! There have been

several accidents on the roads. A number of people were hurt in an accident on the M 32motorway when two cars crashed near Junction 4. And there are a few problems for railtravellers. Many trains between cities in the west and London are running twenty to thirtyminutes late.


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Exercise 19. What are the eight uncountable nouns in the news report of the

explosion at Brislington?An explosion has destroyed a chemical factory in Brislington. Thanks to the

courage of the fire-fighters no one was hurt. The air around the factory is still thick withsmoke, and for their own safety, residents have been told not to drink the water. Residentsare worried about their childrens health and the dama ge to the environment caused bythe explosion.

Noun + verb agreement

Exercise 20. Choose the right form of the verbs in brackets:

1. His family (is/ are) in Bucharest now.2. The news (was/ were) a great surprise for all of us.3. People (rush/ rushes) home when the days work is over.4. Our football team (plays/ play) this evening.5. Your group (is/ are) made up of thirty students.6. The audience (is/are) listening to the piano player.7. The cattle (is/are) entering the ranch yard.8. The committee (agrees/agree) with all the changes.9. The furniture in my daughters room (is/are) new and modern.10.The crew of the ship (was/were) gathered on the upper deck.11.The parliament (is/are) voting a new law.12.The luggage (was/were placed) on the luggage rack.13.Where (is/are) my glasses?14.Mathematics (is/are) his favourite subject at school.15.My cousins trousers (is/are) very expensive. 16.Proceedings of the conference (is/are) published within a week.17.The particulars of the witness (is/are) taken down by a young policeman.18.There (is/are) enough money in the drawer.19.Measles (is/are) a very dangerous catching disease.20.The customs (is/are) not far from here.

Exercise 21. Choose the correct form of the verb:

1. Clothes (isnt/ arent) cheap nowadays.2. People (doesnt/ dont) buy clothes that are too expensive.3. 60 pounds (is/ are) a lot of money for a pair of jeans.4. The government (is/ are) trying to keep prices low.

Exercise 22. Choose the correct verb forms:His clothes (1 are/ is) _____ very old. His trousers (2 has got/ have got) _____

holes in them and his glasses (3 are/ is) _____ broken. All his belongings (4 is/ are)_____ in a bag on his back. The police often (5 stops/ stop) _____ him and (6 asks/ ask)_____ him questions. People (7 avoid/ avoids) _____ him in the streets. His earnings (8are/ is) _____ very small. He gets 40 pounds a week from social security. For him 40pounds (9 is/ are) _____ a lot of money. Im not interested in possessions, he says,mathematics (10 are/ is) _____ my passion.


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UNIT 2PORT DESCRIPTION

THE ARTICLE AND OTHER DETERMINERS

What i s a port?

A port is a place where goods, passengers and mail are transferred to, from, or

between carriers of the same or different modes.Ships and cargo move cargo and people from one place to another place, so they

need ports where ships can load and unload.Every port has areas called docks where ships tie up along the quayside. The docks

are often inside an area of water called a harbour, which is protected from the sea by amassive stone wall or natural cliffs. On the docks there are huge cranes for unloading theships and warehouses for storing cargo.

In the port area there may be ship repair yards, parts shops and customs offices.Until recently, large numbers of people were employed as dockers and many majorcoastal towns and cities have grown up around ports. But the increased use of containershas dramatically reduced the number of workers.

Huge merchant ships now dock at purpose-built ports or terminals, which arespecially designed for handling cargoes, such as containers, oil and gas.

Tying up.Berthing ropes hooked over bollards are used to tie ships to the quayside.Quays may also be known as wharves.

The pil ot.The entrance to a harbour is often narrow and busy. It may also have

treacherous shallow areas such as sandbanks outside it. A pilot is a person who knows theharbour well. He or she always takes control of large ships to guide them as they enterand leave the port.

H igh and dry.Repair and maintenance facilities in port may include a dry dock.Scaffolding is erected to keep the ship upright.

Unloading in port. Dockside cranes unload ships in the port. The crane can bemoved along the dockside on railway tracks.

Facts: A marina is a small harbour area where leisure craft such as motorboatsand sailing yachts tie up. Marinas are usually separate from the normal harbour.

They are also common on coasts where there are few natural harbours for smallboats to shelter in; each bay, called a berth, in a marina has water and electricity

supplies.Port location. The location of a port is a major consideration with regard to its

economic functions. Geographers consider location in terms of site and situation.Siterefers to the characteristics of the area occupied by the port; situation refers to therelations of the port location to the hinterland and to overseas or forelands with which theport has connections.


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What is the difference between a port and a harbour?

Nearly all ports include portions of one or more harbours; a harbour may serve asingle port, as in the case of a large harbour (San Francisco Bay), several ports, orseveral harbours may serve one port (London, Chicago, Sydney).

VOCABULARY

Load= a ncrcaUnload= a descrcaTie up = a legaQuay = cheiCrane = macaraWarehouse = depozit

Shipyard = antiernavalHandle = a manevra, a manipulaHook = a ndoi, a ncovoiaBollard = bolard, baba, bintaWharf, ves = chei, debarcader, pontonTreacherous = inelator, nesigurShallow area = zona cu apa micaMaintenance = ntreinereScaffolding = schelrieRailway track = inade cale feratShelter = adpost

Berth = danaLeisure craft = ambarcaiunede agrementHinterland = regiune situata in interior (dincolo de rmsau de grani)Foreland = cap, promontoriuSite = loc, amplasament

THE ARTICLE AND OTHER DETERMINERS

DETERMINERS

Definite article - themanIndefinite article - atree, an apple

Zero article - men, trees, applesDEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES - thisnewspaper,- that magazine- these/thoseships

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES - my/your/his/her/its

our/their uniformINTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVES - what/which/whose

book do you want?


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INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES - eachstudent,

- every day, somebooks,- any officer, norules,- eitherside,- neithersailor

PREDETERMINERS precede the determiners:

a) allthebooks, bothmychildren, both ofthesefeatures, half these cadetsb) multiplicative numerals: twicetheamount, threetimes the sumc) fractions: one-thirdthetime, three quartersthetotal

POST DETERMINERS

a) ordinal numerals: the first three important eventsb) theothername, thenextduty station, thelastshipmentTHE ARTICLE is the part of speech which individualizes objects and

phenomena in a linguistic context; it does not have any fluxionary forms; it worksas a determiner.

The definite article: THE

Functions: it is used to express a unique referencea) deictic function: with nouns whose preference is immediately understood by

the speakers within a context- in a room: the door, the window: Close thewindow, will you?; in a forest: The ground is covered with dry leaves; in a city:Can you tell me how to get to theharbour?

b) anaphoric function: with nouns which were previously mentioned:I bought a book yesterday; thebook is interesting.

c) cataphoric function: when the definite determination is after the noun, expressedby a relative clause: The man who is commanding the shipis the master of thatship.

d) generic function: the noun is used in a general way, as representing a wholeclass: Thehorse is a useful animal.

The definite article used with:proper nouns- theUK, theUSA, theUniversity ofBucharest; plural nouns- the Browns, the Alps, the Carpathians; geographicalnames: theDanube, the Olt, the Suez Canal, the Sahara; names of institutions:

the Lido (Hotel), the National Theatre, the British Museum; newspapers: theTimes, theGuardian; names of ships: theTransylvania.

The indefinite article: A, AN

Functions: a) epiphoric function: to introduce a word which was not mentionedpreviously: There is ayoung officer waiting for you.b)numerical function: the indefinite article has the meaning of one She bought adress,two blouses, and anumbrella.A/onehundred people are on this ship.


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c) generic function: to represent an entire class of objects or beings An officer is a

gentleman.

The zero article: She drinks tea every day;Clothes do not make the man;

In these situations the absence of the article(*) is equal to the presence of it.Functions: 1) generic function:I like coffee/ literature/long walks.

2) for the unique referenceof proper nouns and some common nounsin different contexts:Peter and Mary will go to school in autumn.

Proper nouns used with the zero article:a) names of people:Peter, Dr. Smith, Lord Nelson, father, uncleb) time divisions:Monday, January, Christmasc) geographical names:Asia, England, Parisd) proper nouns followed by common nouns:Bran Castle, Oxford Street

Other determiners:The demonstrative adjective: this / that / these / thoseIt determines a noun, saying how far or close is from the speaker.Functions: a) deictic function(space or time orientation in a context)

This is my desk./ What are thosepeople doing?b) anaphoric function:I saw an English teacher in his new car. This

car is really something.c)cataphoric function: Theselittle children are very pretty.d) emotional function: (to highlight the determined noun)This Tom Brown is always playing the piano at night.

The possessive adjectivereplaces the possessor and determinesthe name of the

possessed object: Peters stamp collection is valuable. His stamp collection isvaluable.

Possessives are used to specify the ownership of an item or, if the noun refers tosomething animate, to specify a relationship: Mr Smith was my teacher when I was astudent in the Academy.

The possessive phrase acts just like a possessive word but is a noun or noun phraseending in s or s. A possessive phrase acts as a possessive determiner but may itselfinclude one of the other determiners: Sallys new job; a good dayswork; the residentsdining room; the visitorsroom.

*the body parts are always preceded by the possessive adjective (myhand, hisleg,herarm) and clothes items also (hiscoat, hergloves, myuniform).

The demonstrative adjectiveWe use demonstratives to show a certain thing or person in a special situation. This

and theserefer to something near the speaker. That and thoserefer to something furtheraway. Thisand thatare singular. Theseand thoseare plural.

When we are in a place or situation or at an event, we use this, notthat, to refer toit:

How long is this weathergoing to last?

We can use thisor thatto refer to something mentioned before:


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I havent got time. Thi s / Thatis the problem.

We can use that/those to replace a noun phrase with the to avoid repeating thenoun:

The temperature of cooling water is lower than thatof the seawater.In informal English, you can use thator thosein front of a noun to refer to things

that are already known to the person you are speaking to:That idiot Antoniohas gone and locked our cabin door.

Grammar Practice. Article

Exercise 1. Put the following sentences into singular:1. Nouns are words.2. Cities are big towns.

3. Horses are animals.4. Roses are beautiful flowers.5. Tables are pieces of furniture.

Exercise 2. Fill the blanks with the requested articles and translate the text:

LITTLETOMMY AND ... HORSE

Tommy: Father, . . . teacher does not know what horse is.Father: Why do you think so, Tommy?Tommy:You know, I drew ... horse yesterday and showed it to ... teacher and he

asked me what it was.

Exercise 3. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate article:

1. Would you like ... cup of ... tea and ... cake?

2. It is better to tell . . . truth than tell . . . lies.

3. Where is ... hat I bought yesterday?

4. Smith, ... man I told you about, is ... very man.

5. I like to eat . . . bread and ... butter in . . . morning.

6. Little Tommy goes to ... school only in morning. 7. He went to . . . bed with . . . bad cold.

8. He crossed ... lake in ... record time.

9. He collects . butterflies, stamps, and matchboxes.10. In ... autumn of ... 2003 we went on ... excursion to . . . Danube Delta.

Exercise 4.Fill the gaps with the appropriate articles:1. Take... little tea; it will do you ... lot of good.2. Out ofsight, out... mind.3. l like lot of. . . sugar in my tea. 4 ... supper is... last meal of... day.5. ... bad drivers are punished by law.6. Take ... chair and make yourself at home; he will be back in ... minute.


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7. This is . . . answer to ... problem ... teacher gave us.

8. There wont be another train for at least hour.9. We had ... dinner together at ... good restaurant yesterday.10. ... Danube, ... Rhine and ... Thames are three important European rivers.

Exercise 5.Put the articles a, an, theinto the gaps:

1. He came to see me ... last week and brought English handbook with him.2. good dictionary is . . . great help to . . . students.3. last night I met Tommy; he said he would come here today if . . . weather

were fine.

4. Come to see me on ... Saturday at ... latest.

5. He works hard by day and sleeps soundly at night.6. ... help came at ... last and ... swimmer was rescued.

7. He works every ... day from . . . early morning till late at . . . night.8. He went into ... inn and asked for ... bread and butter. 9. By ... way, he said, where is ... shop you told me about?

10. What is matter? Have you had ... accident?

Exercise 6.Put the articles into their correct places:Our sun is enormous body with diameter about 108 times that of earth. It would take

train, moving at 60 miles hour; over five years to travel round its circumference. Butthose little pinpoints of light we call stars are also suns, and some of them are verymuch larger and brighter than one which warms our earth. One of them has diameterthree hundred times greater than that of our sun. Of thousands of millions of stars,

which can be seen through powerful telescope, only six thousand or so are visible tonaked eye, and their distance from earth is so tremendous that their combined light isonly about hundredth of that shed by full moon.

(The Childrens New Illustrated Encyclopedia)

Exercise 7.Fill in the blanks with the right articles :When ... sea was not too rough we were often out in little rubber boat ...

taking photographs. I shall not forget ... first time ... sea was so calm that two men feltlike putting ... balloon-like little thing into water and ... going for ... row. They hadhardly got clear of raft when they dropped ... little oars and sat ... roaring with ...laughter. And as ... waves lifted them away and they disappeared and reappeared among seas, they laughed so loud ... every time they caught glimpse of us that their voices

rang out over ... desolate Pacific. We looked round us with ... mixed feelings, and saw ...nothing comic but our own ... bearded faces; but as ... two in ... boat should beaccustomed to those by now; we began to have ... suspicion that they had suddenly gonemad. Sunstroke, perhaps ... two fellows could hardly get back on ... board ... Kon-Tikifor sheer laughter, and gasping, with tears in their eyes, begged us just to go and see forourselves.

Two of us jumped down into ... dancing rubber boat, and were caught by ... seawhich lifted us clear. We sat down at ... once and roared with ... laughter. We had neverbefore had ... outside view of ... ourselves in open sea. ... raft looked exactly like old


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Norwegian hay-loft lying helpless, drifting about in ... open sea, hay-loft full of ...

sunburnt bearded ruffians. If anyone had come paddling after us at ... sea in ... bath weshould have felt ... same spontaneous urge to ... laughter.

(Thor Heyerdahl)

Exercise 8. Fill in the spaces with the definite article wherever necessary:1. She is not ... Mrs. Smith I am looking for.2. My parents live on ... upper floor of an old house; when ... wind blows, all ...

windows rattle.3. ... Carpathians are not so high as ... Alps.4. ... Danube is Romanias longest river.5. ... clock in ... dining room is just striking.6. ... room Helen rushes into as soon as she arrives home is ... kitchen.7. Spring is ... first season of ... year.8. Id like to see Mr Smith, please. Do you mean ... Mr Smith who works in our

department or ... Mr Smith ... sales manager?9. ... British Library is one of ... largest libraries all over ... world.10. What is... French for ... boy?11. ... Mike you met at my place yesterday was not ... Mike I was talking about a

week before.12. I have never feared ... death but ... death of my father was ... greatest loss of my

life.13.Ask them to come downstairs when ... breakfast is ready.14. ... Eatons have also been invited to ... diner at ... Ritz.15.

She goes to school in ... morning and plays tennis in ... afternoon.16.She has always said that ...English language is difficult.

17.On ... Sundays I like to stay in ... bed till ... noon and spend ... time reading ...Sunday papers and magazines.

18.Up to a point, Creang is Mark Twain of ... Romanian literature.19. I have always appreciated ... sublime of ...landscapes in ... Alps.20. If you leave ... home at 7 you can reach ... school in ... time.21.My mother comes to ... school sometimes to speak to .. . headmaster.

Exercise 9. Put the indefinite article aor anin the blanks wherever necessary:1. We usually have ... lunch at 1 oclock, which, as ... rule, consists of three courses...salad, ... dish and ... sweet.2. Go to the grocers and buy ... dozen oranges and ... pound of coffee beans.3. The Smiths I am talking about live in ... wonderful house and drive ... new Ford.4.... old man suffering from ... cold should be given hot tea three times ... day.5. What ... name to give to ... cat!6. There was once ... lonely old woman who lived in ... hut in the outskirts of ...

large town.7.What ... hot day for November! Its such ... pity we cant go for ... hike or take ...

long walk in the wood.8. Jack! ... Mr Thomson wants to see you at once!9. Our friends gave us ... wonderful supper at the ambassador.


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10. She needs ... moments peace after such ... bad piece of news.

11. The youngster was driving with sixty miles ... hour when all of ... sudden ...deer crossed the motorway. He stopped ... few moments later and fled in ...panic without taking ... back look.

12. He was puzzled that he should be in his office at ... time when the GeneralManager was so busy.

13. During the installation of ... newly selected government there may appear many... surprise.

14. Mr Sydney did not appear to be ... man who was making ... joke.15. He was not ... addicted smoker but, now and then, late at ... night, he was

longing for ... cigarette.

Exercise 10.Fill in the spaces with the definite, indefinite or zero article wherever

necessary:1. Good ... morning ..., uncle, said ... boy with ... large smile on his face.

2. From ... photos of ... friends and ... relatives, Mr Abbot selected ... picture of ...Nick Price, ... man who had come to visit them, sometime in ... early 50.

3. She put ... book back on ... piano and went to look out of ... window.

4. His voice was low and carefully modulated... voice of ... man self-consciousabout ... impression he made. Have you ever been to ... Argentine? he askedwith ... undertone of... regret in his voice.

5. Most ... critics admit that ... writer we are talking about is ... new Shaw of ...English literature.

6. Let me offer you ... cup of ... coffee, Professor.

7. He speaks ... French and ... English quite fluently but he has never been to ...France or ... United Kingdom.

8. ... sky was starry, ... moon was shining brightly and ... night was so warm andlovely that all ... guests decided, all of ... sudden, to take ... bath in ... cool wavesof ... Atlantic 0cean.

9. That was not ... sort of ... remark expected of ... right sort of ... chap who

studied at ... UCLA.

10. Nick was reminded of ... joke he had heard at his club at ... lunch.

11. He had ... terrible feeling that ... operation was going to be ... Waterloo of his career.

12. You may go either to ... National Theatre to see ... play or to ... Capitol Cinema

to see ... film.

13. Prime Minister picked up ... telephone and changed his days appointmentsto make ... time to see ... deputy secretary in ... Cabinet Office. 14. ... few

days later we went to ... Henrys dinner at ... Ritz where we met ... old Mr.Snow who claimed to be ... uncle of my wife.

15. Such ... power and ... freedom of ...decision had only five times before been

given to ... American president.


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Exercise 11. Here are some expressions with the noun hand, preceded by the

definite, indefinite or zero article:a. to bite the hand that feeds one; to give smb. the glad hand; the hidden hand; by

the left hand; to have/get the upper hand; the skips hand; a picture by the same hand; onthe right hand; on the one hand; on the other hand; at the best hand; to be on the growinghand.

b. to have a free hand; to have an open hand; not to lift a hand; with a heavy hand;a hand for; an old hand at; a good hand at/in; a poor/bad hand at; to have a hand like afoot; a cool hand; to have a hand in smth.; to take a hand at a game; to make a (good/fine/fair) hand.

c. hand in hand; the matter in hand; to take in hand; light in hand; at hand; by hand;tobind hand and foot; supplies on hand; to have a free hand; to have an open hand; to

shake hands; clean hands; off hand; hand and glove; hand over; from hand to mouth; outof hand; at first hand; second hand; from good hands.A. Choose some of them and make sentences of your own.B. Find some more new set expressions and build up sentences of your own.

Exercise 12. Put the definite or the indefinite article into the blank spaces wherenecessary. Translate the jokes.

A) (1. ...) landlord was sitting with his shepherd on (2. ...) hill commanding (3. ...)fine view of (4. ...) valley. Seeing (5. ...) flock of (6. ...) sheep at (7. ...) rest in (8. ...)shadiest nook, he observed to his companion, John, if I were (9. ... ) sheep, I wouldprefer to lie in(10. ...) sun. Ah, my lord, retorted (11. ...) shepherd, were you (12. ...)sheep, you would have more sense.

B) If (1. ...) earthquake engulfed England, (2. ...) English would manage to meetamong (3. ...) ruins and organize (4. ...) dinner just to celebrate (5. ...) painful event.Thats what (6. ... ) people of (7. ... ) other nationalities are apt to say about (8. ...)English. Should (9. ...) English be consulted on (10. ...) subject they would say (11. ...)same thing about (12. ...) French and their love of (13. ...) good dinners.

C) (1. ...) outside temperature being ten degrees below (2. ...) zero, it wasunusually cold in (3. ...) school room.

What is (4. ...) Latin for cold? asked (5. ...) school-master addressing one of hisboys, who seemed to be suffering from cold more than (6. ...) others. Oh, sir, answered(7. ...) lad, his hands thrust in his trousers pockets, I cant tell you for (8. ...) moment,

although I have it at my fingers ends.

D) Dr. Crisp was invited to (1. ...) party in (2. ...) country place. (3. ...) dinner beinglate and(4. ...) company not quite to his taste, (5. ...) doctor strolled out into (6. ...) gardenand then to (7. ...) nearby churchyard. When (8. ...) dinner was served at last and (9. ...)doctor had not yet returned, one of (10. ...) guests wondered where he could have gone.(11. ...) master of (12. ...) house, annoyed by Dr. Crisps (13. ...) absence, explained that(14 ) churchyard being not far from there, (15. ...) doctor had gone to visit his formerpatients.


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E) (1. ...) Englishman, driving in (2. ...) hackney-coach through France, was

annoyed at (3. ...) slowness of (4. ...) pace. He tried to make (5. ...) coachman drive fasterbut all in vain. (6. ...) man couldnt understand either his English or his broken French.Then it occurred to (7. ...) Englishman, both his English and his French being Greek to (8....) coachman, to use (9. ...) high-sounding words that might frighten (10. ...) fellow. Sohe roared into his ear. Westmorland, Cumberland, Northumberland, Durham! whichhad (11. ...) desired effect, (12. ...) coachman taking these words for some terrible threat.

F) In 1870 Mark Twain was walking along (1. ...) streets of Boston when henoticed in (2. ...) shop window (3. ...) machine he had never seen before. He entered(4. ...) shop, asked (5. ...) shop-assistant how (6. ...) ,,monster functioned and bought itfor 125 dollars. He brought home (7. ...) machine he had nicknamed (8. ...) monster andstarted practicing on it at once. (9. ...) machine was (10. ...) typewriter and Mark Twain

typed (l1. ...) whole book on it. When he brought his manuscript to (12. ...) editor,(13. ...) latter was delighted. He made Mark Twain promise him to bring everything hewould write later on typed, on this wonderful machine. (14. ...) Tom Sawyer was(15. ...) first book Mark Twain had typewritten.

G) You certainly know that (1. ...) waterproof coat is often called (2. ...)mackintosh. But perhaps you dont know that (3. ...) word is (4. ...) surname.In (5....) year 1823 in (6. ...) Scotland there lived (7. ...) man whose (8. ...) name wasCharles Mackintosh. (9. ...) climate of his country being rainy, he would often getdrenched to (10. ...) skin and heartily disliked it. One day, having some rubber at hisdisposal, he decided to rubberize his coat. Now he could walk outdoors in any weather,

his rubberized coat protecting him from (11. ...) rain. Most of his friends and (12. ...)friends of his friends admired (13. ...) waterproof coat and wanted to have their own coatsrubberized likewise. Soon (14. ...) tradesmen took up his invention. (15. ...) Waterproofcoats became all (16. ...) fashion and (17. ...) staple product of (18. ...) town, (19. ...) nameof (2o. ...) inventor, though not (21. ...) inventor himself, getting (22. ...) worldwidepopularity.

Exercise 13. Fill in the gaps with thewhere necessary.

I hate 1 ___ November! It doesnt get light till 2 ___ 8 oclock in 3 ___ morning.Then its dark again as early as 4 ___ 4 oclock in 5 ___ afternoon. After 6 ___Christmas, 7 ___ days start to get a bit longer, but 8 ___ weather starts to get colder. On 9___ Friday 10 ___ last week, 11 ___ temperature was minus 10 C. 12 ___ next week 13___ weather forecast is 14 ___ same.

Exercise 14. Put a or an before these words: 1 job, 2 union, 3 unusual name 4enormous ice cream 5 holiday, 6 honest man.

Exercise 15. Put in a/ an where necessary:

1. She works in restaurant in street near the station.2. For lunch she only has apple and glass of milk.3. Anns friend works in pub. Shes barmaid. She works three evenings week. She

earns 4.50/ hour.


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Exercise 16. Match the two parts of the sentences.

a. I normally go to the dentist once 1. a dozenb. These roses cost $20 2. a litrec. The car was doing 150 kilometres 3. a yeard. Lamb is selling at 7.50 4. a weeke. The Sunday Mail is published once 5. a metref. Electric cable costs 50 cents 6. a kilog. How much is the oil? ~ 2.50 7. a dayh. The mail is delivered twice 8. an hour

Exercise 17. Complete the sentences with a / an or the.

1. ___ taxi they phoned for arrived late at their house.2. ___ taxi-driver didn't say he was sorry.

3. ___ traffic jam was caused by ___ accident on___ motorway. ___ car hadcollided with ___ lorry.

Exercise 18. Put in the where necessary:

1. We had ___ breakfast at ___ home in London before we left.2. ___ bus station was on 38th Street.3. We went to ___ hotel by ___ taxi.4. We're flying home ___ next Thursday.

Exercise 19.Complete the sentences, using the where necessary.

1. Our hotel manager went to ___ school in England, then went to ___ university inthe States.

2. The New York police arrested a man for the shooting. He was a cleanerat ___ university.

3. He'll appear in ___ court next week. He'll definitely go to ___ prison.

Exercise 20. There are seven examples of the in this text. How do you know which

thing or person the writer is referring to, in each case?

a. because it is only one in the immediate situation;b. because it is only one anywhere;c. because it has been referred to before, in the text;d. because the writer is specifying which one, by adding extra information. Neil

Armstrong was the first person to set foot on the surface of the moon. The words that hesaid are famous: 'That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for the mankind.' He and

his co-pilot Buzz Aldrin then planted a flag and collected rocks. The flag is probably stillthere. The rocks have helped the scientists understand the history of the solar system.

Exercise 21 Complete the sentences with aor an, the or no article.

1. 'How much are the leeks?' 'They're 80 pence a pound.'2. I went to ___ wonderful concert by ___ London Symphony Orchestra.3. ___ local school is soon to be closed.4. I usually go to ___ work by ___ train.5. Is ___ meat in ___ oven?6. Is this ___ first time you've been to ___ Isle of Man?


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7. He's ___ art teacher and she's ___ electrician.

8. A lot of people give ___ money to ___ charity at this time of the year.9. What ___ beautiful face that child's got!10. ___ British usually have ___ butter on their bread.11. ___ life is very difficult for ___ unemployed these days.12. ___ Leader of ___ Opposition is in danger of losing her seat at ___ nextelection.13. I like to have ___ cup of ___ tea when I wake up in ___ morning.14. I saw ___ fox this morning. I think it must have been ___ same one that I sawlast week.

15. Can I have ___ apple?16. Have you ever seen ___ Acropolis in ___ Athens?17. ___ police have had a lot of support from ___ general public over this issue.

18. ___ shirts on ___ washing-line should be nearly dry now.19. ___ people don't like him because of his selfish life.20. I bought my sister ___ book and ___ bottle of ___ perfume for her birthday butI don't think she liked ___ perfume.

Grammar Practice Possessives

Exercise A.Put the correct possessive adjective or pronoun:

1. I cant play tennis because Ive forgotten _____ tennis shoes.

2. Jessica cant play because shes forgotten _____ too.3. Amy cant play because hes broken _____ arm.4. Rachel and Amanda cant play because theyve forgotten _____ rackets.5. Jilly and Laura have lost _____ !6. Clares at home. Shes looking after her cat. Its broken _____ leg.7. Can you play Lee? Or have you forgotten _____ racket?

Grammar Practice Demonstratives

Exercise AComplete this dialogue with this, these, thator those:

Customer: Can I have half a kilo of 1_____ tomatoes on the shelf behind you?Assistant: 2 _____ here, do you mean?Customer: Yes, thats right. And have you got any of 3 ______ oranges you had

last week?Assistant: No, we havent got any of 4 _____ but 5 _____ here are just as nice.Customer: All right, Ill have a kilo of 6 _____ please.Assistant: Anything else?Customer: Yes, can I have a cabbage please?Assistant: How about 7 _____ one?


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Customer: Yes, 8 _____ looks fine.

Assistant: Anything else?Customer: No, 9 _____ s all thanks. Assistant: 10 _____s 3.45 altogether.


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UNIT 3

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF A SHIP

THE PRONOUN AND THE NUMERAL

What is a ship?People have used rafts, boats and ships to travel across water for many thousands

of years. At its simplest, a ship is any craft that travels on water, but ships have developedfrom simple log rafts to vast oil tankers. This development has affected life on land, inshipbuilding yards, and at ports where hundreds of people work loading and unloadingcargo.

The difference between a ship and a boat is not very clear. Generally, ships arelarger and travel across seas and oceans. Boats are smaller and usually travel on rivers,lakes and coastal waters.

Ships and boats come in a huge variety of shapes and sizes and have a wide rangeof uses from simple rowing boats to massive cruise liners.

Different types of ships do a wide range of jobs in different fields like transport,commerce, leisure, exploration and combat.

Parts of a shipThe fishing trawler looks similar to many other ships and boats. The body of the

boat is called the hull. The backbone of the hull is the keel. The bow (front) is sharplypointed to cut easily through the water. A deck provides a watertight covering for the

crew to work on. An engine-driven propeller pushes the ship along. The rudder at thestern (back) is used for steering.

Ships and other objects that float can do so because the water they are floating inpushes upward against them. This pushing force is called upthrust. An object will float ifthe upthrust of the water is great enough to overcome the downward push of the objectsweight. The simplest boats float because the material they are made of is less dense thanwater. Heavy metal ships float because they are specially designed to displace a largeweight of water. Not all water has the same density. Salt water is denser than fresh waterand gives a stronger upthrust. Ships float higher in salty seawater than in fresh lake water.

Facts: One of the earliest uses of boats was fishing. Today there are fishing boats

designed to catch different fish in all sorts of conditions- from calm lakes to thedeep oceans. Fishing trawlers drag nets through the water behind them.

The largest moving machines ever built are big cargo ships. There are different typesdesigned to carry different types of cargoes.

Submersibles and submarines are the only types of boat designed to travel under the

water as well as on top. Submersibles are small craft used for underwater research,exploration and repairs to pipes and cables. Submarines are usually larger and mostare for military purposes. They are used to launch missiles and sink ships.


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The fastest boats are racing powerboats. They are one of many types of boats used for

having fun on the water. Their hulls are designed to rise out of the water and skim thesurface at high speed.

VOCABULARY

Trawler = traulerDeck = punteBridge = punte de comandFunnel = code navHull = coca navei, corpul naveiKeel = chilaBow = provaStern = pupa

Rudder = crmaSteering = guvernare, meninere pe drumWatertight = etanla apUpthrust = (mec) fora ascensionalCargo = incarcatura(transportatpe mare)Cargo ship = navde mrfuri, cargouPipe = eava, conductMissile = rachetSkim the surface = a tangentsuprafaa apei

THE PRONOUN

The pronoun is the part of speech that replaces a noun, a whole noun phrase oranother pronoun. It has the grammatical category of person, gender, number and case.Different from the noun the pronoun has:a) marked gender in the 3rdperson singular- he/ she/ itb) marked number using different words- I/ we/ he/ theyc) the contrast between accusative/ dativeI/ me, he/ him

The pronoun has three cases:a) Nominative (pronoun as subject) : I, you, he, she, it, they, we, whob) Objective ( pronoun as object): me, you, him, her, it, us, them, whomc) Possessive (pronouns showing ownership): my/mine, your/ yours, his, her/ hers, its,

our/ ours, their/ theirs, whoseThere are seven types of pronoun, classified according to their meaning and use.

The personal pronoun

This type of pronoun shows the persons that take part in a dialogue or replaces theobject we talk about; it has gender, number and case, and different syntactical functions.

Person category. In English, the pronoun and the verb are the only parts of speechthat have the grammatical category of person: Iam a captain. Heis a sailor.

The pronoun is the only indicator of a person, that is why, it is mentioned incommunication in English: I speak English. (Eu) vorbesc engleza.

The personal pronoun can have a generic function: Hewho laughs last laughs best(universal truth). Cine rde(that one who)


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The pronoun you is sometimes used as an indefinite: You can never tell (nu se

tie)They,having the meaning of people in general: Theymake ships in the shipyard.Gender category. This category appears with the 3rd person singular: he (male

gender), she(female gender), it(neuter gender). He/ shemay also replace some animateor inanimate nouns of neuter gender: The ship/ shehas already arrived.

Number category. The personal pronoun wehas two uses: exclusive we, meaning I+ he (Can wecome at 8 oclock?); inclusivewe, meaning I + you (How are wefeelingtoday?)

The form youis used both for the second person singular and second person plural.The plural youis an inclusive plural (you=you + he).

Only the 3rdperson plural is a real plural: they=he + he + he.Syntactical functions: 1. subject: Heis an officer.

2. predicate:It is hewho did it.3. indirect object: Can you tell methe way to the harbour?

4. direct object:I like her.The reflexive pronounThis type of pronoun has the following particularities: it has the 1st, 2nd, 3rdperson

like the personal pronoun; gender forms for the 3rd person singular (himself, herself,itself); they are spelledselfin the singular (myself, yourself) andselvesin the plural(ourselves,yourselves, themselves).

The reflexive pronoun is used when the speaker is referring to an action that he orshe has caused to happen and of which he or she is the object:I cut myselfbadly.

It is also used when the direct object or prepositional object of a sentence has the

same reference as the subject:John dressedhimself

in his most formal suit.The reflexive form oneselfcan be used to refer to persons in general: One shouldkeep oneself as warm as possible this winter.

There are verbs with obligatory reflexive pronoun: absent oneself, behave oneself,prideoneself (I pride myselfon my boats).

There are verbs after which the reflexive pronoun can be omitted, without changingthe meaning: comb, dress, shave, wash (He went into his cabin and washed himself/washed).

Syntactical functions: direct object: She helped herselfto another piece of cake.indirect object:He allowed himselfa break.predicate: She is always herself.

The reflexive can also be used to make some clauses more emphatic. To make a

strong point, we sometimes use a normal subject or object pronoun and a reflexivepronoun as well: The sailor himself drew the map/ The sailor drew the map himself.

Its syntactical function is that of an apposition: The captain himselfhelped thecrew.

The possessive pronoun

The possessive pronoun replaces both the name of the possessed object and thepossessor; it has gender, person, number and case. They are used when you want toindicate who owns or is associated with an item.

The forms are: mine/ yours/ his/ hers/ ours/ theirs.


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Attention!Do not confuse the possessive pronouns with the possessive adjectives

(which are noun determiners):It is myship/ It is mine.

The interrogative pronounThe interrogative pronouns who, whom and whose are used only for reference to

people. The interrogative pronouns which and whatcan be used for reference to peopleand things. This type of pronouns allow us to build questions around the thing that thepronoun refers to: Whois dancing with Lucy?/ Whose are these clothes?/ Whichis thebest book you have aver read?

Who is used to ask questions about people in general: Who did this?Whatis used to ask for things in general: Whatis she?/ Whatis the meaning of this

word?Which implies selection among a limited number of persons or objects: Whichof

thetools do you need?/ Whichis your favourite poet?Whoseis the possessive form of the pronoun: Whoseis the car over there?Whomis the object form of who. It is the formal word, used in writing especially:

Whodo you have in writing?/ Whomhaveyou in mind?/ Who were you speaking to?/ Towhomwere you speaking?

The relative pronoun

The relative pronouns are: who, whom, which, and that.They link a subordinateclause to a main clause:I know people who/ thatdont like the job of a sailor.

A subordinate clause introduced by a relative pronoun is called a relative clause.Relative pronouns refer back to a noun phrase or pronoun that has just been

mentioned. This is called the antecedentof the relative pronoun. It is usually the nearestnoun phrase or pronoun. Some of these pronouns (who, whom) can introduce descriptiverelative clauses (sentences which bring supplementary, nonessential information): Mysuperior, towhom you were speaking ju st now, wants you to follow his orders.

They also introduce restrictive relative clauses (sentences which bring informationnecessary to clarify the meaning): The boy who thr ew the anchorwill be punished.Who and whomare restricted to human antecedents:The man whojust left is mycaptain.

Which is not used for human subjects or objects, and introduces both descriptiveand restrictive relative clauses: Swimming, which is an enjoyable sport, makes peoplestrong and healthy; The bottle which you are drinking out ofhas just been brought.

That is used only in restrictive sentences: The chair that was broken yesterdayhasbeen mended.

The relative pronouns can also be omitted in restrictive sentences: The magazine(that) you lent me is very interesting.

The indefinite pronoun

The indefinite pronouns are used in a general sense when you do not know or donot need to say precisely who or what you are referring to. They show global (all) orpartial (each,either) objects or phenomena.

The indefinite pronouns can be grouped according to meaning, as follows:a) general amounts and quantities: most, some, none, any, all, both, half, several,

enough, many, each;


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b) choice or alternatives: either, neitherc) undefined singular or multiple persons and things: someone-somebody-something,

anyone-anybody-anything, no one-nobody-nothing, everyone-everybody-everything.Some is used in affirmative sentences: There are some on the deck./ He bought

some. It can also be used in interrogative sentences when you offer something: Will youhave some?

Anyis used in interrogative and negative sentences:Have you got any? I haventgot any.

Eachrefers to the members of a group, one by one:Each of them wanted to try.Either (negative form neither) is used mostly in interrogative and negative

sentences:Have you seen eitherof them?/ Neitherof them is right.Every is used as a determiner only: Every member of a crew must do his job

onboardship. All its compounds are used as indefinite pronouns: Everybodyis present/ Ihave everythingI need.

Allshows the totality of objects or beings and replaces the uncountable nouns inthe plural: I have read them all;or uncountable nouns in the singular: I have read al labout this subject

Onehas only one form, no matter the gender, number or case: There were two menon the deck, onewas young and onewas old.

Onewith impersonal value is used in a general way: Oneshould always performhis/ her duty.

NumbersThere are two common kinds of number.Cardinal numbersare used in all forms of counting that involves a total: onechair/

twochairs; a hundredpeople/ ten thousandpounds.The ordinal numberis used to give the place of something in an ordered sequence.

Ordinals are mostly formed by adding thto a cardinal number (fourth, fifth, twentieth,forty-ninth, hundredth). Exceptions are the words first, second and third, andcombinations which contain them, such as twenty-first:

The firsthorse home was disqualified/ It is his fifty-secondbirthday in August.To show that a cardinal number is only approximate, the wordsomeis often used:Some two hundredpeople gathered in the pouring rain.

Grammar Practice. The Pronoun

Exercise I. Complete the sentences. Use I / me / you/ she / her etc.

1. I want to see herbutshe doesnt want to see me2. They want to see himbut doesnt want to see3. She wants to see himbut doesnt want to see ..4. We want to see thembut dont want to see5. He wants to see usbut dont want to see 6. They want to see herbut doesntwant to see..7. I want to see thembut dont want to see .8. Youwant to see herbut doesnt want to see


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Exercise II. Write sentences beginning I like .. , I dont like , or Do you like?

1. I dont eat tomatoes.I dont like them.2. George is a very nice man. I like 3. This jacket isnt very nice. I dont ..4. This is my new car. Do ?5. Mrs Clark isnt very friendly. I 6. These are my new shoes..?

Exercise III. Complete the sentences.1. I want that book. Can yougive it to me?2. He wants the key. Can you give ?3. She wants the key. Can you ..?4. I want that letter. Can you..?

5. They want the money. Can you.?6. We want the photographs. Can you?

Exercise IV. Finish the sentences.

1. Im going to wash my hands.2. Shes going to wash ..3. Were going to wash 4. Hes going to wash ..5. Theyre going to wash .6. Are you going to wash?

Exercise V. Complete the sentences. Use my / his / their etc with one of these words:

coat homework house husband job key name

1. Jim doesnt enjoy his job .Itsnot very interesting.2. I cant open the door. I havent got 3. Sally is married works in a bank. 4. Its very cold today. Put on when you go out. 5. What are the children doing? Theyre doing6. Do you know that man? Yes, but I dont know7. We live in Barton Street. is at the end on the left.

Exercise VI. Finish the sentences with mine / yours etc.

1. Itsyour money. Its yours.2. Its my bag Its 3. Its our car .Its

4. Theyre her shoes. Theyre .5. Its their house. Its .6. Theyre your books. Theyre 7. Theyre my glasses. Theyre 8. Its his coat. Its .

Exercise VII. Complete the following sentences with they, them, their.

1. Has everybody collectedtheir luggage?2. Tell everyone Ill wait for .here.3. If somebody has called,..would have left a message.


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4. Nobody offered to help.probably didnt have the time.5. If anybody wants to know, tell..to phone this number.

Exercise VIII. Complete the sentences with some or any.

1. We didnt buyany flowers.2. This evening Im going out with friends of mine.3. Have you seen good films recently? No, I havent been to the

cinema for ages.4. I didnt have money, so I had to borrow.. 5. Can I have milk in my coffee, please?6. I was too tired to do.work.7. You can cash these travellerscheques at.bank.8. Can you give meinformation about places of interest in the town?9. With the special tourist train ticket, you can travel ontrain you like.10. If there are words you dont understand, use a dictionary.

Exercise IX. Fill the gaps with each other, ourselves, yourselves or themselves.

1. They spent the whole evening arguing witheach other.2. Their house is very beautiful; they designed it themselves3. Mary met John in April, but they didnt see.again until July. 4. Theyre not friends; in fact, they dont like ..at all.5. Dont ask me to help you. You must do it ..6. We didnt buy it . A friend bought it for us.7. I could hear two people shouting at ..8. Were working in the same office now, so Ron and I see ..every day.

Exercise X. Complete the sentences using both/either/neither + of + us/ them (e.g.neither of us).

1. I went to the concert with Mary, but neither of us enjoyed it very much because

it was very boring.

2. There are two flights we can catch to New York. Both flights cost the same

amount, so we can choose.. .3. I played two games against Harry, and I lost because he is a much

better player than me.

4. I saw Jane and Alison walking down the street and I waved at them,but..saw me because they were talking.

5. I looked at George, and George looked at me. Thenstarted to laughbecause it was such a funny situation.6. A man spoke to us but.could understand him, so we didnt

answer.

7. Tim and I wanted to go to the game, butcould get tickets, so we didntgo.8. I wanted to buy a new camera. There were two cameras in the shop that I liked,

but they were very expensive. I couldnt afford ., so I didnt buyanything.


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Exercise XI. A Spanish student is in England, learning English. She is talking to a

French friend. Complete the text with reflexive pronouns or each other.

A funny thing happened to me yesterday. Juan and I were sitting in a restaurant,speaking Spanish to 1 _____ , of course. I noticed that the English couple at the next tablewere listening. After a few minutes they introduced 2 _____ and we started talking to 3_____ . The English couple said they were trying to teach 4 _____ Spanish. They werefinding it difficult because they could only speak to 5 _____ and they knew they weremaking a lot of mistakes. So we arrange to give 6 _____ language lessons. I would teachthem Spanish and they would teach me English! Its very difficult to teach 7 _____ alanguage, because you dont get a chance to speak it, unless you talk to 8 _____ ofcourse.

Exercise X. Complete the sentences with the correct relative pronoun.

1. Thats the man ____ helped me yesterday.2. Please dont tell him ____I said.3. The house ____ overlook the sea is Naylas.4. Thats the village ____ my mother was born.5. Did you see the people ____ money we found?6. Anyone ____ arrives late will be punished.7. Did he explain _____ went wrong?8. Hes the painter _____ last exhibition was such a failure.9. I read the magazine ____ was lying on the table.10. It was my teacher ____ told me to do the exercise.

The Numeral

Exercise 1. Tick () the correct form in each pair.

1. (49) fourty-nine forty-nine2. (600) six hundred six hundreds3. (4th) fourth forth4. (12th) twelvth twelfth5. ($2,000) two thousand dollars two thousands dollars6. (23rd) twenty-three twenty-third7. (78) eighty-seven seventy-eight8. (8th) eightth eighth9. (17) seventeen seventeenth

10. (5th) fiveth fifth11. (7,000,000) seven million seven millions12. (9th) ninth nineth13. (30th) thirteenth thirtieth14. (395) three hundred and ninety-five three hundred ninety-five

Exercise 2. Write out the following numbers.

1. (211) 10. (14).2. (462)... 11. (2nd)3. (20th) 12. (5,000)


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5. In the last sixty years the Olympic 100m record has improved by four....of a

second.6. Theyre good friends. Theyve been on ......................name terms for years.7. Applications will be dealt with on a .....................come,...................served basis.8. Most people have a special party for their.......................birthday.


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UNIT 4

EXAMINING THE SHIP BY THE CUSTOMS

THE ADJECTIVE. THE ADVERB

It is required that the master of a ship shall report his vessel to the Customs Housewithin 24 hours of arrival in a foreign port. That means that the captain is to fill up theblank form of the captains declaration or report list and to hand it over to the customstogether with certain ships papers: ship register, certificate of practice, bill of health,

manifest of cargo, list of stores, search note and others.All the formalities connected with clearing in and clearing out are fulfilled by the

ships agent. The customs officers come aboard the ship to search and rummage thevessel for unentered goods and to see if there are any prohibited goods or goods liable toduty.

It is well known that each country imposes duties on certain goods brought into thecountry. The Customs House is the Department of Government that collects these duties.The customs officers see to all the formalities that must be fulfilled.

Smuggling of goods is a secret bringing of goods without paying import taxes. Toprevent smuggling such goods as spirits, wines, cigarettes, tobacco, perfumes and othe

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