Istoria lumii prescurtata

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Istoria lumiiTroia Istorie i mitologie

Horia on martie 31, 2013

Troia Cetate din Troada, numit de greci Ilion; este una dintre cele mai cntate dinmitologia clasic, datorit asediului ei i rzboiului declanat de greci pentru a o aduce napoi

pe Elena, soia lui Menelaos, care fusese rpit de Paris, fiul lui Priam. Chiar originea cetiiera pus de scriitorii antici n legtur cu o serie de ntmplri mitice. Potrivit tradiiei, primulrege al Troadei a fost Teucros, de la care locuitorii acelui inut i-au luat numele de teucri;fiica lui s-a cstorit cu Dardanos, cu care a avut doi fii, Ilos i Erihtonios; cel din urm a fost

tatl lui Tros, de la numele cruia au derivat cel al regiunii i ulterior al cetii. Tros a avut unfiu, Ilos, ntemeietorul cetii Ilion sau Troia, cu trimitere la numele lui sau al tatlui su. Lui

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Ilos i-au succedat Laomedon i apoi Priam; n timpul domniei celui din urm au locevenimentele povestite n poemele homerice.

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Renaterea Istoria unei epociBy Horia on februarie 23, 2013 | Scrie un comentariu

RENA TEREA - epoc n istoria Europei, care cuprinde, n linii generale, secolele 14-16,perioada de tranziie de la societatea medieval la cea modern. Renaterea a nceput n Italia,

unde au aprut mai nti germenii rela iilor capitaliste, dar a fost un fenomen general european, care s-a dezvoltat, mai curnd sau mai trziu, n cadrul societ ii medievale, cunoscnd deosebiri de la o ar la alta, n funcie de etapa istoric i de situaia specific, detradiie etc.

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Istoriografia greac i elenistic(ultima parte)

By Horia on februarie 16, 2013

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Xenofon

Dup Tucidide, istoriografia elin cunoate o perioad de evident decdere. Afirmaia estevalabil chiar pentru urmaul su direct, XENOFON. Atenian de origine (nscut prin 427426), discipol al lui Socrate, el a dus o via aventuroas, s-a nrolat n oastea de mercenari cucare Cirus cel Tnr urmrea s-l nlture de pe tronul Persiei pe fratele su Artaxerxes, a fostexilat din Atena, trindu-i o mare parte a vieii la Sparta i participnd la diferite expediii,

pentru a reveni n ultima parte a vieii (a murit dup 354), n cetatea natal.

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Istoriografia greac i elenistic (partea

a doua)By Horia on februarie 15, 2013

Herodot si Tucidide

HERODOT din Halicarnas (n. cca 485 m. cca 420 .Hr.) este considerat, n general, drept

ntemeietorul disciplinei noastre, drept printele istoriei, dup aprecierea lui Cicero.Scrierea sa, Istorii, este, astfel, o oper de pionerat, ceea ce face ca ea s aib importante

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limite; n acelai timp, ns, Herodot a indicat principalele direcii pe care trebuia s meargnoua disciplin, a pus bazele unor importante tradiii, ce aveau s fie dezvoltate ulterior.

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Istoriografia greac i elenistic(prima parte)

By Horia on februarie 13, 2013

Hesiod

Ca i alte manifestri ale spiritului uman, istoriografia n sensul propriu al cuvntului este

un produs al Greciei antice. Faptul i are explicaiile sale bine definite. Elada a oferitgndirii, n general, i celei istoriografice, n particular, condiii mult mai favorabile dectacelea din Orientul antic. Ele rezult, n primul rnd, din superioritatea structurii social-

politice a Greciei antice. Spre deosebire de Orient, unde imense teritorii sunt reunite subputerea despotic a unui monarh, considerat ca o zeitate pe tron, ceea ce nu ngduia o viapolitic i elimina posibilitatea unei gndiri libere, n Grecia predominau statele-ceti; or,multitudinea acestora i specificul organizrii lor au permis participarea unui mare numr deceteni la viaa public. Dezbaterile din agora, prin varietatea lor i relativa libertate n careerau purtate, au contribuit nu numai la stimularea gndirii politice, ci i la dezvoltareageneral a spiritului grec. Printre altele, ele erau de natur s stimuleze preocuprile pentruistorie; n dezbaterea unei probleme contemporane, apelul la trecut era adesea indispensabil

pentru argumentarea unei anumite hotrri.

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Revolta din ghetoul din VaroviaBy Horia on ianuarie 28, 2013

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Revolta din ghetoul din Varovia (19 aprilie 16 mai 1943) Revolt a evreilor poloneziaflai sub ocupaie nazist mpotriva deportrii la Treblinka. Pn n iulie 1942, nazitiiadunaser 500 000 de evrei din regiune n ghetoul din Varovia. Dei foametea ucidea mii deoameni n fiecare lun, nazitii au nceput s transfere cte 5 000 de evrei pe zi ctre lagre demunc rurale. Dup ce, la nceputul lui 1943, evreii din ghetou au aflat c adevrata destinaie

erau camerele de gazare de la Treblinka, gruparea evreiasc ilegal de lupt ZOB a atacatnazitii, omornd 50 de soldai n patru zile de lupt de strad i provocnd suspendareadeportrii. Pe 19 aprilie, Heinrich Himmler a trimis 2 000 de militari SS i trupe armate ca scuree ghetoul de evreii rmai. Timp de patru sptmni, grupul ZOB i gherilele evreieti auluptat cu pistoale i bombe artizanale, distrugnd tancuri i ucignd cteva sute de naziti,

pn au rmas fr muniie. Abia pe 8 mai nazitii au reuit s cucereasc buncrul careadpostea cartierul general al ZOB. Muli evrei s-au sinucis pentru a evita s fie capturai.

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Calvarul de 900 de zileBy Horia on ianuarie 17, 2013

Izolai de ctre inamic i de ctre geografie, cetenii Leningradului au fost silii s fac fasinguri naintrii inexorabile a germanilor din vara lui 1941. ndrumai i mobilizai denenduplecatul mareal Jukov, circa o treime din cei trei milioane de locuitori au muncit dinrsputeri pentru a improviza fortificaii, a spa anuri antitanc i tranee defensive, a ridica

baricade i a pune mine. Vecinii finlandezi, suprai din cauza precedentelor incursiuni ruse nteritoriile lor, au atacat i ei dinspre nord, cerndu-i toate teritoriile pierdute. n toamn s-au

alturat germanilor ca s ncercuiasc mpreun aproape complet cel de-al doilea ora camrime al Uniunii Sovietice, ncepnd un ngrozitor asediu care a durat 900 de zile. Calea

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ferat a fost tiat, trupele inamice s-au consolidat n suburbii, iar Luftwaffe a nceput sbombardeze oraul fr ntrerupere. Un ofier consemna: Fhrerul dorete s evitm luptelede strad, care ar provoca armatei multe pierderi. Oraul trebuie pur i simplu nchis,

spulberat de artilerie i nfometat.

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Originile ReformeiBy Horia on decembrie 4, 2012

Reforma i gsete originile n atmosfera de nelinite religioas care caracterizeaz sfritul

Evului Mediu i n incapacitatea Bisericii de a-i gsi o rezolvare. Spectacolul morii, careprovoac un viu sentiment al riscului pe care l prezint pcatul, stimuleaz dorina mntuirii.Or, papalitatea pare a fi incapabil s arate credincioilor drumul de urmat. Mulimea ascultmai degrab pe predicatorii populari, care anun apocalipsul i pe cei ce se flageleaz, carencearc s obin o garanie a lumii de dincolo producndu-i n lumea de aici suferinele i

pedeapsa pe care o merit pcatele lor. Pentru a scpa de Iad, sau pentru a scurta perioada dePurgatoriu, cretinii se adreseaz intermediarilor (Fecioara sau Sfinii), i nmulesc operelede caritate (donaii, rugciuni pentru sraci, pelerinaje), poart talismane sau ncearc sadune indulgene. Practica religioas alunec n felul acesta spre superstiie fr smicoreze frmntarea cretinilor.

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Originea i evoluia ReformeiBy Horia on noiembrie 23, 2012

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Reforma a fost provocat de abuzurile Bisericii Romano-Catolice de a vinde indulgenecare promiteau absolvirea de pedeapsa pentru pcate, n viaa venic. Biserica s-a mbogit

prin vnzarea iertrii spirituale, o practic ce a ajuns la punctul culminant n sec. XVI, cndpapalitatea a folosit profiturile pentru a reconstrui Bazilica Sfntul Petru din Roma, fapt ce l-adeterminat pe clugrul augustin Martin Luther, n 1517, s critice nvturile fundamentale

ale Bisericii. El contraargumenta conceptul de salvare cumprat prin acela al mntuirii princredin, respingnd rolul decisiv atribuit Bisericii prin administrarea tainelor. Reformaii aucerut secularizarea averilor clerului, introducerea limbilor naionale in serviciile de cult,declarnd Biblia singurul izvor al credinei. Ei au ctigat muli adepi i au creat comunitii biserici protestante n toat Europa.

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Civilizaiile fluvialeBy Horia on octombrie 20, 2012

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Dup descoperirea cultivrii pmntului i a posibilitilor de a supravieui astfel, cele maivechi populaii s-au stabilit de-a lungul marilor fluvii, unde, datorit abundenei apei i climeicalde i temperate, vegetaia era suficient de bogat, iar cultivarea plantelor nu ntmpinaobstacole naturale. Din acest motiv, istoricii vorbesc despre civilizaii fluviale, dezvoltate n

plin epoc a metalelor ntre mileniile IV i III .Hr., situate n India de-a lungul Indului, nChina pe lng Fluviul Galben, n Egipt pe malurile Nilului, iar n Mesopotamia ntre Tigru iEufrat, o regiune norocoas geografic i punte de legtur ntre Asia central-meridional iMediterana.

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Evul Mediu Istoria unei epociBy Horia on octombrie 13, 2012

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Umanitii de la sfritul sec. XV i nceputul sec. XVI au fost cei care au dat Evului Mediu

acest nume. Ei l-au considerat o perioad ntunecat de tranziie de la mult-admirataAntichitate la timpurile n care triau.

Imaginea noastr despre epoca respectiv nu este ns influenat de o astfel de viziunenegativist despre un ev al decderii intelectuale, al obiceiurilor primitive i al lipsei delibertate personal. Cunoatem splendoarea vieii de la curile regale i tim de cavalerii nobilicare triau aventuri aprnd onoarea regelui sau din dragoste pentru o domni sau decastelele masive de piatr, de trubadurii i de menestrelii itinerani. Descoperim aceast lumedin cronicile medievale aparinnd lui Chrtien de Troyes, lui Wolfram von Eschenbach saului Gottfried von Strasburg. tim ns n prezent c acestea au fost nite reprezentrimai degrab idealizate ale realitii, nefiind foarte exacte. Astfel de descrieri literare au

stimulat admiraia pentru Evul Mediu i denaturarea sa de ctre romanticii germani din sec.XIX, al cror sentiment al identitii naionale a fost hrnit cu imaginea unui fals trecutglorios.

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Omul preistoric i lumea saBy Horia on octombrie 2, 2012

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Primii oameni care au populat pmntul acum peste dou milioane de ani erau de talie mic.Ei nu aveau coli ascuii sau gheare puternice i nu alergau la fel de repede dup vnat ca leii

sau panterele. Simurile lor, vzul, auzul, mirosul erau mai slab dezvoltate. Cu toate acestea,oamenii au supravieuit i s-au rspndit pe tot globul. Cauzele acestei reuite suntsolidaritatea/cooperarea, inteligena, focul i uneltele.

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Rzboiul peloponeziacBy Horia on septembrie 17, 2012

Conflictul dintre cetile Greciei continentale i insulare care ocup ultima treime a

secolului al V-lea i care marcheaz nceputul declinului atenian are drept cauz principal

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rivalitatile dintre dou hegemonii: cea a Atenei, pe mare i pe litoralul Mrii Egee, i cea aSpartei, n Peloponez i n Beoia.

Pentru Sparta, puterea crescnd a confederatiei maritime dominat din ce n ce mai mult derivala sa, constituia deja un pericol pentru preponderena sa n Grecia continental. Nu

pentru a elibera cetile fcute vasale de Atena a intrat Sparta n rzboi mpotriva acesteia lucru afirmat de propaganda lacedemonian ci pentru a-i ajuta aliaii din zonaistmului, Corintul i Megara, direct ameninate de imperialismul atenian, i pentru a mpiedicadezagregarea ligii peloponesiace.

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O istorie a dinozaurilorBy Horia on iulie 28, 2012

Dinozaurii au fost un grup de reptile, care au trit pe Pmnt cu mai mult de 160 de milioanede ani n urm. Au disprut acum circa 65 de milioane de ani.

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Viaa unei femei n Grecia anticBy Horia on iulie 27, 2012

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n afara celor care aparin legendei Elena, Clitemnestra, Penelopa etc. -, singurele femei cei-au ctigat un loc n istoria greac propriu-zis au fost hetairele, ceva ntre gheielejaponeze i cocotele pariziene de azi. S-o lsm pe cea mai faimoas, pe Aspasia, care, caiubit a lui Pericle, a ajuns de-a dreptul prima doamn a Atenei, i care cu salonul eiintelectual a dictat legea. Cci i numele multor altora a ajuns pn la noi, transmise de poei,memorialiti i filozofi care le-au fost destul de intimi; iar ele, departe de a se jena, se ludauchiar cu asta.

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Viaa unui brbat n Grecia anticBy Horia on iulie 26, 2012 | Scrie un comentariu

Nu se poate spune cu precizie dac politica atenian a favorizat sau nu creterea demografic.n privina asta, ea a fost ntotdeauna contradictorie. Exista mult nelegere, att n legile

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civile ct i n cele bisericeti, chiar pentru adoptarea de copii de ctre cuplurile care nu-iputeau avea. Dar, n mod obinuit, infanticidul era aprobat i practicat mpotriva copiilor cumalformaii, n timp ce codul medical al lui Hipocrat interzicea avortul. n concluzie, e de

presupus c statul lsa mn liber iniiativei private, aa c, n legtur cu soarta nou-nscutului, totul depindea de prini. Dac acetia erau oameni cu fire ceva mai afectuoas, iar

copilul era biat, i bine fcut, atunci el avea multe anse s fie acceptat. Altfel, risca s fiearuncat afar pe u.

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Posted in: Istoria lumii | Tagged: Barbat, Grecia antica, viata

Btlia de la Aigos PotamosBy Horia on iulie 19, 2012 | Scrie un comentariu

Btlia de la Aigos Potamos victorie naval a Spartei asupra Atenei, n lupta final dinRzboiul Peloponesiac (405 .Hr.)

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Posted in: Istoria lumii | Tagged: Aigos Potamos, batalia

Btlia de la AdrianopolBy Horia on iulie 10, 2012 | Un comentariu

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Btlia de la Adrianopol (378 d.Hr.) btlie ce a avut loc n localitatea Edirne din Turcia; amarcat nceputul unor incursiuni germanice de amploare pe teritoriul roman.

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Posted in: Istoria lumii | Tagged: Adrianopol, batalia

Roma mpotriva Cartaginei

Rzboaiele puniceBy Horia on iunie 17, 2012 | Scrie un comentariu

n secolul al IX-lea .e.n., fenicienii venii din Tyr au fondat pe coasta actualei Tunisii un port

cruia i-au dat numele de Qart Hadasht, oraul nou. Mai nti simpl etap spre Spania,oraul cunoate un mare avnt ncepnd din secolul al VI-lea .e.n. n timp ce marinarii si

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recunosc coastele Africii i ale Europei , atingnd Bretagne i Irlanda, Cartagina i stabiletecapetele de pod n Spania, n Baleare, Corsica, Sardinia i n Sicilia. n secolul al III -lea .e.n.,este primul ora al Mediteranei Occidentale.

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Posted in: Istoria lumii | Tagged: Cartagina, Hannibal, razboaie punice, Roma,

Scipio, Zama

Civilizaia micenian i TroiaBy Horia on mai 24, 2012 | Scrie un comentariu

Razboinici micenieni pregatindu-se de lupta

Caracteristice pentru civilizaia micenian sunt aristocraia sa rzboinic i oraele fortificate.Legenda Troiei ilustreaz foarte bine trsturile definitorii ale acestor regate beligerante.

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Posted in: Istoria lumii | Tagged: ahei, civilizatia, Heinrich Schliemann, Homer,

Micene,Troia

Povestea omului primitiv i aanimalelor disprute

By Horia on aprilie 1, 2012 | Un comentariu

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Peterile Altamira din Spania sau Dordogne din Frana sunt vestite n toat lumea. Esteinteresant ns c despre ele vorbesc mai multe tratate de istoria artei dect crile degeografie. Nu-i nimic obinuit n aceast rsturnare de preocupri. Grotele de mai sus nureprezint fenomene geologice grandioase, n schimb, ele sunt adevrate muzee care

adpostesc o comoar de nepreuit: primele manifestri artistice ale omului. ntr-adevr,pereii lor sunt scrijelii ori pictai cu atta finee i miestrie, nct rmnem surprini n faatalentului dovedit de anonimul nostru strmo. Laolalt, toate aceste reprezentri alctuiescsugestivul atlas zoologic al unor animale disprute, contemporane cu omul cavernelor.

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Posted in: Istoria lumii | Tagged: Altamira, animale disparute, mamut, om

primitiv, omul pesterilor, pesteri, vanatoare

Oraele-palat cretaneBy Horia on aprilie 1, 2012 | Scrie un comentariu

Oraele-palat ale civilizaiei minoice de pe insula Creta erau proiectate simetric i constituiaucentre politice, economice i culturale. Cel mai important dintre acestea a fost oraul Cnossos.

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Posted in: Istoria lumii | Tagged: arthur evans, Cnossos, Creta, minoic, orase,

palat

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Creta minoicBy Horia on martie 9, 2012 | Scrie un comentariu

Grecii au dat natere primei civilizaii europene care a influenat considerabil dezvoltarealumii. Cele dinti manifestri ale acesteia au fost culturile minoic i micenian. Culturaminoic de pe insula Creta era caracterizat de orae construite n jurul unor palate, cicomerciale complexe i o art sofisticat, n vreme ce civilizaia micenian rzboinic de pecontinent avea o arhitectur dominat de ceti i structuri defensive. Mitul rzboiului troian,aparinnd perioadei miceniene, ilustreaz foarte bine imaginea aprtorilor ndrjii aionoarei i libertii proprii, pe care o prezentau grecii despre ei nii.

Continue reading Posted in: Istoria lumii | Tagged: civilizatie, Creta, minoic, Minos

Europa i primul val de migratori hartaBy Horia on februarie 28, 2012 | Scrie un comentariu

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Europa i primul val de migratori (secolele III-V) harta

Posted in: Istoria lumii | Tagged: Europa, harta, migratori

Cruciadele. Cauze, desfurare, urmriBy Horia on februarie 20, 2012 | 3 comentarii

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Organizarea cruciadei, pelerinaj armat cu scopul de a elibera Locurile Sfinte de sub stpnirea

necredincioilor, pune n eviden fora Bisericii romane, capabil n secolul al XI-lea s sereformeze, renunnd la o serie de vicii care-i erau imputate i s conduc o micare deexpansiune care antreneaz cavalerii i capetele ncoronate din ntreg Occidentul.

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Posted in: Istoria lumii | Tagged: cauze, Constantinopol, cruciade, cruciat,

desfasurare, djihad, locuri sfinte, musulmani, razboi, Saladin, urmari

Aceasta este SpartaBy Horia on februarie 17, 2012 | 3 comentarii

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Sparta nu se deosebea mult de celelalte state ale antichitii. Dar ceea ce i-a oferit spiritul,cunoscut mai trziu sub denumirea de spartan au fost regulile ascetice i criteriile de

disciplin militar care, prin voina lui Licurg, au marcat viaa i mai ales educaia tineretului.Continue reading

Posted in: Istoria lumii | Tagged: armata, copil, disciplina, educatia, razboi,

Sparta, spartan

ReconquistaBy Horia on ianuarie 8, 2012 | Un comentariu

Mcinat de lupte interne, regatul vizigot se prbuise cu 0 extrem rapiditate sub atacurilencepute de arabi n 711, o dat cu invazia berberului Tarik. n apte ani, aproape ntreagaPeninsul Iberic era cucerit i organizat mai trziu sub forma califatului de Cordoba, cu

excepia regiunilor muntoase i greu accesibile din nord, unde se meninuser mici statecretine, precum regatele Asturiilor, Leon i Navarra. n secolele VIII-IX, disensiunile interne

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din aceste regate nu permit ofensiva mpotriva Islamului, dar nici nu ngduie avansul arabilordincolo de linia Coimbra-Toledo-Guadalajara.

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Posted in: Istoria lumii | Tagged: 1492, Almohazi, Almoravizi, arabi, califat, Cid,Cordoba, crestini, emirat, Granada, islam, Las Navas de Tolosa, mauri,

Reconquista, Rodrigo Diaz de Bivar

Religiile Indiei, Chinei i JaponieiBy Horia on ianuarie 6, 2012 | Un comentariu

Toate religiile universale au aprut n Asia. Cele trei mari religii monoteiste, iudaismul,

cretinismul i islamismul i au rdcinile n Orientul Apropiat, n vreme ce hinduismul ibudismul, religii politeiste, sunt originare din India. Dac budismul a devenit popular i nOccident, religii precum hinduismul din India, confucianismul din China i intoismul dinJaponia rmn strns legate i au influenat puternic civilizaiile i structura social a rilor iregiunilor de origine.

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Posted in: Istoria lumii | Tagged: Buddha, budism, China, confucianism,

Confucius, Dalai Lama, hinduism, India,Japonia, religie, religii, sintoism

Ce tim despre Homer?By Horia on decembrie 29, 2011 | Scrie un comentariu

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Despre Homer nu tim nimic. Nici mcar nu tim dac a existat cu adevrat. Dac ne lumdup legenda de toat lumea acceptat, el a fost un trubadur orb al secolului opt, pe caredomnii l angajau ca s le spun minunatele sale poveti. Ei nu puteau s citeasc, pentru cerau analfabei, iar timpul i-l petreceau doar fcnd rzboaie, vnnd i prdnd.

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Posted in: Istoria lumii | Tagged: Homer, Indro Montanelli, Istoria grecilor

Nomazii din stepele eurasiaticeBy Horia on decembrie 13, 2011 | Un comentariu

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Regina Tomyris ucigndu-l pe regele persan Cirus II

Clreii nomazi de origine indo-european stpneau vastele stepe din Ucraina, sudul Rusieii Kazahstan, pn cnd, n sec. IV .Hr., presiunea hunilor a declanat marea migraie a

popoarelor. ns chiar nainte de aceast perioad, unele triburi au prsit regiunea,

ptrunznd n zona mediteranean, munii Iranului sau India. Unele dintre acestea, precumhitiii, mezii, perii, sau ulterior parii, s-au stabilit acolo i au nfiinat regate. Altele i-aucontinuat migraia pn cnd au fost distruse, ca n cazul cimerienilor, sau s-au vzut nevoites se rentoarc de unde plecaser, precum sciii.

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Religia n Imperiul PersanBy Horia on decembrie 3, 2011 | 2 comentarii

Zarathustra

Zoroastrismul a prosperat n timpul domniei ahemenizilor. Conceptul zoroastrian devia de apoi a avut o influen remarcabil att asupra iudaismului, ct i asupra

cretinismului.

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Posted in: Istoria lumii | Tagged: Ahura Mazda, Imperiul persan, istoria lumii,

magi, parsi, religia, Zarathustra, Zoroastrism, Zoroastru

Mayaii n istorieBy Horia on noiembrie 30, 2011 | Scrie un comentariu

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Indienii mayai au dominat America Central din 250 d.Hr. pn n 850 d.Hr.,construind orae n adncul pdurilor tropicale. Urmaii lor triesc nc n regiune.Civilizaia mayailor a fost printre cele mai dezvoltate din America Central. Realizrile lor nart, arhitectur i matematic au fost extraordinare. Doar cu unelte din piatr, mayaii aureuit s construiasc mari piramide i palate. Piramida Castillo din Chichen Itza e nalt de30 metri.

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Posted in: Istoria lumii | Tagged: Chichen Itza, istorie, maya, mayasi, piramida

Prima civilizaieBy Horia on noiembrie 25, 2011 | 4 comentarii

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n preajma anului 5000 . Hr., agricultorii au nceput s se aeze n valea dintre fluviile Tigrui Eufrat. Acest inut a devenit cunoscut ca Mesopotamia, care nseamn pmntul dintreruri. Prima civilizaie s-a dezvoltat n Sumer, inut din partea sudic a Mesopotamiei.

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Posted in: Istoria lumii | Tagged: Inventarea scrisului, istoria lumii, Mesopotamia,

orase-stat, pictograme, prima civilizatie, scriere cuneiform, Sumer

Imperiul Persan n timpulultimilor Ahemenizi

By Horia on noiembrie 25, 2011 | Scrie un comentariu

Darius III n btlia de la Issos

Rebeliunile din provincii i intrigile din casa regal au slbit puterea perilor dup moartea luiDarius I. Conflictele cu grecii nu au dus la nici un rezultat clar, pn la cucerirea ImperiuluiPersan n 330 .Hr de ctre Alexandru cel Mare.

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Posted in: Istoria lumii | Tagged: Ahemenizi, Alexandru cel Mare, Artaxerxes I,

Darius I, Darius III, Imperiul persan, istoria lumii, Xerxes I

Aztecii n istorieBy Horia on noiembrie 24, 2011 | Un comentariu

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Aztecii au fost membrii uneia dintre ultimele mari civilizaii native din America. Ei aucreat un imperiu uria n America de Sud i Mexic, n timpul secolului al XV-lea.

nceputul puterii aztecilor a avut loc n secolul al XIV-lea, cnd au construit oraulTenochtitln pe o insul pe care se afl acum Mexico City. Ei au creat marele imperiu prin

cucerirea oraelor vecine, extinzndu-se spre sud i est.Continue reading

Posted in: Istoria lumii | Tagged: azteci, Hernan Cortes, imperiu, istorie,

Montezuma, Quetzalcoatl, sacrificiu uman,Tenochtitln

Oamenii preistoriciBy Horia on noiembrie 22, 2011 | 2 comentarii

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Oamenii preistorici au trit n preistorie, n perioada de dinaintea anului 3500 .Hr., cnd

oamenii au nceput s scrie, nregistrnd evenimentele vieii lor. Ei sunt strmoii notri.

Primele fiine umane au trit n Africa cu 2 milioane de ani n urm. ns mici creaturiasemntoare omului, care mergeau vertical pe picioarele din spate, au trit cu 4 milioane deani n urm. Oamenii de tiin i-au numit Australopiteci, existena lor fiind confirmat deoasele i amprentele descoperite. Una dintre cele mai faimoase descoperiri a fost scheletulunei femele, poreclit ,,Lucy, care a trit n Etiopia, cu 3,75 milioane de ani n urm.

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Posted in: Istoria lumii | Tagged: Lucy, Oamenii preistorici, om, omul preistoric,

preistorie

Imperiul Persan n timpul lui Darius IBy Horia on noiembrie 17, 2011 | Scrie un comentariu

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Imperiul Ahemenizilor a atins apogeul n timpul lui Darius I (cel Mare), care a fostprobabil cel mai important conductor al Orientului antic.

Cambise II, fiul lui Cirus II, a cucerit Egiptul n anul 525 .Hr. Pentru a contracara o tentativde uzurpare, el a poruncit s fie ucis n secret fratele su mai mic Smerdis (Bardiya). nabsena regelui, magul Gaumata s-a dat drept Smerdis i a ncercat s se urce pe tron.Cambise II a murit n timpul marului de ntoarcere din Egipt, n 522 .Hr., dar vrul suDarius a mpiedicat ncoronarea falsului Smerdis i tronul a rmas n minile dinastieiAhemenizilor.

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Posted in: Istoria lumii | Tagged: Ahemenizi, Darius I, Imperiul persan, istoria

lumii, istoria persilor

Mezii i Imperiul persan al AhemenizilorBy Horia on noiembrie 13, 2011 | 5 comentarii

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Soldai persani i mezi, basorelief de piatr

Triburile indo-iraniene ale mezilor i perilor s-au stabilit n zona vestic muntoas a Iranului,la grania cu Mesopotamia n al doilea mileniu .Hr. Perii au anexat Media n anul 550 .Hr.i au nfiinat ultimul mare imperiu al Orientului Apropiat, care a supravieuit pn lacucerirea sa de ctre Alexandru cel Mare, n 330 .Hr. Istoricii au interpretat frecvent subiectiv

politica perilor, considerndu-i despotici. Ei au trecut cu vederea faptul c n timpuldominaiei acestora o regiune vast, integrat cultural i economic, s-a bucurat de siguran istabilitate.

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Posted in: Istoria lumii | Tagged: Ahemenizi, Cirus II, Imperiul persan, istoria lumii,

mezi

IudaismulBy Horia on noiembrie 3, 2011 | 6 comentarii

Iudaismul, cea mai veche dintre cele trei mari religii monoteiste, furnizeaz fundalul istoricpentru cretinism i islamism. O caracteristic a sa este c ofer o identitate bazat att peapartenena la o religie, ct i la o naiune. Acest dualism complex este evident n statul

Israel, nfiinat n 1948, n care coexist sionismul laic i iudaismul ortodox.

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Moise vede ara Fgduinei

Legmntul cu Dumnezeu. Tradiia iudaic spune c Dumnezeu a fcut un legmnt doarcu poporul lui Israel, tez fundamental pentru religia iudaic. Dumnezeu, creatorul lumii i alomenirii, i-a numit pe evrei, ncepnd cu patriarhul Avraam, poporul su ales. Contiina

acestui fapt era totodat o mare cinste i o povar. Omul este chemat s asculte de poruncilelui Dumnezeu, dar i s aib un comportament etic responsabil i s dea socoteal pentrupcatele sale. Relaia cu Divinitatea este perceput ca un dialog ntre Dumnezeu i neamulomenesc, El fcndu-i adesea cunoscut voina prin profei. Dintre acetia s-a remarcatMoise, care a adus oamenilor Legea, Tora. Potrivit tradiiei iudaice, aceasta este doctrin,lege i cuvntul revelat ntreg al lui Dumnezeu. Ea conine 613 porunci i interdicii. Moise afost cel care a fcut trecerea de la credina n divinitatea tribal a evreilor, Dumnezeu Tatl,la credina ntr-un spirit universal, Yahve. La nceput, acesta era cel mai puternic din

panteon, devenind apoi unica divinitate.

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Posted in: Istoria lumii | Tagged: antisemitism, Avraam, diaspora, Dumnezeu,

holocaust, Ierusalim, Israel, istoria evreilor, istoria iudaismului, iudaism, Kabbala,

literatura iudaica, Maimonide, Moise, patriarh, pogrom, profeti, religia evreilor,

robia, sionism,Talmud,Tara fagaduintei, templu,Theodor Herzl,Tora,Yahve

Regatele Iuda i IsraelBy Horia on octombrie 29, 2011 | Un comentariu

Profetul Ilie ucide un preot al lui Baal

Rivalitatea pentm tron dintre succesorii lui Solomon a dus la scindarea regatului. Chiari dup aceasta conductorii regatelor Iuda i Israel s-au confruntat cu o putemicopoziie intern, n special religioas, dar i cu presiuni tot mai mari venite din exterior,din partea asirienilor i a babilonienilor.

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Posted in: Istoria lumii | Tagged: Biblia, critica guvernantilor, Israel, istoria

evreilor, istoria lumii, Iuda, Nabucodonosor II, regate, robia babiloniana

Primii evrei i regatele lui David i SolomonBy Horia on octombrie 17, 2011 | 2 comentarii

Evreii au ptruns n Palestina n secolul VIII .Hr. Conflictele cu localnicii au stimulatformarea unei civilizaii militare, care a unificat triburile rzlee i a favorizat crearea unuistat naional n jurul anului 1020 . Hr.

Dup ce numeroase orae-stat canaaneene din Palestina au fost distruse de popoarele mrii lanceputul sec. XIII .Hr., filistinii s-au stabilit pe coast i au nfiinat o federaie de orae-statindependente. Tot atunci au sosit i arameenii de origine semit, printre care se numrau itriburile lui Israel. Grupuri de evrei triser anterior n Egipt, dup cum aflm dinlegenda biblic a lui Moise. Toi evreii erau legai de adorarea lui Yahve. Unicitateaacestei diviniti n panteonul de zei din Orientul Apropiat i puritatea cultului sucaracterizau societatea lor. n jurul anului 1020 .Hr., Saul a fost proclamat regele evreilor icomandantul armatei n lupta mpotriva celorlalte triburi aramaice i a filistinilor. El nudeinea ns nici un fel de autoritate intern, cum ar fi perceperea drilor. Dup moartea luiSaul, David, conductorul militar de succes din tribul lui Iuda, a fost ales rege n jurul anului1004 .Hr.

Spre deosebire de Saul, David se baza pe propria armat, cu ajutorul careia obinea fondurii confisca proprieti. El a nfrnt autonomia triburilor rzlee ale lui Israel i a creat un stat

unificat cu capitala la Ierusalim, care devenea astfel centrul politic i religios al evreilor.David a cucerit teritoriile arameene vecine, pn cnd regatul su a ajuns s se ntind ntrefluviul Eufrat la nord i Marea Roie n sud.

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David cu capul lui Goliat, statuie de bronz de Verrocchio

Dup ce David l-a ucis pe uriaul filistin Goliat,Saul, regele fondator al Israelului, l-a adus

la curtea sa. Dei invidia popularitatea acestuia, regelenu i-a fcut totui nici un ru luiDavid, ntructtnrul era bun prieten cu fiul su, Ionatan. Davids-a cstorit apoi cu fiicalui Saul. Cnd Ionatan amurit luptnd mpotriva filistinilor, Saul s-a sinucisi David adevenit rege. n timpul domniei sale, propriul fiu s-a ridicat impotriva lui. Mai trziu,

Davids-a ndrgostit de Bateba i l-a trimis pe soul ei nlupt, pentru a fi ucis. Fiul luiDavid i al Batebei,Solomon, i-a urmat pe tron.

Fiul su, Solomon, i-a urmat la conducere, stabilind relaii diplomatice i comercialestrnse cu fenicienii, arabii i egiptenii. El a construit la Ierusalim un templu splendid nchinatcultului lui Yahve.

Existau ns deja semne ale declinului puterii regatului. Unii vasali arameeni i-au rectigatindependena, n vreme ce presiunea drilor, munca forat nepltit i tolerana lui Solomonfa de strini au stmit nemulumirea evreilor. Cu toate acestea, Solomon a rmas n memoria

posteritii mai ales pentru proverbiala sa nelepciune.

sursa: Marea istorie ilustrat a lumii, Ed. Litera Internaional, Bucureti, 2008

Posted in: Istoria lumii | Tagged: David, evrei, istoria evreilor, istoria lumii, istorie,

primii evrei, regat, Saul, Solomon

Cum au aprut Soarele i Pmntul?

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By Horia on septembrie 18, 2011 | Un comentariu

Din ceaa primordial ce forma Calea Lactee, ntr-o regiune ndeprtat, aflat la unul dintrecele dou brae ale spiralei galactice, o cantitate semnificativ de gaze fierbini i de mici

particule au nceput s interacioneze. Nu exist o explicaie simpl pentru a justifica formarea

Pmntului, a celorlalte planete ale sistemului nostru i a Soarelui n zona respectiv, nsaceasta se afla la o distan sigur de haosul de antimaterie ce clocotea n centrul Cii Lactee.

O minge imens de gaze, i principal heliu i hidrogen, s-a contractat, formnd o stea mijlocie,

Soarele nostru. Temperaturile din interior au ajuns la milioane de grade, determinnd o seriede reacii termonucleare, asemntoare celor dintr-o bomb cu hidrogen. Mingea de foc urmas ard prin propria energie timp de miliarde de ani.

La un moment dat, peste vreo ase miliarde de ani de acum, prin epuizare, Soarele se vaumfla, devenind o stea roie gigantic; aceast expansiune va vaporiza Pmntul i tot ce seva mai afla pe acesta n acea er. Este de presupus c specia uman va fi emigrat cu multnaintea producerii acestui cataclism pe o alt planet din Calea Lactee.

n timp ce soarele ardea necrutor n centrul sistemului nostru solar, la 150 de milioane de

kilometri distan avea loc un proces cu mult mai lent i mai rcoros.Particule minuscule, provenite din Ceaa primordial, au nceput s se aglomereze i s seciocneasc. Unele au rmas lipite, iar masa lor crescut a atras, sub efectul gravitaiei, materiesuplimentar, n final aprnd un bulgre. Similar s-au format i alte blocuri solide de materie,unele dintre acestea ciocnindu-se i combinndu-se. Acest proces extrem de lent de acumularede materie s-a ntins pe parcursul mai multor milioane de ani, ducnd n final la formareanucleului Pmntului.

ntr-o anumit faz, fora gravitaional a nucleului a devenit suficient de puternic pentru aaduna tot felul de particule i de gaze din jurul su. Gazele erau n principal hidrogenul,

heliul, oxigenul i azotul, iar particulele erau constituite din fier, aluminiu, aur, uraniu i multe

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elemente rare, toate acestea urmnd s joace un rol important n apariia diverselor forme devia de pe planet.

Restul planetelor din sistemul solar s-au format ntr-un mod asemntor, ns fiecare dintreacestea aveau proporii unice ale diferitelor gaze i elemente. Aceste amestecuri nu au

favorizat ns procesul complex de formare a moleculelor organice specifice ce ar fi pututgenera viaa vegetala i animal sub forma pe care o cunoatem.

Pmntul s-a format ca o sfer neted, fiind lipsit de formele de relief pe care le putemrecunoate astzi: stnci, muni, cascade sau oceane. Ce fore au sculptat suprafaa Terrei?

Aceste fenomene sunt puse pe seama elementelor radioactive, ca uraniul, ce au fost createodat cu ntregul Univers i au rmas captive n interiorul Terrei. Acestea s-au descompus nmod spontan, emind energie i particule subatomice i transformndu-se n elemente noi,stabile.

Dezintegrarea radioactiv a dus la creterea temperaturii planetei, n special a nucleului su.Rocile din miezul

Istoria lumii prescurtata

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