IonicaConsuel - 14MaiBT...Comisia Europeană şi Academia Română, beneficiara proiectului....
Transcript of IonicaConsuel - 14MaiBT...Comisia Europeană şi Academia Română, beneficiara proiectului....
Consuel‐Severus IONICĂ VARIABILITATE CULTURALA ŞI VARIABILITATE GENETICA ÎNTR‐UN EŞANTION REPREZENTATIV DE ROMÂNI, ÎN CONTEXT POPULAȚIONAL GLOBAL ŞI EUROPEAN
DIMENSIUNI CULTURALE HOFSTEDE‐IENE ÎN RELAȚIE CU POLIMORFISMUL GENETIC AL TRANSPORTORULUI DE
SEROTONINĂ (5‐HTT)
VARIABILITATE CULTURALA ŞI VARIABILITATE GENETICA ÎNTR‐UN EŞANTION REPREZENTATIV DE ROMÂNI, ÎN CONTEXT POPULAȚIONAL
GLOBAL ŞI EUROPEAN DIMENSIUNI CULTURALE HOFSTEDE‐IENE ÎN RELAȚIE CU POLIMORFISMUL GENETIC AL TRANSPORTORULUI DE
SEROTONINĂ (5‐HTT)
Autor: Consuel‐Severus IONICĂ Conducător ştiințific: Academician Dr. Bălăceanu‐Stolnici Constantin Lucrare realizată în cadrul proiectului „Valorificarea identităților culturale în procesele globale”, cofinanțat din Fondul Social European prin Programul Operațional Sectorial Dezvoltarea Resurselor Umane 2007 – 2013, contractul de finanțare nr. POSDRU/89/1.5/S/59758. Titlurile şi drepturile de proprietate intelectuală şi industrială asupra rezul‐tatelor obținute în cadrul stagiului de cercetare postdoctorală aparțin Academiei Române.
Punctele de vedere exprimate în lucrare aparțin autorului şi nu angajează Comisia Europeană şi Academia Română, beneficiara proiectului.
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ISBN 978‐973‐167‐177‐2 Depozit legal: Trim. II 2013
Consuel‐Severus IONICĂ
Variabilitate culturala şi variabilitate genetica într‐un eşantion reprezentativ de români, în context populațional
global şi european Dimensiuni culturale hofstede‐iene în relație cu polimorfismul genetic al transportorului de serotonină (5‐HTT)
Editura Muzeului Național al Literaturii Române
Colecția AULA MAGNA
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CUPRINS
1. CULTURA – FACTOR SELECTIV AL EVOLUȚIEI BIOLOGICE .............. 7 1.1. Cultura ca proces evolutiv....................................................................................7 1.2. Construcția culturală a nișelor ...........................................................................12 1.3. Transmiterea culturală și genetică a informației .............................................14 1.4. Adaptări și maladaptări culturale .....................................................................17 1.5. Nivele de abordare a culturii ‐ modelul evolutiv tridimensional .................21
Capacitatea de învățare ca adaptare .......................................................................22 Evoluția culturală...................................................................................................25 Coevoluția gene-cultură.........................................................................................27 Exemple de co-evoluție gene-cultură: pastoralismul și cultura de yam................33
1.6. Dimensiuni psihologice și culturale ale polimorfismelor neurogenetice...35 Polimorfismul genetic 5HTTLPR – implicații psiho-culturale..............................39 Sensitivitatea socială și polimorfismele neurogenetice..........................................42
2. VALORI ȘI DIMENSIUNI CULTURALE ÎN SOCIETATEA MODERNA ...................................................................................................... 44 2.1 Valori culturale .....................................................................................................44 2.1 DIMENSIUNI CULTURALE – MODELUL HOFSTEDE ................................51 2.2. Descrierea dimensiunilor culturale ale modelului Hofstede.........................57 2.3. Utilizarea modelului Hofstede în societatea românească ............................62
3. INDIVIDUALISM‐COLECTIVISM ȘI POLIMORFISM 5HTTLPR: TEST PE UN EȘANTION ROMÂNESC....................................................... 67 3.1 FUNDAMENT TEORETIC..................................................................................67 3.2. OBIECTIV, IPOTEZĂ DE LUCRU ȘI PREDICȚII ...........................................77
Obiectiv..................................................................................................................79 Ipoteză de lucru......................................................................................................79 Predicții testate ......................................................................................................79
3.3. METODE...............................................................................................................80 PROCEDURA GENERALA.................................................................................80 CONSTITUIREA ESANTIONULUI DE LUCRU ...............................................81 STRUCTURA EȘANTIONULUI .........................................................................83 EVALUAREA GRADULUI DE EMOTIVITATE INDIVIDUALĂ....................87 EVALUAREA ORIENTĂRILOR CULTURALE ................................................88 FIȘA DE DATE BIOGRAFICE............................................................................90
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COLECTAREA PROBELOR DE SALIVĂ ȘI EXTRACTIA ADN....................90 GENOTIPAREA POLIMORFISMULUI 5HTTLPR............................................91 ANALIZA STATISTICĂ A DATELOR...............................................................94
3.4. REZULTATE ........................................................................................................95 3.4.1. DESCRIEREA EȘANTIONULUI...............................................................95
Dimensiunile culturale conform VSM94 ....................................................95 Dimensiunile psihoafective ale eșantionului...............................................95 Factori de influență de natură ontogenetică ................................................99 Caracteristicile genetice ale eșantionului ....................................................99 Frecvența alelelor 5HTTLPR și orientarea culturală IDV-COL...............101
3.4.2. ANALIZA EXPLORATIVĂ A DATELOR – RELAȚII DUALE ÎNTRE VARIABILE ................................................................................103 Relații statistice ale factorilor biologici și biografici ................................106 Relații statistice ale factorilor cu impact major negativ ............................106 Relații statistice ale practicilor culturale nocive .......................................108 Relații statistice ale orientărilor culturale VSM94....................................109 Relații statistice ale depresiei, stării și trăsăturii de anxietate ...................112
3.4.3. CONSTRUCȚIA MODELELOR DE REGRESIE....................................112 Modelele de regresie ale trăsăturilor psihoemoționale..............................114 Modelele de regresie ale orientărilor culturale ..........................................117 Efectul polimorfismelor genetice ..............................................................118
3.4.4. DISCUȚII ȘI INTERPRETARE A REZULTATELOR STATISTICE EXPLORATIVE .......................................................................................125 Efectul genetic 5HTTLPR asupra orientării individualism-
colectivism...................................................................................125 Interpretarea paralelă genetică/non-genetică a opțiunilor la întrebarea
nr.8 din VSM94 ...........................................................................130 3.4.5. CONCLUZII ..............................................................................................134
Ipoteza de lucru .........................................................................................134 Rezultate ale testării predicțiilor ipotezei de lucru....................................135 Concluzii generale.....................................................................................145
REZUMAT .......................................................................................................... 147 REFERINȚE ........................................................................................................ 151 ADDENDA ......................................................................................................... 191
SUMMARY................................................................................................................191 Contents .....................................................................................................................195
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ADDENDA
SUMMARY
This study summarizes a 2011‐2012 research that tested predictions derived from a hypothesis proposed by Chiao and Blizinsky (2010) of co‐evolution between the polymorphism of the SLC6A426 serotonin transporter gene promoter, i.e. 5HTTLPR (Lesch et al., 1994), and the cultural value orientation of Individualism/Collectivism (IDV/COL) from the model introduced by Hofstede (1980). The hypothesis proposes a population level explanation for the higher frequency of the hypofunctional short (S) allele of 5HTTLPR (an allele often associated with depression and anxiety) in nations characterized by COL than in those characterized by IND. Specifically, COL promotes social harmony, reduces social stress (Hofstede, 1980, 2001), thus decreasing anxiety and depression, and ultimately reduce the selective pressure to exclude this allele from the genetic pool (Chiao & Blizinsky, 2010). The aim of the current study is to assess at individual level to what extent this genetic polymorphism may explain differences in the personal cultural value orientation on the IDV/COL axis, in a normal sample of 269 informed‐consenting people from South and Central Romania. In addition, this research estimates population frequencies of 5HTTLPR alleles in Romanians, which, together with cultural value orientation data, allows comparisons of this sample with similar studies in Europe and worldwide.
The first chapter briefly reviews the study of culture within biological anthropology and evolutionary science, and the importance of culture in the process of natural selection. The concepts and directions of current research on culture from an evolutionary perspective are introduced,
26The following term notations are made in this study: serotonin (neuromediator) = 5‐Hydroxi‐triptamine or 5HT; serotonin transporter (a protein) = 5HTT; the gene of the serotonin transporter = SLC6A4; the polymorphic promoter zone of the serotonin transporter gene = 5HTTLPR.
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pointing out the ongoing effect of cultural selection on genes, an effect that persists in the modern world. Some illustrative examples are provided on culture‐induced changes in allele frequencies, detectable in current populations. The current state of the neuro‐genetic research is mentioned, with examples of effects of polymorphic genes on psychological aspects (i.e. emotions, attachment, sociality) relevant to cultural differences. The second chapter is devoted to theories of cultural value orientations in contemporary societies. Geert Hofstedeʹs cultural model (1980) is presented as example and method used in this study (i.e. the VSM94 questionnaire). The third chapter contains four subchapters, the first one laying out the theoretical foundations of the research (derived from the study by Chiao & Blizinsky, 2010), and emphasizing the importance of 5HTTLPR and IDV/COL axis. The second subchapter contains the objectives, working hypothesis and tested predictions. The third subchapter presents the methodology, population sample structure, and a series of research limiting factors. The last subchapter presents the results and conclusions of the research, along with arguments for rejecting the 5HTTLPR cultural selection hypothesis proposed by Chiao and Blizinsky. Based on the obtained data, an alternative hypothesis is advanced, i.e. the correlation between 5HTTLPR and the preference for a challenging profession, the single cultural element associated with this genetic polymorphism.
The data from the Romanian sample appears to support, at individual level, a positive association between the hypofunctional (S) allele of 5HTTLPR and the tendency to mentally attach to collectivist personal cultural values. However, this statistical effect (ANCOVA) is significantly stronger and singularly based on one of the four questions underlying the construction of the IDV/COL dimension in the VSM94 cultural model (Hofstede, 2001), namely the preference for a job with certain variation/ adventure/ provocation (question no. 8). Specifically, the bearers of the S allele (SS and SL) prefer jobs with little variation/ provocation, while the bearers of only the normal functional L allele (LL) prefer jobs with more variation/provocation. Actually, question no. 8 is the single one in the entire VSM94 associated with 5HTTLPR. Therefore, the conclusion of this study is that, at individual level, the association between this neurogene polymorphism and cultural variability is rather a
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psychological orientation effect, possibly of emotional origin, than a true gene‐culture association. Compared to LL homozygotes, the S allele bearers (SS and SL) are known to exhibit a heightened perception of risk, and risk avoidance (e.g. Crișan et al., 2009), and they perhaps equate challenging jobs with elevated risk, opting accordingly. However, the existence of an association between a gene polymorphism and a predictive component of a cultural orientation (i.e. preference for challenging occupations) suggests that 5HTTLPR retains the character of a candidate‐gene, indirectly influencing adherence to cultural values, but in a different way than the one proposed in the selective model by Chiao and Blizinsky.
The frequencies of the two main 5HTTLPR alleles (45% S and 55% L) in this sample are within the known range of European populations. At cross‐national level the data are statistically consistent with the meta‐analytic model formulated by Chiao and Blizinsky (2010) of a positive correlation between the S allele frequency and mean orientation towards COL. This correlation places this sample closer to Central Europe nations, somewhat different from the inclusion of Romania in the Balkans solely on cultural data (e.g. Luca, 2005, Gavreliuc, 2011). However, this type of meta‐analysis cannot distinguish a true association between genes and cultural orientation, from a simple overlap of two possibly independent phenomena (i.e. gradients/clines in allele geography and cultural influences, cf. Eisenberg & Hayes, 2010). The replication of the current study in culturally distinct populations may indicate whether the cross‐national gene‐culture association found by Chiao and Blizinsky is: a) the result of a single psychological factor, i.e. job risk perception (as we suggest here); b) a fortuitous overlapp of allelic clines and cultural gradients (as proposed by Eisenberg and Hayes); or c) the expression of COL as a cultural buffer to psychological stress in populations with an already existent high S allele frequency (an alternative to Chiao and Blizinskyʹs cultural selection hypothesis).
Culturally, the study sample is relatively similar to a business‐aimed representative report for Romania (Luca, 2005, N = 1076 individuals, repeated), except for a much higher orientation towards individualism (IDV = 69, medium‐high level, compared to IDV = 49, average level, in
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Luca, 2005). This difference is probably due to the structure of our sample, i.e. 50% student youth, and a high education level (both positively associated with individualism). There is no reason to attribute the increased IDV to macroeconomic/social progress (i.e. IDV is higher in developed nations), neither one having significantly changed for the better in a short period of seven years. Surprisingly, collectivist cultural values do not appear to constitute an effective mechanism of protection against anxiety or depression in this sample, they correlating positively with these psycho‐emotional measurements. The Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) – another cultural dimension in Hofstedeʹs model, was a good indicator of the (lack of) trust in future, positively correlating with measures of anxiety and depression. Statistical association between COL and non‐genetic factors was much stronger than the association with the S allele, the latter explaining only up to ~3% (from ~17% total) of cultural orientation on the IDV/COL scale (i.e. based on job‐preference). The most important predictors of increased COL were high levels of anxiety, of depression, and maturity expressed as age, as marital status and through the presence of children.
This study is the first to directly test at individual level a possible link between the 5HTTLPR of the SLC6A4 neurogene and the orientation on the IDV‐COL cultural value axis. The results, although limited by the small sample size, suggest the inefficiency of a cultural mechanis, if any, based on COL to compensate the observed negative affect (i.e. slightly heightened anxiety) associated with the hypofunctional S allele.
This study will extended to additional population to achieve a statistically significant national relevance. A personality questionnaire (NEO‐PI‐R) will be added for the detection of predisposition factors of adherence to cultural values.
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Contents
1. CULTURE – SELECTIVE FACTOR OF BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION...................................................................................................... 9 1.1. Culture as an evolutionary process.....................................................................9 1.2. Cultural construction of niches..........................................................................14 1.3. Genetic and cultural transmission of information ..........................................16 1.4. Cultural adaptations and maladaptations....................................................... 19 1.5. Levels of studying culture – the three‐dimensional evolutionary model... 22
The capacity of learning as adaptation...................................................................24 Cultural evolution ..................................................................................................27 Gene-culture co-evolution .....................................................................................29 Examples of gene-culture co-evolution: pastoralism and yam culture ..................34
1.6. Psychological and cultural dimensions of neurogenetic polymorphisms ...........................................................................37 5HTTLPR polymorphism – psychological and cultural implications....................41 Social sensitivity and neurogenetic polymorphisms .............................................44
2. VALUES AND CULTURAL DIMENSIONS IN MODERN SOCIETY .......................................................................................................... 46 2.1 Cultural values......................................................................................................46 2.1 Cultural dimension – Hofstede’s model............................................................53 2.2. Description of cultural dimensions of Hofstede’s mode................................59 2.3. Application of Hofstede’s model in Romanian society ..................................64
3. INDIVIDUALISM‐COLLECTIVISM AND 5HTTLPR POLYMORPHISM: A TEST ON A ROMANIAN SAMPLE...................... 69 3.1 Theoretical fundaments .......................................................................................69 3.2. Objective, working hypothesis and predictions ..............................................79
Objective................................................................................................................81 Working hypothesis ..............................................................................................81 Tested predictions ..................................................................................................82
3.3. Methods ................................................................................................................82 General procedure .................................................................................................83 Construction of working sample ............................................................................85 Structure of sample ................................................................................................89 Assessment of individual degree of emotionality .................................................90 Assessment of cultural orientations .......................................................................92
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Biographical data form ..........................................................................................92 Collection of saliva samples and DNA extraction .................................................92 5HTTLPR genotyping ...........................................................................................93 Statistical analysis .................................................................................................96
3.4. Results ...................................................................................................................97 3.4.1. Description of sample ..................................................................................97
Cultural dimensions according to VSM94 ..................................................97 Psycho-emotional characteristics of the sample ..........................................97 Influential ontogenetic factors ..................................................................101 Genetic structure of the sample .................................................................101 The frequency of 5HTTLPR alleles and the cultural orientation IDV-COL ................................................................................103
3.4.2. Explorative analysis of data – binary relations among variables ..............105 Statistical relationships of biological and biographical factors .................108 Statistical relationships of high impact negative factors ...........................108 Statistical relationships of deleterious cultural practices ..........................108 Statistical relationships of VSM94 cultural orientations ...........................110 Statistical relationships of depression, state and trait anxiety ...................111
3.4.3. Construction of regression models ............................................................114 Regression models of psycho-emotional features .....................................114 Regression models of cultural orientations................................................119 The effect of genetic polymorphisms .......................................................120
3.4.4. Discussions and interpretation of explorative statistical analyses .............127 The 5HTTLPR effect on the individualism-collectivism orientation ........127 Genetic/nongenetic parallel interpretation of options to question no.8 from VSM94 .......................................................................132
3.4.5. Conclusions................................................................................................136 References ..................................................................................................................154 Appendices ...............................................................................................................171
Editura Muzeului Național al Literaturii Române
CNCS PN ‐ II ‐ ACRED ‐ ED ‐ 2012 – 0374 Coperta colecției: AULA MAGNA
Machetare, tehnoredactare şi prezentare grafică: Victor PREDA, Nicolae LOGIN Logistică editorială şi diseminare: Ovidiu SÎRBU, Radu AMAN
Traducerea sumarului şi sintezei, corectură şi bun de tipar
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ISBN 978‐973‐167‐177‐2 Apărut trim. II 2013