Gramatica-Limbii-Engleze 3.pdf

8/10/2019 Gramatica-Limbii-Engleze 3.pdf

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Contents

Contents ................................................................................................................. 1

I. The present continuous ....................................................................................... 2Form .................................................................................................................... 2

The spelling of the present participle .................................................................. 3

Uses of the present continuous tense ................................................................. 4

Verbs not normally used in the continuous tenses ..............................................

II. The simple present tense ................................................................................... !

Form .................................................................................................................... !

"pelling notes ...................................................................................................... !

The simple present used to e#press .................................................................... $

%#ercises &ith present tense simple ' continuous ................................................. (

III. The simple past tense ...................................................................................... 11

Form .................................................................................................................. 11

"pelling notes .................................................................................................... 12

Irregular )erbs* form ......................................................................................... 12

Use ................................................................................................................... 12

IV. The past continuous tense .............................................................................. 13Form .................................................................................................................. 13

%#ercises &ith the "imple +ast and the +ast Continuous ..................................... 14

V. The present perfect tense ................................................................................ 1$

Form .................................................................................................................. 1$

Use .................................................................................................................... 1(

VI. The present perfect continuous tense ............................................................. 21

Form .................................................................................................................. 21

Use .................................................................................................................... 21

%#ercises &ith +resent +erfect "imple ' +resent +erfect Continuous ..................22

The +resent +erfect and the +ast Tense ............................................................... 2

VII. The past perfect tense .................................................................................... 2,

Form .................................................................................................................. 2,

Use .................................................................................................................... 2,

VIII. The past perfect continuous tense ................................................................ 2!

Form ................................................................................................................. 2!

Use .................................................................................................................... 2!

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The +ast +erfect and the +ast +erfect Continuous .............................................2$

%#ercises &ith +ast +erfect "imple ' Contiuous ..................................................2$

I-. The future ....................................................................................................... 31

(.1. The simple present used for the future ...................................................... 32

(.2. Future &ith intention ................................................................................. 32

(.3. The present continuous .............................................................................. 32

(.4. The be going to form .................................................................................. 33

(.. The future simple ....................................................................................... 3

(.,. The future continuous tense ....................................................................... 3$

(.!. The future perfect Form ............................................................................. 3(

(.$. The future perfect continuous ................................................................... 3(

%#ercises &ith the Future ..................................................................................... 4

I. The present continuous

Form

The present continuous tense is formed with the present tense of the auxiliary verb be + the

present participle:

Affirmative Neative Interroative

I am working I am not working am I working?

you are working you are not working are you working?

he/she/it is working he/she/it is not working is he/she/it working?

we are working we are not working are we working?

you are working you are not working are you working?

they are working they are not working are they working?

Neative interroative: am I not working? are you not working? is he not working?

!ontractions: the verb be can be contracted" so the present continuous of any verb can be

contracted:

Affirmative Neative Neative interroative

I'm working I'm not working aren't I working?

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Note the irreular contraction aren't I? for am I not?

The spellin of the present participle

1. $hen a verb ends in a sinle e" this e is dropped before ing

argue arguing

hate hating

love loving

%xceptions :

ae ageing

dye dyeing

sine singeing

agree agreeing

see seeing

#. $hen a verb of one syllable has one vowel and ends in a sinle consonant" this consonant is

doubled before ing:

hit hitting

run running

stop stopping

&. 'erbs of two or more syllables whose last syllable contains only one vowel and ends in a

sinle consonant double this consonant if the stress falls on the last syllable:

admit admitting

begin beginning

prefer preferring

(. %xceptions

budget budgeting

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enter entering )stress not on the last syllable*.

. A final 1 after a sinle vowel is always doubled:

Signal signalling

travel travelling except in American %nlish.

6. ing can be added to a verb endin in y without affectin the spellin of the verb:

carry carrying

enjoy enjoying

hurry hurrying

,ses of the present continuous tense

For an action happenin now

It is raining.

I am not wearing a coat as it isn 't cold.

Why are you sitting at my desk?

For an action happenin about this time but not necessarily at the moment of spea-in:

I am reading a play by Shaw. )This may mean at the moment of spea-in but may also mean

now in a more eneral sense.*

e is teaching !rench and learning "reek. )/e may not be doin either at the moment of

spea-in.*

$hen two continuous tenses havin the same sub0ect are 0oined by and, the auxiliary may

be dropped before the second verb" as in the above example.

For a definite arranement in the near future:

I'm meeting #eter tonight.

$re you doing anything tomorrow afternoon? % &es I'm playing tennis with $nn.

$ith a point in time to indicate an action which beins before this point and probably

continues after it:

$t si( I am bathing the baby. )I start bathin him before six.*

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$ith always:

e is always losing his keys.

This form is used" chiefly in the affirmative" for a freuently repeated action" usually when the

freuency annoys the spea-er or seems unreasonable to him:

)om is always going away for weekends

For an action which appears to be continuous:

e's always working

'erbs not normally used in the continuous tenses

The continuous tenses are chiefly used for deliberate actions. 2ome verbs are" not normally

used in the continuous and have only one present tense" the simple present. These verbs can be

rouped as follows:

'erbs of the senses )involuntary actions*: feel, hear, see, smell; also notice and observe

)3 notice*" and feel, look, taste used as lin- verbs

'erbs expressin feelins and emotions" e.. admire )3 respect*" adore, appreciate )3

value*" care for )3 li-e*" desire, detest, dislike, fear, hate, like, loathe, love, mind ) 3

care*" respect, value, want, wish. 'erbs of mental activity" e.. agree, appreciate )3 understand*" assume, believe, expect

)3 thin-*" feel )3 thin-*" feel sure/certain, forget, know, mean, perceive, realize, recall,

recognize, recollect, remember, see )3 understand*" see through someone )3 penetrate

his attempt to deceive*" suppose, think ) 3 have an opinion*" trust )3 believe4have

confidence in*" understand.

'erbs of possession: belong, owe, own, possess:

ow much do I owe you?

appear )3 seem*" concern, consist, contain, hold" keep )3 continue*" matter, seem,

signify, sound

It concerns us all. )his bo( contains e(plosives.

feel, look, smell and taste used in the continuous forms

feel, when followed by an ad0ective indicatin the sub0ects emotions or physical or mental

condition" e.. angry/pleased happy/sad hot/cold tense/rela(ed nervous/confident is normally

used in the simple tenses but can also be used in the continuous:


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ow do you feel/are you feeling? % I feel/am feeling better.

* feel meanin touch )usually in order to learn somethin* can be used in the continuous:

)he doctor was feeling her pulse.

* 2imilarly" feel for meanin try to find somethin by touchin:

e was feeling for the keyhole in the dark. 5ut feel is not used in the

look

The continuous is not used with look used as a lin- verb" e.. )hat cake looks good or with

look on )3 consider*" look up to )3 respect* and look down on )3 despise*. 5ut look !at",

look for/in/into/out and look on )3 watch* are deliberate actions and can be used in the

continuous tenses:

e is looking for his glasses.

I'm looking out for a better job.

smell

The continuous is not used with smell meanin perceive a scent4" e..I smell gas or with

smell used as a lin- verb" but can be used with smell meanin sniff at:

Why are you smelling the milk? +oes it smell sour?

taste

taste as a lin- verb is not used in the continuous:

)his coffee tastes bitter )has a bitter taste*

5ut taste meanin to test the flavour of' can be used in the continuous:

She was tasting the pudding to see if it was sweet enough.

think, assume and expect used in the continuous forms

think can be used in the continuous when no opinion is iven or as-ed for:

What are you thinking about?

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I ' m thinking about the play we saw last night. 5ut

What do you think of it? )opinion as-ed for*

4 don't think much of it. )opinion iven*

assume can be used in the continuous when it means accept as a startin point:

I'm assuming that you have time to do a lot of research. assumepower4control of a country or

orani7ation can also be used in I the continuous:

)he new government is assuming power at once.

expect can be used in the continuous when it means await: I'm e(pecting a letter. She's

e(pecting a baby in ,ay.

II. The simple present tense

Form

In the affirmative the simple present has the same form as the infinitive but adds an 8 s for the

third person sinular.

Affirmative Neative Interroative Neative interroative

I work I do not work do I work? do I not work?

you work you do not work do you work? do you not work?

he/she/it he/she/it does does he/she/it does he/she/it

works not work work? not work?

we work we do not workdo we work? do we not work?

you work you do not work do you work? do you not work?

they work they do not work do they work? do they not work?

2pellin notes

1. 'erbs endin in ss" sh" ch" x and o add es" instead of s alone" to form the third person

sinular:

I kiss he kisses I bo( he bo(es

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I rush he rushes I do he does

I watch he watches I go he goes

#. $hen y follows a consonant we chane the y into i and add es:

I carry he carries I copy he copies I try he triesbut verbs endin in y followin a vowel

obey the usual rule:

I obey he obeys I say he says

The simple present used to express

1. The main use of the simple present tense is to express habitual actions:

e smokes. +ogs bark. -ats drink milk.

This tense does not tell us whether or not the action is bein performed at the moment of

spea-in" and if we want to ma-e this clear we must add a verb in the present continuous

tense:

e's working. e always works at night.

,y dog barks a lot but he isn 't barking at the moment.

#. The simple present tense is often used with adverbs or adverb phrases such as: always

never occasionally often sometimes usually every week on ,ondays twice a year etc.:

ow often do you wash your hair?

I go to church on Sundays. It rains in winter.

or with time clauses expressin routine or habitual actions. whenever and when )3 whenever*

are particularly useful:

Whenever it rains the roof leaks.

When you open the door a light goes on.

&. It is used" chiefly with the verb say" when we are as-in about or uotin from boo-s"

notices or very recently received letters:

What does that notice say? It says 'o parking.'


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What does the book say? It says '-ook very slowly.'

(. It can be used in newspaper headlines:

,$SS ,01+2121 2S-$#2S #2$-2 )$34S !$I3

. It can be used for dramatic narrative. This is particularly useful when describin the action of a

play" opera etc." and is often used by radio commentators at sports events" public functions etc.:

When the curtain rises 5uliet is writing at her desk. Suddenly the window opens and a masked

man enters.

6. It can be used for a planned future action or series of actions" particularly when they refer to

a 0ourney. Travel aents use it a ood deal.

We leave 3ondon at 67.77 ne(t )uesday and arrive in #aris at 68.77. We spend two hours in

#aris and leave again at 69.77. We arrive in 1ome at 6:.87 spend four hours in 1ome etc.

9. It must be used instead of the present continuous with verbs which cannot be used in the

continuous form" e.. love, see, believe etc." so that we can say I love youbut not I am loving

you.

%xercises with present tense simple ; continuous

%ut the verbs in brac-ets into the 2imple >resent or the >resent !ontinuous tense:

1. They )want* ??????.. to see you for a minute. #. /e )wal-* ??????.. to

hospital every day. &. 2he )move* ??????.. her boo-s into her new boo-case. (. /e

usually )spea-* ??????.. his mother tonue" but today he )spea-* ??????..

%nlish. . @ou )drin-* ??????.. coffee or tea 6. @ou )understand* ??????..

the >resent Tenses in %nlish 9. /e )play* ??????.. the piano li-e a professional

musician. . @ou cant spea- to Bary nowC she )sleep* ??????... D. I )not hear*

??????.. what you )say* ??????.. . 1E. Its autumn. The leaves )turn*

??????.. yellow and )fall* ??????.. down. 11. I )wear* ??????.. a

raincoat because it )rain* ??????... 1#. 2omethin )burn* ??????.. in the ovenC

I )see* ??????.. that smo-e )come* ??????.. out of it. 1&. $e )not drin-*

??????.. tea with mil- in our country. 1(. $e )spend* ??????.. next wee-

with our parentsC we )o* ??????.. on a trip with them. 1. @ou )o* ??????..

to town this afternoon

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%ut the verbs in brac-ets into the 2imple or !ontinuous >resent:

1. By friend )come* ??????.. to see us next month. #. Apricots )ripe* ??????..

in early summer. &. /ere )come* ??????.. our lon waited for teacher (. I )see*

??????.. her occasionally" as she )open* ??????.. the windows in the

mornin. . I )wal-* ??????.. to school every day" but today as I am late I )o*

??????.. by bus. 6. GI )see* ??????.. that you )wear* ??????.. your

best clothes. @ou )o* ??????.. to a partyG GNo" I )o* ??????.. to a

weddin.G GAnd who is the unhappy man who )throw* ??????.. away his freedomG

@ou must tell him I )feel* ??????.. sorry for him.G G/e )spea-* ??????.. to

you nowG 9. I )see* ??????.. what you )mean* ??????.. @ou cant 0oin us

today as you )feel* ??????.. ill. )2ee* ??????.. the doctor this afternoon .

2till waters )run* ??????.. deep. D. 2top ma-in a fool of yourself @ou aain )foret*

??????.. your manners 1E. % plants )not row* ??????.. on trees. 11.

Hont et off the bus till it )stop* ??????.. 1#. /ow he )feel* ??????.. now

@ou )thin-* ??????.. of oin to see him at the hospital 1&. 2he always )complain*

??????.. about somethin. 1(. $hy you )not stay* ??????.. indoors for a

chane 1. Althouh he is unhappy with his mar-" he )deserve* ??????.. it as he

hasnt laid hands on a boo- this term. 16. $e constantly )see* ??????.. you outsidethe cinema. 19. /owever late it may be" my father never oes to bed until I )come*

??????.. bac- home.

%oti sa te ase7i" este scaunul pe care il folosesc eu cind am musafiri.

????????????????????????????????????

(. K Ast7i ma simt mai bine. K Har arati mai rau.

????????????????????????????????????.

. !e s8a intimplat Nu mai meri la teatru

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????????????????????????????????????.

6. %sti cam slab" Leore" oare maninci destul

????????????????????????????????????..

!. Mohn se indreapta spre celalalt colt al camerei" si isi toarna un pahar cu apa. % evident

insetat )indicatii scenice*.

?????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????.

$. Asteapta8ma" vreau sa8ti vorbesc Am incredere in tineC vin la tine de indata ce imi termin

serviciul.

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

D. Inchide eamurile. 2imt c trae. au ca simt.

????????????????????????????????????

1E. !ind se dictea7a" trebuie sa se vorbeasca clar.

????????????????????????????????????..

III. The simple past tense

Form

The simple past tense in reular verbs is formed by addin 8 ed to the infinitive: Infinitive: to

wor- 2imple past: wor-ed

'erbs endin in e add d only: Infinitive: to love 2imple past: loved

The same form is used for all persons:

I wor-edC you wor-edC he wor-ed etc.

The neative of reular and irreular verbs is formed with did not !didn#t" and the infinitive:

I did not/didn 't work

you did not/didn't work etc.

The interroative of reular and irreular verbs is formed with did I sub0ect + infinitive:

did I work? did you work? etc.

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#. ,sed with a point in time" it expresses an action which bean before that time and probably

continued after it. $t eight he was having breakfast implies that he was in the middle of

brea-fast at eiht. It means that he had started it before eiht.e had breakfast at eight would

imply that he started it at eiht.

$e use the continuous tense in descriptions.

$ wood fire was burning on the hearth and a cat was sleeping in front of it. $ girl was playing

the piano and =was> singing softly to herself.

The past continuous with always:

e was always ringing me up. e was always working.

>ast continuous as an alternative to the simple past

The past continuous can be used as an alternative to the simple past to indicate a more

casual" less deliberate action:

I was talking to )om the other day. The past continuous here ives the impression that the

action was in no way unusual or remar-able. It also tends to remove responsibility from the

sub0ect. In the above example it is not clear who started the conversation" and it does not

matter. Note the contrast with the simple past tense" I talked to )om which indicates that I

too- the initiative.

%xercises with the 2imple >ast and the >ast !ontinuous

%ast Tense form of the irreular verbs iven in brac-ets:

1. I )fall* ??????.. down a well and )brea-* ??????.. a le. #. The smell of the

arden )creep* ??????.. into the room. &. /e )win* ??????.. her over by his

entleness. (. They )-neel* ??????.. down and )bind* ??????.. the man tiht.

. The cat )overthrow* ??????.. an in-pot" and )spill* ??????.. the in- onto

his papers. 6. 2he )flin off* ??????.. her niht8own" and )fly* ??????.. into

her bath. 9. 2he )hold* ??????.. out her arms. . If nostalia ever )sweep*

??????.. over him" he )thrust* ??????.. it bac-.1E. 2he )brin*

??????.. in an outsider It. $e all )drin-* ??????.. tea. 1#. They )wind*

??????.. up the evenin with a son. 1& The Mint m his bedroom )shine*

??????.. over the court each niht. 1(. /e )-eep* ??????.. oHen house for us

each Thursday. 1. They )weave* ??????.. cotton into cloth. 16. One day an idea

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)stri-e* ??????.. Ann. 19" It )cost* ??????.. me a lot. 1. 2he )shrin-*

??????.. from society. 1D. /e )see-* ??????.. power. #E. They )feed*

??????.. the baby by turns. #1. /is le )bleed* ??????.. and )swell*

??????.. ## /is -nee )hurt* ??????.." his head ached. #&. /e )burst*

??????.. into tears #(. The police )speed* ??????.. to the scene of the crime.

#. Our blood almost )free7e* ??????.. in our veins. #6. A do )bite* ??????..

it and an elephant )tread* ??????.. on it. #9. Thev )flin* ??????.. the door

shut" and rushed to their cars. #. /e )tear* ??????.. his hair" )wrin* ??????..

his hands and )swear* ??????... #D It )teach* ??????.. him a bitter lesson. &E. I

)-now* ??????.. the bus8route B-e the bac- of my hand. &1. @ou )run*

??????.. into debt. . $e )set* ??????.. the blan-ets abla7e. &( /e )lend*

??????.. her his attention for a while. &. Then he )shoot* ??????.. uneasy

lances towards her mother. &6. That war )breed* ??????.. misery and diseases. &9.

/e )catch* ??????.. my eve &. Biss Tramp )foret* ??????.. names. )&D.

The news )come* ??????.. as a total shoc-. (E The panthers )spit* ??????.. at

all who ventured near them. (1. By voice )rin out* ??????.. 0ubilantly from the hall.

(#. Pu-e )cut* ??????.. her short. (&. They )swin* ??????.. from one

extreme to the other. ((. I )burn* ??????.. the paper in the rate. (. That wall )shut

off* ??????.. my view of the sea. (6. The house )smell* ??????.. of flowers

all throuh the early summer (9. Then he )feel* ??????.. a complete release. (. Tom

)throw* ??????.. the whole of his nature into his wor-. (D. 2he )stride off*

??????.. with a triumphant loo- in her eyes. E. HavidQs heart )sin-*

??????.." but >auls spirits )rise* ??????... 1. I )weep* ??????.. with

rae. # $hen he )see* ??????.. his father drawin near" he )steal away*

??????... &. $e )choose* ??????.. him ourselves (. /e )bear*

??????.. it valiantly. . /e )read* ??????.. very slowly. 6. I )hold*

??????.. the umbrella over her head as she shuffled alon. 9. The wind )blow*

??????.. down the streets umbrellas were )bend* ??????.. to meet it. . /e

)lay* ??????.. bare his heart about her. D. /e )liht* ??????.. shy of a scene.

6E. Br. >eel )withdraw* ??????.. from the election a wee- ao. 61. /eavy clouds

)han* ??????.. over the roofs. 6#. Those words )spell out* ??????.. bad

news. 6&. The attac-ers )beat* ??????.. him up. 6(. /e )stic-* ??????.. to his

advantae. 6. 2he )ive away* ??????.. his secret. 66. The experiment )bear out*

??????.. his theory. 69. By husband )cut out* ??????.. smo-in. 6. /e )put*

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??????.. his watch bac- an hour. 6D. The car )draw* ??????.. to the -erb. 9E.

They soon )ma-e* ??????.. it up. 91. /e )pay* ??????.. her bac- for her

rudeness. 9#. The policeman )let* ??????.. her off with a fine. 9&. The committee

)deal* ??????.. with the uestion of housin several times. 9(. /e )sleep off*

??????.. the headache. 9. The tramp )ta-e* ??????.. her in with his lies. 96.

I )wa-e* ??????.. early. 99. /e )spread* ??????.. the sheets of paper on the

counter. 9. Bost people )eat* ??????.. with 7est. 9D. I )have* ??????.. her by

the shoulder" but she )sha-e* ??????.. me off. E. /e )spea-* ??????.. of his

aims. 1 /e )play* ??????.. ames each 2unday. &. /e )lie* ??????.. in bed

all mornin. (. 2he )lie* ??????.. to me.

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he/she/it has worked he/she/it has not worked has he/she/it worked?

we have worked we have not worked have we worked?

you have worked you have not worked have you worked ?

they have worked they have not worked have they worked?

Neative interroative: has he not worked ? etc.

,se

This tense may be said to be a sort of mixture of present and past. It always implies a stron

connection with the present and is chiefly used in conversations" letters" newspapers and

television and radio reports.

1. The present perfect used with%ust for a recently completed action

e has just gone out @ e went out a few minutes ago. This is a special use of this tense"%ust

must be placed between the auxiliary and the main verb. This combination is used chiefly in the

affirmative" thouh the interroative form is possible:

as he just gone out? It is not normally used in the neative.

#. The present perfect is used for recent actions when the time is not mentioned:

I have read the instructions but I don't understand them.

ave you had breakfast? % o I haven't had it yet.

ave you seen my stamps? &es I have/o I haven't or

&es I saw them on your desk a minute ago.

&. =ecent actions in the present perfect often have results in the present

)om has had a bad car crash. )/es probably still in hospital.*

)he lift has broken down. )$e have to use the stairs.*

I've washed the car. )It loo-s lovely.*

(. Actions expressed by the present perfect + yet usually have results in

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the present:

e hasn 't come yet. )so we are still waitin for him*

. It can also be used for actions which occur further bac- in the past provided the connection

with the present is still maintained:

I have seen wolves in that forest implies that it is still possible to see them" and

5ohn Smith has written a number of short stories implies that Mohn 2mith is still alive and can

write more. If" however" the wolves have been -illed off and Mohn 2mith is dead we would say:

Isaw wolves in that forest once/several times or

I used to see wolves here and

6. The present perfect used for actions occurrin in an incomplete period

An incomplete period may be indicated by today or this morning/

afternoon/evening/week/month/year/century etc.

)at 11 a.m.* )om has rung up three times this morning already.

)at # p.m.* )om rang up three times this morning.

)at ( p.m.* I haven't seen )om this afternoon.

)at 6 p.m.* I didn't see )om this afternoon.

9. The present perfect used with an incomplete period of time implies that the action happened

or didnt happen at some undefined time durin this period:

ave you seen him today? )at any time today*

&es I've seen him today

. lately, recently used with the present perfect also indicate an incomplete period of time.

In the sentences as he been here lately/recently? ande hasn 't been here lately/recently

lately/recently means at any time durin the last wee-4month etc.C and in e has been here

recently

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recently means at some undefined time durin the last wee-4month etc lately is less usual

with the affirmative" except for actions coverin periods of time:

)here have been some changes lately/recently.

e's had a lot of bad luck lately/recently.

D. The present perfect can be used similarly with ever never always

occasionally often several times etc. andsince A a point in time

ANN:ave you ever fallen off a horse?

TOB: &es I've fallen off Buite often/occasionally.

1E. The present perfect used for an action which lasts throuhout an incomplete period. Time

expressions includefor since" all day/night/week all my etc. life all the time always lately

never recently.

The action usually beins in the past and continues past the time of spea-in in the present:

e has been in the army for two years. )/e is still in the army.*

I have smoked since I left school. )I still smo-e.* We have waited all day. )$e are still waitin.*

'I. The present perfect continuous tense

Form

This tense is formed by the present perfect of the verb to be + the present participle:

Affirmative: I have been working he has been working etc.

Neative: I have not/haven't been working etc.

Interroative: have I been working? etc.

Neative interroative: have I not/haven't I been working? etc.

,se

1. This tense is used for an action which bean in the past and still continuin:

I've been waiting for an hour and he still hasn't turned up.

I'm so sorry I'm late. ave you been waiting long?

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#. !omparison of the present perfect simple and continuous

An action which bean in the past and is still continuin or has only 0ust finished can" with

certain verbs" be expressed by either the present perfect simple or the present perfect

continuous. 'erbs which can lie used in this way include e(pect hope learn lie live look

rain sleep sit snow stand stay study teach wait want work

ow long have you learnt 2nglish?

ow long have you been learning 2nglish ?

e has slept for ten hours.

&. A repeated action in the simple present perfect can sometimes be expressed as a continuousaction by the present perfect continuous:

IQve written six letters since brea-fast.

Ive been writin letters since brea-fast.

Note that the present perfect continuous expresses an action which is apparently uninterrupted.

(. There is" however" a difference between a sinle action in the simple present perfect and an

action in the present perfect continuous:

I've polished the car means that this 0ob has been completed.

I've been polishing the car means this is how Ive spent the last hour. It does not necessarily

mean that the 0ob is completed.

Note also that a sinle action in the present perfect continuous continues up to the time of

spea-in" or nearly up to this time:

e's been taking photos )hes probably still carryin his camera* bute has taken photos. )This

action may or may not be very recent.*

%xercises with >resent >erfect 2imple ; >resent >erfect !ontinuous

%ut the verbs in brac-ets into the >resent >erfect or the >resent >erfect !ontinuous.

2pecify where both tenses may be used:

##


23/44


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??????.. me the slihtest consideration.G 1&. No one )ever do* ??????.. me so

much harm before. 1(. GI )try* ??????.. to collect my thouhts" but its not a very

pleasant process.G

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12.Nu8mi place sa stau aici in aceasta perioada a anului. >loua incontinuu.

????????????????????????????????????..

1&. !opilasul a ince8put sa plina si mai pline inca" desi rareori pline noaptea.

????????????????????????????????????..

1(. !itesti carti enle7esti in oriinal !e citesti acum

????????????????????????????????????..

1. ,nchiul meu e scriitor. He doi ani scrie un roman" dar nu Ta terminat inca. Nu a strins

inca tot materialul necesar si acum isi petrece timpul la tara.

????????????????????????????????????..

????????????????????????????????????..

The >resent >erfect and the >ast Tense

%ut the verbs in brac-ets into the >resent >erfect or the >ast Tense" dependin on

the iven alternatives:

1. They )try* ????????. to spea- only %nlish )lately" last niht*. #. 2he )have*

????????. a lot of wor- )today" in Manuary*. &. I )practise* ????????. for

three hours )today" before I came here*. (. /e )complete* ????????. his wor-)yesterday" this mornin" for a lon time now*. . By randparents )live* ????????.

in the country )since the war" until the war*. 6. $ho)m* you )spea-* ????????. to

)0ust now" all this time* 9. I )disli-e* ????????. mathematics )when I was a pupil"

always*. . $e )live* ????????. here )for three years" three years ao*. D. Mohn

)hear* ????????. about your arrival )yesterday" 0ust*. 1E. The weather )chane*

????????. )since this mornin" as I left the house*.

%ut the verbs in brac-ets into the >resent >erfect or the >ast Tense:

1. /e )write* ?????? two paes so far. #. 2he )foret* ?????? to ta-e her boo-

with her. &. They )leave* ?????? the villae last wee-. (. Ann )live* ??????

in 5ucharest from 1D6 to 1D9E. . They not )play* ?????? football since last wee-.

6. Mohn )start* ?????? to learn French last October. 9. Father not )come*

?????? home yet. . I cannot tell you where she is" as I not )see* ?????? her.

D. $hen you )receive* ?????? the letter from them 1E. They )become*

?????? very well8-nown now. 11. Buch proress )be made* ?????? lately in

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nuclear science. 1#. 2he never )teach* ?????? rammar before. 1&. @ears ao he

)wor-* ?????? here but now he )move* ?????? to another factory. 1(. This

novelist )write* ?????? some very ood plays too" he )write* ?????? them in

his youth. 1. The play )bein* ?????? half an hour late last niht so we )be*

?????? late for dinner.

'II. The past perfect tense

Form

This tense is formed with had and the past participle:

Affirmative:I had/I'd worked etc.

Neative: 4 had not/hadn't worked etc.

Interroative: had I worked? etc.

Neative interroative: had I not/hadn't I worked? etc.

,se

The past perfect is the past euivalent of the present perfect. >resent:$nn has just left. If you

hurry you'll catch her. >ast: When I arrived $nn had just left.

>resent:I've lost my case. >ast:e had lost his case and had to borrow )om's pyjamas.

1. The past perfect can be used for an action which bean before the time of spea-in in the

past" and was still continuin at that time or stopped at that time or 0ust before it.

#. for an action which stopped some time before the time of spea-in

Cill was in uniform when I met him. e had been a soldier for ten years/since he was seventeen

and planned to stay in the army I ill he was thirty.

)he old oak tree which had stood in the churchyard for 877 years/since before the church was

built suddenly crashed to the ground.

&. The past perfect is also the past euivalent of the simple past tense" and is used when the

narrator or sub0ect loo-s bac- on earlier action from a certain point in the past:

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27/44

)om was D8 when our story begins. is father had died five years before and since then )om

had lived alone. is father had advised him not to get married till he was 89 and )om intended

to follow this advice. I had just poured myself a glass of beer when the phone rang. When

'III. The past perfect continuous tense

Form

This tense is formed with had been + the present participle. II I2 therefore the same for all

persons:

I had/I'd been working

)hey had not/hadn 't been working

,se

The past perfect continuous bears the same relation to the past perfect as the present perfect

continuous bears to the present perfect

1. $hen the action bean before the time of spea-in in the past" and continued up to that time"

or stopped 0ust before it" we can often use either form :

It was now si( and he was tired because he had worked since dawn 3

It was now si( and he was tired because he had been working since dawn.

#. A repeated action in the past perfect can sometimes be expressed continuous action by the

past perfect continuous

e had tried five times to get her on the phone. e had been trying to get her on the phone.

&. 5ut there is a difference between a sinle action in the simple past perfect and an action in

the past perfect continuous

Cy si( o'clock he had repaired the engine. )This 0ob had been completed.* e had been

repairing the engine tells us how he had spent the previous hour4half hour etc. It does not tell us

whether or not the 0ob was completed. Another difference is that an action in the past perfect

continuous continues up to" or beyond" the time of spea-in in the past.

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The >ast >erfect and the >ast >erfect !ontinuous

The basic function of the >ast >erfect is to express the priority of an action to a iven moment

in the past.

e.. /e had studied French thorouhly before he went to >aris. 2he had read much and could

tell beautiful stories.

The >ast >erfect may also serve to express an action which bean before a iven past moment

and continued into it or up to it. $ith this meanin it is parallel to the >ast >erfect

!ontinuous. In the choice of the >ast >erfect or the >ast >erfect !ontinuous we observe the

same indications as those mentioned in the case of the >resent >erfect !ontinuous.

e.. /e had been a teacher for three years before he became a novelist.

5ut: /e had been teachin in that school for three years before he left it.

In neative sentences the >ast >erfect is preferred to the >ast >erfect !ontinuous:

e.. They had not met for many years.

%xercises with >ast >erfect 2imple ; !ontiuous

%ast >erfect Tense. ,se the

con0unctions in brac-ets:

BOH%P: They went out to play. They finished their tas-s )after*. They went out to play after

they had finished their tas-s.

1. /e threw the letter away. /e wrote it )as soon as*.

????????????????????????????????????

#. /e recovered. /e was very ill )before*.

????????????????????????????????????

&. 2he didnt -now the truth. /e explained it )until*.

????????????????????????????????????

(. I reached the bus8stop. The bus started )when*.

????????????????????????????????????

. /e left the room. I switched on the T' set )as soon as*.

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????????????????????????????????????

6. $e had brea-fast. $e went for a wal- )after*.

????????????????????????????????????

9. They didnt call on us. $e dressed for the trip )until*.

????????????????????????????????????

. /e was an actor. /e became a stae director )before*.

????????????????????????????????????

%ut the verbs in brac-ets into the 2imple >ast or the >ast >erfect Tense:

a* 1. They not )et* ????? a reply" so they )decide* ????? to spend their holidaysat home. #. $e )have* ????? to o bac-" it )rain* ????? for two hours and the

round was water8loed. &. /ow lon he )live* ????? there when the war )brea-*

????? out (. Only a lon time after that he )find* ????? out what )happen*

?????. . /e )-now* ????? where I )live* ????? but he never )be*

????? to my flat. 6. /e )listen* ????? to her story for two hours and )thin-*

????? it borin. 9. Nobody )-now* ????? he )disappear* ?????. . 2he

had )stay* ????? at the seaside for more than a wee- when the weather )row*

????? cold. D. /e )lauh* ????? at her hair and she )be* ????? anry

with him. 1E. They )wonder* ????? what )become* ????? of their luae. 11.

The hotel )be* ????? much cheaperthan he )thin-* ????? at first. 1#. $e )tell*

????? him that his house )burn down* ?????. 1&. The explorers )travel*

????? for wee-s without enouh food and water. 1(. They as-ed her why she )lie*

????? to them. 1. /e )be pushed* ????? out of the room" before he )be able*

????? to spea-.

b* 1. I )not" yet" translate* ????? the letter when he )come bac-* ????? . #. As

soon as I )pay* ????? for the bulb I )say* ????? ood8bye to Br. /obbs. &. Br.

2mith" who )never" fire* ????? a revolver in his life" )slip* ????? it inerly into

his poc-et. (. =eport )o* ????? that he )be maimed* ????? in his youth. .

>ieces )come off* ????? so that the walls )loo-* ????? awful.

#D


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There )be* ????? a rippin sound. The sidecar )come loose* ????? from the

motorcycle. It )be* ????? very sudden. Thouh for many years she )have* ?????

pains on and off.

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1. $hen I visited him in 5erlin I discovered that he )paint* ????? 0ust the same stale

thins that he )paint* ????? for years in =ome. #. /e was lauhin heartily at a story

which he )tell* ????? Labriel on the stairs. &. $hile he )be* ????? full of

memories of their secret life toether" she )compare* ????? him in her mind with

another. (. 5y the time he )spea-* ????? for five minutes the spirit )o* ?????

out of us all. . Once he nearly ot" run overlay a bus. /e )collect* ????? bits of

everreens. 6. They )tal-* ?????" as they saw me at the ate there was a hush. 9 . /is

composure )return* ????? when he and !hrystal called on me after the hall. . /e )do*

????? two mens wor- for months. /is fundamental wor- )not" receive* ?????

the attention that he loo-ed for. D. Brs. Mao welcomed us with a reater assumption of state

than everC she )tell* ????? herself that no one wished to see her. E. I as-ed him if he

)see* ????? Mac- recently.

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&. The present continuous

(. The be going to form

. The future simple will/shall + infinitive

6. The future continuous

9. The future perfect

. The future perfect continuous

D.1. The simple present used for the future

This tense can be used with a time expression for a definite future arranement:

)he boys start school on ,onday. I leave tonight. instead of the more normal present

continuous tense:

)he boys are starting school on ,onday. I'm leaving tonight. The difference between them is:

The simple present is more impersonal than the continuous. I'm leaving tonight would

probably imply that I have decided to leave" but 4 leave tonight could mean that this is part of a

plan not necessarily made by me.

The simple present can also sound more formal than the continuous. A bi store plannin to

open a new branch is more li-ely to say Eur new branch opens ne(t week than Eur new branch

is opening ne(t week.

D.#. Future with intention

$hen we say that a form expresses future with intention we mean that it expresses a future

action which will be underta-en by the spea-er in accordance with his wishes" will + infinitive

and the be oin to form can be used in this way. $hen we say that a form expresses future

without intention we meat* that it merely states that a certain action will happen. $e dont

-now whether it was arraned by the sub0ect or by some other person and we dont -now what

the sub0ect thin-s of it.

D.&. The present continuous

The present continuous tense in the second or third person conveys no idea of intention"

thouh there may be a hint of intention when the first person is used.

The present continuous as a future form


33/44

The present continuous can express a definite arranement in the near future: I'm taking an

e(am in Ectober implies that I have entered for itC andCob and Cill are meeting tonight implies

that 5ob and 5ill have arraned this.

5ut with verbs of movement from one place to another" e.. arrive come drive fly go leave

start travel verbs indicatin position" e..stay remain and the verbs do and have )food or

drin-*" the present continuous can be used more widely. It can express a decision or plan

without any definite arranement.

What are you doing ne(t Saturday? )This is the usual way of as-in

people about their plans.* >ossible answers:

I'm going to the seaside.

I'm not doing anything. I'm staying at home. I'm going to write

letters. FI'm writing . . . would not be possible.*

D.(. The be oin to form

The present continuous tense of the verb to go + the full in fi ni tive I'm going to buy a bicycle.

She is not going to be there. Is he going to lecture in 2nglish?

For intention

For prediction

The be going to form used for intention

The be going to form expresses the sub0ects intention to perform a certain future action. This

intention is always premeditated and there is usually also the idea that some preparation for the

action has already been made. Actions expressed by the be going to form are therefore usually

considered very li-ely to be performed" thouh there is not the same idea of definite future

arranement that we et from the present continuous. The followin points may be noted:

As already shown" be going to can be used for the near future with a time expression as an

alternative to the present continuous" i.e. we can say:

I'm/I am meeting )om at the station at si(.

I'm/6 am going to meet )om at the station at si(. 5ut note thatI'm meeting )om implies an

arranement with Tom.I'm going to meet )om does not: Tom may et a surprise

&&


34/44


35/44


36/44

First person will and shall

Formerly will was -ept for intention:

I will wait for you @ I intend to wait for you and shall was used when there was no intention"

i.e. for actions where the sub0ects wishes were not involved:

Ishall be D9 ne(t week.

We shall know the result ne(t week. )It will be in the papers.*

0nless the ta(i comes soon we shall miss our plane.

shall, however" is still used in the interroative: In uestion tas after let#s:3et's go shall

we? In suestions: Shall we take a ta(i?

In reuests for orders or instructions: What shall I do with your mail? In speculations: Where

shall we be this time ne(t year

shall for determination

Hetermination is normally expressed by will. 5ut sometimes public spea-ers feel that to

express determination they need a heavier word" a word not normally used much" and so they

say shall:

)in a speech* We shall fight and we shall win. We will fight and we shall win would be eually

possible. shall used in this way sometimes carries the idea of promise which we et in second

person shall:

&ou shall have a sweet 3I promise you a sweet.

In we shall win the spea-er is promisin victory. shall can be used in this way in ordinaryconversation:

I shall be there I promise you. 5ut will here is eually possible and less trouble for the

student. $hen in doubt use will.

,ses of the future simple

1. To express the spea-ers opinions" assumptions. These may be introduced by verbs such as

assume be afraid be/feel sure believe daresay doubt e(pect hope know suppose. unk

&6


37/44

wonder or accompanied by adverbs such asperhaps possibly surely but can be used without

them:

=I'm sure> he'll come back.

=I suppose> they'll sell the house.

The future simple can be used with or without a time expression. be oin to is sometimes

possible here also" but it ma-es the action appear more probable and )where there is no time

expression* more immediate.e'll build a house merely means this is my opinion" and ives

no idea when the buildin will start. 5ute's going to build a house implies that he has already

made this decision and that he will probably start uite soon.

#. The future simple is used similarly for future habitual actions which we assume will ta-e

place:

Spring will come again.

Cirds will build nests.

#eople will make plans.

&. The future simple is used" chiefly in newspapers and news for formal announcements of future

plans.

N%$2>A>%=: )he #resident will open the new heliport tomorrow. )he fog will persist in all

areas. /ut the averae reader4listener will say:

)he #resident is going to open/is opening . . . )he fog is going to persist/continue . .

(.won#t can be used with all persons to express neative intention. 2oe won't pay can mean

eithere refuses to pay orI don't think he '66 pay.

'/we will can express affirmative intention" but he/you/they will do not normally express

intention. They may appear to do so sometimes in such sentences as ,y son/brother/husband

etc. will help youbut the intention may be the spea-ers rather than the sub0ects.

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38/44

D.6. The future continuous tense

This tense is made up of the future simple of tobe + the present participle. In the first person"

will is more usual than shall, except in the interroative.

AffirmativeI/we will/shall be working he/she/it/you/they will be workingNeativeI/we

will/shall not be working he/she/it/you/they will not be working

Interroativeshall/will I/we be working? will he/she/it/you/they be working?

,se

This tense has two uses:

It can be used as an ordinary continuous tense.

It can express a future without intention.

The future continuous used as an ordinary continuous tense

Pi-e other continuous tenses it is normally used with a point m lime" and expresses an action

which starts before that time and probably continues after it. This use is best seen by

examples. Imaine a class of students at this moment8D.&E a.m. $e miht say:

ow they are sitting in their classroom. )hey are listening to a tape. )his time tomorrow they

will be sitting in the cinema. )hey will be watching a film. En Saturday there is no class. So on

Saturday they will not be sitting in the classroom. )hey will be doing other things. Cill will be

playing tennis. $nn will be shopping. "eorge will still be having breakfast. A continuous tense

can also be used with a verb in a simple tense:

#eter has been invited to dinner with $nn and )om. e was asked to come at eight but tells

another friend that he intends to arrive at seven. )he friend tries to dissuade him 'When you

arrive they'll still be cooking the mealH'

The future continuous used to express future without intention

%xample: I will be helping ,ary tomorrow.

This does not imply that the spea-er has arraned to help Bary or that he wishes to help her. It

merely states that this action will happen. The future continuous tense used in this way is

somewhat similar to the present continuous" but differs from it in the followin points.

&


39/44

The present continuous tense implies a deliberate future action. The future continuous tense

usually implies an action which will occur in the normal course of events. It is therefore less

definite and more casual than the present continuous:

I am seeing )om tomorrow.

I'll be seeing )om tomorrow. The first implies that Tom or the spea-er has deliberately

arraned / meetin" but the second implies that Tom and the spea-er will meet In the ordinary

course of events )perhaps they wor- toether*.

D.9. The future perfect Form

will/shall + perfect infinitive for first persons" will + perfect infinitive for the other persons.

,se

It is normally used with a time expression beinnin with by: by then by that time by the D


40/44

$hen the action is expressed as a continuous action:

Cy the end of the month he will have been training horses/climbing mountains for twenty years.

5ut if we mention the number of horses or mountains" or divide this action in any way" we

must use the future perfect:

Cy the

%xercises with the Future

%erhaps scientists ... by the twenty8first century. D. They believe that they . . .

before the year is over. 1E. 5efore you leave this part of the country you . . .

%ut the verbs in brac-ets into the

correct tense.

Tom: $here you )o* ????? for your next holiday )Where have youarranged to go?>

(E


41/44

Ann: I dont -now yet but we probably )o* ????? to 2pain.

$e )have* ????? a drin- with >eter toniht. =e has invited us.> Its his last nihtC he

)leave* ????? tomorrow.

Ann: Ho you thin- we )see* ????? 5ill tomorrow

Bary: I hope so. /e probably )loo-* ????? in on his way to the airport.

I )see* ????? my ban- manaer tomorrow. )4 have arranged this.> Im oin to as- him

for a loan but I expect he )refuse* ????? .

I )-now* ????? the result tomorrow. As soon as I hear" I )tell* ????? you.

Mac-s mother: Mac- )be* ????? ready in a moment. /e is 0ust finishin brea-fast.

Mac-s father: If I wait for him any loner I )miss* ????? my train. I thin- I )wal-*

????? onC he probably )catch* ????? me up.

I probably )come* ????? to Pondon some time next month. I )ive* ????? you a

rin nearer the time and tell you when I )come* ????? " =when I have decided/arranged

to come>

/otel >orter: @ou )et* ????? a par-in tic-et if you leave your car there" sir. If you

)stay* ????? the niht =have arranged to stay> you )have to* ????? put it in the

hotel arae.

Tourist: All riht. I )move* ????? it as soon as Ive arraned about a room.

Ann: Ive scorched 5ills shirt. $hatever he )say* ????? Bary: Oh" he )not mind*

?????. /e 0ust )buy* ????? another shirt. /e has plenty of money.

>eter: $ed better leave a messae for Mac-. Otherwise he )not -now* ????? where

weve one.Leore: All riht. I )leave* ????? a note on his table.

Mac-: I dont want to et married. I never )et* ????? married. Bother: @ou thin- that

now. 5ut one day you )meet* ????? a irl and you )fall* ????? in love.

Tom: I )o* ????? to @or- tomorrow. =Ihave arranged to go.>

Ann: @ou )come* ????? bac- the same day =ave you arranged to come back?>

(1


42/44

Tom: No. I probably )have* ????? to spend the niht there.

>eter: @ou )wal-* ????? home =ave you decided to walk?>Andrew: @es. Its too late

for a bus.

>eter: 5ut its pourin. @ou )et* ????? soa-ed /ere" ta-e this umbrella. Andrew:

Than-s very much. I )brin* ????? it bac- tomorrow.

%xercise (: The present continuous and be oin to. >ut the verbs in brac-ets into one of the

above forms" usin the present continuous wherever possible.

$here you )o* ????? for your holidays V I )o* ????? to Norway. V $hat

you )do* ????? there81 )fish* ????? .

$here you )o* ????? this evenin VI )not o* ????? anywhere. I )stay*

????? at home. I )write* ????? some letters.

Ta-e an umbrellaC it )rain* ?????.

/ow lon you )stay* ????? in this country Fave you decided to stay?> % Another

month. I )o* ????? home at the end of the month. V $hat you )do* ????? then

K I )try* ????? to et a 0ob.

I )dye* ????? these curtains. V @ou )do* ????? it yourself" or )have*

????? it done V I )have* ????? it done. $ho should I ta-e them to

Ive seen the film" now I )read* ????? the boo-. Ive 0ust ot a copy from the library. )4

haven't started the book yet.>

@ou )do* ????? anythin next wee-end V @es" my nephews )come* ????? and

I )show* ????? them round Pondon. V @ou )ta-e* ????? them to the theatre

Fave you booked seats?>K No" theyre too youn for that. I )ta-e* ????? them to the

7oo.

$e )start* ????? early tomorrow. $e )o* ????? to 5en Nevis. V@ou )climb*

????? 5en Nevis V Not me. Tom )climb* ????? it. I )sit* ????? at the

bottom and )do* ????? some s-etchin.

@ou )not as-* ????? your boss to ive you a fire in your office K It isnt worth while.I )leave* ????? at the end of the wee-. V =eally And what you )do* ?????

(#


43/44

then @ou )have* ????? a holiday 8No" I )start* ????? another 0ob the

followin Bonday.

%xercise .: To be oin to and will + infinitive. >ut the verbs in brac-ets into one of the

above forms.

$here are you off to with that ladder V I )have* ????? a loo- at the roofC its lea-in

and I thin- a tile has slipped.

$e bouht our new arae in sections and we )assemble* ????? it ourselves. V That

sounds rather interestin. I )come* ????? and help you if you li-e.

$hy do you want all the furniture out of the room K 5ecause I )shampoo* ????? the

carpet. Its impossible to do it unless you ta-e everythin off it first.

/ere are the matches: but what do you want them for8 I )ma-e* ????? a bonfire at the

end of the ardenC I want to burn that bi heap of rubbish. V $ell" be careful. If the fire ets

too bi it )burn* ????? the apple trees.

/ave you decided on your colour scheme K Oh yes" and Ive bouht the paint. I )paint*

????? this room blue and the sittin room reen.

$hy are you as-in everyone to ive you bits of material V 5ecause I )ma-e* ????? a

patchwor- uilt.

I wonder if Ann -nows that the time of the meetin has been chaned. V >robably not. I

)loo-* ????? in on my way home and tell her. Im lad you thouht of it.

Peave a note for them on the table and they )see* ????? it when they come in.

Im afraid Im not uite ready. V Never mind. I )wait* ????? .

Ho you have to carry so much stuff on your bac-s K @es" we do. $e )camp* ?????

out and )coo-* ????? our own meals" so we have to carry a lot.

Ive been measurin the windows. I )put* ????? in double la7in.

@ou )wear* ????? that nice dress in a dinhy V Of course not I )sit* ????? on

the pier and )watch* ????? you all sailin. I )not et* ????? all wet and muddy

and pretend that Im en0oyin it

(&


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Gramatica-Limbii-Engleze 3.pdf

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Transcript of Gramatica-Limbii-Engleze 3.pdf