Ghidul Invatatorului Clasa a II-A INTUITEXT

7/21/2019 Ghidul Invatatorului Clasa a II-A INTUITEXT

1/258


2/258


3/258


4/258

Leglst ouerlrg rgprgzcnt bltgrclo supkrt pgntru elhruo hchletce n utcoczlrgl blnulogokr

CNXWCXGVX Bltgbltce c gxpokrlrgl bghcuoucc Ekbuncelrg n ocbdl rkbnpgntru

eolsl l CC-l.

CUDN= 396-1:1-616


5/258

Blnulog Cntuctgxt eolsl l CC-l 5

EWZTCNU


6/258

8 Ifchuo nvtkruouc


7/258


4. HCUECZOCNGOG EKBWNCELTG N OCBDL TKBNC BLXGBLXCE

C GVZOKTLTGL BGHCWOWCN EWTTCEWOWB-WO EKOLT

EG GUXG NKW;

4.


8/258

1 Ifchuo nvtkruouc

4.4. Ldkrhlrgl nvrcc n eceouo lefczcccokraunhlbgntlog

Eceouo lefczcccokr aunhlbgntlog rgprgzcnt un bkbgnt cbpkrtlnt pgntrustcbuolrgl aogxcdcoctcc inhcrcc, prgeub c l ergltcvctcc gogvuouc.

n legst sgns, gstg ngegslr el nvtkruo s erggzg ekntgxtg hg nvlrg bktcvlntgpgntru gogvc, elrg s hgtgrbcng ergtgrgl nerghgrcc n scng, s lsciurg plrtcecplrgl letcvcnhcvchulo c n irup, s kagrg ekpccokr pkscdcoctltgl gxprcbrcc ocdgrg lprkprccokr chgc csgntcbgntg. nvtkruo vl pung leegntuo pg spkntlngctltgl c ergltcvctltglrspunsurcokr c nu pg rciurkzctltgl tccncace l legstkrl. Ekpccc vkr ac stcbuolc s ntrgdg,s cntgrvcn, s lcd cnccltcv, s gxprcbg chgc c sgntcbgntg hgsprg eggl eg nvl.

Zrcn rgourc sueegscvg c prcn letcvctc hg nvlrg eg rgspget elrletgruo eknergt-cntuctcv lo ekolrcokr bcec, gogvuo lmunig s sg lutkekrgetgzg, pg bsur eg ngogig eggleg nvl.

Eurrceuoubuo hcsecpocngc Ekbuncelrg n ocbdl rkbn lrg n vghgrg bkhgouo

ekbunceltcv-aunecknlo, lxnhu-sg pg ekbuncelrg el hkbgncu ekbpogx eg niokdglzprkegsgog hg rgegptlrg l bgslmuouc krlo c sercs prgeub c pg egog hg gxprcblrg krlo csercs. Zrkirlbl ekolr sctuglz n egntruo prgkeuprcc slog nvlrgl letcv, egntrlt pggogv. nvlrgl nu gstg un prkegs plscv, elrg oc sg ntbpo gogvcokr, ec k gxpgrcgnpgrsknlo, ol elrg gc sunt cnvctlc s plrtcecpg.

Utuhcuo hcsecpocngc Ekbuncelrg n ocbdl rkbn, negput n eolsl prgitctklrg, sgekntcnu pn n eolsl l CC-l c lsciur k hgzvkotlrg prkirgscv l ekbpgtgngokr, prcnvlokrcacelrgl gxpgrcgngc spgecaceg vrstgc gogvcokr c prcn leegntulrgl hcbgnscuncokrlagetcv-ltctuhcnlog c lecknlog log akrbrcc pgrsknloctcc gogvcokr.

Blnulouo hg Ekbuncelrg n ocbdl rkbn ldkrhglz ekbuncelrgl el hkbgncuekbpogx eg niokdglz prkegsgog hg rgegptlrg l bgslmuouc krlo c sercs, prgeub c pg egoghg gxprcblrg krlo c sercs prkpunnh=

letcvctc elrg ekntgxtuloczglz nvlrgl ocbdcc rkbng= cnvctlcl, dcogtuo, lacuo,zclruo, rgvcstl eolsgc, agocectlrgl0

letcvctc spgecaceg elrg ldkrhglz ocbdl rkbnl n aunecung, sprcmcncnh lstago ekpcccs nvgg e pkt akoksc ocbdlmuo pgntru l-c ltcnig lnubctg kdcgetcvg= l eutlcnakrblcc, l egrg egvl, l-c gxprcbl kpcncl, l bkhcacel, l cnaougl ekbpkrtlbgntuoloteucvl, l gxprcbl gbkcc, l ntrc slu l rupgk rgolcg0

bkhloctc hg ldkrhlrg l unkr ekncnuturc prcn elrg ekpccc ngogi e pkt rgzkovl

lnubctg prkdogbg, sctulcc eu lmutkruo euvcntgokr, ocbdlmuouc c hgvcn ekntcgnc hgeknsgecngog utcoczrcc legstkrl prcn tgbg eub sunt= ekbuncelrgl pkoctcekls0akrbuogog hg lhrgslrg0 eloctltgl bgslmuouc, euvcntgog, tknuo akoksct0 elntctltgl, et hgbuot slu hg pucn ekbunce bgslmuo0 blncgrgog arubklsg n elrg gstg gxprcbltbgslmuo0

letcvctc hg nvlrg elrg prgsupun cntgrlecungl eu un lhuot slu eu loc ekpcc= ectgtgeu un ekogi slu eu k ekogi0 lseuot pg ekogiuo slu ekogil tl0 bprtgtg cbprgscchg ogetur0 prkpung k elrtg ol Ekouo ectctkruouc0 prgzcnt elrtgl, pkvgstgl, ouerlrgl tl,

prkcgetuo tu0 sctulcc hg nvlrg prcn elrg ekpccc s sg inhglse ol euvcntg c ol rkouo okr n

ekbuncelrg, letcvctcprcn elrg ekpccc s ngogli alptuo e pgntru l ltcnig lnubctgsekpurc trgducg s-c bknctkrczgzg euvcntgog, vkrdcrgl prkprcg, lhce


9/258


bgtlekbuncelrgl= hgsekpgr sgnsuo unkr bgtlakrg0 ngogi lnubctg ioubg0 kdsgrvc lnloczglz ekbpkrtlbgntgog c bkhuo hg gxprcblrg l plrtcecplncokr ol

ntbporcog prgzgntltg n tgxt0 letcvctc elrg lu n vghgrg bkhgouo skeclo lo nvrcc, eub sunt prkcgetgog elrghlu

ekpccokr kelzcl s erggzg gc ncc prkhuecc octgrlrg prcn cbctlrgl egokr goldkrltg hg

lhuoc slu ekpcc blc blrc= Elrtgl, Zgrsknlmgog, Zrkcget hg vleln, ]clruo eolsgc.

Hcsecpocnl Bltgbltce c gxpokrlrgl bghcuouc lrg un elrletgr hg nkutltg n rlpkrteu hcsecpocngog stuhcltg pn n prgzgnt n eolsgog C c l CC-l hcn nvbntuo prcblr.

Zrcnecplogog bktcvg elrg lu hgtgrbcnlt ldkrhlrgl cntgirlt l bltgbltcecc c l unkrgogbgntg hg tccng log nlturcc n elhruo legogclc prkirlbg sunt urbtklrgog=

k nvlrg fkocstce ol leglst vrst lrg blc buotg lnsg s acg cntgrgslnt pgntrugogvc, accnh blc lprkpclt hg uncvgrsuo okr hg eunkltgrg0

ekntgxtuloczlrgl nvrcc prcn rgagrcrg ol rgloctltgl neknmurtklrg spkrgtgprkaunzcbgl ngogigrcc eknegptgokr c l prkeghurcokr utcoczltg0

lrbknczlrgl egokr hku hkbgncc= bltgbltce c tccng pgrbctg akokscrgl blcgacecgnt l tcbpuouc hchletce c brgtg aogxcdcoctltgl cntgrlecuncokr.

Blnulogog hg Ekbuncelrg n ocbdl rkbnc Bltgbltce c gxpokrlrgl bghcuoucpgntru eolsl C trlnspun n prletcenkul vczcung l prkirlbgc, egntrlrgl pg ekbpgtgng.Ldkrhlrgl legstuc bkhgo hg prkcgetlrg eurrceuolr vczglz hgzvkotlrgl prkacououc hgakrblrg lo gogvuouc hcn eceouo prcblr.

Ol dlzl goldkrrcc legstuc bkhgo stlu nkcog lefczccc hcn hkbgncuo pscfkokicgcekpcououc c l nvrcc c lnubg=

ldkrhlrgl iokdlo l pgrsknloctcc ekpcououc, oulrgl n eknschgrlrg l eggl eg lrgspgecace acgelrg ekpco, el pgrsknloctltg unce, eggl eg lrg el cbpocelcg prletce

nvlrgl egntrlt pg gogv, pgrsknloczlrgl hgbgrsuouc hchletce, rgspgetlrglplrtceuolrctcokr vrstgc0

rkouo ekntgxtuouc n elrg lrg oke nvlrgl c lo vlrcgtcc sctulccokr hg nvlrg n elrggstg cbpocelt gogvuo, eknsgecnl prletce accnhnvlrgl letcv.

Hcn leglst pgrspgetcv, blnulogog suscn krcgntlrgl hgbgrsuouc elhruouc hchletcen hcrgecl hgzvkotrcc ekbpgtgngokr prkprcc hcsecpocngc prcn ltgncl lekrhlt gvchgncgrccsekpuouc nvrcc c l hcbgnscuncc lecknlog n akrblrgl pgrsknloctcc gogvuouc.

Blnulogog lu n vghgrg alptuo el k lnubct ekbpgtgn, lnslbdou strueturlt hg

eunktcng, ldcoctc c ltctuhcnc, sg hgzvkot prkirgscv, clr gxcstgnl gc n ekbpkrtlbgntsg trlhueg prcn rgzkovlrgl unkr prkdogbg spgecaceg unuc hkbgncu slu l unkr prkdogbgigngrlog, n hcvgrsg ekntgxtg plrtceuolrg.


10/258

6 Ifchuo nvtkruouc

5.LHGEQLTGL BGXKHGOKT OL ZTKACOWO HG QTUX

LO EKZCOWOWC

EW ECNG C EWB OWETG];

5.


11/258


Loaldgtczlrgl bricnct ol hgsecarlrgl octgrgokr c euvcntgokr nu akoksgtg hget oltrlnsbctgrgl unkr cnakrblcc gogbgntlrg. Ekbpgtgngog hg ogetur sunt hkvghctg hgetrg egc elrg pkt cneouhg n scstgbuo okr hg eunkltgrg un ekbpogx hg chgc, eknvcnigrc,sgntcbgntg, elrg ngogi sgbncacelccog, sgnsurcog. Ogeturl, lnloczl tgxtgokr ectctg,gxpocelrgl euvcntgokr pg elrg ekpccc nu og eunkse ne, l unkr gxprgscc nkc, pkvgstcrgl c

rgpkvgstcrgl egokr ectctg, erglccog ekpccokr, eknstctucg bcmoklegog hg bdkicrg lvkelduolruouc c hg pgragecknlrg l gxprcbrcc.

L-c nvl pg ekpcc s nvgg sg pkltg rgloczl, n prcbuo rnh, nvnhu-c sectglse.

Zrcnecplogog lspgetg eg hgacngse prkacouo ekpcououc n gtlpl lefczcccokr aunhlbgntlogpkt ac strueturltg hup eub urbglz=

Hgzvkotlrgl ekinctcv=

c eknskochglz kpgrlccog eknergtg0 nvl hcn irggoc0 negp s-c ekntcgntczgzg elplectcog ntr-k lnubct sagr hg

lecung0 sunt cntgrgslc ltt hg prkegsuo, et c hg prkhusuo bunecc ekolrg0 eknschgr ol ago hg cbpkrtlnt gvloulrgl rgzuotltgokr bunecc hg

etrg ekogic el leggl aeut hg elhruo hchletce0 c krilnczglz dcng bunel, ns ungkrc sunt hgzkrhknlc0 lu ngvkcg hg lmutkruo lhuotuouc pgntru l isc strltgicc hg krilnczlrg

l hltgokr n rgzkovlrgl unkr prkdogbg hg bltgbltce0 blncagst un cntgrgs ergsenh pgntru eolscacerc, rgiuoc, strltgicc0 sunt elptcvlc hg letcvctcog blnulog.

Hgzvkotlrgl aczce= sunt sprcntgnc, pocnc hg gngricg0 ouerglz n irld, suntflrncec, lhgsgl c suprlgstcbglz

elplectcog0 lu ngvkcg s sg hgstcnhaczce0 sunt pucn stnilec0 lnvgriurl ltgncgc gstg ocbctlt0 leuctltgl vczulo prkxcblo c hcstlo gstg putgrnce0 sg eknegntrglz lsuprl sercsuouc eurscv, hg bn0 ekntrkouo lsuprl cnstrubgntuouc hg sercs gstg blc blrg.


12/258


13/258

Blnulog Cntuctgxt eolsl l CC-l


14/258


15/258



16/258


17/258



18/258


19/258



20/258


21/258



22/258

4: Ifchuo nvtkruouc

Acgelrg letcvctltg hgsaurlt n irup trgducg gvloult ltt pg plreursuo ogecgc, et c olacnlo. Ol acnlouo ogecgc, nvtkruo pkltg lokel tcbpuo ngegslr pgntru el acgelrg irup hgekkpgrlrg s gvlougzg et hg gacecgnt lu ekoldkrlt bgbdrcc sc. nvtkruo pkltg s cnhceglecuncog cnhcvchulog elrgs-lu hkvghct gacecgntg slu cngacecgntg pgntru rgloczlrgl slrecncokr hgirup c s cl hgeczcc eu prcvcrgol ekbpkrtlbgntgog elrg lr trgduc neurlmltg c prkbkvltg n

lecuncog vcctklrg, prgeub c eu prcvcrg ol legogl elrg trgducg sefcbdltg. Gogvcc ncc lr putgls gnubgrg lspgetgog pkzctcvg log letcvctcc irupuouc, hlr c pg legogl elrg ngegsct l ac

bduntctg. Irupuo pkltg ekbpogtl k ac hg lutkbknctkrczlrg l letcvctcc hg irup, hupelrg sg pkltg hcseutl eu nvtkruo hgsprg polnuo hg bduntcrg l letcvctcc irupuouc.

Acgelrg nvtkr c pung, eu sciurln, ntrgdlrgl= Eub pkt s ale gvloulrglcnhcvchuloczlt, hle gogvcc ouerglz bprgun; Clt etgvl hcntrg skouccog kptcbg=

Akokscnh bgtkhl kdsgrvrcc scstgbltceg c ocstl hg ekntrko vgrcacelrg, el cnstrubgnthg gvloulrg, prkagskruo pkltg eknsgbnl gxcstgnl slu cngxcstgnl unkr elrletgrcstcec,ekbpkrtlbgntg goldkrltg pg dlzl unkr erctgrcc hg gvloulrg0 gogvuo pkltg ac kdsgrvlt

ltt enh ouerglz cnhcvchulo, et c n irup0 gvchgnt e ocstl euprcnhg c lspgetg elrgvczglz ekoldkrlrgl eu egcoloc bgbdrc lc irupuouc0 rgzuotltgog kdsgvrcc nu trgducg ssg rgisglse hklr eknsgbnltg ntr-k ac, ec trgducg s sprcmcng bduntcrgllspgetgokr ngrgloczltg ol un ncvgo leegptldco. Gogvuo trgducg s ekntcgntczgzgngrguctgog c s sg cbpoceg letcv n prkegsuo hg sefcbdlrg. Uprcmcnuo pkltg ac lekrhltgogvuouc n ogecl rgspgetcv slu n ogeccog urbtklrg, n aunecg hg irlhuo hgekbpogxctltg lo rgzuotltgokr ekolrg eg trgducg bduntctg. Cnstrubgntgog hgkdsgrvlrg l ekbpkrtlbgntuouc gogvuouc c hg lnlocz l prkhusgokr nvrcc pkt ac= ircog hg gvloulrg0 acg hg kdsgrvlrg0

ocstg hg ekntrkovgrcacelrg0 serc hgsercptcvg (hgsercptkrc hg pgrakrbln).

Gstg rgekblnhlt el irupurcog s c pstrgzg ekbpkngnl k lnubct pgrcklh hgtcbp, eggl eg prkhueg gagetg pkzctcvg lsuprl rgzuotltgokr nvrcc c pgrbctg k dun bknctkrczlrg l letcvctcc acgeruc gogv, hlr c l ntrgiuouc irup.

Zgntru gvloulrgl elplectcc hg utcoczlrg l unkr eknegptg, nkcunc, pkt ac utcoczltghclirlbg n elrg nvtkruo pkltg eknsgbnl e gogvuo l utcoczlt cnakrblcl. Lstago, sgkdsgrv, eu uurcn, elrg sunt gogvcc eg trgducg sprcmcncc n prkegsuo hg nvlrg, nsekpuo lbgockrrcc rgzuotltgokr nvrcc.

Gxgbpouo nr.


23/258



24/258

44 Ifchuo nvtkruouc

Gxgbpouo nr. 5=Irco hg gvloulrg l ltctuhcncc al hg slrecn (ocst hg vgrcacelrg)

Ekbpkrtlbgntg kdsgrvldcog Hl Nu

L urblt cnstruecuncog.

L egrut lmutkr ltunec enh l lvut ngvkcg.L ekkpgrlt eu ekogicc hg irup.

L ltgptlt s-c vcn rnhuo pgntru l utcoczl bltgrclogog.L bprct bltgrclogog eu egcoloc.

L negrelt vlrclntg nkc.L hus letcvctltgl pn ol elpt.

L pus gefcplbgntuo ol okeuo ouc hup utcoczlrg.

Gxgbpouo nr. 8=Irco hg gvloulrg l ltctuhcncc al hg slrecn (selr hg eolscacelrg)Ekbpkrtlbgntg kdsgrvltg n tcbpuo gagetrccunuc gxpgrcbgnt

ntkthglunl Hgsgkrc Wngkrc Nceckhlt

Chgntcace ngegslruo hg cnstrubgntg gageturcc unucgxpgrcbgnt.Wtcoczglz ekrget cnstrubgntuo n gagetulrglgxpgrcbgntgokr.

Chgntcace cpktgzgog elrg vkr ac vgrcaceltg.Gagetuglz kpgrlcc sueegscvg prgzgntltg prcntr-uncnstruetlm vgrdlo slu sercs.

Nktglz hltg, kdsgrvlcc eknstltltg n gagetulrglgxpgrcbgntgokr.

Cntgrprgtglz rgolccog hcntrg nktlccog gagetultg.

Hgsprcnhg ekneouzcc n urbl gageturccgxpgrcbgntgokr.

Gxgbpouo nr. 7=Ac hg bknctkrczlrg l letcvctcc hg irup

Zlrlbgtruo bknctkrczlt Hgs Wngkrc Nceckhlt

L ngogsslrecnl hg oueru nlcntg hgl negpg s ouergzg

Zkpgseu L.


25/258


d. Zkrtkakocuoeknstctucg nu ltt k bgtkh hcstcnet hg gvloulrg, et un bcmoke hgvlokrczlrg l hltgokr kdcnutg prcn gvlourc rgloczltg0 lrg n vghgrg tkltg prkhusgoggogvcokr c, n legolc tcbp, prkirgsuo hg ol k gtlp ol lotl. Zkrtkakocuo gvchgnclz ncvgouoigngrlo hg prgitcrg, rgzuotltgog hgksgdctg kdcnutg n ungog hkbgncc, hlr c rgzuotltgogsoldg n lotgog, cntgrgsg c lptctuhcnc hgbknstrltg, elplectc akrbltg (elplectltgl hg l

kdsgrvl c hg l blngvrl cnakrblcl, bgtkhgog hg oueru, elplectltgl hg l bsurl c hg lekbplrl rgzuotltgog, elplectltgl hg l cnvgstcil c hg l lnloczl, elplectltgl hg l rlcknl chg l utcoczl prkeghurc scbpog, eunktcng, elplectltgl hg l scntgtczl c hg l rgloczl unprkhus), ltctuhcnc, hcaceuotc ntbpcnltg n nvlrg.

Hg eg s utcoczb pkrtkakocuo; Zrletcel kagr etgvl rspunsurc pgntru leglstntrgdlrg=

gogvcc hgvcn plrtg l scstgbuouc hg gvloulrg c pkt s-c urbrglse, pls eu pls,prkprcuo prkirgs0

gogvcc c nvtkrcc pkt ekbuncel (krlo slu n sercs) hgsprg eloctcog, hgagetgog c lrccog

hg bduntcrg l letcvctcokr0gogvcc, nvtkrcc c prcncc pkt lvgl un hcloki eknergt hgsprg eggl eg gogvcc pktrgloczl, hgsprg ltctuhcngl al hg k hcsecpocn c hgsprg prkirgsuo elrg pkltg ac aeut

n vcctkr0

aletkrcc hg hgeczcg, lvnh ol hcspkzccg pkrtkakoccog gogvcokr, vkr lvgl k cblicng blcdun lsuprl l eggl eg sg pgtrgeg n eols.

e. Cnvgstcilcl prgzcnt lvlntlmuo hg l ac un vgrctldco cnstrubgnt hg lnlocz clprgecgrg l eunktcngokr, elplectcokr c pgrsknloctcc gogvcokr. Gstg k letcvctltg hg tcpprletce, hlr elrg cneouhg c k oltur hg gvloulrg l letcvctcc hg irup ///cnhcvchulog. Gstgeknegput pg hurltl ungc krg hg eurs. Gogvuo prcbgtg k slrecn prcn cnstruecunc

spgecaceg elrg vczglz k ilb olri hg eunktcng c elplectc pg elrg gogvuo trgducg s oglpoceg ergltcv, n sctulcc hg nvlrg nkc slu nu aklrtg lsgbntklrg eu egog lntgrcklrg.Gl ekntrcducg ol hgzvkotlrgl elplectcokr hg krhcn lpoceltcv log gogvcokr, blc logs n elzuorgzkovrcc hg prkdogbg, lo hgzvkotrcc elplectcokr hg lriubgntlrg gte.

Gvloulrgl cnvgstcilcgc sg rgloczglz fkocscte, gvchgnccnhu-sg urbtklrgog lspgetg=strltgicl hg rgzkovlrg0 lpocelrgl eunktcngokr0 ekrgetctuhcngl nrgicstrrcc hltgokr0ldcoctlrgl gogvcokr n prgzgntlrgl kdsgrvlccokr c l rgzuotltgokr kdcnutg0 prkhusgogrgloczltg0 ltctuhcngl gogvcokr n all slrecncc0 hgzvkotlrgl unkr hgprcnhgrc hg ouerucnhcvchulog c hg irup.

h. Zrkcgetuorgprgzcnt k bgtkh ekbpogx hg gvloulrg elrg polsglz gogvuo ntr-ksctulcg lutgntce hg egregtlrg c lecung, alecoctglz lefczccknlrgl unkr bgtkhg hgbune spgecaceg, tgfncec hg goldkrlrg c hg gxgeucg l unkr ouerrc tccncaceg, prletceg,stcbuoglz ergltcvctltgl, euotcv inhcrgl prkcgetcv, nerghgrgl n akrgog prkprcc.Zrkcgetuo pkltg ac rgloczlt el slrecn cnhcvchulo, hlr rgloczlrgl hg prkcgetg ekogetcvg, pgirupg hg gogvc, lrg un blc blrg cbplet lsuprl gogvcokr. Gstg cbpkrtlnt loetucrglirupgokr pgntru rgloczlrgl prkcgetgokr0 cnhcagrgnt hg erctgrcuo lpocelt, bgbdrcc irupgokrtrgducg s sg scbt dcng bprgun, s rgloczgzg e rgzuotltuo pg elrg o kdcng irupuo gstgcbpkrtlnt pgntru acgelrg hcn bgbdrcc ouc.


26/258

48 Ifchuo nvtkruouc

Eub sg stldcogtg tgbl prkcgetuouc;Zrckrctlrg sunt=

cntgrgsuo gogvcokr0

gxcstgnl rgsursgokr hg elrg gogvcc lu ngvkcg.

Hg eg s utcoczlc prkcgetuo;

Gstg akoksctkr ltunec enh cnccltcvl c ergltcvctltgl trgducg s acg tgstltg slustcbuoltg.

Zkltg aurnczl aggh-dle` lsuprl ungc ilbg olric l hgprcnhgrcokr (gx. euogigrgl hghltg, lnloczl, prgzgntlrgl) c hg lsgbgngl, lsuprl unkr eloctc pgrsknlog (gx.hgprcnhgrgl hg l ouerl cnhcvchulo c n irup, nerghgrgl n scng, ltctuhcngl, ldcoctltglhg l ekbuncel n sercs gte.)

Elrg sunt plcc n hgruolrgl unuc prkcget;


27/258


ekbpkrtlbgntgog kdsgrvldcog eg trgducg gvloultg eu lmutkruouc cnstrubgntuoucrgspgetcv.

g.Lutkgvloulrgl kagr gogvcokr kelzcl hg l-c hgzvkotl lutknkbcl hgklrgeg gclmuni s trlnsagrg n hcvgrsg sctulcc ldcoctltgl hg l gvloul rgloczrcog okr, pgrbctg gogvcokr

s nhgpocnglse k aunecg lothlt rgzgrvlt nvtkruouc, clr legstl hcspung lstago hgblc buot tcbp pgntru l sltcsaleg ngvkcog cnhcvchulog log gogvcokr sc0 gogvcc hgzvkot prcnprletcelrgl lutkgvlourcc ldcoctc hcn eg n eg blc cbpkrtlntg. Eloctltgl gvlourccrgloczltg hg nvtkr hgtgrbcn elplectltgl hg lutkgvloulrg l gogvuouc.

Eg ntrgdrc c pkltg pung gogvuo hup eg rgzkov k slrecn; Cltl etgvl hcntrglegstgl=

Gxcst c un lot bkh (bgtkh) hg l rgzkovl leglst slrecn;

Lb rgzkovlt slrecnl suacecgnt hg dcng;

Eg lr trgduc s ale n plsuo urbtkr;

Eg prkhus, elrg b rgprgzcnt, lr trgduc sl pun n pkrtkakocu;

ntrgiuo hgbgrs gvloultcv rgloczlt prcn bdcnlrgl bgtkhgokr trlhccknlog clotgrnltcvg hg gvloulrg hgzvkot gogvuouc k ekntcgntczlrg l aunecknrcc slog ekinctcvg ck cnvgstcilrg-eutlrg-egregtlrg pgrsknlo (eu lmutkruo nvtkruouc) l bcmoklegokr pgntrul rgiol prkprcl nvlrg.


28/258


29/258


nvbntuo hg nhgogtncecrcog prletceg, hg vcl, eggl eg stcbuoglz bktcvlcl cntgrn lekpccokr pgntru nvlrg. n legst sgns, blnulogog c luxcoclrgog eurrceuolrg elrg nskgseblnulogog, ekncn ungog prkpungrc prcn elrg sg aleg trlnsagruo lefczcccokr hkdnhctg,kagrcnh gogvcokr=

suigstcc pgntru rgloczlrgl unkr kdcgetg utcog n vcll okr= muercc buzcelog, elognhlruo

nlturcc, mkeurc eu mgtklng c punetg pgntru lpocelrgl lefczcccokr rgagrctklrgolnubgrlcg, l unkr mkeurc oldcrcnt pgntru crurc hg nubgrg nlturlog, rgloczlrgl hgbtc pgntru elrnlvlo pkrncnh hg ol tgxtgog octgrlrg log erkr pgrsknlmg sunt lncblog,rgloczlrgl ekpgrcokr hg elrtg, rgloczlrgl unkr octgrg eu vloklrg gstgtce, hcn elrtknslu bltgrclog rgakokscdcog pgntru hgekrlrgl splcuouc hg nvlrg, sercgrgl hg agocectrcpgntru ngogigrgl aunecknloctcc ocbdcc, loetucrgl unkr mkeurc hg tcp rgdus, dgnzchgsgnltg elrg hgzvkot cblicnlcl c suigrglz bkhloctc hg pgtrgegrg l tcbpuoucocdgr0

suigstcc hg mkeurc n lgr ocdgr prcn elrg sg lpoce hgpolslrgl pg rggl, eknakrb unkrekhurc hltg (ktrknuo)0

salturc pgntru utcoczlrgl gacecgnt l tcbpuouc ocdgr= rgloczlrgl unuc prkirlb hg tcbpocdgr, urbrcrgl cntgrvlououc krlr lo unkr gbcscunc XQ lhrgsltg ekpccokr0

pkscdcoctltgl utcoczrcc hg etrg ekpcc l lefczcccokr rgagrctklrg ol vloklrg, bls,elplectltg n letcvctc prletceg hgsaurltg eu prcncc, ol eubprturc, pgntruekbplrlrgl prgurcokr prkhusgokr hcn hcvgrsg blilzcng, pgntru l nvl s acgeknsubltkrc lvczlc0

pkscdcoctltgl hg l aleg cnvgstcilcc ol ncvgouo irupuouc c hg lnrgicstrl hltg rgagrctklrgol irup, n sekpuo cntgreunkltgrcc (prgagrcngog pgntru lnubctg akrbg hg rgocga,elognhlruo zcogokr hg nltgrg,gxgreccc hg prgzgntlrg l unuc prcgtgn slu prcgtgng,gxgreccc hg iruplrg pg erctgrcuo prgagrcngokr ekbung pgntru legolc tgxt octgrlr slu

letcvctltg, suigstcc pgntru prgzgntlrgl ol ncvgouo eolsgc l unkr prkcgetg pgrsknlog,kagrcrgl unkr suigstcc hg lsciurlrg l vczcdcoctcc tuturkr gogvcokr prcn gxpungrgl olEkouo ectctkruoucl unkr ogeturc prgagrltg).

Lsciurlrgl ekntcnuctcc ntrg gxpgrcgnl hg vcl l ekpcououc c egrcngog hg krhcnskeclogxprcblt prcn ekncnutuo prkirlbgokr ekolrg gstg rgloczlt prcn nlturl spgeclo lslrecncokr prkpusg gogvcokr, rgprgzgntltcvg pgntru vrstl ekolrcokr bcec=

ungkrc punetuo hg pogelrg o eknstctucg mkeurcog pg elrg gogvcc og eunkse c og prletce ntcbpuo ocdgr= ktrkn, mkeurc eu elrtknlg, mkeurc eu stgiuogg, eu mgtklng, mkeurc eueudurc, puzzog-urc0

lotgkrc gstg prkpus sprg rgzkovlrg k prkdogb hg vcl, elrg aleg plrtg hcn uncvgrsuoekpccokr= ntrgegrc spkrtcvg hg logrirc, letcvctc hg ghuelcg nknakrblo ol elrgplrtcecp gogvcc prcn prkirlbuo hg letcvctc gxtrlekolrg (sgrdrc ekolrg, elrnlvlo,spgetlekog hg ecre, aktdlo), ekogecc hg muercc slu lotg kdcgetg , lncvgrsrc0

coustrlccog rghlu lspgetg hcn vcll hg zc eu zc l ekpccokr (letcvctc hgsaurltg n slolhg eols, n bghcuo nlturlo ltt urdln et c rurlo, letcvctc euoturlog tgltru,spgetlekog hg ecre) c sunt bdkictg eu suigstcc hg pgtrgegrg l tcbpuouc ol eklo c

n lalrl legstgcl (gxpgrcbgntg, prkcgetg, mkeurc, ntrgegrc spkrtcvg)0

cnakrblccog c ldcoctcog hgcnutg hg gogvc sunt vlokrcaceltg n hcrgecl rgloczrcc unkrprkhusg, hgzvkotnhu-sg nkc ekbpgtgng (ekbuncelrgl plcokr hg urblt nrgloczlrgl unuc prkcget hgsprg lncblog)0


30/258

46 Ifchuo nvtkruouc

suigstcc prcvcnh rgoczlrgl unuc zclr lo eolsgc, prgzgntlrgl unkr prkpungrc hg letcvctcpgntru vleln= ekogecc, Elrtgl Qlelngc Blrc, suigstcc pgntru ogeturc hg vleln,hcpokbg pgntru egc hrlic, lacg hg prgzgntlrg l unkr gvgncbgntg hg cntgrgs pgntru ekpcc.

n strueturl blnulououc ekolr, sunt prgzgntltg ekncnuturc elrg sg dlzglz pg

lefczccc lntgrcklrg hcn legglc hcsecpocn, prgeub c hg ol lotg hcsecpocng= ghuelcgpolstce, ldcoctc prletceg, igkirlacg, tccng, lsciurnhu-sg k ogitur acrglse ntrghcsecpocngog hg nvbnt.

Blnulogog rspunh ngvkcokr rglog log bcogncuouc CCC, leggl hg lprkpcgrg lprkegsuouc ghuelcknlo hg ngvkcog letulog log gogvcokr, log ekbunctcc n elrg leg tcltrcgse. Wtcoczlrgl legstkrl alecoctglz hgpolslrgl leegntuouc sprg ekntcgntczlrg,ekkpgrlrg, inhcrg erctce c ergltcv, sprg lhlptldcoctltg c cntgrprgtlrgl oubcc bgrgu nsefcbdlrg.

Zrcn ekncnutuo okr, blnulogoglsciur hgzvkotlrgl sc vlokrcacelrgl kdcgetcvgokr hcnpunet hg vghgrg cntrl-, cntgr-, buotc- c trlnshcsecpocnlr lo gxpgrcgngc hg vcl l gogvcokr.Ulrecncog hg nvlrg prkpusg vczglz egntrlrgl eurrceuoubuouc pg prkdogbg log vcgccrglog, rgzkovlrg hg prkdogbg, chgntcacelrgl hg skoucc. ntrgdlrgl elrg krcgntglzhgbgrsuo trlnshcsecpocnlr gstg= Eub c putgb nvl pg gogvc s hgvcn egtgnc blcdunc;.

n prkcgetlrgl blnulogokr, prgkeuplrgl prckrctlr l akst leggl hg l lsciurl ekpccokrekbpgtgngog ngegslrg n bune pgntru prgzgnt c pgntru vcctkr. n legst sgns, nblnulouo hg bltgbltce hg ol eolsl l CC-l gstg lvlnslt prkcgetuo Cudcb c nircmcbpolntgog. Gogvcokr oc sg prkpung el gc ncc s ale n ekbunctltg k elbplncg hgprkbkvlrg l prktgmrcc nlturcc, prgeub clecunc hg prktgmlrg lbghcuouc neknmurtkr.

Zkrncnh hg ol chggl e letcvctltgl hg nvlrg nu trgducg s sg ekbpun hcngxpgrcgng hg nvlrg ergltg n bkh lrtcaceclo, strcet ocvrgtcc elrg nu prgzcnt cntgrgspgntru ekpcc, blnulog prkpun prkcgetg l erkr tgbltce stcbuoglz lutkbktcvlrgl

nvrcc slu bktcvlrgl cntgrn l nvrcc. Uuntprkpusg sctulcc hg nvlrg elrg kagrpkscdcoctltgl ungc ldkrhrc cntgirltg l tgbgc, eknskochlrgl c vlokrcacelrgl tgfncecokr hgletcvctltg cntgogetulo, stcbuolrgl cnccltcvgc c l rgspknsldcoctcc, hgzvkotlrgl strueturcokrekinctcvg c l elplectcokr ergltklrg log legstkrl.

n sekpuo akrbrcc ol gogvc l elplectcc hg ekoldkrlrg, l ekbpgtgngc hg vclngegslrg pgntru acgelrg vcctklrg pgrsknloctltg l ungc skecgtc hgbkerltceg, blnulogogeuprcnh hcvgrsg sctulcc hg nvlrg. Eolsl sg krilnczglz n pgrgefc slu n irupurc bcec, n

sctulcc elrg ungkrcprgsupun nu nublc rgzkovlrgl egrcngc, ec c ekbuncelrgl ntrg gogvc,cntgrhgpgnhgn, rspunhgrg cnhcvchulo, gvloulrgl gacecgngc irupuouc. Legst lspgetgstg pus n gvchgn prcnsuigstccog hg prkcgetg prcn elrg oc sg skocect gogvcokr sekoldkrgzg, s ekbunceg ntrg gc, s sg dueurg bprgun pgntru un sueegs.

Blnulouo prkpung gogvcokr plreurigrgl etkrvl gtlpg= LBCNXGXG-C! KDUGTQ!HGUEKZGT! OWETGL]!MKE!. Legstg gtlpg pun n gvchgn alptuo e blnulouo kagr unbkhgo hg nvlrg n elhruo erucl gogvuo eknstrucgtg c rgeknstrucgtg nvlrglpkrncnh hg ol lefczcccog lntgrcklrg c hg ol gxpgrcgnl hg vcl pg elrg k lrg. Cntrkhuegrgl n blnulo l sgevgngc HGUEKZGT!/KDUGTQ!c lnilmglz pg gogvc n

letcvctltgl hg nvlrg prcn hgsekpgrcrg slu rghgsekpgrcrg l rgolccokr, loikrctbcokr hgeloeuo. Letcvctltgl pkltg ac unl hg sueegs, eu eknhccl el cnaougnl elhruouc hchletce s acg


31/258


rghus, nu hg hcrcmlrg pls eu pls, ec hg lsciurlrg l eknhcccokr kptcbg n elrg sghgsaklr nvlrgl, hg kagrcrg l unkr uklrg suigstcc hklr n bkbgntgog hghgzkrcgntlrg eg pkt ac ectctg pg aggog gogvcokr. Eolrctltgl akrbuorcc slrecncokr prkpusggogvcokr n dlzl gxpgrcgngokr lntgrcklrg hg nvlrg c l lefczcccokr hgml hkdnhctg,prgeub c sueegscungl okice l egrcngokr sunt etgvl hcntrg eknhcccog pg elrg blnulouo

og kagr gogvcokr,lstago net legtcl s pklt acnloczl k lecung negput.

Elplectltgl gogvuouc sg dlzglz pg k prgitcrg lntgrcklr skoch (eunktcng,strltgicc, hgprcnhgrc, ltctuhcnc) pg k gxgrslrg eg l erglt hgprcnhgrc ekrgspunztklrgcnstrucrcc gacecgntg. Legstgl kagr gogvuouc pkscdcoctltgl hg l hgsekpgrc cnhuetcv, hghuetcvslu lnlokiceskoucc kptcbg, n rlpkrt hg nlturl rlcknlbgntgokr utcoczltg. Hgsekpgrcrglgstg cnhuetcv, sprg gxgbpou, enh gogvcc, lnlocznh k sgrcg hg elzurc plrtceuolrg, lmuni olk rgiuol igngrlo elrg lpkc gstg hgbknstrlt, ll eub sg ntbpo n elzuoprkprcgtcokr lhunrcc/nbuocrcc nubgrgokr nlturlog.

Zgntru nvlrgl gogbgntgokr hg igkbgtrcg , blnulouo prkpung slrecnc hg nvlrg

l erkr rgzkovlrg gstg eknhccknlt hg gxpgrcgng lntgrcklrg log gogvcokr, hg lefczccc pgdlzl erkrl pkt nvl c hgsekpgrc rgolcc nkc. Alecoctlrgl trlnsagruouc pg elogl nvrccprcn hgsekpgrcrg gxgbpocace alptuo e hkdnhcrgl unuc lhgvr prcn gakrturc prkprcclnilmglz strueturcog cntgogetulog nsgc c nu hgtgrbcn hklr k eknhccknlrg gogbgntlr,ec cbpoce plrtcecplrg letcv c prkhuetcv ol ogeccog hg igkbgtrcg hg etrg gogvc .Gogbgntgog cntuctcvg hg igkbgtrcg sunt hgsekpgrctg hg ekpcc n bghcuo neknmurtkr .Zrgslrgl legstkrl pg polstcocn slu n ncscp, letcvctc elrg ale plrtg hcn prgkeuprcogekpccokr c elrg hgsgkrc og lbcntgse hg eknstrueccog n ncscp c hg kdsgrvlrg l urbgokrosltg, alecoctglz gogvcokr hgsekpgrcrgl aciurcokr igkbgtrceg, eu sgsczlrgl ogiturcc hcntrgekrpurc igkbgtrceg c aciurc igkbgtrceg.

Kdsgrvlcl gstg k letcvctltg pgregptcv, cntgncknlt, krcgntlt sprg un sekp,rgiolt prcn eunktcng, krilnczlt c eknhus scstgbltce prcn cntgrbghcuo slrecncokrprkpusg n blnulo gogvcokr. Leglstl lsciur gogvcokr k dlz cntuctcv l eunkltgrcc,stcbuonh akrblrgl hg rgprgzgntrc eolrg hgsprg kdcgetg c nsucrcog elrletgrcstceg loglegstkrl, el c elplectltgl hg cnvgstcilrg hcrget slu ekrgolcc aunecknlog. Gogvcc suntcnvctlc s kdsgrvg cblicnc pgntru el lpkc s chgntcaceg lnubctg rgolcc, s ekbplrg, shgsercg, s lnloczgzg, s lpoceg. Zgragecknlrgl bgtkhgc prcn cbpocelrgl elhruouc hchletcepkltg lsciurl slotuo hg ol kdsgrvlcl scstgbltce hcrcmlt, ol kdsgrvlcl scstgbltcergloczlt cnhgpgnhgnt hg gogv.

Ngegsctltgl cntuccgc sg mustcace prcn strueturl pscfce l ekpccokr elrg, ol vrstlekolr bce lu k inhcrgeknergt-cntuctcv, k inhcrg dkilt n cblicnc. Ekpcouo ngogigeggl eg pgregpg eknergt prcn cntgrbghcuo l et blc buotg scburc. Hg leggl, ldkrhl rgl

nvrcc n blnulogog Ghcturcc Cntuctgxt rgspget prcnecpcuo ogiturcc hcntrg eunkltgrglrlcknlo c eunkltgrgl cntuctcv, pkrncnh hg ol eknergt pgntru l lmunig ol ldstrlet c hgol akrbuolrgl muhgecokr ogiltg hg kdcgetgog oubcc rglog pgntru l lmunig ol akrblrglinhcrcc ldstrletg. Blnulogog prkpun un hgbgrs hchletce prcn elrg sg trgeg hg olkdsgrvlrg ol inhcrg, lstago net gogvuo s pklt hkvghc elplectltgl hg l rgzkovlprkdogbg pg dlzl rgprgzgntrcokr splclog c l inhcrcc, ar lmutkruo bltgrclououc cntuctcv.

Blnulogog nu ocbctglz letcvctltgl gogvuouc ol k scbpo kdsgrvlrg, ec cnvct ol

letcvctcprletceg, ol lecunc gacecgntg elrg cbpoce blncpuolrgl kdcgetgokr, lvnh nvghgrgl e nublc legst bkh hg oueru pkltg alecoctl nvlrgl gogvuouc prcn gxpgrcgn.


32/258

5: Ifchuo nvtkruouc

Xkltg ekncnuturcog tccncaceg prgzgntltg n blnulog c bgslmgog supkrturcokrvczulog sunt lhgevltg ncvgououc hg vrst/hg hgzvkotlrg lo gogvcokr c spgecaceuouchcsecpocngc ekolrg, rspunh elplectcokr hg ngogigrg, alvkrcznh hgzvkotlrglcntgogetulo c skeclo l gogvcokr.

Gvloulrgl sg aleg prcn prkdg hg gvloulrg goldkrltg ol sarctuo acgergc unctc hgnvlrg elrgekncn ctgbc hg hcvgrsg tcpurc (kdcgetcvc, sgbckdcgetcvc c sudcgetcvc), prgeub cprcn bgtkhg ekbpogbgntlrg hg gvloulrg (hg tcpuo rgzkovrcokr hg prkdogbg, prkcgetgokr,pkrtkakoccokr), elrg prgsupun un irlh rchcelt hg lpoceldcoctltg n vcll hg zc eu zc.

EG LHWEG NKW BLNWLOWO HGEKBWNCELTG N OCBDL TKBN;

EG LHWEG NKW BLNWLOWO HGBLXGBLXCE C GVZOKTLTGL

BGHCWOWC;Blnulouo lrg etg hku pgrsknlmg

prcnecplog, un dclt c k agtc, elrg c

nskgse pg gogvc pg tkt plreursuo

prkegsuouc hg nvlrg.

Blnulouo lrg etg hku pgrsknlmg

prcnecplog, un dclt c k agtc, elrg c

nskgse pg gogvc pg tkt plreursuo

prkegsuouc hg nvlrg.

Acgelrg unctltg hg nvlrg hgdutglz prcn

plicnl hg ilrh, elrg c lnun pg ekpcc eg

vkr nvl s ale n unctltgl hg nvlrg

rgspgetcv. Acgelrg unctltg hg nvlrg sg

acnloczglz eu plicnc pgntru rgelpctuolrg,

gvloulrg, lbgockrlrg-hgzvkotlrg prcn mke.

Tgelpctuolrgl hg ol acnlouo blnulououc gstgldkrhlt trlnshcsecpocnlr.

Acgelrg unctltg hg nvlrg hgdutglz prcn

plicnl hg ilrh, elrg c lnun pg ekpcc eg

vkr nvl s ale n unctltgl hg nvlrg

rgspgetcv. Acgelrg unctltg hg nvlrg sg

acnloczglz eu plicnc pgntru rgelpctuolrg,

gvloulrg, lbgockrlrg-hgzvkotlrg prcn mke.

Tgelpctuolrgl hg ol acnlouo blnulououc gstgldkrhlt trlnshcsecpocnlr.

nvlrgl gstg strueturlt pg sgecuncog=

Lbcntgtg-c!

Lc ngogs tgxtuo;/Hgsekpgr!

Ouerglz!

Hcrcmlrgl nvrcc sg rgloczglz prcn

vlokrcacelrgl lefczcccokr lntgrcklrg c l

gxpgrcgngc hg vcl l ekpccokr, prcn

prkpungrgl unuc hgbgrs hg nvlrg dlzltpg nvlrgl prcn hgsekpgrcrg.

nvlrgl gstg strueturlt pg sgecuncog=

Lbcntgtg-c!

Kdsgrv!/Hgsekpgr!

Ouerglz!

Hcrcmlrgl nvrcc sg rgloczglz prcn

vlokrcacelrgl lefczcccokr lntgrcklrg c l

gxpgrcgngc hg vcl l ekpccokr, prcn

prkpungrgl unuc hgbgrs hg nvlrg dlzltpg nvlrgl prcn hgsekpgrcrg.

Gsgnclouo ekncnutuouc nvrcc sg

rgisgtg n rudrcel TGCNG! elrgeuprcnhg

c gxgbpog rgogvlntg.

Gsgnclouo ekncnutuouc nvrcc sg

rgisgtg n rudrcel TGCNG! elrgeuprcnhg

c gxgbpog rgogvlntg.

Blnulouo ekncng slrecnc hg oueru= hg irup,

hg pgrgefg, cnhcvchulog, sgbnloltg prcn

ceknurc spgecaceg.

Blnulouo ekncng slrecnc hg oueru= hg irup,

hg pgrgefg, cnhcvchulog, sgbnloltg prcn

ceknurc spgecaceg.

Blnulouo prkpung slrecnc hg nvlrg eu

irlhg hcagrctg hg hcaceuotltg, elrg pgrbct

Blnulouo prkpung slrecnc hg nvlrg eu

irlhg hcagrctg hg hcaceuotltg, elrg pgrbct


33/258



34/258

54 Ifchuo nvtkruouc

pkvgstcrg, rgiuoc hg rgspgetlt n

ekbuncelrg gte.

unuc loikrctb, rgzkovlrgl ungc prkdogbg

gte.

Blnulouo trltglz ocbdl rkbnl n

aunecungc rgspgetbkhgouo ekbunceltcv

aunecknlo, hgklrgeg ekbpgtgnlocnivcstce bgrig bn n bneu egl hg

ekbuncelrg.

Zrcn letcvctc spgecaceg, blnulouo sprcmcn

ekpccc s nvgg e pkt akoksc ocbdlmuo

pgntru l-c ltcnig lnubctg kdcgetcvg=

l eutl cnakrblcc0

l egrg egvl0

l-c gxprcbl prkprcl kpcncg0

l bkhcacel, l cnaougnl

ekbpkrtlbgntuo loteucvl0

l gxprcbl gbkcc0

l ntrc slu l rupg k rgolcg.

Blnulouo prkpung letcvctc hg nvlrg

elrg prgsupun ltgncg bprtct,

cntgrlecungl skeclo eu un lhuot slu eu loc

ekpcc, accnh bkhuo nlturlo hg nvllrg l

ocbdlmuouc. Gxgbpou=

Ectgtg eu un ekogi slu eu k ekogi0

Lseuot pg ekogiuo slu ekogil tl0

bprtgtg cbprgscc hg ogetur0

Zrkpung k elrtg ol Ekouo ectctkruouc0

Zrgzcnt elrtgl, pkvgstgl, ouerlrgl tl,

prkcgetuo tu.

Xgxtgog-supkrt sunt lhlptltg lstago net

s acg leegscdcog ekpccokr c s alecoctgzg

rgloczlrgl ekbpgtgngokr prkpusg. Ugrvgsehrgpt supkrt pgntru nvlrgl unuc

ekncnut eolr prgeczlt n blnulo c pgntru

hgzvkotlrgl inhcrcc erctceg l gogvcokr.

Gxcst gefcocdru ntrg tgxtgog sercsg hg

lutkrc eolscec c ekntgbpkrlnc hcn octgrlturl

rkbn c uncvgrslo.

ntrgdrcog lhrgsltg pg dlzl unuc tgxt sunt

irlhltg el hcaceuotltg= hg eunkltgrg, hg

ngogigrg, hg rgaogecg pgntru iscrgl hg


35/258


skoucc n rgzkovlrgl sctulccokr prkdogb-

alecoctnh akrblrgl ekbpgtgngokr hg ogetur.

Gstg gvchgnt ircml pgntru euvntuo sercs,

rgspgetuo pgntru arubusggl ocbdcc

rkbng, nhgmhgl e ego blc dun prcgtgnlo ekpcououc vl ac elrtgl. Uunt prkpusg

letcvctc elrg skocect cbpocelrgl letcv,

ekntcgnt n letuo hg ectcrg, n lnloczl

cblicncokr elrg lmut ol acxlrgl

vkelduolruouc. Cntgrgsuo pgntru ogetur

gstg trgzct prcn arubusggl tgxtgokr, prcn

lhgevlrgl okr ol vrstl gogvcokr.

Gvloulrgl sg rgloczglz prcn bgtkhg

trlhccknlog c ekbpogbgntlrg= prkdgsercsg, prkcgetg, pkrtkakocu, lutkgvloulrg

pg dlzl ircogc kagrctg ol acngog acgergc

prkdg hg gvloulrg.

Ctgbcc hg gvloulrg sunt hg tcpurc hcvgrsg,

akrbuolc n blmkrctltgl sctulccokr pg trgc

ncvgourc hg hcaceuotltg (l,d,e),

ekrgspunztkr hgsercptkrcokr hg

pgrakrbln lagrgnc egokr 5 elocaceltcvg=

suacecgnt, dcng, aklrtg dcng.

Ol acnlouo blnulououc gstg prkpus k prkd

hg gvloulrg elrg rgspget strueturl

tgstuouc lpocelt ol Gvloulrgl nlcknlo

pgntru eolsl l CC-l.

Gvloulrgl sg rgloczglz prcn bgtkhg

trlhccknlog c ekbpogbgntlrg= prkdgsercsg, prkcgetg, pkrtkakocu, lutkgvloulrg

pg dlzl ircogc kagrctg ol acngog acgergc

prkdg hg gvloulrg. Ircol Eg pkt s ale

pgrbctg cbpocelrgl gogvuouc n

ekntcgntczlrgl rgzuotltgokr gvlourcc.

Ctgbcc hg gvloulrg sunt hg tcpurc hcvgrsg,

akrbuolc, n blmkrctltgl sctulccokr, pg trgc

ncvgourc hg hcaceuotltg (l,d,e),

ekrgspunztkr hgsercptkrcokr hg

pgrakrbln lagrgnc egokr 5 elocaceltcvg=

suacecgnt, dcng, aklrtg dcng.

Ol acnlouo blnulououc gstg prkpus k prkd

hg gvloulrg elrg rgspget strueturl

tgstuouc lpocelt ol Gvloulrgl nlcknlo

pgntru eolsl l CC-l.

Zlicncog hg lbgockrlrg hgzvkotlrg sunt

cntctuoltg= Ng mueb, ekrgetb, nvb c

sunt krilnczltg n hku sgecunc=

Zlsuo


36/258

58 Ifchuo nvtkruouc

egouc hcntc, hlr ekntrcducg, prcn nlturl

gogbgntgokr vcrtulog (lncbltg, cntgrletcvg)

ol erglrgl unkr gxpgrcgng hg nvlrg

ekbpogxg, n lekrh eu egrcngog prkirlbgc

ekolrg letulog, hlr c eu vrstl gogvcokrerkrl oc sg lhrgsglz.

egouc hcntc, hlr ekntrcducg, prcn nlturl

gogbgntgokr vcrtulog (lncbltg, cntgrletcvg)

ol erglrgl unkr gxpgrcgng hg nvlrg

ekbpogxg, n lekrh eu egrcngog prkirlbgc

ekolrg letulog, hlr c eu vrstl gogvcokrerkrl oc sg lhrgsglz.

8.4. Blnulouo hcictlo

Blnulogog hcictlog hg Ekbuncelrg n ocbdl rkbn c Bltgbltce c gxpokrlrglbghcuouc sunt eknegputg hcn pgrspgetcvl vlokrcacercc lvlntlmgokr kagrctg hg cnstrucrgllscstlt pg eloeuoltkr c l ungc ldkrhrc pghlikiceg cntgrhcsecpocnlrg, lsciurnh k

hgzvkotlrg prkirgscv l ekbpgtgngokr, prcn vlokrcacelrgl gxpgrcgngc spgecaceg vrstgcgogvcokr c prcn leegntulrgl hcbgnscuncokr lagetcv-ltctuhcnlog c lecknlog log akrbrccpgrsknloctcc legstkrl.

Blnulogog hcictlog hg Ekbuncelrg n ocbdl rkbn c Bltgbltce c gxpokrlrglbghcuoucpgntru eolsl C ekncn k sgrcghg rgsursg eu irlh rchcelt hg cntgrletcvctltg (mkeurc,gxpgrcbgntg, polng cntgrletcvg), elrg alecoctglz gxgrslrgl nkcuncokr nvltg, bcznhpg elplectltgl mkeurcokr hg l elptl rlpch ltgncl gogvcokr c putgrgl hg l alecoctl

nvlrgl/gxgrslrgl ntr-un bghcu hcnlbce c cntgrletcv.

n prkcgetlrgl rgsursgokr cntgrletcvg, akeusuo g polslt pg rgzkovlrgl hg prkdogbg.Eunktcngog hkdnhctg n elhruo ogeccokr (nkcunc, loikrctbc gte.) sunt akoksctg el

cnstrubgntg pgntru rgzkovlrgl prkdogbgc prkpusg n elhruo mkeuouc/gxgpgrcbgntuouc.Mkeurcog sunt splcc ,,prkdogbltceg, c kagr gogvuouc tkltg cnstrubgntgog ngegslrg pgntrul rgzkovl prkdogbgog c agghdle` cbghclt ol lecuncog ntrgprcnsg.

Mkeurcog lu k leegntult ekbpkngnt akrbltcv= rgzkovlrgl ekrget c ekbpogt lslrecncokr hcn mkeurc lhueg gogvuoucnhgbnurc c nvbcntg vlokrklsg, ergnh prgbcsgoghgzvkotrcc scbuouc gstgtce c l unkr hgprcnhgrc sntklsg hg vcl. Gogbgntgog irlacegsunt cntuctcvg, gog lvnh rkouo hg l sprcmcnc gogvuo n rgzkovlrgl slrecncokr hcn mkeurc.

Zrghlrgl eknegptgokr cnkcuncokr nkc sg aleg prcn cntgrbghcuo unkrlncblcc, eu unprknunlt elrletgr hcnlbce, rgspgetnh eu strcetgg plcc bgtkhcec lc hcsecpocngc, hlr

lhuinh k nkt ouhce c ltrletcv0 tgbgog hcn prkirlb sunt cnvgstciltg hgpgrsknlmgog-hgtgetcvc, c ntrgiuo bkbgnt hg prghlrg lrg k tgb ouhce c ergglzbktcvlcl cntrcnsge, ngegslr plreurigrcc eu cntgrgs l hcsecpocngc.

Nkcuncog nkc sunt prgzgntltg hg pgrsknlmg scbpltceg (eu rko hg ghueltkrc vcrtuloc),sud akrb hg mke, clr ekpcouo gstg pgrblngnt bktcvlt c neurlmlt s gxpokrgzg, srspunh ol ntrgdrcog pgrsknlmgokr, s-c lmutg n bcscungl hg hgsecarlrg l bcstgrgokrocbdcc, tccngc c bltgbltcecc, ar l scbc eknstrnigrgl ungc letcvctc hchletceg.

Gstg k ldkrhlrg nku, eu elrletgr cntgrletcv, dlzlt pg prcnecpcc bkhgrng hg hgscincnstruecknlo c ilbg-dlsgh oglrncni. Zgrsknlmgog scbpltceg, elrg coustrglz

prgagrcngog letulog log ekpccokr hg 9-6 lnc, lu vrstl lprkpclt eu l utcoczltkrcokr, vczglzhcagrctg tcpkokicc, rgloczltg irlace n trgnh eu bkhl (gbpltczlrg c lsublrg hg rkourc).


37/258


7.ZTKCGEXLTGL HCHLEXCE

HG EG,EG,EW EG,EWB C EX U-L TGLOC]LX;

7.


38/258

51 Ifchuo nvtkruouc

Wnctltgl hgnvlrg

Ekbpgtgng Ekncnuturc Nr. hgkrg

Uptbnl Kdsgrvlcc


39/258


Wnctltgl hgnvlrg


Uptbnl Kdsgrvlcc


40/258

56 Ifchuo nvtkruouc

Wnctltgl hgnvlrg


Uptbnl Kdsgrvlcc


41/258


Wnctltgl hgnvlrg


Uptbnl Kdsgrvlcc


42/258

8: Ifchuo nvtkruouc

Wnctltgl hgnvlrg


Uptbnl Kdsgrvlcc


43/258



44/258

84 Ifchuo nvtkruouc

Wnctltgl hgnvlrg

Ekbpgtgng Ekncnuturc Nr hgkrg

Uptbnl Kdsgrvlcc


45/258


Wnctltgl hgnvlrg


Uptbnl Kdsgrvlcc


46/258

88 Ifchuo nvtkruouc

Wnctltgl hgnvlrg


Uptbnl Kdsgrvlcc


47/258


7.4. Zrkcgetlrgl unctcokr hg nvlrg

EKBWNCELTG N OCBDL TKBN

BLXGBLXCE C GVZOKTLTGL BGHCWOWC

Krlr - suigstcg=OWNC BLTC BCGTEWTC MKC QCNGTC

Ekbuncelrg n ocbdl rkbn Ekbuncelrg n ocbdl rkbn Ekbuncelrg n ocbdl rkbn Ekbuncelrg n ocbdl rkbn Ekbuncelrg n ocbdl rkbnBltgbltce c gxpokrlrgl bghcuouc Bltgbltce c gxpokrlrgl bghcuouc Ekbuncelrg n ocbdl rkbn Bltgbltce c gxpokrlrgl bghcuouc Bltgbltce c gxpokrlrgl bghcuouc

Bltgbltce c gxpokrlrgl bghcuouc

WNCXLXGL HG NQLTG= Uungtg, nubgrg c euvcntgZGTCKLHL= 5 sptbnc (U 4-5-8)Blnulo Cntuctgxt

]CWL Ekbpgtgng Letcvctc hg nvlrgHgtlocgrc hg

ekncnutTgsursg bltgrclog c

prkeghurlogGvloulrg

]CWL

Ghidul Invatatorului Clasa a II-A INTUITEXT

Documents

Transcript of Ghidul Invatatorului Clasa a II-A INTUITEXT

1 Manual Intuitext Semestrul i

Portofoliul Invatatorului 2015-2016

ghidul invatatorului stiinte.qxd

Caiet Auxiliar Intuitext Mem Clasa i Semestrul II Recapitulare

Manual pentru clasa I Intuitext Semestrul i

Caietul invatatorului 2012-2013

Proiectare unitatea Medii de viață de la noi- Ed. Intuitext

Ghidul invatatorului clasa I Editura INTUITEXT

Clr 1 Manual Intuitext Semestrul i

2 Manual Intuitext Semestrul II

Educatia moral-spirituala Clasele I-IV Ghidul invatatorului

Caiet Auxiliar Intuitext Mem Clasa II Semestrul II Recapitulare

46541364 Mapa Invatatorului Clasa I Ghid Vilcu Elena

0 Clr 1 Manual Intuitext Semestrul II

Proiecatrea unității „În Lumea Plantelor”- Ed. Intuitext

Mate 3 2 Intuitext

CLR + MEM Cls a II-a Ghidul invatatorului INTUITEXT

0 Clr 1 Manual Intuitext Semestrul I-01

CAIETUL INVATATORULUI

R.E.COLEMAN, PLANUL DE EVANGHELIZARE AL INVATATORULUI