Engleza Foraj Anul I

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CONTENTS Unit 1.................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Pre-Reading Tasks .................................................................................................................................... 3 Reading.................................................................................................................................................... 3 Everyday English ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Ways with Words ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Grammar Reference ................................................................................................................................. 3 The er! To "e ............................................................................................................ ....................... 3 The #emonstrative Prono$n and %d&ective .......................................................................................... 3 'ontrolled Practice( ............................................................................................................................. 3 )$estion *orms................................................................................................................................... 3 'ontrolled Practice( ............................................................................................................................. 3 Unit +.................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Pre-Reading Tasks .................................................................................................................................... 3 Reading.................................................................................................................................................... 3 Ways with Words ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Grammar Reference ................................................................................................................................. 3 The Personal Prono$n ........................................................................................................................ 3 'ontrolled ,ractice( ............................................................................................................................. 3 ood Tense and %s,ect ..................................................................................................................... 3 Present /im,le.................................................................................................................................... 3 Present 'ontin$o$s ............................................................................................................................. 3 'ontrolled Practice( ............................................................................................................................. 3 Unit 3.................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Pre-Reading Tasks .................................................................................................................................... 3 Reading.................................................................................................................................................... 3 Ways with words( ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Grammar Reference ................................................................................................................................. 3 er!s which do not take a contin$o$s as,ect in English ...................................................................... 3 'ontrolled Practice( ............................................................................................................................. 3 The 0m,erative.................................................................................................................................... 3 'ontrolled Practice( ............................................................................................................................. 3 The Possessive Prono$n and the Posessive %d&ective .......................................................... ..............3 'ontrolled Practice .............................................................................................................................. 3 Unit .................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Pre-Reading Tasks( ................................................................................................................................... 3 Reading 1................................................................................................................................................. 3 Ways with words( ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Reading +................................................................................................................................................. 3 Ways with words( ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Grammar Reference ................................................................................................................................. 3

Transcript of Engleza Foraj Anul I

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CONTENTSUnit 1.................................................................................................................................................................... 3

Pre-Reading Tasks.................................................................................................................................... 3

Reading.................................................................................................................................................... 3

Everyday English...................................................................................................................................... 3

Ways with Words...................................................................................................................................... 3

Grammar Reference................................................................................................................................. 3

The er! To "e ................................................................................................................................... 3

The #emonstrative Prono$n and %d&ective.......................................................................................... 3

'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3

)$estion *orms ................................................................................................................................... 3

'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3

Unit +.................................................................................................................................................................... 3

Pre-Reading Tasks.................................................................................................................................... 3

Reading.................................................................................................................................................... 3

Ways with Words...................................................................................................................................... 3

Grammar Reference................................................................................................................................. 3

The Personal Prono$n........................................................................................................................ 3

'ontrolled ,ractice( ............................................................................................................................. 3

ood Tense and %s,ect..................................................................................................................... 3

Present /im,le .................................................................................................................................... 3

Present 'ontin$o$s ............................................................................................................................. 3

'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3

Unit 3.................................................................................................................................................................... 3

Pre-Reading Tasks.................................................................................................................................... 3Reading.................................................................................................................................................... 3

Ways with words(...................................................................................................................................... 3

Grammar Reference................................................................................................................................. 3

er!s which do not take a contin$o$s as,ect in English...................................................................... 3

'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3

The 0m,erative.................................................................................................................................... 3

'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3

The Possessive Prono$n and the Posessive %d&ective........................................................................3

'ontrolled Practice.............................................................................................................................. 3

Unit .................................................................................................................................................................... 3Pre-Reading Tasks(................................................................................................................................... 3

Reading 1................................................................................................................................................. 3

Ways with words(...................................................................................................................................... 3

Reading +................................................................................................................................................. 3

Ways with words(...................................................................................................................................... 3

Grammar Reference................................................................................................................................. 3

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'lassification of 2o$ns ........................................................................................................................ 3

2$m!er of 2o$ns( ............................................................................................................................... 3

The Genitive........................................................................................................................................ 3

'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3

Test...................................................................................................................................................................... 3

Unit .................................................................................................................................................................... 3

Pre-Reading Tasks.................................................................................................................................... 3

Reading.................................................................................................................................................... 3

Ways with words....................................................................................................................................... 3

Grammar Reference................................................................................................................................. 3

Past /im,le ......................................................................................................................................... 3

Past 'ontin$o$s .................................................................................................................................. 3

Past /im,le and Past 'ontin$o$s ....................................................................................................... 3

'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3

E4,ressions of )$antity ............... ................ ............... ................ ............... ................ ............... ........... 3

'ontrolled Practice.............................................................................................................................. 3

The %d&ective....................................................................................................................................... 3

The 5rder of ad&ectives in a series...................................................................................................... 3

'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3

Unit 6.................................................................................................................................................................... 3

Pre-Reading Tasks.................................................................................................................................... 3

Reading.................................................................................................................................................... 3

Ways with words....................................................................................................................................... 3

Grammar Reference................................................................................................................................. 3

Present Perfect /im,le ........................................................................................................................ 3

Present Perfect /im,le and Past /im,le ............................................................................................. 3

'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3

The Pre,osition................................................................................................................................... 3

Pre,ositions of Time............................................................................................................................ 3

'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3

Unit 7.................................................................................................................................................................... 3

Pre-Reading Tasks.................................................................................................................................... 3

Reading.................................................................................................................................................... 3

Ways with words(...................................................................................................................................... 3

Grammar Reference................................................................................................................................. 3

Present Perfect 'ontin$o$s ................................................................................................................. 3

'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3

odal er!s ........................................................................................................................................ 3

'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3

Pro!lematic Pre,ositions of ovement and Place............................................................................... 3

'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3

Unit 8.................................................................................................................................................................... 3

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Pre-Reading Task...................................................................................................................................... 3

Reading.................................................................................................................................................... 3

Ways with words....................................................................................................................................... 3

Grammar Reference................................................................................................................................. 3

The 'ardinal 2$meral ......................................................................................................................... 3

'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3

Past Perfect /im,le ............................................................................................................................. 3

Past Perfect 'ontin$o$s ...................................................................................................................... 3

'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3

Unit 9.............................................................................................................................................................. 3

Pre-Reading Task...................................................................................................................................... 3

Reading.................................................................................................................................................... 3

Ways with words....................................................................................................................................... 3

Grammar Reference................................................................................................................................. 3

*$t$re /im,le ...................................................................................................................................... 3

'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3

'om,arative and /$,erlative %d&ectives.............. ............... ................ ............... ................ ............... ... 3

'om,arative /entences ...................................................................................................................... 3

'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3

Test...................................................................................................................................................................... 3

Unit 1:.................................................................................................................................................................. 3

Pre-reading task........................................................................................................................................ 3

Reading.................................................................................................................................................... 3

Ways with words....................................................................................................................................... 3

Grammar Reference................................................................................................................................. 3

"e going to *$t$re............................................................................................................................... 3

*$t$re /im,le or "e Going To; ........................................................................................................... 3

'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3

*irst 'onditional.................................................................................................................................. 3

'ontrolled Practice.............................................................................................................................. 3

Unit 11.................................................................................................................................................................. 3

Pre-Reading Task...................................................................................................................................... 3

Reading.................................................................................................................................................... 3

Ways with words....................................................................................................................................... 3

Grammar Reference................................................................................................................................. 3

The 5rdinal 2$meral........................................................................................................................... 3

The *ractional 2$meral....................................................................................................................... 3

The $lti,licative 2$meral.................................................................................................................. 3

/econd 'onditional ............................................................................................................................. 3

'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3

Unit 1+.................................................................................................................................................................. 3

Pre-Reading Tasks.................................................................................................................................... 3

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Reading.................................................................................................................................................... 3

Ways with words....................................................................................................................................... 3

Grammar Reference................................................................................................................................. 3

The %rticle........................................................................................................................................... 3

'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3

Third 'onditional................................................................................................................................. 3

'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3

Unit 13.................................................................................................................................................................. 3

Pre-Reading Tasks.................................................................................................................................... 3

Reading.................................................................................................................................................... 3

Ways with words....................................................................................................................................... 3

Grammar Reference................................................................................................................................. 3

The %dver!.......................................................................................................................................... 3

'ontrolled Practice.............................................................................................................................. 3

The Passive oice............................................................................................................................... 3

'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3

Unit 1 .................................................................................................................................................................. 3

Reading.................................................................................................................................................... 3

Grammar Reference................................................................................................................................. 3

P$nct$ation......................................................................................................................................... 3

The 0nfinitive........................................................................................................................................ 3

The Partici,le...................................................................................................................................... 3

The Ger$nd......................................................................................................................................... 3

'ontrolled Practice(............................................................................................................................. 3

Unit 1 .................................................................................................................................................................. 3

Reading and Practice..................................................................................................................................... 3

Ways with words............................................................................................................................................. 3

Grammar Reference....................................................................................................................................... 3

The 'on&$nction........................................................................................................................................ 3

'oordinating 'on&$nctions........................................................................................................................ 3

/$!ordinating 'on&$nctions...................................................................................................................... 3

'ontrolled Practice.................................................................................................................................... 3

Test...................................................................................................................................................................... 3

Eval$ation............................................................................................................................................................ 3

%,,endi4 1........................................................................................................................................................... 3

%,,endi4 +........................................................................................................................................................... 3

%,,endi4 3........................................................................................................................................................... 3

"i!liogra,hy ......................................................................................................................................................... 3

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Unit 1

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In this unit you will learn:

ã Social English

ã The English Alphabet

ã The Verb to be

ã The Demonstrative Pronoun and the Demonstrative Adjective

ã uestion !orms

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Pre-Reading Tasks

What’s your name?

How old are you?

Where do you live?

What do you specialize in?

Reading

Read the following text about George Ionescu a student in Romania!

"y name is George Ionescu and I am a student in the #aculty of $rilling%&roduction at'&etroleum%Gas( )niversity of &loieşti. I come from Oradea, a town in the

North-West of Romania. I came here to study because this is the most

important petroleum univers ity in the country and even if I am very far awayfrom home I want to learn many things here*

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I’m studying #rench and +nglish and I can spea, #rench well and a little +nglish* Iintend to improve my +nglish as on the one hand it is very useful to spea, foreignlanguages and on the other hand I might need it for my future -ob* In Romania there arelots of Romanian%.merican Romanian%/anadian or Romanian%0ritish companies*

I’m en-oying my course a lot but it’s very hard wor,1 I live in the university%hostel withthree other students* 2hey are older than me! 3teve is in the third year 0rian is in thesecond year and 4ohn is the oldest one! he is in the fourth year* 2he courses started twowee,s ago so I’m what the other hostel%mates call me %a !reshman" .fter the course Iwant to wor, for a big petroleum company but I don’t ,now which yet*

Everyday English

&ractise saying the letters of the alphabet according to the vowel sounds!

5ei5 5i!5 5e5 5ai55∂u5 5u!5 5a!5a b f i o 6 r h c l y u - d m wl e n, g s

p xt zv

Ways with Words

1. /an you ,eep a conversation going with someone for two or three minutes? /hoose a partner who you don’t ,now well or imagine your partner is a stranger* Wor, in smallgroups and find out things about your partner*2. 3pell the name of George Ionescu* 2hen wor, in pairs* 3pell your name in +nglish to

your des,mate* 2hen find out how to spell his5her name*3. #ind synonyms in the text for the following words!to study# to arrive# class *4. What do you thin, a good language learner can do? /hoose beginnings from . andsuitable endings from 0* 2here are many possible answers!. good language learner!

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. 0 borrows boo,s without a teacher*writes things down in every way possible*guesses words without being told to*tries to study in real situations*

tries to learn every day possible* practises spea,ing from films 27 and records*5. What do you say to someone who does the things in column .* /hoose from the phrases in column 0!. 0answers the phone? 'Get well soon1(,noc,s on the door? '/heers1(says you are late? (+xcuse me1(is in danger? '$on’t mention it1(gets married? 'Well done1(

passes an exam? '/ongratulations1drin,s with you? '3orry1(is in your way? '0less you1(says 'Good morning1’ '2han,s*(says 'How do you do1( '8oo, out1(than,s you? 'How do you do1(is ill? 'Hello?(sneezes? '3leep well1(says 'Good night*( 'Good morning*(says '"a,e yourself at home*( '/ome in1(says 'Have a good wee,end*( '2han,s* 3ame to you*(

6 . In the text about George Ionescu you learned the expressionon the one hand """" onthe other hand which means pe de o parte """ pe de alt$ parte *8et’s learn more expressions containing the prepositionon!to be on duty 9 a fi de serviciu:on account of 9 pe baza din cauz; c; lu<nd =n consideraţie c ;:on and on 9 f;r; =ntrerupere la nesf<r şit

and so on 9şi aşa mai departe

on this ground 9 din acest motiv:to turn on5 to switch on >the light the radio etc* 9 a deschide5 a aprinde >luminradioul etc* :on this assumption 9 pe baza acestei presupuneri:on the basis of 9 pe baza:on behalf of sb* 9 =n numele cuiva din partea cuiva:

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on the contrary 9 din contr;:on a large5small scale 9 pe scar; mare5mic;:on record 9 cunoscut:on the score of 9 ca rezultat:on the verge of 9 pe punctul de pe cale =n pragul:on the whole 9 =n general =n =ntregime:on demand 9 la cerere:on condition that 9 cu condiţia

on purpose 9 dinadins intenţionat

on principle 9 din principiu:on the first attempt 9 la prima =ncercare:

on a sudden 9 brusc deodat; pe neaşteptateon trial 9 de prob;*7. 8oo, at the last simple sentence in the text about George Ionescu* 2he sentence is! I

don%t &now yet" $epending on the context in which it appears yet may be translated indifferent ways!'nc$# mai# 'n a!ar$ de aceasta# p(n$ 'n pre)ent# acum# totu şi, etc*8et’s learn some expressions containing the word yet *not yet 9 nu =nc;:

nor yet 9 nici m;car:as yet 9 p<n; acum:it is strange and yet true 9 e ciudatşi totuşi e adev ;rat* @ow practise these expressions in sentences of your own*

Grammar Reference

The Verb To Be

#orm.ffirmative and negativeI am >Am

am >Am nota student*

BouWe

are >Areare not >aren’t

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2heyHe3he

is >’sis not >isn’t

InterrogativeWhere am I?

are you?we?they?

is he?she?it?

3hort answer Are you a student in Drilling*

+es# I am" ,o# I%m not"

Is she an engineer*

+es# she is" ,o# she isn%t"

The Demonstrative Pronoun and Adjective

#ormReference 3ingular &lural'near( reference this these'distant(reference

that those

Controlled Practice:

1. 2ranslate into +nglish!a. +u sunt inginer* +l este englez*b. .celea sunt colegele tale? @u acestea sunt colegele mele "onicaşi !ndra.

c. .cesta este un televizor*d. .cela este un aparat de radio*

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e. @oi suntem tehnicieni*f. 3unt ei specialişti france"i# Nu, nu sunt.

g. 3unteţi voi in$ineri mecanici# Nu, noi nu s untem noi suntem fizicieni*

h. /ine este aici? 4ohn este aici* +l este cel mai bun student din grupa noastr %. &l are

note foarte mari.

i. /ine nu este aici? "aria nu este aicişi nici 'eor$e nu este.

j. +le sunt chimiste* /ursurile acestea sunt ale lor* .cestea sunt cursurile mele*

2. Read the following article on mobile rigs* )se your dictionary* 2hen fill in the blan,swith the correct forms of the verbto be !

Why mobile rigs can ma,e reliable production units

/onversion of early generation "C$)s into production unitsDD** a bold step foroperators of @orth 3ea and other marginal field developments* 3ea and other severeenvironments where maximum utilizationDD** the primary concern of the designercan e6ual the performance of conventional platforms* We*DD* able today to ,nowmore about effects of wind waves and currents on vessel motion and mooring systems: people DD** ready to use new risers and subsea e6uipment designs*

4. /omplete the following text using the appropriate pronouns!

a. D**** is .dam’s pencil* It must be his because it’s got his name on it*

b. .re D*** tools yours 4ohn? Bes they are* 2han,s* 2hey haven’t got my name onthem but they belong to me*

c. DD* is a mill* It’s over here* DD* is a generator* It’s over there*

d. Is *DD an electric heater?( '@o that is an electric generator* DD* is an electricheater*(

e. D*** are metals* 2hose are substances*

Question Forms

8oo, at the following 6uestion words!-hat do you do !or a living* . I%m a chemist"

-ho is your teacher o! English* . Sandra /rown is"

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-here is Paris* . In 0rance"

-hen do you start the con!erence* . 1n -ednesday# April# 2rd"

-hy are you learning English* . /ecause I need it !or my job"

3ow do you come to Ploie şti? - By train.

-hose are these tools* . They are Peter%s"

-hat andwhich can be followed by a noun*-hat time is it*

-hat &ind o! chemistry do you study*

-hich pen do you want# the blue one or the green one*

3ow can be followed by an ad-ective or an adverb*

3ow old are you*

3ow o!ten do you play !ootball*

Controlled Practice:

1. 2ranslate the following text into +nglish!

a. $e unde eşti# (unt din )imişoara.

b. /<nd ai venit prima oar; =n &loieşti# !nul trecut.c. /< ţi ani ai# $ou;zeci şi şase.

d. /e mai faci? 3unt bine mulţumesc.

e. $e ce te gr;beşti#

2. /hoose the appropriate 6uestion form in the following sentences!

a. What5Which time is the train due to arrive?

b. What5 How are you today?

c. Where5 When are you going now?

d. Who5How are you? I am 4ohn 3mith*

e. What5 Which of these paintings do you li,e best?

3. .s, short 6uestions on these statements usingwho# what# where:

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e"g" I%ve just received a letter"4 -ho !rom*

a. I want to ta,e this boo, with me* >for

b. Will you please open this box? >with

c. I’m going to +ngland next wee,* >byd. &lease get me a screwdriver* >from

e. 4ohn is very angry* >with *

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Unit 2

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In this unit you will learn:

ã English as a world language

ã The Personal Pronoun

ã Present Simple

ã Present 5ontinuous

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Pre-Reading Tasks

2ry to thin, of the +nglish%spea,ing countries in the world*

How many are they?

$o you ,now any countries in which +nglish is used as the second language?

What about countries in which +nglish is spo,en by many people?

Reading

Read the following text on +nglish as a world language* 2ry to find the personal pronouns in the text!

2oday when +nglish is one of the ma-or languages in the world it doesn’t re6uire too

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much effort of our imagination to realize that this is a relatively recent thing % that in3ha,espeare’s time for example only a few million people spo,e +nglish and this wasnot thought to be very important by the other nations of +urope and it was un,nown tothe rest of the world*

+nglish has become a world language because of its establishment as a mother tongueoutside +ngland in all the continents of the world* &eople started to import +nglish inthe seventeenth century with the first settlements in @orth .merica* .bove all it is thegreat growth of population in the )nited 3tates assisted by massive immigration in thenineteenth and twentieth centuries that has given the +nglish language its present statusin the world* .s I could read in an article one person in seven of the world’s entire population spea, +nglish nowadays and most of them are 6uite fluent in it* Incredibly

enough due to the extension of computerized systems and softs which are mostly in+nglish EF of the world’s mail and of the world’s telephone calls are in +nglish*.gain incredibly yet true is the fact that J million people spea, +nglish and everyyear there are twenty million beginners* International literary or scientific publicationsare generally printed in +nglish and other languages such as German 3panish or #renchyet again +nglish is the predominant language* 3o the 6uic,er you learn it the moreopportunities you may have to read interesting materials connected to your field*

Ways with Words

1. We often say what we have done so far as a way of explaining our achievements andsuccesses* Wor, in pairs and as, your partner 6uestions about +nglish!"odel! 3ave you improved your accent*

+es# I thin& I have"

Have you!a. been to an +nglish%spea,ing country?b. passed any exams in +nglish?c. managed to translate anything into +nglish?d. had any conversations with +nglish native spea,ers?e. written any e%mails in +nglish which you have sent to people?f. used +nglish in your studies or wor,?

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g. read a scientific article in +nglish?h. managed to understand any +nglish%spea,ing tourists?i. learned any songs in +nglish?

j. discovered any differences between +nglish and your own language?2. /omment on the personal 6ualities you need to succeed in learning a foreign language*+xample!+ou don%t have to be serious to learn English# you have to be co.operative"

confident energeticdetermined well%organisedindependent patientcourageous enthusiastic

serious charminghandsome steadyambitious intelligent

- KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 3. /hoose the word which best completes each sentence!a. If you want to become *** when you spea, you should forget about ma,ing mista,esand try to spea, as much as possible*A. practical:B. fluent:C. handy:D. s,illful*b. If you don’t understand everything you hear then listening to a tape is a *** of time*

A. matter:B. problem:C. waste:D. loss*c. If you’re not *** certain what someone has said you should pretend that you haveunderstood*A. very:B. fairly:C. surely:D. 6uite*d. If you want to practise spea,ing a good idea is to tell a story or a *** to someone*

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A. -o,e: B. tale:C. laughter:D. fool*e. When you *** an oral exam it is best to spea, loudly and not to stop after each word*A. ma,e: B. ta,e: C. spea,: D. go*4. In this unit you learned about +nglishas a world language* 8et’s learn someexpressions containing the wordas !as compared with 9 =n comparaţie cu

as a conse6uence of 9 ca o consecinţ ; a:as if5 as though 9 caşi cum

as far as 9 =ntruc<t pe c<t =n m;sura =n care:as far as it goes 9 =n ceea ce priveşte

as follows 9 precum5 dup; cum urmeaz;:

as long as 9 at<t timp c<t:as regards 9 =n ceea ce priveşte

as a rule 9 de regul; =n principiu:as seen 9 dup; cum se vede:as shown in #ig* J 9 cum s%a ar;tat =n #ig* J:as such 9 ca atare:as well 9 deopotriv; de asemenea:

as well as 9 c<tşi, tot aşa caas when 9 ca atunci c<nd ca =n cazul =n care:as yet5 so far5 up to now* up to the present 9 p<n; =n prezent:such as 9 astfel ca ca de exemplu*5. Read the following sentence ta,en from the same text! English has become a world

language because o! its establishment as a mother tongue outside England# in all the

continents o! the world *How do you translatein all the continents o! the world ? @ow learn some expressionswith the ad-ectiveall * beyond all doubt 9 =n afar; de orice =ndoial;:all at once 9 dintr%o dat;:all the better 9 cu at<t mai bine:all in all 9 =n =ntregime cu totul:

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all in good time 9 toate la timpul lor:all the more as 9 cu at<t mai mult cu c<t:all over 9 peste tot:all worn out 9 complet uzat:first of all 9 =nainte de toate:of all ,inds 9 de toate felurile:that is about all 9 ca asta%i tot:it is all one to them 9 le este tot una:once for all 9 o dat; pentru totdeauna* @ow practise these expressions in sentences of your own*

Grammar Reference

The Personal Pronoun

2he nominative* #orm&erson 3ingular &lural#irst person I we3econd person you you2hird person he

sheit

they

2he accusative52he dative* #orm&erson 3ingular &lural#irst person >to me >to us3econd person >to you >to

you2hird person >to him

>to her >to it

>tothem

Controlled practice:

1. 2ranslate the folowing sentences into +nglish!

a. +l este inginer la o fabric; de ciment*

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b. +i nu vorbesc engleza dar noi =i putem a-uta*

c. 8%am v;zut pe el la curs dar pe ea n%am v;zut%o*

d. "i%a d;ruit o carte de geologie pentru c; el avea dou; exemplare*

e. Ll strig pe 4ohn dar nu m% aude.

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2. /hoose the appropriate forms of the personal pronoun!a. He is studying +nglish as he5we intends to -oin an .merican petroleum company*

b. I gave her5him that boo, as he needed it*

c. 3he told me5 to me that she needed a day off*

d. I thin, I saw him5 he in the street yesterday*

e. Have you told they5 them the news?

Mood, Tense and Aspect

8oo, at the first complex sentence in the text* 2ry to find the form of the verbto re6uire * Doesn%t re6uire is a verb in the indicative mood* Its tense is present and its aspect issimple*"ood tense and aspect are grammatical categories of the verb* Roughly spea,ing mood presents the attitude of the spea,er towards an action or a state expressed by the verb

tense gives an indication of when the action happens and aspect reflects the status ofaction referring to duration result etc*

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Present imple

&resent 3imple is used to express!• a repeated action or habit >it is often used with adverbs of fre6uency such as!always#

constantly# continually# ever# !re6uently# !orever# hardly# never# normally# occasionally#o!ten# rarely# regularly# seldom# sometimes# usually etc* !

I usually get up at 7"28"

9omanian people li&e to travel"

ost evenings we go out"

• a fact which is always true >general truths and states !

-ood !loats on water"

The Earth moves round the Sun"

The Danube !lows into the /lac& Sea"

• a fact which is true for a long time

I live in Ploiesti"

She wor&s in a petroleum company"

&resent 3imple is used in explanations demonstrations and stage directions! 3er drawing shows two parts o! a hypebolic curve"

I add !lour to the egg yol&s and place the basin into the oven"

The door bell rings" She listens 6uietly" A window opens and a mas&ed man enters the

room"

#orm.ffirmative and negativeI wor,

do not >don’t wor, in a university*

BouWe2hey

wor, do not >don’t wor,

He3he

wor,sdoes not >doesn’twor,

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InterrogativeWhere do I wor,?

do you

wethey

does hesheit

3hort answer Do you li&e summer*

+es# I do" Does she spea& Italian*

,o# she doesn%t"

Present Continuous

&resent /ontinuous is used to express!• an activity happening now or around now

They are playing in their bedroom now"

I am designing a heli; this wee&"

• a planned future arrangement!

I%m meeting you at <8 o%cloc& tomorrow"

#orm&resent /ontinuous is formed with the present tense of the auxiliary verbbe followed bythe indefinite participle of the main verb >verb=.ing *.ffirmative and negativeI am >Am

am not >Amnot

wor,ing*

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BouWe2hey

are >Areare not>arenAt

He

3heIt

is >As

is not >isn’t

InterrogativeWhat am I doing?

are youwethey

is he

sheit

3hort answer Are you coming*

+es# I am" ,o# I%m not"

Is she watching TV*

+es# she is" ,o# she isn%t"

Controlled Practice:

1. &ut the verbs in brac,ets into the &resent 3imple or &resent /ontinuous!

a. He usually >drin, coffee but today he >drin, tea*

b. It >rain now* It often >rain in summer*

c. He >come to see me tonight: we >go on a trip to 3inaia next wee, and we >want toma,e plans for it*

d. I >live in &loiesti but this wee, as I >attend a course in 0ucharest I >stay with uncle in /alea #loreasca*

e. &ardon me sir but I >thin, you >stand on my feet*

f. "aria >come from 3pain this wee,*

g. 3he >spea, #rench +nglish and Italian*

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h. I >cut a cone now and she >draw an asymptote*

i. What you >do here? I >loo, for my glasses*

j. Where you >live ? I >live in 3cotland*

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2. /omplete this postcard using the correct form of the verbs on the right!

Greetings from 3cotland1 4ohn and I D*****

something different this year* We’re at the

do

+dinburgh .ctivity /entre where we DD** agood time and at the same time we DD**different things* &eopleDD** here everysummer to learn more about their hobbies andinterests*

have

learn

come

I DD** photography and tennis this wee, do

and 4ohn DD** about computers* We DD**up at half past eight every morning

learn get

and DD** lessons from ten to half pasttwelve* We DD** lunch at one and then thereare more lessons*

do

have

3o it’s hard wor,* 0ut I DD** it here* WeD***** a post%office in front of the /entre* 2heweather is good* 3ee you soon*

8ove Mate

li,e have

3. What d ! " d in the#e #it"ati n#$

a. When you miss a bus or a train do you!

A. wait happily for the next one?:

B. shout angrily?:

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C. blame someone else?

b. When you thin, about the future do you!

A. dream of impossible success or wealth?:

B. plan your future career carefully?:C. worry about what will go wrong?

c. When someone as,s you a 6uestions and you’re not sure of the answer do you!

A. admit you don’t ,now?:

B. give an answer you thin, may be right?:

C. try to change the sub-ect?

d. When you forget to do something important for a friend or a member of your familydo you!

A. hope they won’t notice?:

B. try to do something else for them?:

C. feel guilty?

e. When your boss or teacher is away do you!

A. start laughing and -o,ing?:

B. wor, hard as usual?:C. do not wor, at all?

If most of your answers are . it means you are a very optimistic person* If you chosemostly 0 it means you are an ambitious person and if you chose mostly / it means youare a pessimistic person*

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Unit 3

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

In this unit you will learn:

ã >etting a job

ã Verbs which do not ta&e a 5ontinuous Aspect in English

ã The Imperative

ã The possessive pronoun and adjective

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Pre-Reading Tasks

What do you need in order to get a -ob?

Have you ever applied for a -ob? Has a friend of yours ever applied for a -ob? 2al, aboutthe way you should introduce yourself or any other problems you thin, may occur*

Reading

Read the following text on getting a -ob* /an you notice the imperatives in the text?

. -ob starts with an application but so many of the application letters end up in thewastepaper bas,et as for example you may feel frustrated if you use cheap linednotepaper* Bou should ,now that you are supposed to use .N and preferably to type your/7 and the accompanying letter* 2he /7 needs to be clear and not too long! one page isenough* $on’t include all your personal details >such as for example whether you aremarried or not your hobbies etc* * In the letter that you send with the /7 show someenthusiasm for the -ob and demonstrate that you have read the -ob advertisement

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thoroughly* 3tress how suitable you consider you are for that -ob but don’t writesomething which contradicts the data you offered them in your /71 2hen good luc,with the interview itself1

Ways with words:

1. In the sentences below use one suitable word from the list that follows* @ot all thewords are possible!a. I sent in my ****** to the the address given in the advertisement*b. 2hey told me I lac,ed ****** as I had never had that ,ind of -ob before*c. 2he manager told me he couldn’t wait as he had ****** to do*d. @ot many people en-oy sitting at a5an ****** all day long*

e. 0efore I left that oil company I handed in my ******f. When I applied for this position I as,ed my previous boss for a ******g. Bou have to be well%dressed and punctual to succeed in a5an ******h. "y first ****** was helping in a shop at wee,ends*i. In our company every ****** receives a month’s salary*

j. Bou could ****** over J a month as a sales representative in this company*6uali!ications? re!erence? e;periences? application? wor&? employer? interview? gain?

resignation? job? diploma? department? applicant? earn? wages? o!!ice? gain? des&?

salary? employee"

- KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 2. Read the sentence A job starts with an application again* @ow learn some expressionscontaining the prepositionwith !with due regard for5 with all due deference to 9 cu tot respectul cuvenit:with an eye to 9 urm;rind f;r; a pierde din vedere:

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with the exception of 9 cu excepOia c;:with full steam on 9 cu toat; viteza =nainte:with reason 9 pe drept pe bun; dreptate:with reference5 respect to 9 =n privinţa, referitor, cu privire la

with a view of 9 =n scopul de a:as with 9 la fel caşi

together with 9 =mpreun; cu:to do away with 9 a =nl;tura a termina cu*3. 8oo, at the following sentences belonging to this unit: +ou should &now that you are

supposed to """? In the letter that you send with the 5V# show some enthusiasm !or ***.s you can see these are two meaning of the wordthat * In the first sentence it introduces

a direct ob-ect clause and in the other it introduces a relative clause* Here are someexpressions containing the wordthat !that far 9 at<t de departe:that is the point 9 aceasta%i problema:that much 9 cam at<t:that’s how it happened 9 aşa s-a *nt+mplat

that is why >that’s why 9 de aceea din aceast; cauz;:

that is to say 9 adic;: but for that 9 dac; nu ar fi fost asta:for all that 9 cu toate acestea:in order that 9 pentru ca s;:li,e that >-ust li,e that 9 aşa

@ow practise these expressions in sentences of your own*

Grammar Reference

Verbs !hich do not ta"e a continuous aspect in #n$lish

2here are verbs in +nglish which generally are not used in the continuous aspect!• verbs of the senses >verbs of perception ! see# hear# smell# taste# notice# recogni)e# etc*

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I smell gas"

• verbs of thin,ing!thin&# reali)e# &now# understand# suppose# e;pect# remember# !orget#

mind# etc* I don%t remember your name"

• verbs of having and being!have# own# owe# belong to# possess# be# contain# matter#

hold# etc*The house belongs to my mother"

I have a very good lathe"

• verbs of emotion!love# hate# li&e# disli&e# re!use# want# wish# !orgive etc*

I hate people calling me late at night"

3e wants to buy a new tool"

Controlled Practice:

1. 2ranslate into +nglish!

a. .ceast; sticl; con ţine acid boric.

b. /reionul Rotring este al "ariei*

c. )r;sc s; mi se cear; s; fac o lucrare de azi pe m<ine*

d. +a are doar un curs de chimieşi dou% de fi"ic%.

e. .cest curs conţine capit ole*

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK2. $ecide which is the most appropriate form of the verb in the following sentences!

a. I’m thin,ing5 I thin, of you*

b. 3he smells5 is smelling gas*

c. "other is tasting5 tastes the soup to see if it needs more salt*

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d. We have5 are having dinner now*

e. /ould you call him bac, in twenty minutes as he has5 is having a bath right now*

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

The %mperative

2he imperative is a mood which expresses an order a command a wish a greeting piece of advice a threat!5ome here@

eave me alone@

-atch your step@

et%s go@

#orm2he imperative has forms only for the second person singular and plural*.ffirmative @egativeGet ready13tart wor,ing1

$on’t get ready1$on’t start wor,ing1

Controlled Practice:

1. 2ranslate the following into +nglish!

a. 3erveşte-te şi serveşte-i şi pe ceilalţi

b. 7ino te rog la noi s; ne a-uţi s ; rezolv;m o problem; de chimie organic;*

c. Li dai un degetşi *ţi ia toat ; m<na1

d. 3crie tu proiectul la calculator pentru c; dup; aceea trebuie s;%l folosescşi eu.

e. 8uaţi loc, v ; rog doamn;1

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f. @u pleca pentru cP nu am terminat proiectul1

g. @u te apropia de firele acelea pentru c% sunt sub tensiune.

h. @u =ncerca s% m% faci s% m% r%"$+nd esc pentru c% o faci de$eaba.

i. $u%teşi ve"i dac% au terminat curs ul* j. Gr %beşte-te, mai ai doar cinci minute

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKK

2. "a,e the following sentences negative!

a. /ome here1

b. Get ready as we are in a hurry1

c. 0e on time because +nglish people are never late*

d. Go home and we’ll finish this tomorrow*

e. Wor, faster as we need to finish this uuntil two o’cloc,*

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

The Possessive Pronoun and the Posessive Adjective

2he possessive pronoun* #orm

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&erson 3ingular &lural#irst person mine ours3econd person yours yours2hird person his

hersits

theirs

2he possesive ad-ective* #orm&erson 3ingular &lural#irst person my our 3econd person

your your

2hird person his

her its

their

Controlled Practice

1. /hoose the appropriate possessive pronouns or ad-ectives!

a. "y5 mine father’s car is new* "ine5my is very old and ugly*

b. We have been loo,ing for these magazines* 3omeone too, them from your5our room*2hey belong to us We’re using the pictures for a pro-ect of ours5yours*

c. 2here are five billion people in our5his world and they live in all different corners otit*

d. 2his is her5hers car* 3he bought it two months ago*

e. "y results are better than yours5your*

f. Is that boo, yours5your as I thin, I saw you when you lent it to your5yours friend2om*

g. I don’t thin, this is one of +mma’s pens* I ,now she has lost her5hers calculator but Ihaven’t heard her say she has lost a pen * What do you thin,?

h. "y5mine speciality is paleontology* I have specialized in the study of prehistoric lifethrough the evidence of fossils*

i. .fter we have ac6uired some ,nowledge about the oil industry and the ,ind of wor,that is involved we will prove ours5our ,nowledge later*

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j. Bour5yours article on drilling wells in blazing deserts is a good one*

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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Unit 4

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

In this unit you will learn:

ã -riting a 5V

ã -riting a letter o! application

ã 5lassi!ication o! ,ouns

ã ,umber o! ,ouns

ã The >enitive

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Pre-Reading Tasks:

What information should your /7 contain?

What information should your letter of application contain?

Reading 1

Read the following /7* /an you find any improvements? Wor, with your mates andreport your findings to the rest of the class!

CU%%&CU'U( )&TAE

&[email protected] $+2.I83

@ame!%ad" &ONESCU

.ddress! JQ 0vd* 0ucureşti

&loieşti /000 1rahova

2elephone! NN FQNJ

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e. $on’t ma,e up a list of names and addresses in your reference section* Bou shouldmention references only if they are very impressive*

Reading 2

Here is the letter of application Radu Ionescu has written* 3,im through the letter andsee what information the applicant is conveying about himself!

JQ 0vd 0ucureUti&loieşti /00 1rahova

"r .* $* 7lad&ersonnel "anager &etrom 0ucureşti$ear "r* .* $* 7lad

%ef.* d+i,,ing enginee+ -acanc!I am writing to apply for the position of drilling enginner that you advertised in /ursa

on F Cctober J as I believe it offers the carrer challenge which I am see,ing*

.s you will see from my enclosed /urriculum 7itae I graduated from '&etroleum%Gas()niversity of &loieşti last year, then I have had a successful year wor4in$

in a scientific environment with '1( !rad.

I would li,e to highlight the following s,ills which I believe would add value to your

organization!O+gani ati na, #/i,,# % developed in my current -ob with G&3 .rad*

Acc "nting #/i,,# % developed in my role as university officer where I prepared annualreports and accounts and I was responsible for a budget of lei per annu

&nte+0e+# na, #/i,,# % developed through wor,ing in a team environment in my currentrole and through a number of holiday positionswhen I was a student*

I have a ,een interest in drilling engineering and would appreciate the opportunity of an

interview to discuss why I believe I am good match for your re6uirements*I loo, forward to hearing from you*

Bours sincerely Radu Ionescu

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Ways with words:

1. Here are some lines from different letters of application of several candidates for this -ob* /hoose the most appropriate and convincing sentence in each group* What do youthin, is wrong with some of the sentences listed below?a. I am familiar with this type of wor,*5 I am totally ,nowledgeable about this type ofwor,*5 I ,now this type of wor,*b. I am well%li,ed by everybody and I am very convincing*5 I can maintain friendlyrelationships with people*5 I am a friendly and tactful person*c. I can ma,e decisions when it is really necessary and I am very responsive*5 I alwaysma,e the best decisions in my office as I am a reliable person*5 I am not afraid to ma,edecisions if necessary*d. I feel sure my studies recommend me for this -ob*5 I hope I am right for this sort ofwor,*5 I am sure I am the most suitable person for this -ob*e. I am 6uite interested in this ,ind of wor,*5 I have a genuine interest in this ,ind ofwor,*5 I am extremely interested in this type of wor,*2. Here is an advertisement which was published in /ursa on N .pril J * 8oo, at it andwrite your /7* 2hen write the letter to cover your /7 applying for the vacancy!

/C@32R)/2 8td*Romanian%/anadian company providing

expertise human resources and e6uipmentfor the construction industry

re6uiresHuman Resource Cfficers

.pplications are accepted from recent graduates of 3ociology or 0ussiness 3tudies withsome bac,ground in income tax laws and computer literacy or company management*.pplicants should be willing to wor, in teams and should be able to meet deadlines*.pplicants should be fluent in +nglish and #rench*

,ea#e enc, #e a c"++ent C) and ,ette+ f a00,icati n add+e##ed t (+ & n 0

" an %e# "+ce# (anage+ C n#t+"ct % ania6 'td. 13 ia a % an8

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B"cha+e#t.

. Read the following presentation of 0eicip%#ranlab* .pply for a -ob within thecompany* Write your letter of application*0+I/I&%#ranalbRueil%"almaison Head CfficeJQJ .venue @apolVon 0onaparte0& J Q%SJF J Rueil%"almaison%/edex%#rance&hone ! QQ > NE T T #ax ! QQ > NE T N TF

The ind"#t+ia, 0+ ject# di-i#i n i# ne f Beici09:+an,ab;# f "+ 0e+ating di-i#i n#

2he independent consulting services provided by the division cover all industrialassociated with the Cil Gas and derived industries as well as the global energy sector*

2he fields of activities are!+nergy system organization

J Cil and gas productionQ &etroleum refining5distributionN @atural gas processingF Hydrocarbon transport pipeline

&etrochemicals fertilizersE +nvironment centres

2he consulting services provided by the division are related to each individual filed ofexpertize and can be combined according to the client’s re6uirements depending on the pro-ect status !

T 3ectoral and corporate planningS #easibility studies

&ro-ect management"anagement services

J 3pecialized services2he industrial &ro-ects $ivision resources are! a highly 6ualified and experienced staffwith an international experience of consultancy and advisory services in fields of

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expertise!Q +conomics financial analysisN "ar,et mar,etingF &rocess and engineering

/ontractingE /ost estimation5controlT 3chedule controlS +nvironment

J Ris, and safetyJ 2rainingJJ .udits

JQ 7aluation of assetsJN Restructuring

.nd with efficient and 6uality softwares and models servicing!JF $ata ban,sJ "ar,et evaluationJE +nergy planning and pricingJT &ro-ects optimization >8*&* models

JS +conomic and financial analysisQ &rocess and basic engineeringQ +nvironmental5safety evaluationQJ +ngineering design5drawings >/.$QQ &ro-ect management

2he company wor,ed for governments national and private companies multilateral or bilateral development organizations ban,ers and is spread out in over countries*3ome of these clients have repeatedly called upon our expertise for more than twodecades*.mong the services that 0eicip%#ranlab offers we may include

QN sectoral and corporate planning >energy planning energy conservation resourcappraisal mar,et5end%use analysis resource allocation optimization pro-ectidentification5ran,ing costs5benefit evaluation economic5financial appraisal

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economic computer models are an assurance of optimized long%term strategies orspecific industrial pro-ects*#easibility studies and even more so sectoral and corporate planning re6uire thecontribution of numerous and diverse expertise both in the upstream and in thedownstream sectors of the Cil Gas industries*2his integrated competence found in one single company is a guarantee of the coherenceand reliability of 0eicip%#ranlab’s services*.uditing industrial operations does not only re6uire concentration on the structural andfinancial aspects but also focuses on the mar,et the practical operation the maintenancethe process the organization and economic issues of the company or the organizationunder consideration*

0eicip%#ranlab has through its long international experience of planning studies and of pro-ect management developed a comprehensive and independent approach in providingmanagement services to the directors of Cil and Gas organizations and companies*2he #rench &etroleum Institute R $ experience over the last five decades has beentransferred to over ten &etroleum Research /entres pro-ects world%wide* 2hese pro-ectswere implemented under the entire responsibility of 0eicip%#ranlab which has thus beendisseminating this ,now%how in the Cil Gas sector around the world*

2he environment and safety activities of 0eicip%#ranlab have developed since the lateseventies by ta,ing advantage of the various categories of in%house experts as well as of2he #rench &etroleum Institute’s wor,s*2he inter%disciplinary competence of our division including environment generalistscovers the field of prevention diagnosis technological advice expert reporting ondamage as well as the setting%up of environment and safety management programmes*

Grammar Reference

Classi&ication o& 'ouns

/ountable nouns )ncountable nounsa girla mana tool

water sugar mil,

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a cupan applea guitar a pounda car a well

musicweather moneyoil5 petroleumcoalgas

We can saytwo cups# !our girls# ten pounds# twenty cars * We can count them* We cannotcount sugar# water or oil"

/ountable nouns can be singular or plural!This cup is empty"

These cups are !ull"

)ncountable nouns can only be singular!The water is cold"

The weather is !ine"

The coal has a good 6uality"

'umber o& 'ouns:

#orm

7ariable nouns form the plural in the following way!• .s is added to the singular!

boo,s%boo,s tool%tools• .es is added to the singular nouns ending in.s# .)# .;# .ch# .sh# nouns ending in.y

preceded by a consonant >.y changes toi nouns ending in.o ! bus%buses box%boxes match%matches brush%brushes city%cities: potato% >0ut! photo%photos

• .BeCs is added to nouns ending in.!BeC >which changes to.v !,nife%,nives leaf%leaves shelf%shelves >0ut! roof%roofsIrregular plural nouns!man%men woman%women foot%feet tooth%teeth goose%geese louse%lice mchild%children ox%oxen

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#oreign pluralsstimulus%stimuli larva%larvae stratum%strata basis%bases criterion%c phenomenon%phenomena datum%data etc*

The (enitive

2he analytical genitive is used with the prepositiono! used with neuter nouns!the tower o! ondon# the colour o! oil# the cover o! the boo&# etc"

2he synthetical genitive >As genitive is used after!• nouns denoting persons or other beings!

ohn%s lecture# my parents% advice

• nouns denoting measurement time space 6uantity value!a two months% practice# yesterday%s newspaper# a pound%s worth o! pears

• collective nouns!

the governement%s decisions# the Parliament%s laws

• geographical names vehicles natural phenomena etc*!

England%s mountains# the spaceship%s crew# the a!ternoon%s heat"

Controlled Practice:

1. /omplete this newspaper article* /hoose the correct singular or plural form in the bra,ets!

/layton #actory for "ilchester

2he /layton /lothing /ompany is going to build a new factory in "ilchester*>2his52hese news >was5were announced by company chairman "r $avid /laytonyesterday* "r /layton spent the morning in "ilchester before returning to the /layton

head6uarters at Granby*2he /layton company >has5have been in existence for Q years and >is5are famous foits '&olymode( >good5s 2he slogans 'Bou’re never alone with a pair of &olymode>trouser5s ( and '&lymode >-ean5-eans >is5are the >one5ones for you( are well ,no2he company’s profit last year of two million pounds >was5were the highest in the

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clothing business*

"r /layton will not say how >much5many new >-ob5s there will be but >information5that there will be >wor,5s >is5are hard to find at the moment and J unemploy people >is5are a high figure for a small town*

2. "a,e the nouns in these sentences plural* "a,e all other changes which arenecessary!a. 2his child is a naughty one*b. 2hat phenomenon was interpreted by the geologists*c. I need to buy some ,erosene for my stove*d. When I entered the room he was arranging this boo,s on the shelf*e. Where have you put that box?3. 2ranslate into +nglish!a. &;rintele acestor doi copii se numeşte 'ilbert (tones.

b. 3%au f;cut progrese semnificative =n acest domeniu al cunoaşterii.

c. +l foloseşte multe maşini-unelte.

d. 8a =nceputul secolului XX nu erau foarte erau multe studente =n colegii*e. 2at;l studentului a venit la universitate s; vorbeasc; cu profesorul de chimie*4. )se the correct form of the verb!

a. 2he audience >i# a+e as,ed to pay attention to the speech*b. "y family >ha# ha-e been living in that chalet for years*c. 2he ma-ority ><a# <e+e against the war*d. 2hat team >i# a+e all children*e. "athematics ><a# <e+e my favourite sub-ect*f. &olitics >i# a+e a matter of no interest to me*g. 2he police >ha# ha-e been chasing the thieves for wee,s*

h. 2he audience >ha# ha-e -ust come bac, and >is are ta,ing >its their seats*

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Te#t1. /hoose the best variant!1. It DDDD** a lot this winter even if in Romania it generally DDDD so much inthis region*A. is snowing5 snows:B. snows5 is snowing:C. is snowing5 doesn’t snow:D. snows5 isn’tsnowing*2. 2his boo, DDD** to me and it DDD** five chapters*A. belongs5 contains:B. is belonging5 is containing:C. belongs5 is containing:D. is belonging5 contains*3. I DDD** 3pea, +nglish very well but I DDD**my best to ma,e myself understood

by the others*A. spea,5 do:B. don’t spea,5 do:C. am not spea,ing5 am doing:D. don’t spea,5 amdoing*4. Where DDDD? D*DD* you should help us finish this?A. are you going?5 don’t you thin,:B. do you go?5 aren’t you thin,ing:C. do you go5 doyou thin,: D. are you going5 aren’t you thin,ing?5. DDDD for DDD tools?A. $o you loo,5 these:B. $on’t you loo,5 these:C. .re you loo,ing5 those:D. .re youloo,ing5 these*=. DDD** office is the big one? It’s 4ohn’s* It has been DDDDD for two years*A. Whose5 his:B. Which5 hers:C. Whose5 her:D. Which5 his*7. 2here DDDD** far too DDDD** mista,es in your paper*A. are5 much:B. aren’t5 many:C. are5 many:D. aren’t5 much*>. I don’t understand who DDDD** about*A. you are tal,ing:B. are you tal,ing:C. you tal,: D. do you tal,*

?. If you DDDD to practise +nglish more it is a good idea for you to spea, toDDDD* people* 2hey came from +ngland two days ago*A. want5 these:B. want5 those:C. don’t want5 these:D. don’t want5 those*2. 2ranslate into +nglish!George este student la #ora-* Ln acelaşi timp lucrea"% pentru o companie de

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petrol la 5ucureşti. &l nu are mult timp liber, pentru c% la sf+rşitul

s%pt%m+nii are cursuri la universitate. 3uminica, atunci c+nd nu are

multe cursuri, *ncearc% s% se $+ndeasc% la ceea ce a *nv%ţat *n timpul

s%pt%m+nii. !st%"i este s+mb%t% sear% şi 'eor$e este acas% cu familia

lui. &i iau cina şi discut% despre planurile lor de vacanţ%.

An#<e+ /e!*

1. /: 2. .: 3. 0: 4. .*: 5. $: =. .*: 7. /*: >. .*: ?. .*2. George is a student in $rilling* .t the same time he wor,s for a petroleum company in0ucharest* He doesn’t have much free time for at the wee,end he has courses at theuniversity* Cn 3unday when he doesn’t have so many courses he tries to thin, of what

he has learnt during the wee,* 2oday it’s 3aturday evening and George is at home withhis family* 2hey are having dinner and tal,ing about their holiday plans*1. point Y point per ech good answer 2. point Y S points per translation*

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Unit 5

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

In this unit you will learn:

ã Drilling methods

ã Past Simple

ã Past 5ontinuous

ã E;pressions o! 6uantity

ã The Adjective

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Pre-Reading Tasks

What system is used for water wells?

Which was the first oil well in Romania?

Reading

Read this text about cable%tool drilling* 8oo, at the tenses of the verbs* 2ranslate the textinto Romanian!

When the first real oil well was drilled in &ennsylvania the )nited 3tates in TFSengineers used a system which was being used for digging wells for water* 2hey

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in the place of5 in lieu of 9 =n loc de:in practice 9 =n principiu:in progress 9 =n curs de:in print 9 tip;rit:in return for 9 =n schimbul a:in 6uantity 9 =n cantitate:in search of 9 =n c;utare de:in spite of 9 =n ciuda faptului c;:in such a manner 9 =n aşa mod

in sum 9 pe scurt =n dou; vorbe:in that 9 =n aceea c;:

in to,en of 9 =n semn de ca dovad;:in turn 9 cu r<ndul:to be interested in 9 a fi interesat de:to result in 9 a avea ca rezultat:to succeed in >Ydoing sth* 9 a avea succes =n: a reuşi *n.6e.$. (he succe eded in passing the exam *3. How do you translatethe debris at the bottom o! the well ? @ow learn some expressions

containing the prepositionat !at best 9 =n cel mai bun caz:at a disadvantage 9 =n dezavanta-:at ease 9 liniştit, pe *ndelete

at full load 9 cu sarcin; plin;5 total;:at intervals 9 la intervale intermitent:at liberty 9 f;r; restricţii, liber

at most 9 cel mult:at once 9 imediat:at re6uest 9 la cerere:at right angle 9 la unghi drept:at sta,e 9 =n -oc: @ow practise these expressions in sentences of your own*

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Grammar Reference

Past imple&ast 3imple is used to express• a finished action in the past >it is often used with past time expressions!last year4

month4 wee&4# !ive years4 two days4 !our wee&s ago# yesterday# yesterday morning4

evening# in <G7F etc !They discovered this machine in the late eighteenth century"

The chemists reported the results obtained yesterday"

The discovery o! di!!raction o! H.rays by von aue B<G< C led to the discovery o! the /ragg 5rystal spectometer"

• habitual repeated actions in the past >with verbs denoting a permanent characteristic :

She always wore red"

I met him every d<ay on my way to the o!!ice"

&ast 3imple is used to describe a series of actions which follow one another in a storyTom came into the room" 3e too& o!! his shirt# put on a T.shirt and sat down in the

armchair" Suddenly he remembered something" 3e stood up and went out o! the room"

• >narrative past

2he form of the &ast 2ense 3imple is the same for all persons*

.ffirmative2he positive of regular verbs ends in %ed*2here are many common irregular verbs* In order to create this tense you need the second

form of the verb >see the list on page S Z .ppendix

IBouWe

arrivedwent to 3inaia

yesterday*

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2heyHe53he

@egative

%the negative of the &ast 2ense 3imple is formed with the auxiliarydid=not Bdidn%tC"

IBouWe2heyHe53he

did not >didn’t arrivedid not >didn’t go to 3inaia

yesterday*

Interrogative%the 6uestion in the &ast 2ense 3imple is formed with the auxiliarydid *When didWhere did

Iyouwetheyhe

she

arrive?go?

3hort answer Did you go to wor& yesterday*

+es# I did" ,o# I didn%t"

Did she report the results obtained*

+es# she did" ,o# she didn%t"

Past Continuous

&ast /ontinuous is used to express!• an action in progress at some time in the past

-hat were you doing at <8 o%cloc& yesterday*

I was calculating the length o! the diagonal o! a s6uare"

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-hen she arrived# he was sleeping"

• * past activity happening over a period of time

I was reading !rom J to K"28 yesterday"

#ormwas5 were >past tense of to be Y verbY%ing >present participle

.ffirmative and negativeIHe3he

waswas not >wasn’t

wor,ing*

BouWe2hey

werewere not>weren’t

InterrogativeWhat was I

he

she

doing?

were youwethey

3hort answer -ere you wor&ing at this time yesterday*

+es# I was" ,o# I wasn%t"

-as she studying when you entered the room*

+es# she was" ,o# she wasn%t"

Past imple and Past Continuous

I was doing my homewor, at E o’cloc, last night* >I was in the middle of the activity*

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5opernicus. studying the planets

5opernicus studied the planets"

&eople .ctions

+lvis &resley going to the moon3ha,espeare inventing the electric light&icasso writing 'Romeo and 4uliet( @eil .rmostrong singing roc, music.merico 7espucci playing tennis.rtur .ish discovering .merica"artin 8uther Ming painting 'Guernica(2homas Hardy wor,ing for 0lac, people’s rights

+dison creating novels

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3. 3upply the simple past tense or the continuous past tense of the verbs in brac,ets!

2he accident >happen at *N pm on 3eptember J st at the corner 3t and 0roo,s 0d"ilchester* "r and "rs 3mith >be on their way home* "r 3mith >drive * It >not rain atthe time but the roads >be wet as it had rained before* .t *N pm "r "ichael

4ohnson >cycle north along 0roo,s 0d* He >have his lights on* "r 3mith >not stop atthe traffic lights* .s he >turn into 0roo,s 0d he >hit "r 4ohnson and >,noc, him offhis bi,e* "r 4ohnson >be not badly hurt but his bi,e >be damaged* "r 3mith >stopand >report the accident* 2his >be his first accident and now he is more careful when hdrives at night*

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#)pressions o& Quantit*

some4any? much4many# a lot o!4 lots o!# !ew Ba !ewC4 little Ba littleC

1. /ountable nouns are used with some= a plural noun in affirmative sentences andany= a plural noun in negative and interrogative sentences!

I%ve got some tools"

Are there any boo&s o! Physics in the house*

-e don%t need any apples !or this pie"

)ncountable nouns are used with some in affirmative sentences andany in interrogativeand negative sentences but only with a singular noun!There is some coal in this mine"

Is there any gas in this well*-e haven%t got any butter in the house"

2. /ountable nouns are used withmany in interrogative and negative sentences! 3ow many geologists wor& !or this petroleum company*

-e haven%t discovered many new oil !ields"

)ncountable nouns are used withmuch in interrogative and negative sentences! 3ow much money have you got*

There wasn%t much disappointment that awaited the drillers at the bottom o! that dry

hole"

3. 0oth countable and uncountable nouns are used with a lot o! and lots o! !-e%ve got a lot o! uni!orms"

There are lots o! drilling bits"

There%s a lot o! gasoline in this pipeline"

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3e%s got a lot o! money"

4. /ountable nouns are used with !ew4 a !ew while uncountable nouns are used withlittle4 a little !

I%ve got a !ew problems at the moment"

-e only need a little money to buy this"

Controlled Practice

1. /omplete the following sentences with some or any !

a. Would you li,e *DD* more ,erosene?

b. /ould you give me *DD* information about the train times?

c. If you have DD** trouble -ust give me a ring*

d. Have you attended DD** good conferences recently?

e. I tried to buy DD** tools but I couldn’t find D******

2. &utmuch many ora lot o! into each gap!

a. Have you got DD*** homewor,?

b. We don’t need DD* oil*

c. 2here are DD** drilling boo,s in our library*d. I want DD** pencils because I’m going to draw a helix*

e. Is there DD** petrol in the car?

The Adjective

.d-ectives are words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence*&osition of ad-ectives*.d-ectives appear before the noun or noun phrase that they modify >e*g* aninteresting

course adi!!icult exercise a strange coincidence * 3ometimes they appear in a string ofad-ectives and when they do they appear in a set order according to category* .s afteryou finish this course you may write scientific articles in +nglish it is of ma-orimportance for you to ,now the correct order of ad-ectives in a sentence*

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The +rder o& adjectives in a series

It would ta,e a linguistic philosopher to explain why we saylittle yellow house and not yellow little house or why we sayblue Italian sports car and not Italian blue sports car *

2he order in which ad-ectives in a series sort themselves out is perplexing for peoplelearning +nglish as a second language* It ta,es a lot of practice with a language beforethis order becomes instinctive because the order seems 6uite arbitrary* 2here is howevera pattern*2he categories in the following table can be described as follows!Wor dorder

2ypes of ad-ectives +xamples

I* $eterminers articles and other limiters>numerals possessivead-ectives demonstrativead-ectives etc*

four people the sixthchapter her storythis tool

II* Cbservation postdeterminers andlimiter ad-ectivesad-ectives sub-ect tosub-ective measure

real perfect

interesting beautifulgorgeous

III* 3ize and shape ad-ectives sub-ect toob-ective measure

large small shortround s6uare

I7* .ge ad-ectives denoting age young old newancient

7* /olour ad-ectives denotingcolour

red blac, yellow blue green brownorange violet

7I* Crigin denominal ad-ectivesdenoting source of noun

#rench +nglish.merican 3panish&olish Romanian

7II* "aterial denominal ad-ectivesdenoting what somethingis made of

wooden metallicwoolen

7III* [ualifier final limiter often hunting cabin

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regarded as part of thenoun

passenger car boo,cover

Controlled Practice:

1. Which words in column . can combine with words from column 0?. 0 . 0 . 0tall person heavy music Happy @ew Bear1high

tree strong noise "erry .nniversary1

mountain

loud traffic /hristmas1

wall smo,er 0irthday1

building wind price

2. 2ranslate into +nglish!

a. +a avea o maşin ; sport albastr %.

b. @oi am citit un articol interesant de F pagini =n '&etroleum 2imes(*

c. +l colecţionea"% vase vechi frumoase din por ţelan.

d. .i =ncercat s% descifre" i acel text din engleza veche?

e. +l confecţionea"% dou% bare din alumi niu*

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3. Read this text on digital integrated circuits* &ay attention to the ad-ective order in this

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text* 2ranslate it into Romanian!

. digital integrated circuit is designed to handle digital information* "ost digitalintegrated circuits operate on the binary system such that one of only two possiblevoltage levels can exist at the output* Input signals can be either of these voltage levels*$igital logic circuits are switched from one state to the other by a combination ofseveral input signals and logic decisions are made according to which voltage levelexists at the output for a given combination of input signals*

Cther types of digital circuit operate on the memory principle* in these ones if theoutput is triggered to one level by an input signal it will then remain at that level whenthe input signal is removed: that is it will 'remember( that the last input signal was suchas to trigger it to its output state*

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Unit =

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In this unit you will learn:ã Advertising your petroleum product

ã Present Per!ect Simple

ã Present Per!ect Simple and Past Simple

ã Prepositions

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Pre-Reading Tasks

If you create a new product do you ,now how to advertise it in order to get as many buyers as you expect?

How would you advertise the product your factory created?

Reading

Read this advertisement on Dirt agnet Plus * Identify the &resent &erfect 3imple of theverbs!

)ni6ue &roducts to maximize your well’s production

.s /lear #luids International we have been leaders in the industry supplyingtechnologically innovative fluids to improve the flow rates in your well* 3o we have

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decided to give ourselves a new moni,er one that is more reflective of our speciality*We are now ,nown as 'Well%#low 2echnologies Inc*(

We have made substantial improvements to our field proven displacement fluid $irt"agnet* 2he result? We have designed and produced Dirt agnet Plus"

2he non%flammable fluid wor,s effectively to eliminate all contaminating solids fromthe casing and tubing* 2he use of $irt "agnet &lus helps prevent damage to theformation during completion and leads to higher production rates* Is is insoluble in brines and with low specific gravity floats solids to the surface in such a way as to havea better oil%drive* It is also available in a low odour formulation*

Ways with words

1.S0ecia, te+ #

:, < ! continuous stream or discharge*Ca#ing ! pipe that is put inside the well as it is being drilled in order to preventcontamination of fresh water >by salt water oil and gas washout of the hole by drillfluids collapse of the hole and so forth*D+i-e ! natural pressure which forces the oil to move*

2. In the sentence! Is is insoluble in brines and# with low speci!ic gravity# !loats solids tothe sur!ace in such a way as to have a better oil %drive the expressionin such a way as istranslated by'n a şa fel încât/ ast !el 'nc(t" @ow learn more expressions containing thewordway! by way of 9 prin mi-locirea =n calitate de cu a-utorul: by the way 9 apropo:in this way9 =n acest mod:in every way 9 =n toate privinţele

in a general way 9 =n genere5 =n general:in one way 9 =ntr%un fel:one way or another 9 =ntr%un fel sau altul:out of the way 9 afar; din cale5 drum:under way 9 =n curs de:

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way above 9 mult deasupra:way ahead 9 mult =nainte:way below 9 mai -os:way off 9 la o bun; distanţ ;:to give way to 9 a ceda la:to ma,e one’s way 9 a%şi croi drum, a face carier ;*

3. Read the sentence!So# we have decided to give ourselves a new moni&er# one that is

more re!lective o! our speciality" So is a word which is generally used in conversationsinstead ofthere!ore which is used in written +nglish* @ow let’s learn some expressionscontaining the word so!so as5 that 9 aşa *nc+t, astfel *nc+t

so far 9 p<n; acum p<n; =n prezent:so far as 9 =ntruc<t =n m;sura =n care:so it seems 9 aşa se pare

so much 9 at<t de mult:so to say5 so to spea, 9 aşa "ic+nd, ca s ; zicem aşa

in a wee, or so 9 cam =ntr%o s;pt;m<n;:so on and so forth 9şi aşa mai departe

in so doing 9 proced<nd astfel5 aşain so far as** is concerned 9 =ntruc<t priveşte.

@ow practise these expressions in sentences of your own*

Grammar Reference

Present Per&ect imple

&resent &erfect 3imple relates past actions and states to the present*&resent &erfect 3imple is used to express!• a past action when its result can be seen at the present time and is still having an

effect >&resent &erfect of Result ! I have already seen that movie" Bi"e" I can tell you the storyC"

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3e has !i;ed his car" Bi"e" 3e can drive it nowC"

• activities completed in the immediate past!

3he has -ust met him in the laboratory* >0ut! 3he met him there a few minutes ago* 3as oil only been used by man&ind in the last hundred years* B/ut: -hy was oil used on

such a large scale in <GGG*C

• activities at any time in a period up to now >&resent &erfect of +xperience !

I have been to Scotland once"

3e has never used such a big screwdriver"

• an action or state which began in the past and continues to the present

I%ve &nown you !or !ive years4 since <GGK" >Since means !rom a de!inite point in the past

till now and !or expresses a duration * 3ow long have you wor&ed as a driller*

3ow long has it ta&en the oil industry to grow to its present si)e*

#ormhave5hasYverbY>past participle2he past participle of regular verbs ends in %ed * 2here are many common irregular verbs>see the list on page S Z .ppendix *

.ffirmative and negativeIWeBou2hey

have >Avehave not >haven’t

wor,ed in a petroleum factory*

He3he

has >Ashas not >hasn’t

InterrogativeHave I

weyou

been to the )nited Mingdom?

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theyHas he

she3hort answer

3ave you ever been to 0rance*+es# I have" ,o# I haven%t"

3as she ever wor&ed as a petroleum engineer*

+es# she has" ,o# she hasn%t"

Present Per&ect imple and Past imple

8oo, at the use of the &resent &erfect and the &ast 3imple in the following sentences!I’ve lived in this flat for six months >I still do*I lived in this flat for two years* >@ow I live somewhere else*#* @eagu has written very good short stories* >He is still alive*3ha,espeare wrote very good plays* >He is dead*He has wor,ed in this refinery for four years* >0ut! He started wor,ing in this refinery in

SSE*

Have you found your boo,s? >uncertaintyBes I have*Where did you find them? >certainty *I found them behind a couple of other boo,s on the top shelf*

Controlled Practice:

1. "a,e sentences and 6uestions about the following people

+xample!

Alice is a drilling engineer"

.supervise4 a drilling well in 1radea"

She has supervised a drilling well in 1radea"

.write a report on that*

3as she written a report on that*

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a. 4ohn is a -ournalist*

%meet5 lots of famous people*

%interview the &resident?b. 8aura is a safety inspector*

%chec,5 for dangerous levels of gas

%prevent a well from exploding?

c. "i,e is a derric,man*

%control5 the top of the drill pipe*

d. /hris is a petroleum engineer

%deal with engineering problems special to the oil industry*

%wor, in a big petroleum company?

e. Her brother is a welder*

% be in charge of5 a team of ten members*

%ma,e mista,es in -oining together two pieces of metal?

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KKKKKKKKKKK 2. /omplete this conversation by putting the verbs in brac,ets into the present perfect orsimple past!

"aria! Hello $an*

$an! Hello* I >not hear from you for a long time*

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"aria! I >see you in town two or three wee,s months but you >not see me* I >be ontram*

$an! Well how are you? I remember that you were learning for your chemistry test* D*you >pass it yet?

"aria! Bes I have* I >pass in $ecember* I >not pass my &hysics exam yet* 0ut whaabout you $an? .nything exciting >happen to you lately?

$an! @o not really* "y brother is still out of wor,*

"aria! He >graduate from school in autumn?

$an! Bes* He >not do very well in his exams and he >not find a -ob yet*

"aria! .re you still wor,ing at 3cott’s?

$an! Bes* 2hey -ust >give me a pay rise*"aria! Well that’s one piece of good news*

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3. Imagine that you are tal,ing on the phone to an old friend who you haven’t seen forabout two or three wee,s* Write down three of four items of news about yourself thatyou can tell your friend*

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4. &ut the verbs in brac,ets into the &resent &erfect 3imple or the 3imple &ast!

a. 'I >fly over &aris last wee,(* 'Bou >see the +ifel 2ower?(

b. I >spend four years in this company*c. 4ohn >stri,e a match >light his cigarette and >approach his colleagues 6uic,ly*

d. "i,e is a famous singer* He >sell over three million records*

e. How long you >wor, as a drilling engineer? #or eight years*

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 5. #ill the blan,s with since or !or !

a. I haven’t seen you DD** wee,s*

b. Henry has been in hospital DD** a wee, now*

c. I’ve been in this university DD** SST*

d. We haven’t had a test D***** Cctober SSS*

e. I have wor,ed in this field DD** five years*

The Preposition

&repositions are connecting words that show relationships between words in a sentence*. preposition followed by a complement >ob-ect forms a prepositional phrase* @ouns pronouns noun phrases gerunds or noun clauses can be complements >ob-ects o prepositions* @ote that in +nglish prepositions usually precede their ob-ects! Put it on the chair and leave@

oo& at him"

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/ecause o! you# I canLt get any wor& done"

A!ter telling the whole story# he disappeared *.s the preposition in +nglish may bedifferent from the preposition in Romanian here is a text in which you may learn aboutthe use of the preposition in +nglish! >.lso see the list with prepositions which areusually mista,en by Romanian students on page ES Z .ppendix J

@ow read the following text and pay attention to the use of the preposition in +nglish!It seems generally accepted that "athematics is indeed fundamental !or all engineeringeducation and !or most schools all engineering students ta,e the same mathematicsse6uence*2wo areas of mathematics seem broadly basic to engineering! namely the calculus as

used in the linear constant coefficient differential e6uation and statistical theory* 2helinear differential e6uation is a general form usefulto engineering because we can obtainanswers !rom it* 2herefore where this form applies to the physical world the useo!

mathematical prediction is increasing over the experimental approach* @ext is the areao!

the partial differential e6uation rigorously solvablein only a few special cases althoughapproximation methods exist* Here the laboratory still dependson many solutions whereanalytic methods are not yet fully available

Prepositions o& Time

In the morning5 afternoon5 evening: 4anuary #ebruary etc*: summer winter etc*: the SQ s: two wee,s: two wee,s’ time: your free >spare time: good5 bad weather

At six o Acloc, etc*: midnight: +aster5 /hristmas: the wee,end: the moment1n 3aturday "onday etc*: 2uesday morning etc*: %th 4anuary etc*

0or seven minutes etc*: a long time: agesSince 4une JF%th etc*: my last birthday: I came here

During \ the film: the class: the war: my holidays: summer KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK\ In a sentence containing a sub-ect and a verbduring is replaced bywhile ! While I was

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coming to you***

Controlled Practice:

1* 3upply the right preposition!a. 3he is very fond *** children*b. 2he new teacher is very patient*** us*c. We are leaving to 3inaia *** 4uly Q%rd*d. I was interested *** nuclear &hysics*e. What are you afraid ***?f. I’m proud *** your success*

g. 3he has never been successful *** anything she has done so far*h. We are going there early *** the morning yet don’t expect us until late *** night*i. 2he results depended *** the stratigraphic trap*

j. . paleontologist is a person who has specialized *** paleontology*2. &ut one of these prepositions in each empty space!2hese ambulance men are ma,ing preparations D* ta,ing a man to hospital on accountD* his having been ,noc,ed down by a car* 2hese young doctors are having a discussionD* operating on the wounded man* 2hey ta,e a lot od prode D* doing their -ob as perfectly as possible* 2his nurse is giving trhe man an in-ection as a protection D gettingtetanus* 2he man is well again now* 2he doctor says he has no ob-ection D his goinghome tomorrow*

3. Write this story* &ut !or# on# to or nothing in each empty space!.! I have arranged D someone to loo, after the shop while I am away*0! Ch? Who?

.! 4ames* I can always countD him to help*0! 2hat’s wonderful* Have you remindedD him that he can callD me to come if heneeds me?.! Bes than,s but he can’t bearD anyone to feel that he owes him anything*0! How sad1 I always long D someone to owe something to1

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.! What do you mean?0! I was only -o,ing* 0ut it seemsD me to be a sign of something strange if one wantsDanyone to help one*.! Well I loo,D you to help 4ames if he needs it Z without forcingD him to refuse*0! Cf course*

4. &ut in the missing prepositions!DD** a "onday evening D***** 3eptember SQ DD** about eight o’cloc, the ship'7oyager( san,* 2he ship had been sailing DD** the end of 3eptember when she left8ondon and was on her way DD** +ngland *DD* .ustralia* 2he only survivor was an+nglishman called William 0atty who saved himself DD** swimming two miles* He

spent three years DD** an island DD* the middle of the Indian Ccean*2he island was 6uite small and he could wal, D***** the whole of it DD** an hour* Heclimbed DD** the one hill and put a flag D**** it DD** a signal* DD* night 0atty slept *DD* a cave where he felt 6uite DD** home DD** the day he often fished D***** home%made net* He coo,ed the fish DD** a wood fire*0atty stayed DD** the island DD*** almost three years* DD** .ugust SQN a ship wassailing DD* the island and the captain saw 0atty’s signal* 2he sailors found a man *

DD* a long blue coat DD** dar, hair and a beard loo,ing rather D***** a gorilla* 0attywas soon home and a few years later he finally arrived in .ustralia DD** air *

5. /hoose the nouns in column 0 which re6uire the prepositions in column . and thentranslate into Romanian!

A Bin wor, on suspicionunder 6uestionat -oywith loveabove fireout of one’s breath by failwithout heartoff duty

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A Binterest for lac, inambition indelight for advantage betweeninfluence atwitness over arrangement of agreement of declaration upon protection againstdifference todamage onimpatience to

A B busy toinferior of satisfied atadvantageous tosuperior atmad withnew to

afraid toexcited ininterested about

A Brun indeal withtal, after ta,e aboutdivide on

thin, about: of climb by pass uprely into believe for

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Unit 7

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In this unit you will learn:ã Solar Energy

ã Present Per!ect 5ontinuous

ã odal verbs

ã Prepositions o! place

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Pre-Reading Tasks

How can people use solar energy?

/an you convert solar energy into chemical energy?

Reading

Read the following text on the relation between chemistry and energy research* 8oo, atthe tenses of the verbs!

/hemistry is an integral part of any ma-or energy research programme* /hemists have

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played a ,ey role and will continue to do so in the development of the energytechnologies needed to assure future growth* In the last few years success has beenestablished in coverting the solar energy into chemical energy even if several problemsremained* 3olar energy technology can have a significant impact on the energy supplyover a N %F year time interval and it could contribute about JF of the pro-ected )*3*energy demands in J J * 2wo possible ways of using solar energy are the use of sunheat and the solar cell*

Heat from the sun is focussed onto a boiler using many small flat mirrors arranged toform a dish shape* .t Cdello in the #rench &yrenees a solar furnace producestemperatures over Q o/ enough to melt special steels*

When sunlight shines onto layers of silicon it is directly converted into electricity* +achcell generates only a very tiny voltage* Hundreds of cells are needed in solar arrays togive enough power for satellites or remote telecommunications e6uipment*

Ways with words:

1. S0ecia, te+ #*

Che i#t+! ! the science of the composition properties and reactions of substances*

%e#ea+ch ! systematic investigation to discover facts or collect information*A##"+e! promise or guarantee: convince ma,e >something certain*:"+nace ! enclosed chamber containing a very hot fire*Si,ic n ! brittle nonmetalic element widely used in chemistry and industry*'a!e+ ! single thic,ness of some substance as a cover or coating on a surface*2. Have you ever encountered the word programme spelled as program ? 2his is not amista,e* It’s -ust the difference between 0ritish +nglish > programme and .merican+nglish > program * 2here are several differences in spelling words between 0ritish+nglish and .merican +nglish*Here are some of them!0ritish +nglish .merican +nglishtheatre theater centre center neighbour neighbor

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colour color travelling travelingorganise organizeanalyse analyze3. Read again the following sentence! 3undreds o! cells are needed in solar arrays to

give enough power !or satelillites or remote telecommunications e6uipment * How do youtranslate !or ? Is this a preposition or an adverb? @ow let’s learn a few expressionscontaining this word!for about 9 circa aproximativ =n -urul a:for all that 9 totuşi, cu toate acestea

for certain 9 sigur cu siguranţ ;:for example5 for instance 9 de exemplu:

for reasons given 9 pentru motivele date:for the time being5 the present 9 pentru moment5 =n prezent:as for 9 c<t despre:not for the world5 not for the life of me 9 pentru nimic =n lume:to compete for 9 a concura pentru:to mista,e sth* for sth* else 9 a lua un lucru drept altul:to provide for 9 a se =ngri-i de* a avea gri-; de:to ta,e for granted 9 a lua de bun; a lua drept sigur: @ow practise these expressions in sentences of your own*

Grammar Reference

Present Per&ect Continuous

&resent &erfect /ontinuous is used to express!• an activity begun in the past and still in progress at the moment of spea,ing!

They have been creating new petroleum products !or several years"

I%ve been waiting !or an hour and he still hasn%t turned up"

• an activity begun in the past which has only -ust finished and is relevant to the current

situation!Sorry I%m late" 3ave you been waiting long*

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@ote! In both these uses a present perfect simple can be also used especially with thoseverbs which are not normally in the continuous aspect in negative sentences and whenreference is made to the number of things that have been done! 2hey have created5 have been creating new petroleum products for several years*• a repeated activity in which case a nuance of reproach irritation etc* can be present*

I%ve been calling you !or the past twenty minutes" -hy don%t you answer the phone*

Its form consists of the present perfect of the auxiliarybe and the indefinite participle ofthe main verb >verbY%ing *

.ffirmative and negative

IBouWe2hey

have beenhave not been >haven’t been

wor,ing*

He3he

has beenhas not been >hasn’t been

Interrogative

What have Ihave youhave wehave they

been doing?

has hehas she

Controlled Practice:

1. 2ranslate the following sentences into +nglish* )se &resent &erfect 3imple or &resent&erfect /ontinuous!

a. 2e caut de o or;* &e unde ai umblat?

b. $e atunci n%am mai primit nici o veste de la el*

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c. /<te sape de fora- ai folosit p<n; acum?

d. 8ocuim =n Rom<nia de trei ani*

e. @%am mai v;zut%o de c<nd a terminat facultatea*

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2. 3upply the simple present perfect or the continuous present perfect of the verbs in

brac,ets!a. I’m tired* I >dig all day*

b. )p to now I >visit twenty countries*

c. I saw her in .ugust but >not see her ever since*

d. How long you >learn /hinese?

e. Bou’re out of breath* Bou >run ?

f. 3he still >not write the report*:

g. What she >do all afternoon?

h. 2hey already >spea, to me about that experiment*

i. Bour eyes are red* Bou >cry *

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3. 2ranslate the following text into Romanian!

.n important factor in the growth of the oil industry has been the development of

petrochemicals* "any products have been created by chemists from petroleum* 2heseinclude most of our modern plastics and fertilers* Indeed the increase in agricultural productivity % also ,nown as the green revolution % could not have ta,en place without petroleum%based chemicals including not only those that enrich the soil li,e fertilers butalso those that ,ill weeds insects and other pests such as herbicides insecticides and pesticides*

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4. /hoose the correct verb form!

a. How long have you been living5 have you lived in this house?

b. .ngela wor,ed5 has been wor,ing in this petroleum company for ten years and a half*

c. .lan has been5 has gone to 3outh .merica*

d. He’s tired because he has wor,ed5 has been wor,ing on the oil field all day*

e. How long have you been learning5 have you learned +nglish?

Modal Verbs

2he modal verbs are a special ,ind of auxiliary verbs which express the modality of theaction and have some specific features* 2he following are modal verbs!can4 must4 4 may4 need4 shall4 will4 would4 should

2hey have the following in common!

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1. 2hey 'help( another verb* 2he verb form is the infinitive >withoutto

She can drive"

3e can spea& English# 0rench and Italian"

I must go"

M ay I open the window*N M+es# you may"N

2. [uestions are formed by putting the modal verb in front of the sub-ect* 2here are noauxiliaries such asdo4does4did etc*5an you type 6uic&ly*

5ould you give me an e;ample*

Should I go home now*

,eed I invite them too*

3. 2he form is the same for all persons* "odals do not inflect >2here is no.s in the third person singular and there are no %ing or .ed forms*She should learn more"

3e can spea& three !oreign language well"

3e insisted that ac& must go and see it himsel!"

4. @egatives are formed by putting a negative word such asnot4 n%t immediately after themodal verb* 2here are no auxiliaries such asdon%t4 doesn%t 5 didn%t etc*

I can%t spell your name"

She wouldn%t li&e to become a teacher li&e me"

Controlled Practice:

1. 2ranslate the following into +nglish!

a. +a trebuie s; plece*

b. +l nu poate s; scrie =n englez;*

c. &ot s; =nchid geamul?

d. +a ar trebui s; se str;duiasc; mai mult la examene*

e. @uştiu s ; =not darştiu s ; schiezşi s ; patinez*

f. +i nuştiu en$le"a, dar au =nceput un curs anul acesta*

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g. 7rei s; te c;s;toreşti cu mine#

h. '/hiar trebuie s; ne ducem la curs la ora patru?( '$a chiar trebuie*(

i. @u vrem s; venim cu tine pentru c; nu ne place la mare*

j. 2u vei sta unde =ţi spun, dac ; nu o s; te pedepsesc*

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2. /hoose the best variant which completes these sentences!

a. 3he can5may5 must go otherwise she will miss the train*

b. I can’t5 couldn’t5may not help you at that time as I was extremely busy*

c. 3hould5 /ould5 Will I attend this optional course?

d. He cannot5 mustn’t5 may not come to this wedding as he is in &ortugal*

e. I’m afraid she may not5 can’t5 mustn’t help you at the moment but I am free now socould5 should5 may you tell me your problem?

3. 2ranslate into +nglish!

a. +l trebuie cP a plecat*

b. " % *ndoiesc c% el a putut face aşa ceva.

c. +u ştiu s% vorbesc france"a de c+nd aveam patru ani.d. @oi trebuie s% ne $r%bim, altfel *nt+r"iem la cursul de fi"ic% şi nu mai

putem intra *n sala de curs.

e. +l poate s% vin% ma t+r"iu, spunea c% nu şi-a terminat lucrarea la

chimie.

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f. @oi vom vota s% se schimbe constituţia.

g. +i nu vor s% mear$% *n e7cursie, li se pare prea scump.

h. + necesar s% *mi las ba$a8ele aici#

i. . ş putea s% *l a8ut, dar aştept s%-mi cear% el a8utorul. j. @u ai voie s% dai drumul la curent de aici. Instalaţia este defect% şi se

poate *nt+mpla vreun accident.

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK =. Rewrite the following sentences using a modal* In some sentences more than onemodal is possible*a. I promise to phone you next wee,* I will4%ll phone you ne;t wee&"

b. .t the age of nine he still didn’t ,now how to read*c. It’s essential that we leave on time tomorrow morning*d. .re you able to come with me tonight?e. It’s not a good idea for you to wor, so hard*f. It’s possible that they’ll be here soon*g. Why don’t we go and see a film tonight?

h. He said that he intended to write to me soon*i. Is it possible for me to sit here?

j. He refuses to give me an answer*/. It’s not necessary for you to apologize*,. .m I allowed to smo,e in here?

. He ,new how to spea, four languages by the time he was twelve*

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n. I want to help you but I am not able to*. I thin, it’s a good idea for me to stay in tonight! I’ve got a lot of wor, to do*

0. I don’t ,now who she is but it’s possible that she is Ric,’s sister*+. $o not tell him any of this! it’s vital that it remains a secret*#. I intend to finish this essay before I go to sleep*t. It’s E o’cloc,* I assume that /lare will be here soon*". I ,now he’s in but he’s not answering the phone* I’m sure that he is asleep*

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKK

Problematic Prepositions o& Movement and Place

"ovement &lace

to atused wih verbs of movement!go come etc* even when themeaning is different!She goes to

university"

not used with verbs ofmovement! I arrived at the

house"

into5out of in >9contained by5 insideused with changes of place!She used with towns! I arrived in

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wal&ed out o! the shop" ondon" 0ut! I arrived at

ondon Airport" >9placeacross >9from one side to theother! She went across the

promenade *

by >9at the side of

towards >9in the direction of!I’m going towards /lu-*

Controlled Practice:

1. /omplete each sentence with the appropriate preposition!

a. I shut the door but left my ,ey D***** it*

b. He strolled carelessly *DD* the road*

c. 2hey arrived late *DD* the station*

d. 3he ran all the way DD** the shop*

e. I went DD** &aris last year*

f. I met her DD** the roc, concert*

g. 2he baby crawled DD** the ,itchen*

h. 2here’s a stri,e DD** our factory*

i. 3he has left* 3he must be DD** wor,* j. 2he money fell *** my poc,et*

2. &ut in the missing prepositions!

DD** a "onday evening D***** 3eptember SQ DD** about eight o’cloc, the ship'7oyager( san,* 2he ship had been sailing DD** the end of 3eptember when she left8ondon and was on her way DD** +ngland *DD* .ustralia* 2he only survivor was an+nglishman called Wilfred 0atty who saved himself DD** swimming two miles* He

spent three years DD** an island DD* the middle of the Indian Ccean*2he island was 6uite small and he could wal, D***** the whole of it DD** an hour* Hclimbed DD** the one hill and put a flag D**** it DD** a signal* DD* night 0attyslept *DD* a cave where he felt 6uite DD** home DD** the day he often fished D****a home%made net* He coo,ed the fish DD** a wood fire*

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0atty stayed DD** the island DD*** almost three years* DD** .ugust SQN a ship wassailing DD* the island and the captain saw 0atty’s signal* 2he sailors found a man *DD* a long blue coat DD** dar, hair and a beard loo,ing rather D***** a gorilla* 0attywas soon home and a few years later he finally arrived in .ustralia DD** air*

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Unit >

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In this unit you will learn:ã +our catalogue at home

ã The 5ardinal ,umeral

ã Past Per!ect Simple

ã Past Per!ect 5ontinuous

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Pre-Reading Task

If you produce a certain petroleum product which is the best way to promote your product?

Reading

Bour catalogue at home

Here is a presentation of '/omposite /atalogue of Cil #ield +6uipment and 3ervices(*2ranslate the following text into Romanian* /an you identify the cardinal numerals inthis text?

2he ,ey to a successful catalogue is a successful distribution* 2hat’s why your catalogue

should be in the '/omposite /atalogue of Cil #ield +6uipment and 3ervices(* It’s whereyour prospects turn when they’re ready to buy*

When you are in '/omposite /atalogue( you’ll be assured that virtually all yourcustomers and prospects have your product information at their fingertips when theyneed it*

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We’ll print your catalogue and distribute it worldwide to J locations where it will be available to specifiers and buyers JN hours a day every day of the year* .ll for a feethat’s probably less than it would cost you to print and mail half that many*

When you individually mail your own catalogue consider this* Research indicates thatout of every catalogues distributed by mail QQ never reach the prospect* .notherQ are either lost tossed or mistified after delivery* 3o when it comes time to purchaseonly Q of your prospects can find your product information* Bou can avoid this costly problem if you employ us to do this for you*

Ways with words

1. In this text you have encountered the pair of words!buy4by" 2hey are calledhomophones * Homophones are words with two spellings and two meanings but only one pronunciation > scent4 sent4 cent# !lower4!lour# pair4 pearC" .t the same time there arehomographs in +nglish* Homographs are those words which have one spelling but two pronunciations and two distinct meanings or usages* #or example the homograph of theverbto tear B a rupeC is the nountear Blacrim ă).

/an you find homophones for the words listed below?

due hair hire mail parish rain whales war wax* Answer &ey: dew hare male perish reign Wales were whac,s*2. Read the following sentence!-e%ll print your catalogue and distribute it worldwide to

8#8888 locations" -orldwide is a compound word* . great many new words are made by putting two little words together* 2he new word may loo, hard at first but you can get itsmeaning if you see the two words from which it is made up*We ma,e many words fromany some andevery* 8et’s loo, at the words made withany !any one anyoneany time anytimeany place anyplaceany body anybodyany way anywayany how anyhowany where anywhereany thing anything @ow practise and form new words fromevery some andno*

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK/an you find the two words which formed the compound words listed below? 2ranslatethe compound words* 2ranslate the words they are made up of!airplane# busman# another# bac&stop# courtroom# countryside# gentleman# gatepost#

hammerhead# headache# horse.race# mailman# snowmen# ourselves# daylight#

summertime# doorman# bedtime# birthday# playtime# holiday"

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 3ometimes compound words are written as one word sometimes two and sometimes

they are written with a hyphen >% * 2he stress is usually on the first word such as in thecase of post o!!ice headache# horse.race *"atch a line in . with a line in 0* /hec, the spelling in your dictionary*A B A B poc,et cloc, car pastealarm hour tooth opener traffic time tin par, traffic belt departure timesafety lights earth 6ua,e

rush money screw recorder word processor tape driver

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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Grammar Reference

The Cardinal 'umeral

2he form of the cardinal numeral one eleven J twenty%one a >one

hundred\ a >one

thousand\J two J twelve JJ twenty%two Q a >one

hundred and twoQ a >one

hundred andthree

Qthree

Q thirteen JQ twenty%three Q threehundred and six

Q NE threethousand fourhundred andseventy%six

N four N fourteen Q thirty ENN seven

hundred andfourty%four

N FET four

thousand fivehundred andseventy%eight

F five F fifteen N fourty SSS ninehundred andninety nine

onemillion

six sixteen F fiftyE

seven

E seveteen sixty

Teight

T eighteen E seventy

S nine S nineteen T eighty ten J twenty S ninety

2he numeralshundred and thousand do not ta,e the plural form! F sheets of

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paper % five hundred sheets of paper* @otes!1. When you read phone numbers you should read them figure by figure*#or example! y phone number is <J 2FO. y phone number is one !our two three !ive

seven" 2. When you read years you should read them in pairs of two figures*#or example! He died in STE* % He died in nineteen eighty%seven*

Controlled Practice:

1. Read the following numbers!

N FQ : T E: JS TN E T: QJ N E: JQ FQF: EF N N FN*

2. Read the following years!

FNQ: STE: J J: FN: TE *

Past Per&ect imple

&ast &erfect 3imple is used to express!• an action completed before another action or moment in the past!

-hat happened to the mud that had burried the new deposits o! oil*

3e had read his lecture be!ore he went to university"

• an action which began before another moment in the past and continued up to that

time or into it! In <GGG we had drilled FJ wells !or !ive years"

3e had lived in this !lat since he was born"

Its form consists ofhad followed by the past participle of the main verb*

.ffirmative and negativeIBouHe5 3heWe

hadhad not >hadn’t

left*

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2hey

InterrogativeWhat had I

youhe5shewethey

done?

3hort answer 3ad you read the novel be!ore we saw the !ilm*

+es# I had" ,o# I hadn%t"

3ad he spo&en English be!ore he started the Engineering English course*

+es# he had" ,o# he hadn%t"

Past Per&ect Continuous

&ast &erfect /ontinuous is used to express!• an action in the past begun before the time of spea,ing in the past and still going on

that time or possibly after!

Some men had been hauling the oil up to that time" /y that time we had been wor&ing on the project !or two years"

They had been living !or generations in that house"

Its form consists of the past perfect of the auxiliarybe and the present participle of themain perfect*

.ffirmative and negative0y that time I

youhe5shewethey

had beenhad not >hadn’t been

wor,ing for a year*

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InterrogativeWhat

had Iyouhe5shewethey

been wor,ing on by that timelast year?

3hort answer 3ad you been wor&ing on that project by that time !or a year*

+es# I had" ,o# I hadn%t"

Controlled Practice:

1. $ecide the order in which these things happened* 2hen write two sentences usingafter and the past perfect*

+xample!

The ban& cler& gave it to me"4 She loo&ed at my che6ue"4 She counted out the money"

A!ter the ban& cler& had loo&ed at my che6ue# she counted the money"

A!ter she had counted the money# she gave it to me"

a. 2he tourists got out of the coach*5 2hey got bac, in the coach*5 2hey too, photos*

b. 2he prisoner ran across the yard*5 He -umped out of the window*5 He climbed over thewall*

c. 2he reporter wrote a report on the accident*5 3he interviewed the people there*5 3hewent to the scene of the accident*

d. 2he mechanic put a new tyre on*5 He put the wheel bac, on*5 He too, the wheel off

the car*e. 2he shop%assistant as,ed me which my size was*5 3he wrapped it*5 3he showed it tome*

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKK

2. 2ranslate into +nglish!

a. 3e cunoşteau de trei ani.

b. &<n; atunci lucrasem la proiectul acela de dou; luni*

c. /e s%a =nt<mplat dup; ce am plecat?d. Ll aşteptam de o or ; c<nd am aflat c; avusese un accident la sond;*

e. $espre ce vorbeaţi c+nd ne-am *nt+lnit#

f. @oi cunoşteam adev%rul *n momentul *n care te-ai decis tu s% ni-l spui.

g. .bia se terminase ploaia c% a şi *nceput un v+nt *n$ro"itor.

h. $e =ndat% ce a termin at tema a sunat telefonul*

i. +i se cunoscuser % cu "ece ani *n urm%, la o conferinţ% de petrol.

j. @u crezuse c% o s% i se *nt+mple tocmai lui s% nu-şi aminteasc% aşa

nişte noţiuni elementare de fi"ic%.

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 3* )se the simple past or the simple5 continuous past perfect form of the verbs in brac,ets to complete the sentences below!a. Besterday afternoon 4oan >go to school and >hand in the paper she >write *b. .s soon as they >have lunch they >leave the restaurant*c. It was getting late so we >decide to go to bed*d. 3he >say that she >study for two hours*e. 2he man >sell fifty newspapers for five minutes as everybody >be interested in thestory of the prime minister*f. 3he >change from /hannel to /hannel Q as she >already see the movie on

/hannel *g. How long "onica >watch 27 by J o’ cloc,?3he >watch 27 for an hour*h* We >sit down to dinner when the doorbell >start to ring*i. How long you >wor, outside when it >start to rain?

j. It >be midnight * I >write for five hours* @o wonder I >be so tired*

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKK

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nit -••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

In this unit you will learn:

ã Transporting oil

ã 0uture Simple

ã 5omparative and Superlative Adjectives

ã 5omparative Sentences

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Pre-Reading Task

0y what means do you transport oil?Which is the cheapest means of transport for oil?

Reading

In this unit 4ohn 3mith presents his pro-ect on transporting oil to some -ournalists* He presents possible problems that may occur when creating the pipelines* Read the textthouroughly and be attentive at the tenses of the verbs!

3ome pipelines will run above the surface especially in rugged or uninhibited areas butmany others will run beneath the ground* In farming country with open fields there may

be no surface indication at all of the blac, stream of oil under the growing crops*However the pipelines will be mar,ed by pumping stations at an average distance ofabout seventy%five miles % closer together in the mountainous areas farther apart in flacountryside* 2hat’s is why I thin, we shall need special e6uipment for some pipelines*

We shall clean the pipes by a device called a pig* 2his mechanism as you probably

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,now has metal blades that scrape the inside of the pipe to ,eep it clear of the tar%li,esubstance that forms in it*

3o that’s about it* I thin, we still have some time for 6uestions* 3o I’m all ears*

Ways with words

1. S0ecia, te+ #*

St+ea ! steady flow of li6uid*i0e,ine ! a system designed to transport a li6uid or a gas through pipes*ig ! a device to clean a pipeline connecting the oil field with a refinery or shipping point*

Sc+a0e ! rub with something rough or sharp*2. Read the following sentence again! 3owever# the pipelines will be mar&ed by pumping

stations * @ow learn some expressions containing the wordby! by and by 9 treptat: by all means 9 cu orice preţ

by chance 9 din =nt<mplare: by the end of wee,5 month5 year 9 spre sf<r şitul s ;pt;m<nii5 lunii5 anului: by force 9 cu for ţa

by hearsay 9 din auzite:

by no less than 9 cu nu mai puţin de by no means 9 nicidecum =n nici un caz cu nici un preţ

by%pass 9şunt, derivaţie, condesator le$at *n dervaţie

by%pass system 9 sistem inelar5 cu c;i de ocolire: by reason of 9 pe motiv c; din cauz; c;: by sight 9 din vedere: by stages5 steps 9 discontinuu =n trepte: by so much more 9 cu at<t mai mult: by then 9 p<n; atunci p<n; la acea dat;: by this time 9 =ntre timp p<n; la acea vreme: by turns 9 cu schimbul pe r<nd: by virtue of5 dint of 9 =n virtutea cu a-utorul prin mi-locirea: better by far 9 cu mult mai bine*

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3. Read the following sentence again! I thin& we still have some time !or 6uestions * @owlearn some expressions containing the wordtime!at the same time 9 =n acelaUi timp:for the first time 9 pentru prima dat;:at times 9 din timp =n timp la r;stimpuri: by that time 9 p<n; atunci la vremea aceea:some time or other 9 c<ndva:the time is up 9 timpul a trecut intervalul de timp s%a scurs:time after time 9 =n repetate r<nduri:time will tell 9 timpul va dovedi timpul va hot<r=:for a long time 9 de mult timp:

all in good time 9 oric<nd:from that time forth 9 de atunci =nainte:within the time 9 =n decursul:time%lag error 9 eroare de temporizare:time release 9 declanUare temporizat;* @ow practise these expressions in sentences of your own*

Grammar Reference

Future imple

#uture 3imple is used to express!• actions to be performed in the future*

I shall be thirty ne;t year"

-hen will you graduate !rom university*

She will wor& !or our company i! we give her a good salary" @otes!1. We use will and shall in many other ways apart from predicting the future! e*g*!%intentions5 promises > I%ll buy you a bi&e !or your birthday"C

%re6uest5 invitations >-ill you hold the door open !or me# please*C

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%offers >Shall I help you solve this problem*C

%suggestions >Shall we go to see that movie tomorrow*C

%threatsB ust wait and see@ +ou%ll regret this@C

%decisionsBI%ll stop and as& the way"C

2. #uture is not allowed in conditional and temporal clause! I! you help me# I%ll be grate!ul to you"

-hen it rains# we stay inside *#orm.ffirmative and negativeIWe

shall >Allshall not >shan’t

come*

BouHe5 3he2hey

will >Allwill not >won’t

InterrogativeWhen shall I

wehelp him?

will youhe5she

they3hort answer -ill you help me !inish my drilling project*

+es# I shall * @ote! ,o# I won%t is not common because it is impolite it may mean I don%t want to help

you* 2hat is why a polite answer would be! I%m a!raid I can%t"

Controlled Practice:

1. 2ranslate into +nglish!

a. 2e voi chema c<nd voi a-unge acas;*

b. Ll voi vedea s;pt;m<na viitoare*

c. .zi avem repetiţie la ora dou ;*

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d. 7a deveni necesar s; g;sim noi resurse de energie*

e. /rezi c; ve ţi $ ;si petrol aici?

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2. "atch the sentences on the left with the functions on the right!

A B1. We’ll have a thunderstormtonight I’m sure* % b*

a. stating a plannedarrangement

2. Will there be a general stri,e? b. ma,ing a prediction3. I’ll send you a card from &aris c. ma,ing a re6uest4. Will you send me an e%mail? d. expressing future hope5. 3hall I go to the library for you? e. expressing future uncertainty=. 3hall we ta,e a drive into thecountry later?

f. offering

7. I’ll report you to the police nexttime*

g. promising5 stating anintention

>. 2he wedding will ta,e place next#riday*

h. ma,ing an invitation

?. I hope you’ll come and see us on3aturday*

i. as,ing for a prediction

1@. +xplain it to them again*&erhaps they’ll understand*

j. threatening

11. Will you have dinner with us on3unday?

i. ma,ing a suggestion

Comparative and uperlative Adjectives

#orm.d-ectives &ositive /omparative 3uperlative3hortad-ectives

cheapsmall

cheaper smaller

the cheapestthe smallest

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\\\ ater meansthe second o! two >I’ve met 4ohn and /indy! the former is a student in$rilling the latter is student in #oreign 8anguages :the latest meansthe most recent >He bought the latest novel by 4* #owles* :the last means !inal ! > 3ha,espeare’s last play* *\\\\ The nearest is used for distance >/ould you tell me the way to the nearest oil pump? : the ne;t refers to order* >2he next bus comes in an hour*

+xamples!There are two !orces 0 < and 0 # the !ormer is the greater"4 This welder is the !oremost

wor&er in our wor&shop"4 this is ,ewton%s !irst law o! motion"

This is a good conductor o! electricity"4 -e need a better conductor"4 This is the best

machine in the e;hibition by !ar"

There is little advantage in using rotary drilling on this !ield"4 There is less oil in this tan&than in the other one"4 0orces are not o! least importance !or an engineer"

Comparative entences

In relation with the degrees of comparison there are idiomatic expressions with twocomparatives which are very common in technical +nglish texts!#orm!theY comparative ****** theY comparative ***The bigger the !orce# the greater the acceleration"

The more mass in the body# the less acceleration"

Controlled Practice:

1. 2ranslate into +nglish!

a. /u c<t mai repede =nv;O;m engleza cu at<t mai bine*

b. +i fac =n continuare investigaţii.

c. &resiunea este mai mare =n al doilea caz dec<t =n primul*

d. /u c<t diametrul conductorului este mai mare cu at<t intensitatea este mai mic;*

e. .vem nevoie de mai multe maşini-une lte*

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f. 3ondorul acesta este cel mai t<n;r dintre toţi.

g. &roblema aceasta este cea mai dificil; cu care m%am confruntat vreodat;*

h. Ideea ta e mai bun; dar soluţia me a este mai ieftin; dec<t a ta*

i. .ceast; ma şin ; devine din ce =n ce mai important;* j. $intre cele dou; unghiuri primul este mai mic iar al doilea este mai mare*

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2* 3upply the comparative or superlative form of the ad-ective in brac,ets!

a. He is >lazy student in the class*

b. 3he is loo,ing for a >big company than the one she is wor,ing in now*

c. He was unable to get >far information*

d. 2he underground pressure was >big than expected*

e. 2oday >great care is ta,en to prevent accidents*

f. >"any heating devices are re6uired to ,eep the oil from freezing in the intense cold*

g. He needed >little gasoline than he thought*

h. >$ifficult problem was solved by means of computerised technology*

i. 3he found >little errors in 4ohn’s programme than in "ary’s one* j. $arwin was one of >6uarrelsome scientists*

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3. Here are some of the things 4ohn said about the cities he visited* 3ome are facts andsome are his opinions* /omplete his sentences!

a. 8ondon is of course much older D***** 8os .ngeles but it isn’t DD** than .thens*.thens is DD** oldest city I have ever seen*

b. 8ondon doesn’t have DD** buildings than .thens but is has older ones DD** theones in 8os .ngeles and 2o,yo*

c. 2o,yo’s exciting but for an architect 8ondon is DD** exciting DD** 2o,yo an ofcourse 8os .ngeles is *DD* **DD* exciting of all*

d. 8os .ngeles has DD** par,s than 2o,yo but 8ondon has *DD* DD** par,s* 2hereare five in the city centre*

e. In comparison to our cities these are DD** interesting from the point of view of the buildings people built there*

4. #ill in the gaps with one of the phrases below!

issing phrases ! environmentally friendly: the most expensive: too expensive: the

largest: more environmentally soundIf one of your criteria in choosing a car is its design the "ercedes is far more attractivethan any others* Bet at the same time you should thin, that even if their cars are veryellegant and DD** they are DD** for common people* 2he +lectrolite is **DD** thanthe others as it is e6uipped with a filter fitted to remove toxins from the waste water thatescapes from it* 2he latest "ercedes model is of course DD** and DD* yet if you wantto have a car for a life save your money and buy it*

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Te#t

/hoose the best variant!

1. He DD** when I DD** the room*A. read5 entered:B. was reading5 entered:C. was reading5 was entering*:D. read5 entered*2. 3he DD** since she DDD a child*A. hasn’t been5 was:B. wasn’t5 was:C. wasn’t5 has been:D. hasn’t been*3. He DD** to school by bus but last wee, his car was bro,en and he DD** the bus*A. doesn’t go5 has ta,en:B. doesn’t go5 ta,es:C. isn’t going5 too,:D. doesn’t go5 too,*4. Where DD** ? I DD** for you everywhere*A. have you been5 have loo,ed:B. have you been5 have been loo,ing:C. were you5loo,ed: D. were you5 was loo,ing*5. I DD* be DD* time* 2he weather was very bad and I was stuc, in a traffic -am*A. couldn’t5 on:B. wouldn’t5 in:C. couldn’t: in:D. shouldn’t5 on=. What exactly are you interestedDD**?A. in:B. about:C. on:D. for 7. I DD** what to do so I DD** as, my superviser*A. didn’t ,now5 have to:B. haven’t ,nown5 must:C. don’t ,now5 had to:D. didn’t ,now5

had to>. If this solution is DD** than mine I don’t mind* 2he DD** one will be appreciated byeverybody*.* good5 good:B. better5 better:C. better5 best:D. better5 good*?. I DD** possibly accept his offer as it was DD* than the other one*A. couldn’t5 worse:B. can5 the worst:C. wouldn’t5 bad:D. won’t5 worst:1@. 2he DD** I arrive home the DD* I am*

A. soon5 happy:

B. better5 happier:

C.sooner5 happier:

D. better5 happy*

11. What are you loo,ing DD**? I DD** my ,eys and I can’t find them anywhere*A. for5 have lost:B. at5 lost:C. in5 have lost:D. of5 lost*12. Where DD* last summer? I DD** to the seaside*A. did you go5 went:B. have you gone5 went:C. did you go5 have gone:D. have gone5have gone*

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13. He was preoccupied DD solving that problem so he DD* what I was saying*A. for5 hasn’t heard:B. with5 didn’t hear:C. in5 hasn’t heard:D. for5 didn’t hear*14. 2he train is DD** than the bus but the plane is DD** of all*A. faster5 the fastest:B. faster5 faster:C. faster5 the fastest:D. the faster5 the fastest*15. When DD** to 4ohn? Ch I DDD to him for ages*A. did you last write5 haven’t written:B. have you last written5 haven’t written:C. didyou last write5 wrote:D. have you last written5 wrote*1=. How much did you sell your car DD**?A. at:B. with:C. of:D. for*17. DDD the novel before we DD** the film?A. Had you read5 saw:B. Have you read5 saw:C. $id you read5 saw:D. Had you read5

had seen*1>. 2he translation of5u c(t mai repede 'nv$ ţ $m engle)a# cu at(t mai bine * is !

A. 2he 6uic,lier we teach +nglish the better it is:B. 2he 6uic,lier we learn +nglish the better it is*:C. 2he sooner we learn +nglish the better it is*:D. 2he 6uic, we learn+nglish the better it is*An#<e+ /e!*

1. 0: 2. .: 3. $: 4. 0: 5. .: =. .: 7. $: >. /*: ?. .: 1@. /: 11. .*: 12. .*: 13. 0*:14. /*: 15.

.*: 1=. $: 17* .*:1>. 0* point Y F points per each good answer

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Unit 1@

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

In this unit you will learn:ã E;ploring !or petroleum

ã /e going to 0uture

ã 0uture Simple or be going to*

ã 0irst 5onditional

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Pre-reading task

What do you ,now about geology?

What is a geologist in charge of?

Who helps geologists in their search for oil fields?

Reading

Read the following text about "i,e Howard who is a geologist* Identify the future of theverbs!

"i,e Howard wor,s for an oil company* His -ob involves exploring the terrain where oilmay occur* &laces such as canyons where different layers of roc, are exposed often

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give him clues to the possible presence of oil* He is aware of the fact that as most petroleum is underground this will ma,e oil exploration a ris,y business and his -ob is toma,e sure that the company he wor,s for doesn’t waste its money*

Right now he is going to test some cores that have been brought up from below thesurface of the earth* His team includes four other members! another geologist two paleontologists and a geophysicist who are also involved in the search for oil* 2he paleontologists are going to ma,e a special study of some fossils now while thegeophysicist is dealing with the effects of gravity* He is as,ing "i,e Howard to comeand see the results of his test*

Ways with words1. S0ecia, te+ #*

'a!e+* single thic,ness of some substance as a cover or coating on a surface*e , g! ! the study of the physical features of the earth such as roc,s mountains and so

on* . geologist is a specialist in the field of geology*a,e nt , g! ! the study of prehistoric life through the evidence of fossils*e 0h!#ic# ! the study of some disciplines of geology combined with those of physics*

C +e! a sample of roc,s obtained by a drill* 2he core can be studied for the types of roc,sand for evidence of fossils*2. Read this sentence again!The paleontologists are going to ma&e a special study o!

some !ossils now" 8et’s learn some expressions in which the verbto ma&e occurs*to ma,e an attempt 9 a face o =ncercare:to ma,e the best of 9 a trage c<t mai mult profit de pe urma a profita la maximum de:to ma,e believe 9 a face s; cread;:to ma,e it clear 9 a clarifica:to ma,e it possible 9 a face posibil:to ma,e for 9 a contribui:to ma,e out 9 a =nţele$e, a demonstra, a redacta

to ma,e over 9 a transfera a ceda:to ma,e ready 9 a fi gata a >se preg;ti:

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to ma,e a stand 9 a se opune:to ma,e sure of 9 a se asigura de:to ma,e short wor, of5 sth 9 a scurta a face ceva repede a termina a finaliza:to ma,e tight 9 a ermetiza a etanşei"a, a *nchide etanş

to ma,e up one’s mind 9 a se hot;r=:to ma,e up for one’s losses 9 a%şi recupera pierderile

to ma,e up for lorst time 9 a rec<şti$a timpul pierdut

to ma,e as if5 though 9 a p;rea caşi cum, a pretinde ca şi cum, a face ca şi

cum

to ma,e use of 9 a =ntrebuinţa

to ma,e way for5 to ma,e room for 9 a face loc pentru*

3. +ven ifto do and to ma&e are generally translated in the same way there are severalexpressions in which you cannot use the verbto ma&e!e*g* to do one’s best 9 a face tot ce%i posibil:to do the don,ey wor, 9 a munci din greu:to do sbd* a good turn5 a favour 9 a face cuiva o favoare:to do sth* with your eyes closed 9 aşti ceva foarte bine, a face ceva cu ochii

*nchişito do harm 9 a face r;u:to do wonders 9 a face minuni:to have sth* to do with 9 a avea de%a face cu* @ow practise these expressions in sentences of your own*&utma&e or do before the following nouns!DD** a phone call: *DD* a mess: DD** my homewor,: DD** a mista,e: ***D**anoise: *DD* the shopping: DD** your best: DD** a cup of tea: *DD* your bed: *DD*someone a favour: D***** an excuse: D***** sense: D*****up your mind: *DD*appointment: *DD*sure*

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Are you going to attend his lecture*

+es# I am" ,o# I%m not"

Future imple or Be (oin$ To.

8oo, at the use of #uture 3imple andto be going to in the following sentences!I’m going to improve my +nglish* > I decided that and I may have bought boo,s toimprove my ,nowledge *What language shall I learn? +r*** I ,now* I’ll learn some +nglish1 2hat’s a good idea*> Idecided to learn +nglish at the moment of spea,ing*

Controlled Practice:

$ecide which is the correct verb form!

a. '"y suitcase is so heavy1(

'Give it to me* I’ll5I’m going to carry it for you*(

b. I bought some warm boots because I’ll go5I’m going on an off%shore drilling rig*

c. We’ll go5 We’re going to a conference next wee,*

d. I hear you and "i,e will get5 are going to get married1 /ongratulations1e. Where will you go5 are you going on holiday this year?(

'#rance* What about you?(

'We don’t ,now yet* "aybe we will go5 we are going to 3pain*(

First Conditional

2he first conditional is used to express a possible condition and a probable result in thefuture!

I! my che6ue comes# I%ll buy this car"

-e%ll destroy the environment i! you don%t loo& a!ter it"

I! he passes the baccalaureate# he%ll go to university *

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#orm @o future tense occurs in the conditional clause* 2his is replaced by the present*"ain /lause If /lause&resent5 #uture &resent

.ffirmative and negativeIf I wor, hard I ’ll pass my exams*

she has enough money she buy that new boo, on "ath/ad*we don’t hurry up we be lateyou are late we won’t wait for you*you are not polite she tal, to you anymore*she doesn’t learn she pass her exams in "athematics*

InterrogativeWhat

will you do if you don’t go to any university?

Wher e

will she go she can’t find a -ob in the petroleum field?

Controlled Practice

1. .nswer the following 6uestions with conditional sentences of the real type!

a. What happens if you don’t pass this exam?

b. What presents will you buy if you go to that party?

c. What grade do you expect to get if you write a good paper?

d. What do you need to learn if you want to get that -ob?

e. What will you tell him if he as,s you about your accident?

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2. 2ranslate the folowing sentences into +nglish!

a. $ac; voi putea te voi a-uta la proiectul de an*b. $ac; voi ş ti r;spunsul o s;ţi-l spun.

c. $ac; vrei s; ne =nsoţeşti, eşti binevenit.

d. 7oi pleca =n vacanţ ; dac; voi avea bani*

e. 7ei =nv;ţa mai bine dac ; accepţi s ; te a-ut*

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3. &uti! when oras soon as into each gap and put the verbs in brac,ets in the correcttense!

4ohn! 0ye darling* Have a good trip*

"aria! 2han,s* I >ring you *** I >arrive at the hotel*

4ohn! Good but remember I’m going out*

"aria! Well *** you >be out *** I >ring I >leave a message on the answer phone s,now I’ve arrived safely*

4ohn! Great* What time do you expect you’ll be there?

"ary! *** the plane >arrive on time I >be at the hotel at about * * 2hat’s T*time*

4ohn! .ll right* .nd remember* Give me a ring ** you ,now the time of your flight bac,and I >pic, you up*

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"aria! 2han,s darling* 0ye1

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2he $elta Group was founded in S F 4une Qrd and since then it has been speciallydeveloped to suit the varying conditions which have to be met in service*

Ways with words

1. S0ecia, te+ #*

C nden#e+ ! electricity capacitor*A,, ! ! mixture of two or more metals*T"be ! hollow cylinder*

2 . Read this sentence again!Two thirds o! the problems associated with water circulation

!or condensers o! power stations and oil re!ineries !rom 5anada are being solved by the

use o! non.!errous tubes manu!actured by the tube division o! the Delta >roup * How do

you translate !rom? @ow learn some expressions containing this preposition!from first to last 9 de la . la ^ de la =nceput p<n; la sf<rUit:from this point of view 9 din acest punct de vedere:from*** to 9 de la*** p<n; la:from experience 9 din experienţ ;:apart from 9 =n afar; de separat de:far from it 9 departe de acest lucru:far be it from me 9 departe de mine*3. How do you translate the phrasemore than three !ourths ? @ow learn some expressionscontaining the wordthan !other than 9 cu excepţialittle more than 9 cu puţin mai mult dec+t

rather than 9 mai degrab; dec<t:no sooner*** than 9 de =ndat; ce*** c;* @ow practisee these expressions in sentences of your own*

Grammar Reference

The +rdinal 'umeral

2he form of the ordinal numeral

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st the first th the eleventh J st the twenty%firstJnd the second Jth the twelfth JJnd the twenty%secondQrd the third Qth the thirteenth JQrd the twenty%thirdNth the fourth Nth the fourteenth Q th the thirtiethFth the fifth Fth the fifteenth N th the fourtieth

th the sixth th the sixteenth F th the fiftiethEth the seventh Eth the seveteenth th the sixtiethTth the eighth Tth the eighteenth E th the seventiehSth the ninth Sth the nineteenth T th the eightieth

th the tenth J th the twentieth S th the ninetieth

th the >one hundredth th the >one thousandthJJnd the >six hundredth

and twenty%second the >one millionth

The Fractional 'umeral

2he forms of the fractional numeral/ommon fractions $ecimal fractions

5J a >one half QN*EE thirty%four point seventy%sevenQ5 three sixths F *ST fifty%six point ninety%eightJ5Q two thirds * N >nought point nought four T 5F eight six fifths * one point nought six

The Multiplicative 'umeral

2he forms of the multiplicative numeralx single once

J double5 twice5 twofoldQx triple5 threefold three timesNx fourfold four times

x tenfold ten timesx a hundredfold a hundred times

/ontrolled &ractice!* Read the following numerals!

Q J5N: F*TES: J S5E: x: NQ5NJ*J* Read the following dates!

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4uly J STE: 4anuary J J : .ugust T J J: "ay N ST : .pril JE SEN: SFT*

econd Conditional

2he second conditional is used to express an unreal or improbable condition >hypotheticalcondition and its probable result in the present or future* 2he condition is unreal becauseit is different from the facts that we ,now* Wecan always say /ut"""

I! I were Prime inister# I%d increase ta;es on properties such as castles# palaces#

ranches# etc" B/ut I%m not Prime inister"C

I! I lived in a big house# I%d have a party" B/ut my house is very small"C

#orm2he verb in the main clause is in the present conditional >wouldYinfinitive : the verb inthe conditional clause is in the past sub-unctive which is similar to the past simple withthe exception of the verb to be which becomes were for all the persons*"ain /lause If /lause&resent /onditional &ast 3ub-unctive

.ffirmative and negativeIf I had more money I would >’d buy a new computer*

she ,new the answer she tell it to us immediately*I didn’t have debts I wouldn’t have to wor, so hard*

InterrogativeWhat would you do if you were me?Whichcountries

would you visit you travelled round theworld?

Controlled Practice:

1. 2ranslate the following sentences into Romanian!

a. If I ,new it I would have told you the truth*

b. If she helped me I wouldn’t be late to wor,*

c. If it rained we would go inside*

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f. If you >change your -ob would it affect your pension?

g. If you >spea, more slowly he would understand you*

h. If you >loo, at the engine for a moment you would see what is missing*

i. Bou >save me a lot of trouble if you told me where you are going*

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK K

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Unit 12

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In this unit you will learn:ã -or&ing on an oil rig

ã The Inde!inite Article

ã The De!inite Article

ã ero Article

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Pre-Reading Tasks

/an you describe the ,ind of -ob a drilling engineer has? Which are his duties?

$o you thin, this is an interesting or a boring -ob?

Reading

@ow read a text about Graham "acdonald a 3cottish drilling engineer* /onfrunt youropinions with the opinions given in this text by his boss!

Graham "acdonald is an engineer* He wor,s on an oil rig in the @orth 3ea* He wor,s onthe rig for two wee,s and then he has two free wee,s to spend with his family at homein Glasgow* 2he rig is miles off the coast of 3cotland* 2he oil company’s helicopter

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flies him to and from the .berdeen .irport* He does an important -ob and he’s paid over_F a wee,*

Graham wor,s twelve hours a day during his two wee,s on the rig* His shift finishes atmidnight when he goes to bed* .lthough the wor, is important it’s rather a boring -ob*He shares a cabin with three other men* Cne of them is a friend of his an .mericancalled 8ee $river who comes from @ew "exico*

2he weather on the rig can be pretty bad* 3ometimes there are storms* +veryone’salways glad to get bac, to the mainland*

Ways with words

1. S0ecia, te+ #*

%ig! apparatus for drilling for oil and gasShift ! group of wor,ers who wor, during a specified periodCabin ! small hut on the drilling rig where wor,ers sleep at night*2. How do you translate the sentenceThe oil company%s helicopter !lies him to and !rom

the Aberdeen Airport ? Bou have already learned some expressions containing the preposition !rom* 8et’s learn some more containing the prepositionto*

to advantage 9 cu profit5 folos:to the best of one’s power5 ability 9 dup; puterea5 capacitatea cuiva:to cut the matter short 9 pe scurt:to date 9 la zi:to the dot >of an i 9 p<n; =n cele mai mici am;nunte:to this effect 9 =n acest scop:to a fraction 9 p<n; la milimetru:to and fro 9 =nainte Ui =napoi ici Ui colo:to hand 9 la =ndem<n;:to little purpose 9 cu puţin efect, mai de$eaba

to my ,nowledge 9 dup; c<teştiu

to one’s mind 9 dup; p;rerea cuiva:to the letter 9 =ntocmai ad litteram:

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to the utmost 9 >p<n; la maximum =n cea mai mare m;sur;:to the very moment 9 chiar p<n; =n clipa:short and to the point 9 scurtşi la obiect.

3. Read the following sentence again!The rig is <88 miles o!! the coast o! Scotland * Howdo you translate it? @ow learn some expressions containing the wordo!! !off hand 9 f;r; preg;tire anterioar; =nt<mpl;tor:off the point 9 =n afara subiectului:all that’s off the point 9 toate acestea nu au leg;tur; cu problema:far off 9 =ndep;rtat:on and off 9 la intervale neregulate:to be off duty 9 a fi liber5 =n afara serviciului:

to turn off5 switch off >the radio the light 9 a =nchide >radioul lumina @ow practise these expressions in sentences of your own*

Grammar Reference

The Article

2he use of articles in +nglish is complex and there are a lot of exceptions that need to be

,nown*Here are the basic rules*

The %nde&inite Article ! a >before a word beginning with a consonant or semi%vowel 4

an >before a word beginning with a vowel is used• to refer to a singular countable noun which is indefinite >either we don’t ,now which

one or it doesn’t matter which one !

They live in a !lat" I%m reading a course !or my e;am now"

• to describe what something or someone is >a profession religion class !

That%s an instrument !or measuring distance"

She is an engineer"

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3e is a 5hristian"

• in phrases!

to be in a hurry# to have a headache# as a matter o! !act# to develop a disease# to have a

good time# to ta&e a seat# etc"

The De&inite Article ! the is used!• before a singular or plural noun when both the spea,er and the listener ,now which

specific ob-ect is being referred to!They live in the blue house on top o! the hill"

The course I%m reading is very interesting"

ind the baby@

• before nouns expressing certain public places especially when referring to them in a

general way! I went to the cinema last night"

I have to go to the ban& to pay my bills"

• before proper nouns denoting a family >in the plural countries >if they are in the

plural or if they represent a union denoting groups of islands chains of mountainsdeserts oceans seas rivers channels hotels shops institutions means of transnewspapers and magazines!

The ohnsons# the ,etherlands# the nited States# the /ahamas# the Alps# the Sahara# the

Paci!ic# the Sue) 5anal# the 3ilton# the 1rient E;press# the Time# etc

• before nouns converted from ad-ectives denoting a class nationality or an

abstraction!The rich should help the poor"

The English are very polite"

• in phrases!

to tell the time# by the way# at the moment# on the whole# on the one hand""" on the otherhand# etc*/ero Article ! % is used with!• plural and uncountable nouns when tal,ing about things in general*

oney is the root o! all evil"

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>as is cheaper than electricity"

• proper nouns denoting persons continents countries regions towns mountain

la,es streets magazines and periodicals months festivals days of the wee, etc*! ary4 ount Everest# Europe# 1;!ord Street# Paris# anuary# Sunday# ,ewswee&

• nouns li,e school# church# prison when we imply the use made of the building!

3e goes to school Bto learnC"

• in phrases!

at night# at dawn# day by day# by sea# to be in trouble# by mista&e# to ma&e !riends# to

sha&e hands# to ta&e place# etc*

Controlled Practice:

1. $ecide which answer . 0 or / best fits each space!

a. He is spea,ing to **** authority*

A. an:B. % :C. the

b. In order to survive plants need *** water*

A. % :B. a: C. the

c. In order to fix the armchair he needs *** hammer and *** nails*

A. the5 the:B. a5 the:C. a5 some

d. I too, *** seat and waited for *** director to come*

A. % 5the:B. a5the:C. the5 a

e. I thought you had passed *** exam but it seems that it was *** hardest of all*

A. % 5the:B. an5the:C. the5the

f. 2hey had *** excellent dinner and had *** very good time at *** Hilton*

A. % 5a5the:B. an5the5 % :C. an5a5the

g. He had *** degree in *** &hysics and one in *** "athematics so he was one of ***teachers in our highschool*

A. % 5 % 5 % 5the:B. a5 % 5 % 5the:C. a5the5the5the

h. I did my homewor, and then went directly to *** bed as I was very tired*

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form of the verb while the verb in the conditional clause is in the past perfectsub-unctive >a form similar to past perfect *

"ain clause If clause&ast5&erfect conditional &ast perfect sub-unctive

.ffirmative and negativeIf

I had had more money I would >Adhave bought

this ellegant car**

she had ,nown the answer she would have passed

the exam*

I hadn’t made so many mista,es I wouldn’t have failed the

driving licencetest*

InterrogativeWhat would you have

doneif you had seen such a

wonderful movie?Whichcountries

would you havevisited

you had travelled roundthe world?

Controlled Practice:

1. &ut the verbs in brac,ets into the correct tense!

a. If I >,now this from the beginning I wouldn’t have as,ed you to do it for me*b. If it had rained it >be a disaster*c. If she >go to university so late she wouldn’t have had these problems in her career*d. If you >stay on that drilling rig and >be confrunted with such storms I don’t thin,

you would argue against my leaving that place*e. If I had ,nown how to solve the problems in chemistry I >pass the exam in the wintersession*

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g. If she listened to my directions she >not turn the lights off*

h. If you had told me that he never paid his debts I >not lend him the money*

i. Bou wouldn’t have had so much trouble with your car if you >have it serviced

regularly* j. I >ta,e a taxi to the university if I had realized that it was such a long way*

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKK

4. #inish these sentences ta,ing care to use the correct tense* 2hese are mixedconditional sentences*

a. If he had ta,en my advice***

b. 2he substance would loo, better if***c. I’d have brought my compass if***

d. If you had as,ed his permission***

e. If I buy this machine ***

f. If she practised more***

g. If the river rises any higher***

h. I would lend it to you if***

i. If the fire had been noticed earlier***

j. If she rings while I’m in the tunnel***

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Unit 13

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In this unit you will learn:ã 9e!ining oil

ã The Adverb

ã The Passive Voice

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Pre-Reading Tasks

2hin, of the most important refineries in Romania* Where are they?

2hin, of the petroleum products these refineries produce* How many types of petroleum products are produced in Romania?

Reading

@ow read a general text on refining oil* 2ranslate the text into Romanian!

Cne of the most distinctive and at the same time most characteristic sights of theindustrial age is the oil refinery*

/rude oil is a mixture of a number of different chemicals that are called hydrocarbons because they are composed of atoms of hydrogen and carbon* 2he mixture of crude oilcontains fractions of the different hydrocarbon molecules* In the refining process thedifferent fractions of molecules in the crude oil mixture are separated in such a way as toobtain usable products* 2he impurities from the oil are also removed in the refining process*

2he first step is called distillation* 2he oil is heated to a high temperature in coil of pipethat pass over a furnace* 2hen the oil is piped into a tall cylinder called a fractionatingtower* .s the vapors rise they condense % that is they turn into li6uids again %at particular temperature at a particular level in the tower* .nother process is calledcrac,ing which means brea,ing down the heavy molecules of such petroleum products

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as ,erosene or lubricating oil into the lighter molecules of gasoline* .fter the basicfractionating or crac,ing process further refining ta,es place particularly of gasoline products* 2here are several gasolines such as regular high%test special etc* their naindicating that one ,ind of gasoline will vaporize more 6uic,ly and efficiently thananother ,ind*

3o when we spea, about refining oil we may say that in -ust a little over a hundredyears oil products have asumed a central place in our industrialized society and theywill continue to do so until another fuel is discovered*

Ways with words

1. S0ecia, te+ #*

%efine+! ! the industrial plant in which oil is refined % processed and purified % intocommercially usable products*( ,ec",e# ! the smallest units in combinations of atoms*C 0 "nd (i t"+e ! a compound of atoms which are chemically -oined together intomolecules li,e water >two atoms of hydrogen and one of oxygen or salt* . mixturecombines several different molecules which are not chemically -oined together*

!d+ ca+b n# ! substances made up of molecules formed from hydrogen nd carbon*:+acti nating t <e+ ! a cylindrical tower at a refinery which is used to separate thedifferent fractions of crude petroleum*Di#ti,,ati n ! the process of separating ligthter molecules from heavier molecules in amixture by heating the mixture*C+ac/ing ! the process of brea,ing down the heavy molecules of some hydrocarbons intolighter molecules*

2. In this text there are several occurences of the prepositiona!ter * .t the same time youmay find the phraseto ta&e place * @ow learn more phrases containing the prepositiona!ter and the verbto ta&e!after all 9 la urma urmelor:after a while 9 dup; c<t;va vreme:

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day after day 9 zile =nşir

to loo, after 9 a avea gri-; de:soon after 9 cur<nd dup;*

to ta,e advantage of 9 a utiliza a valorifica a se prevala de a se folosi de ocazia:to ta,e an active part in 9 a lua parte activ; la:to ta,e account of 9 aţine seama de

to ta,e care of5 to ta,e charge of 9 a%şi asuma r ;spunderea a avea gri-; de:to ta,e control of 9 a%şi asuma controlul

to ta,e its course 9 a%şi urma cursul

to ta,e for granted 9 a lua drept sigur a considera indiscutabil:

to ta,e an interest in*** 9 a manifesta interes faţ ; de***:to ta,e the liberty of >Y%ing form 9 a%şi lua libertatea de a9 6e.$. (he too4 the

liberty of doin$ it in her own way.:

to ta,e into account5 consideration 9 a lua =n consideraţie

to ta,e note5 notice of 9 aţine seama de

to ta,e one’s own way 9 a%şi urma calea proprie

to ta,e on 9 a lua asupra sa a se =ns;rcina:

to ta,e over 9 a prelua:to ta,e a stand 9 a adopta un punct de vedere a lua o poziţie

to ta,e warning 9 a fi prevenit:to ta,e a view of 9 a considera a privi:to ta,e a weight off somebody’s mind 9 a elucida o problem;* @ow practise these expressions in sentences of your own*3. In this text you learned several chemical elements such! hydrogen oxygen carbon etc8et’s learn all the chemical elements in +nglish!

hydrogen H QT strotium 3r EF rhenium ReJ helium He QS yttrium B E osmium CsQ lithium 8i N zirconium ̂ r EE iridium Ir N beryllium 0e N niobium @b ET platinum &tF boron 0 NJ molybdenum "o ES gold .u

carbon / NQ technetium 2c T mercury HgE nitrogen @ NN ruthenium Ru T thallium 2l

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T oxygen C NF rhodium Rh TJ lead &bS fluorine # N palladium &d TQ bismuth 0i

neon @e NE silver .g TN polonium &o sodium @a NT cadmium /d TF astatine .t

J magnesium

"g

NS indium In T radon Rn

Q aluminium .l F tin 3n TE francium #r N silicon 3i F antimony 3b TT radium RaF phosphorus FJ tellurium 2e TS actinium .c

sulphur 3 FQ iodine I S thorium 2hE chlorine /l FN xenon Xe S protactinium &aT argon .r FF caesium /s SJ uranium )S potassium M F barium 0a SQ neptunium @p

J calcium /a FE lanthanum 8a SN plutonium &uJ scandium 3c FT cerium /e SF americium .mJJ titanium 2i FS praseodymium &r S curium /mJQ vanadium 7 neodymium @d SE ber,elium 0, JN chromium /r promethium &m ST californium /f JF manganese "n J samarium 3m SS eisteinium +sJ iron #e Q europium +u fernium #mJE cobalt /o N gadolinium Gd mendelevium "dJT nic,el @i F terbium 2b J nobelium @oJS copper /u dysprosium $y Q lawrencium 8r Q zinc ̂ n E holmium Ho N rutherfordium Rf Q gallium Ga T erbium +r F dubnium $bQJ germanium Ge S thulium 2m seaborgium 3gQQ arsenic .s E ytterbium Bb E bohrium 0hQN selenium 3e E lutetium 8u T hassium HsQF bromine 0r EJ hafnium Hf S meitnerium "tQ ,rypton Mr EQ tantalum 2aQE rubidium Rb EN tungsten W

Grammar Reference

The Adverb

2he adverb shows a characteristic of an event or state a 6uality thereof*It can modify!• a verb! We are tal,ing about your reporttoday *

• an ad-ective! He wasbitterly dissapointed*

• a noun!1nly 4ohn ,nows the whole truth*

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• a pronoun! "e too*

• another adverb! 3he spo,ee;tremely loud*

• a clause! aybe I will come to your party*

#orm

3impleadverbs

$erived adverbs /ompound adverbs .dverbial phrases

far li,ewise everywhere at leastfast afloat outdoors at oncehere homeward>s outside by the waylate repeatedly thereby by all means

near hardly therefore in fullnow monthly today in generalthen bitterly tomorrow in all probabilitytoday happily wherein now and thenwell excellently wherefore of old

.dverbs of manner! badly: carefully: excellently: fast

.dverbs of place! away: aboard: above: anywhere

.dverbs of time! already: after: afterwards: early

.dverbs of 6uantity measure degree and approximation! awfully: extremely: enough:little.dverbs of fre6uency! always: ever: every time: again: forever .dverbs of cause reason result and concession! conse6uently: fore: for this reason:hence: so thatInterrogative adverbs! how: where: when: wherefore: why*

Controlled Practice

1. "aria is writing to her friend "ary in +ngland* 3he’s rather tired and she’s left someof the words out by mista,e* Rewrite "aria’s letter to "ary putting in the adverbs andadverb phrases on the right!

$ear "ary

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2han, you for your letter* Is it five months since I lastwrote?

really

I’m sorry but I’ve been very busy* latelyI’m wor,ing for my exams* alreadyI’ve planned my revision* carefullyI wor, until about ten o’cloc, in the evening* usuallyI’ve finished for today* -ustI don’t ,eep my plan* of courseI saw a marvellous film* yesterdayIt was called '2he +nglish &atient(* Have you seen it? yetI don’t go out* actually often3uzanne comes about once a wee,* hereWe tal,* a lotI hope to visit +ngland again* next year I had a lovely time last year* thereIt would be great to see you* againI’m trying to save some money* hardHow are you? Is your apartment all right? &leasereply*

soon

8ove yours"aria2. /omplete the following conversation between 4ohn and Helen by choosing the correctad-ective or adverb in the brac,ets!

4ohn! Well the party is going very nice5nicely isn’t it? Have one of these sausages* 2he

taste good5well*Helen! @o than,s*

4ohn! Bou don’t sound very happy5happily* .nd you loo, pale5paley* .re you all right?

Helen! I feel rather tired5tiredly* .nd I’m hot5hotly*

4ohn! It is getting a bit warm5warmly in here isn’t it? Well I can easy5 easily open thiswindow here*

Helen! 2han, you* .ctually my head aches 6uite bad5badly too* I thin, it’s slow5slowlygetting worse*

4ohn! I’m sure5surely the music isn’t helping too much* It seems rather loud5loudlydoesn’t it? 8oo, would you li,e me to ta,e you home?

Helen! @o that’s all right than,s* 0ut if I could sit 6uiet56uietly somewhere for a fewminutes I might be CM*

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4ohn! I’ll as, 3usan if there’s somewhere you can go*

The Passive Voice

What voice is the verb in the sentence!The !irst step is called distillation ?2his is the passive voice* 2ranslate it into Romanian* @ow learn about the passive voicein +nglish*2he verbs which can accept the passive voice are transitive verbs and some prepositionalverbs such as! to account for to attend to to loo, at to loo, after to send for to spea, toetc*2here are some transitive verbs which cannot accept the pasive voice such as! to have to

hold to possess to resemble etc*

Its form consists of the respective tense of the auxiliary verbto be Y the past participle ofthe lexical verb*2he indicative mood3imple &resent I am called&resent /ontinuous I am being called&resent &erfect I have been called

3imple &ast I was called&ast /ontinuous I was being called&ast &erfect I had been called3imple #uture I shall be called2he imperative mood8et me be as,ed

Controlled Practice:

1. 2ranslate the following sentences into +nglish!a. 2u vei fi chemat; de director m<ine s; explici decizia ta*

b. +l este =ntrebat dac; este vegetarian*

c. 3oluţia a fost g;sit; de fratele meu*

d. "i s%au furat banii*

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e. &roblema a fost rezolvat; recent prin introducerea pompei elicoidale*

f. $octorul a fost chemat*

g. +l a fost ales preşedintele companiei *n ;;<.

h. /opiii sunt =ntrebaţi dac ; ştiu *n ce const; compoziţia acestei substanţe.i. 3e construiesc foarte multe case zilele acestea*

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2. &ut the following sentences into the &assive!

a. Who drew this asymptote?

b. &eople in my town built this hospital last year*

c. 4ohn can’t have done this*

d. 2he soldiers shall hand in all their weapons*

e. /hildren had cast stones*

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3. 2ransfer these passive sentences into active ones* When no agent is given supply one!

a. "y drawings were shown at the art exhibition in J *

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b. When was your car stolen?

c. .I$3 is thought to be curable*

d. 2he girl has been made to recite the poem and everybody has given her a big hand*

e. 2he prisoners were forbidden to smo,e when they were transferred into the new building*

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Unit 14

••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

In this unit you will learn:ã a&e Erie >as

ã The In!initive

ã The Participle

ã The >erund

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Reading

@ow that you learned so many things about the +nglish grammar and you also ,now acertain amount of words belonging to the petroleum vocabulary test yourself in thefollowing way* )se your dictionary and try to read and translate this article on thediscovery of gas in 8a,e +rie /anada*

'a/e E+ie ga# att+acti-e t Canadian d+i,,e+#

8a,e +rie &roduction on the /anadian side has become more important during the pastJF years as smaller onshore gas fields in Cntario have become depleted*

$uring STN 8a,e +rie production accounted for more than EN of the province’s totalS*N bcf of gas % and four companies have been active in 8a,e +rie this year* 2hese

operators are! /onsumers’ Gas /o* of 2oronto: $iamond 3hamroc, +xploration of/algary: &embina Resources of /algary: and &lace Gas < Cil of 2oronto*

&embina was the most active company in the la,e in STF drilling about N wells* 2hcompany operates about TF producing wells in the producing wells in the la,e most ofthese located in the eastern portion between 8ong &oint and the @iagara River*

/onsumers’ Gas which drilled about J wells in the la,e this year and operates morethan E there has been drilling in 8a,e +rie for J years*

$iamond 3hamroc, drilled six deep exploratory wells in the la,e in STF on a farm%in basis with .nschutz Resources of /algary in order to earn F interest in the

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E %acre holding* 2he wells will be drilled about miles offshore and ascheduled for N F %F ft to penetrate the &recambrian basement*

Canadian 0e+ati n#. Cne of the world’s first offshore wells was drilled on the/anadian side of 8a,e +rie in S Q % and in the ensuing EJ years more than E wellhave been drilled there with total production of S bcf* .t the close of STN some FTwells were producing or capped awaiting pipeline hoo,ups*

8a,e +rie development continues as the most important natural gas province in 3outhernCntario*

D+i,,ing acti-it! * 8a,e +rie is the shallowest of the Great 8a,es* It reaches its maximumdepth of J ft -ust east of 8ong &oint in the eastern basin of the la,e* "ost wells drilledin the la,e have been close to shore% extending existing onshore production*

"ost wells have been drilled using what is designated as 8a,e +rie -ac,%ups in waterdepths of less than T ft* .lthough these -ac,%ups which are elevated by employingeither hydraulic power in waters down to QF ft % water depth normally is restricted toabout T ft because of unconsolidated bottom sediments* . pre%load test of the -ac,%upsis re6uired to ma,e certain they will remain stable during drilling operations*

$rilling in deeper waters is performed using drillbarges or 'floaters( weighingJ tons or more and moored onstation by an anchoring system* #or example)nderwater Gas $evelopers operates three rigs in 8a,e +rie including the drillbargeTelesis a JFS%ft%long vessel with a rated F %ft drillling depth capacity* 2he vessheld on%station using five F lb 0ruce anchors attached to 5T%in%dia* Jcables controlled by %hp hydraulic winches*

$uring drilling excess cement and roc, cuttings can be discharged into the la,e* .ninspector from the "inistry of @atural Resources is re6uired to be on location during periods of cementing casings plugging and completions*

.n average J %J F ft 8a,e +rie well%including completion% costs from _ JFto _ J *

2he drilling season in 8a,e +rie extends from "ay to Cctober when the la,e freezesover*

>.ndy "aslows,i /onsulting &etroleum Geologist /olumbus Chio published in

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another that explains orexemplifies it they can be separated by ac , n*2he second clause mayor may not begin with acapital letter*

budget*2he conference addresses a basic 6uestion! How can weta,e steps needed to protectthe environment?

$ 3entences that as, a6uestion should befollowed by a "e#ti n

a+/ *

.re they still drilling in thatregion?What percentage of oil haveyou recovered here?

F 3entences that expressstrong feeling may befollowed by ane c,a ati n a+/ *

Watch out12hat’s a rude thing to say1

2. 3eparating +lements in /lausesWhen one of the elements in a clause is compounded that is when there are two or moresub-ects predicates ob-ects and so forth punctuation is necessary*&unctuation"ar,s

Guidelines +xamples

When two elementsare compoundedthey are usually -oined togetherwith a words suchas and or or

without any punctuation*

Cccasionally morethan two elementsare -oined in thisway*

2uition may be paid by chec, orcharged to a ma-or credit card*I’m ta,ing /hemistry and&hysics and "aths this semester*

/ompounds thatcontain more than

+ngland 3cotland and Walesshare the island of Great

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two elements arecalled series*C a# are usedto separate items ina series with wordssuch as and or or

usually occuring between the lasttwo items*

0rittain*+nvironmentally conscious businesses use recycled paper photocopy on both sides of asheet and use ceramic cups*

When the items ina series are very

long or haveinternal punctuationseparation bycommas can beconfusing and#e ic , n# may beused instead*

3tudents were selected on the basis of grades: test of

vocabulary memory andreading: and teacherrecommendations*

3. Word % 8evel &unctuation2he punctuation covered so far is used to clarify the structure of sentences 2here are also punctuation mar,s that are used with words*&unctuation"ar,s

Guidelines +xamples

G 2he a0 #t+ 0he isused with nouns toshow possession*

2he company’s managementresisted the union’s demands*

.n apostrophe is usedin constructions toshow where letters ornumbers have beenomitted*

He’s: didn’t: let’: "a’am: fouro’cloc,*NF’s: .0/’s*

. . 0e+i d is used to &rof* 4* M* 8awrence: JN ft* N!

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mar, shortened formsli,e abbreviations andinitials*

p*m*

9 . h!0hen is used to

end a line of text when part of a word must becarried over the nextline

*** insta %

bility

Hyphens aresometimes used toform compound words

twenty%four self%confidence

When two modifiers

containing hyphensare -oined togethercommon elements areoften not repeated*

2he study included first% and

second%year students*

Cther uses of &unctuation "ar,s&unctuation"ar,s

Guidelines +xamples

H When writers use the exact

words of someone else theymust use " tati n a+/# toset them off from the rest of thetext*

In TN Ralph Waldo

+merson wrote 'I hate6uotations* 2ell me whatyou ,now*(

...

....

If part of a 6uotation isomitted the omission must bemar,ed with 0 int# f e,,i0#i# *When the omission comes inthe middle of a sentence three points are used* When theomission includes the end ofone or more sentences four points are used*

3he told him thefollowing! 'If you wantto settle down to get a proper -ob to find the proper wife*** you shouldgive up your selfishideas*('Wor, of the tyre that0*W*R*.* is doing is of

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greatest value whencarried out in asufficientlycomprehensive patternand it is much to behoped that the framers ofcodes will give it fullweight **** 2here aremany factors whichaffect a pressure vessel ofthe types commonly

used*(I J When writers insert something

within a 6uoted passage theinsertion should be set off withb+ac/et# *

'In a fault it `the crust ofthe earth has crac,edand caused differentlayers of roc, to slip*(

2he da#h can be used toindicate hesitations in speech*

'Well − uh − I’d li,e to

try again− if you let

me( he offered*

The %n&initive

2he infinitive is considered to be the base form of the verb*#ormIt appears aslong in!initive >preceded by the particleto ! I didn’t wantto tell you that* otas short in!initive >not preceded by the particleto ! 3he made medo it eventually*. special use of the infinitive isthe split in!initive where the adverb which modifies theverb is inserted between the particle to and the verb proper! He was too disappointedto

reallycare about the circumstances of the accident*

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The Participle

2here are two participle forms in +nglish!• the %ing participle which denotes a continuous action or state!

I saw smo,ecoming through the door of the chemistry laboratory*• the past participle >the third form of the verb which denotes the action as a result!

2he police wanted the lawrespected *#orm

.ctive 7oice &assive 7oiceIndefinite&articiple

as,ing being as,ed

&erfect &articiple having as,ed having been as,ed

The (erund

• denotes an action simultaneous with the present past or future expressed by the finite

verb!I than,ed him forletting me ,now*• expresses anteriority after verbs ase;cuse# !orgive# remember# than& etc*

2han, you for letting me ,now*• has a passive meaning after verbs asdesire# need# re6uire# want# etc*

Bour hair needscutting *

#orm2he Gerund is formed ith the help of the %ing suffix added to the verb*

.ctive 7oice &assive 7oiceIndefinite Gerund helping: reading being helped

being read&erfect Gerund having helped having been helped

having read having been readIn order to improve your ,nowledge about Gerund5 Infinitive you may loo, at .ppendixQ >page TS *

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Controlled Practice:

1. 2ranslate into +nglish!

a. 3per s; termin de =nv;ţat ultimul curs.

b. +l vrea s; plece mai repede pentru c; are o treab; important; de rezolvat*c. 2e%a rugat s; scrii un raport motiv<nd de ce g<ndeşti aşa.

d. Iat; c<teva formule pe care s; le =nv;ţaţi.

e. 3tudentul a dovedit c; este foarte bun la matematic;*

f. $ac; nu faci maşina s ; porneasc; ne stric;m buna dispoziţie.

g. &loaia oprindu%se putem pleca la universitate*

h. 2e deran-eaz; dac; =nchizi fereastra?

i. Lţi mulţumesc pentru c ; m%ai a-utat s; rezolv acest exerciţiu la $eometri e*

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KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 2. &ut the verbs between brac,ets in gerund or past participle!

a. 2han, you for >to tell me the truth*

b. .fter >to wait for you for half an hour I left the hotel

c. We need to have our roof tiles >to replace

d. 2hey stopped >to cut the pipes when they discovered that they had some short onestoo*

e. I don’t mind your >to stay here and >to wait for my daughter*

f. Bou are always late: you certainly must have your watch >to reapair *

g. I should li,e the World /hampionship >to win by the Romanian team*:h. Why areyou lo,ing at me? Go on >to wor, 1

i. I’ll ma,e them >to answer all my 6uestions about /anadian drilling*

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Unit 15

0eadin$ and PracticeImagine you wor, in a drilling company* .dvertise your company’s products* Read two presentations of two refining companies and then ma,e your own presentation!

1. A"t atic :i,te+ S!#te #

.ll our automatic filter systems include filter media support materials pressure vesselsteel structure piping valves instrumentation and a &8/%controlled se6uencing program.dditional e6uipment necessary for effective automatic operation can also be added to

the scope of delivery*In situations where the best solution is not easily determined $ahlman’s extensiveexperience can always find the definitive technical and economic solution*Dah, an a"t atic fi,te+ #!#te # are mostly used when!

N Relatively high dirt loads are present in the feedNJ /ontinuous filtration is re6uiredNQ 2he system operates at high temperatureNN 2he product is hazardous toxic or carcinogenicNF +nvironmental or ergonomic regulations apply

.utomatic systems can be provided with various filter elements* $irect filtration at a *Jmicron absolute rating is possible using porous sintered stainless steel filters* $ahlman+tched $isc #ilters can handle special applications* 2he systems are regenerated usinghigh pressures* 2his technology has been specifically developed and proven by $ahlmanin amine filtration applications at many refineries*2he range of filtering media in automatic filter systems can include!

N &orous sintered stainless steelNE #ilter fabric seamless wovenNT +tched discsNS Wedge wire tubesF $ual media e*g* sand anthracite graphite

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F &olypropylene candles#or every application $ahlman can assist you by this selection process and supply youwith the very best and most economical filter internals*C nt+ ,

2he controllability of automatic filter systems is always tailored to the plant’s specificre6uirements* /ontrol via local control cabinet with a &8/ or by the $/3 systems can beincorporated* .ll our systems are supplied with se6uence charts narratives and software*2he advantage of automatic filter systems is that we will perform a thorough chec, on theoperation before delivery or start%up* 2his can be done by means of a functional test or afactory acceptance test* 2hat way the systems are delivered according to there6uirements and performance guarantees can be given*

Benefit#.dvantages of $ahlman automatic filter systems!

FJ #ully closed filter systems: no operator contact with the productFQ #ully automatic control and operation: no operator involvementFN @o moving parts: almost maintenance%freeFF &rocess guarantee: laboratory%or field test%provenF 3hop%fabricated and delivered as a pac,age: reduction of field installation costs

FE Regeneration by gas steam or li6uid: flexibilityFT 3everal automatic systems for different applicationsFS $ual media filters

3ystems designed with sand anthracite and graphite filter media which arefluidised during bac,washing* 2hese systems are generally used in waterapplications* +fficiencies of up to ST at J microns can be achieved*Gas%assisted bac,flush filters >)sed with various filter media such as sintered

metal etched discs and several fabric types* $ahlamn has considerable experienceof these filter systems both in polishing filtration applications and in ca,efiltration* 3ome systems are designed to provide dry%ca,e discharge while othersare executed with decanting vessels*

J High%pressure bag filters >2o clean gases from dust $ahlman designs andmanufactures reverse -et bag filters used in several >petro% chemical processes*

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#abrics and sintered metal are used as the filter medium depending on yourspecific process* $ahlman specialises in high%pressure gas filters and has beenvery successful in supplying these for olefin plants and catalyst filtration*

S e a00,icati n#

Cil refining >&etro chemicals Cil and gas.mine Cleochemicals 3eawater #// slurry oil &olymers #uel gasHeavy co,er gas oils #ibres Reverse osmosisGas processing plants 3peciality chemicals $e%aeration

$ahlman Industrial Group 0*7*&*C* 0ox NQT @8 Q N .M "aassluis @oordzee T @8 Q NN $0 "aassluis&hone! YQ %> FSS #ax! YQ %> FSS +%mail!dahlman dahlman*nlInternet !www*dahlamn*nl

2. What i# K h!d+ c+ac/ing $ L

Hydrocrac,ing is a type of chemical plant designed to remove sulphur > desulphurizeand process vacuum oils produced in 2ubular 2ower $istillation >22$ installations*

Hydrocrac,ing provides for increase in the extent of crude oil treatment at &M@ CR8+@3*.* Zto a level exceeding T per cent of clear product yield*. hydrocrac,ing &lant comprises the following technological sections !

Q Reactive 3ection Z where two basic reactions occur! hydrodesulphurisation andhydrocrac,ing both are strongly exothermic reactions ta,ing place in the presence of the catalyst agent in a hydrogen atmosphere under pressure ofapproximately F "&a and temperature of some No/* Intensifying the output

and modernizing the Hydrocrac,ing &lant was possible through delivery andapplication by )niversal Cil &roducts )3. of the most modern catalyst agentsavailable in the mar,et! the nic,el%tungsten hydrocrac,ing catalyst and the nic,el%molybdenum desulphurising catalyst:

N $efractionalisation 3ection Zwhere extraction of dry gase li6uid gases m petroleum fractions gas and heating oil fractions and hydrocrac,ing residuals

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ta,e place:F .mine Wash section Z where li6uid gases and hydrogen gases are desulphurised*

2he following are Hydrocrac,ing &roducts used as sulphur%free fuel components orstoc, for further processing!

Hydrogen gases Z hydrogen and light hydrocarbons >mostly methaneE 8i6uid gases Z hydrocarbons such as propane%butane with applications includin

compounding of commercial li6uid gases:T 8ight petrol Z hydrocarbons with boiling range up to TFo/ used as a stoc, for

isomerisation or compounding of petrols:S @aphta Z hydrocarbons with boiling range between EFo / and T o/ used as a

stoc, for catalytic reforming or compounding petrols:

E Merosene fractions Z hydrocarbons with boiling range between Fo/ and Q o

used as component of gas oil or aviation fuel:E 8ight gas oil Z hydrocarbons with boiling range between Eo/ and QQ o/ used

as a component of high%6uality diesel oil:EJ Heavy gas oil Z Hydrocarbons with boiling range between JFo/ and QE o/ used

as a valuable component of diesel oil:EQ Hydrocrac,ing residuals Z hydrocarbons with boiling range above Q Fo/ used as

high%6uality stoc, for catalytic crac,ing or pyrolysis

3ummary of the hydrocrac,ing plant modernization and intensificationresults

&rocessing capacityrising

from J million to Q N million tons peryear

2wo%fold increase in production of sulphur%

free diesel >gas oil

from N tons to JQ tons peryear

Increase in productionof desulphurised stoc,for #MM installations

0y more than J tons per year

Reduction of nationalsulphur dioxide

0y approximately J tons yearly

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d. &ierre is very worried because he is in DDD**** nobody will lend him any money*e. If you want a new car why not go and see your ban, manager about a DDD****Here is a list of words and expressions to do with money* )se your dictionary and dividethem into the following categories!%borrowing money: saving and investing money: having a personal ban, account*3ometimes the same word will fit different categories!%to withdraw money: a building society: a current account: a che6ue card: a mortgage: tocash a che6ue: to buy shares in a company: the 3toc, "ar,et: to put money in: a monthlystatement: a deposit account: to earn F interest*

(rammar 0e&erence

The !on"#nction

/on-unctions -oin words phrases and clauses! 3e slipped and !ell on the !loor"

Please watch my baggage while I buy my train tic&et *

!oordinating !on"#nctions

EN /oordinating con-unctions -oin units that are e6ual grammatically > have the same

function in the sentence ! 3e slipped and !ell on the !loor * > And -oins two verbs 3e moved 6uic&ly but 6uietly" > /ut -oins two adverbs

EF /on-unctionsboth"""and# not only""" Bbut alsoC# either"""or# neither"""norma,e theconnection more intense* 2hey are also called correlative con-unctions!

/oth isa and I will go to the party"

,either money nor power can ma&e him happy"

$#%ordinating !on"#nctionsE 3ubordinating con-unctions -oin elements of une6ual ran,* Here are some

common subordinating con-unctions!a!ter# although# as# as much as# because#

be!ore# how# i!# since# that# unless# what# when# where# who# whom

She never saw him a!ter he le!t town"

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She has been very ill since her operation"

!ontrolled Practice

/omplete each sentence with an appropriate coordinate or subordinate con-unction!

. -ourney to the @ational &ar,s of the )nited 3tates is a rare and unforgettable wal, onthe wild side* It is to feel once more the power of the old myths to once again ,now thatthe land is the cradle of lifea. DDD* nature is the hand settingb. DDD craddleendlessly roc,ing*2o the west on the Clympic &eninsula is the brooding primordial coastline of Clympic @ational &ar,* 2he great roc,s rising from the sea were once a part of the landmass*c*DD** the relentless sea chiseled away the softer stone creating the haunting monoliths

rising from the tides* .long this coast and beyond into the Clympic "ountains is oneof the most diverse wilderness areas in @orth .merica* Within the par, are alpinemeadows ma-estic white%robed pea,sd. DD** some sixty active glaciers slow%slidingtheir relentless way down from the heights* Cn the western slopes of the mountainsthere is a remar,able rainforest* In Wyoming are the rugged ma-estic battlements andspires of the 2eton "ountains*e. DD** most mountain ranges the 2etons have nofoothills* 2hey rise dramatically to a height of almost N feet* .lthough relativelysmall the /olorado River must surely be the most powerful river of them all* #or the/olorado River carved the Grand /anyon* 2o travel from one end of the canyon to theother would be a -ourney of JEE serpentine miles* 3ometimes the walls of the canyon areless than a half mile wide*#ar to the south and the east of the /olorado are the gentle waters off. DD** may be themost unusual river in the world* 2he 3eminoles called it &a%hay%o,eeg. DD**

Grassy Water* Here is the central feature of +verglades @ational &ar,* . river that is miles long F miles wide and averages only inches deep* 3lowly flowing throug

the entire southern reaches of the #lorida &eninsula the +verglades teems with anextraordinary variety of life* Within its labyrinth of cypress swamps hammoc,s islandsand hyacinth pools live more than QF species of birds*3ea* "ountain* River* +ach has had a powerful impact on human experience*h. DD** perhaps the most ancient influence has been the forest* Within the @ational &ar,s of

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@orth .merica there are vast reaches of forest* Cn the slopes of the 3ierra @evada thegiant se6uoias are the survivors of a forest realm that has endured for millennia* 3ome ofthese patriarchs have stood for more than J years* 2hey are the largest living thingson earth* #ar to the east there is a more gentle forest* In the ancient mountains ofsouthern .ppalachia in 3henandoah @ational &ar,i. DD** in Great 3mo,y "ountains @ational &ar, are seemingly endless groves of oa, hic,ory maple and otherhardwoods* 2o wal, these cool serene vaulted byways is to feel an intimacy with naturerarely found in this modern world where man and nature are too often strangers* 2heseare softer mountains laying comfortably on the earth as if sleeping within theircounterpanes of mist* 2he /hero,ee called these woodlands 2he &lace of 0lue 3mo,e*0ryce /anyon seems li,e an enchanted city built by mythical giants long departed*

2here are castles and whimsical s,ylines arches minarets towers all cut from stone bythe delicate j. DD** powerful hand of water time and wind* 3ome of the walls are feet long and J feet high* Within the avenues of the city are magnificent silent shapes/. DDD seem to have once been alive*+ighty miles west of 0ryce /anyon are the massive walls and towers of ^ion @ational&ar,*,. DD** the formations of 0ryce are delicately carved the temples of ^ion seem tohave been hac,ed from the earth with bold powerful stro,es* 7ertical canyon walls rise

thousands of feet from the valley floor*. DD* ESNn. DD**/aptain George 7ancouver first explored these shores the

glacier has receded more than EF miles* @o longer shrouded in ice the bay is a theaterwhere one of nature s most spectacular dramas is performed* Here is where glacierscome to die*2he lands and landscapes of Bosemite are a ban6uet for the eye. DD**for the soul*Here within the valley and in the high country are stone cliffs towering taller thananything man has made* Waterfalls dance in the heights li,e angels in lace and then fallthundering through the sunlight into the lap of the valley* Here are glacial la,es andalpine meadows and streams of li6uid crystal* .mong the marvels of Bosemite are twoso powerful they will dwell in the eye of the mind forever*

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Te#t

/hoose the best variant!

1. I went to DD** cinema last night*A. %:B. the:C. a: D. an*2. He would have helped you if he DDDA. had been able to:B. could:C. has been able to:D. wanted*3. If it DDD tomorrow we’ll postpone our businees trip*A. rained:B. rains:C. will rain:D. had rained*4. If I DDD* in your place I would gladly acept his invitation*A. was:B. had been:C. were:D. has been*5. Cn DD** one hand I would li,e to start such a pro-ect on DDD other I thin, Ishan’t have the time to finish it*A. the5 a:B. the5 the:C. %: %:D. a5 the*=. I saw smo,e DDD through the door of DD** chemistry laboratory*A. come5 the:B. come5 %:C. coming5 %:D. coming5 the*7. Have you DD** finished your homewor, DDD?A. %5 yet:B. -ust5 %:C. already5 %:D. %5 already*

>. DDD the truth I would have told it to you*A. Have I ,nown:B. $id I ,now: C. Had I ,nown:D. 3hould I ,now*?. I couldn’t ma,e DDD a story so I had to tell them the truth*A. up:B. in:C. out:D. of*1@. DD** had I entered the door DD** the phone started to ring*A. Hardly5 when:B. scarcely5 then:C. hardly5 than:D. hard5 when*11. @o sooner DD** on that drilling rig when he DDD* promoted*

A. had he moved5 has been:

B. had he moved5 was:

C. was he moved5 was:

D. he had

moved5 was*12. 2he doctor DD** several hours ago*A. has been sent for:B. had been sent for:C. was sent for:D. was being sent for*13. In case you DDD my advice call me at this number*A. will need:B. need:C. has needed:D. needed*

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E-a,"ati n

1. What have you learnt from this boo,?

- KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK2. What did you en-oy about it?

- KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

3. What didn’t you en-oy about it?

- KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

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A00endi 1

&++eg",a+ -e+b#

0ase form &ast 3imple &ast&articiple

2ranslation

to be was5were been a fito beat beat beaten a bate

a lovia =nvinge

to become became become a devenito bend bent bent a >se =ndoito begin began begun a =ncepeto bid bid

bade bid bidden

a ordonaa poruncia oferi

to bind bound bound a unia legaa obliga

to blow blew blown a suflaa arde >fuzibilul uneisiguranţe:

to brea, bro,e bro,en a spargea rupea sf;r<maa concasaa degrada

to bring brought brought a aducea produce

to build built built a cl;di

a construito burn burnt burnt a ardea calcinaa ataca

to burst burst burst a izbucnia exploda

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a cr;pato buy bought bought a cump;rato cast cast cast a arunca

a turnato catch caught caught a prinde

a captaa blocaa colecta

to choose chose chosen a selectaa alege

to cleave cleftclove

cleftcloven

a >se despicaa >se scindaa separa

to come came come a venia a-unge

cost cost cost a costato creep crept crept a >se t<r=

a alunecaa se alungi

to cut cut cut a t;iaa fasona

a secţiona

a opri >un motorto deal dealt dealt a se ocupa >cu

a contractaa distribuia repartiza

to dig dug dug a s;paa excavaa explora

to do did done a faceto draw drew drawn a desena

a schiţaa atrage

to dream dreamt dreamt a visato drin, dran, drun, a bea

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a dezvoltato hang hung hung a suspenda

a ag;ţaa pune receptorul =n furc;

to have had had a aveato hear heard heard a auzito hew hewed hewed

hewna cioplia degroşa

a t;iato hide hid hidden a ascundeto hit hit hit a lovi

a ciocnia izbi

to hold held held aţinea blocaa opria fixaa cuprinde

to hurt hurt hurt a r;nia lovia avaria

to ,eep ,ept ,ept a ţinea reţine

a menţine

a =ntreţineto ,nit ,nit ,nit a =nnoda

a tricotaa =mbina

to ,now ,new ,nown a şti

a cunoaşteto lay laid laid a punea aşe"a

a =ntindeto lead led led a conduce

a avansa

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a comandato lean leant leant a =nclina

a >se aplecaa se spri-ini

to learn learnt learnt a =nv;ţato leave left left a plecaa p;r;si

to lend lent lent a =mprumutato let let let a l;sa

a permiteto lie lay lain a se afla

a consta =nlight lit lit a aprindeto lose lost lost a pierdeto ma,e made made a fabrica

a faceto mean meant meant a =nsemna

a vrea sP spun;to meet met met a >se =nt<lni

a intersectaa =ncrucişa

to pay paid paid a pl;ti

a achitato put put put a punea aşe"a

to read read read a citito ride rode ridden a c;l;rito ring rang rung a suna

a chema >la telefonto rise rose risen a >se ridica

a >se urcaa r;s;ri

to run ran run a alergaa funcţiona

a administrato say said said a spuneto saw sawed sawn a t;ia cu fer;str;ulto see saw seen a vedea

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to spell spelt spelt a scrie liter; cu liter;a silabisi

to spend spent spent a petrecea cheltui

a =ntrebuinţato spill spilt spilt a v;rsa

a risipia turna

to split split split a clivaa scindaa despicaa disocia

to spin spun spun a centrifugaa rotia presa

to spread spread spread a r;sp<ndia acoperia extinde

to spring sprang sprung a s;ria izvor=

a se arcuito stand stood stood a sta >verticala rezistaa suporta

to steal stole stolen a furato stic, stuc, stuc, a >se lipi

a se fixato stri,e struc, struc, a lovi

a izbito string strung strung a =nşira

a legaa =ncorda

to strive strove striven a se str;duia se lupta

to swear swore sworn a -urato swell swelled swollen a >se umfla

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a creşteto swim swam swum a =notato swing swung swung a oscila

a >se balansa

a pendulato ta,e too, ta,en a luaa captaa necesita

to teach taught taught a predato tear tore torn a rupeto tell told told a spuneto thin, thought thought a reflecta

a g<ndi

a socoti c;to throw threw thrown a aruncato thrust thrust thrust a =mpinge

a =nfigea ap;sa

tounderstand

understood understood a =nţele ge

to wa,e wo,e wo,en a >se trezito wear wore worn a purta

a uzaa tocito weep wept wept a pl<nge

a picuraa se prelinge

to win won won a c<şti$ato wind wound wound a r;nito wring wrung wrung a stoarce

a r;suci

a smulgeto write wrote written a scrie

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A00endi 2

WO%DM %E OS&T&ON >sb*9 somebody: sth*9 somenthing

>brea, sth* by accidentaccording to >the weather forecastto account for sth*an advertisement for sthafraid of >stormsat the age of >twentyto agree with sb* on sth*to apply for >a -obappropriate for sth*to argue with sb* about sth*to arrive at >the railway stationto arrive in >+uropeas a resultto as, for sth*to assist in sth*

attentive at sth*5 sb*at the beginning of sth*in the beginningto be afraid of* sb*5 sth*to be at hometo be aware of sth*to be bored with sth*5sb*to be careful about sth*to be fed up with sth*to be full of >energyto be fond of sb*to be good at sth*to be in charge of sth*

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to be in love with sb*to be in a messto be interested in sth*to be impressed by sth*to be married to sb*to be on stri,eto be out of order to be patient with sb*5 sth*to be proud of sth*5 sb*to be similar to sth*to be tired of sth*

to believe in sth*to belong to sb*to benefit from sth*to go by bus5 train5plane etc*in the >J %th centurycertain of sth*change for >a dollar

to come from +ngland5 Romaniato compare sth* with sth* elseto complain about sth*in >good5bad conditionin5 under these conditionsin contrast with sth*5 sb*to cooperate with sb*to cope with sth*to deal with sth*to debate on sth*deficiency in sth*5 deficient in sth*to depend on sb*5 sth*to develop into sth*

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to die of sth*to be different from sb*5sth*in the distanceto distinguish sth* from sth* elseto dream about sb*5sth*in the endat the end of sth*to a >certain5great extentto fight against sb*5 sth*to fight against sb*5 sth*on a flight to >&aris

to fight against sb*5sth*to find put about sv*5 sth*to forget about sb*5sth*to get in touch with sb*to get on >well with sb*to go out with sb*to go home

to have a degree in sth*to have an interview for a -obto invite sb* to >a party or for >dinnerin the @orth5 3outh etc*to laugh at sb*5 sth*to listen to sth*5 sb*to live on the third5fourth floor to loo, after sb*to loo, at sth*to loo, for sth*to loo, forward to doing sth*to merge with sth* by mista,e

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at the5that momentto operate on sb*to originate in sth*owing to sth*to participate in sth*to pay >_F for sth*to point at sb*5 sth*to point sth* >a gun at sb* preoccupation with sth*to rely on sb*5 sthrepresentative of sb*5 sth*

resistance to sth*5 sb*to search for sth*5 sb*to sell sth* for >_Qto share sth* with sb*similar to sb*5 sth*to spea, to sb* about sth*to specialize in sth*

to spend money on sth*a story about sth*to suffer from sth*to tal, to sb* about sth*than,s to sb*5 sth*on televisionto thin, about >What are you thin,ing about?to thin, of >What do you thinf of von 8aue?to throw sth* at sb*a tic,et for sth*in view of sth*to wait for sb*5 sth*on the way >to school

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to wor, as >a teacherto wor, for >an organizationto worry about sth*5 sb*to write >an e%mail a letter to sb*

)e+b# <ith Ob,igat +! +e0 #iti n*

ABOUT !argue complain doubt fret grieve ,now say see set spea, tal, tell thin, write*A:TE% !

aspire crave han,er hunger hunt loo, ta,e yearn*A A&NST !clamour defend exclaim fight guard indemnify insure murmur mutter protectthunder warn*AT !aim assess buy5sell >sth at a price call drive fire a shot gaze glance ,noc, moc, point puff rage re-oice repine rush shoot smile sneer stay stri,e throwB ! begin buy 5 sell >sth by the pound etc divide finish pass profit pull swear wal,:O% !account answer as, atone bargain call care cry die do fall fish hopelanguish leave long loo, last pay pine prepare reach sail search send sighstart strive ta,e wait wish*:%O( !absolve banish borrow cry derive descent differ differentiate distinguish e

exact excerpt expect extricate flee learn manufacture obtain purchase preceive recover refrain select spring suffer withdraw*&N!abound believe confide consist deal employ >sb entangle hammer insert in paint succeed write*

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&NTO!alter brea, change divide loo, merge pitch put thrust turn*O: !accuse ac6uit allow approve avail >oneself become beware complain consistdeprive die disapprove dispose doubt dream hear learn relieve remind suspect tal, thin,*ON !act agree bet comment concentrate congratulate count depend embar, ginculcate insist -ar operate rely stumble tattle tell*O)E% ! brood cry exult muse 6uarrel rule ruminate*

TO !adapt adhere ad-ust agree allude amount announce apologise appeal aspire attend attest belong cling come compare complain consent correspond drin, explain give go help >oneself lead listen nod ob-ect oppose point provereply resort respond return seem set >to wor, spea, stic, subscribe succeedtend*W&T !

agree combine compare comply connect contend contrast correspond deal disagree do fight interfere intermeddle -oin meet > hardships mingle 66uiver reconcile rhyme shiver side sympathize tal, tremble trifle vie*U ON !act bear call chance depend enter fall fix force frown impose insist lo> one’s feelings rest smile >about fate trample*

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Adjecti-e# <ith Ob,igat +! +e0 #iti n*

.ddicted toade6uate for >smth*ade6uate to >smb*adverse toaffected byamazed atambitious after annoyed atanxious about >smth*anxious for >smb*

appalled byapprehensive of >i*e* worried aboutapt for ashamed of averse to bad at beneficial to

bent on busy withcapabale of certain of charmed at >smth*charmed with >smb*clever at >mathematicscompatible withconcerned about 5withconcerned for >smbconnected withconsistent withcontended with

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convenient for >smth*convenient to >smb*crazy aboutcruel todeficient in >smth*delighted atderogatory todevoid of dexterous atdiffident indisappointed at

disgusted by >smth*disgusted with >smb*displeased atdissatisfied withdoubtful of >smb*dying for eager for5about

earnest aboutenraged byessential for excited at5over fit for frightened atfull of good atgreedy of hostile to >smb*hungry for identical to5withignorant of

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immersed in >debtsimmune againstimmune fromimpolite toinade6uate for smth5to smbincensed at5withinclined to 5for inconceivable toindependent of smbindignant at5withinfatuate with

intent on irritated atoffended atopposite from parallel to paralyzed with partial to

particular about pleased at smth prepared for proficient in prone toresolved onrude tosecure of s,illful at5inslow atsolicitous aboutsorry about smth sorry for smbsub-ect to

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suffering fromsufficient for suited tosure about smthsure of smbsympathetic totired withtrue tounfit for un-ust tovexed at smth vexed with smb

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A00endi 3

7erbs which are always followed by a G+R)@$!

2he drilling engineer deniede;periencing a gusher*admit defer dispute find miss recallappreciate

delay enoy finish pardon ris,

avoid deny escape forgive postpone suggestcelebrate detest excuse mention practice understandconsider disli,e explain mind prevent

7erbs wich are always followed by an I@#I@I2I7+!

2he regional +lectricity companies expectto earn an additional JQ profit this year*afford decide intend plan refuseagree expect need pretend seemappear hope offer promise want

7erbs which are followed by either an I@#I@I2I7+ or a G+R)@$ @owadays many countries preferto generate4generating electricty from renewablesources of energy* begin continue prefer start

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Bib,i g+a0h!

EE $;nil; 7ioricaEng,e a tehnic8 +ditura tehnic; 0ucureşti, ;=/

ET $;nil; 7iorica Eng,e a 0ent+" ingine+i şi tehnicieni +ditura tehnic;0ucureşti, S E

ES $eighton 8ee /*) cab",a+! De-e, 0 ent "acmillan @ew Bor, STNT +astwod 4*A Ba#ic Eng,i#h +a a+. E e+ci#e# Cxford )niversity &ress

Cxford STNT Hall +ugene 4*The 'ang"age f the et+ ,e" &nd"#t+! in Eng,i#h &rentice Hall

Inc @ew 4ersey SETJ Hill 8*.*Ad-anced St +ie# f + %e0+ d"cti n Cxford )niversity &ress Cxford

SEETQ 8ougheed 8inThe +eat +e0 #iti n (!#te+! Grammar Review for Intermediate5

.dvanced 3tudents of +#8 +nglish 2eaching $ivision 0ureau of +ducational and/ultural .ffairs Washington $*/* STF

TN "istzal "ariusTe#t "+ Eng,i#h +a a+ 2eora 0ucuresti SSTF 3anford .drian 0 0ishop Matherine 7*%eading C 0+ehen#i n "acmillan @ew

Bor, STN

T 3oars 4ohn 8izead<a! 0+e9inte+ ediate 3tudent’s 0oo, Cxford )niversity&ress Hong Mong SS

TE 3oars 4ohn 8iz ead<a! "00e+9inte+ ediate 3tudent’s 0oo, Cxford)niversity &ress Hong SS

TT 2homson .*4* .* 7* "artinetA +actica, Eng,i#h +a a+ E e+ci#e# 1 Cxford)niversity &ress Cxford ST

TS 7ince "ichael E ce, at :i+#t Ce+tificate 3tudent’s 0oo, Heinemann Cxford

8ondon +dinburgh STSS ^drenghea " Greere .A +actica, Eng,i#h +a a+ +d* /lusium /lu- SSES \\\ Eng,i#h f + Science and Techn , g! /avallioti &ublishing House 2he 0ritish

/ouncil 0ucharest SSSJ \\\ Sinte e şi exerciţii pentru examenele de bacalaureat şi

admitere +ditura .marcord 2imişoara SST

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SQhttp!55ccc*commnet*edu5grammar5ad-ectives*htmSNhttp!55www*randomhouse*com