Drumes, Mihail - Povestiri Despre Cutezatori (Fs)

8/16/2019 Drumes, Mihail - Povestiri Despre Cutezatori (Fs)

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/drumes-mihail-povestiri-despre-cutezatori-fs 1/243

MIHAIL DRUMEŞPOVESTIRI DESPRE CUTEZĂTORI

MIHAIL DRUMESPOVESTIRI DESPRECUTEZĂTORIEDITURA ION CREANGA, BUCUREŞTI, 1977



MAGELLANCEA DINTÎI CĂLĂTORIEÎN JURUL PĂMÎNTULUI

Magea! a "#$% &!& '(! )e(*a( 'e $ea*+ e#( a( *+(# -e )ae (.a a/&% #*e!(ea0 V(aa &(23&)(&*a%+ e 4*-e%(%+ )& "a-%e a%4% 'e e5%a#'(!ae 4!)4% -ae'e.a 'e-%& # ege!'+ *(a)&#a$+, (2/#4%+ '(! 4!)6(-&(ea #a.*e!(#0C++%#((e 4! !e)&!#$)&% ae &( C($%#"# C#&*3, )ae $%4.!($e+ 4! &*ea 4!%eag+ # /4/+ !e*a(-#*e!(%+ a8a )&*, 'e

-('+, a$%+2( a 23&a )(!e/a 4! -a!e%a Ma%e 8( $.a 4!%#a)e 'e

a)## !e/+%+*a%, a& 4!"(e34!%a% g4!'&(e -#%&g6e2&&( Ma.gea! 8( (.a& 4!"((-a% &! /($ )ae 4 /a *&!)( a!( 'e.a 4!'& : $+g+$ea$)+, -e a)ea8( '&* a 4!a(!%a8&&( $+&, # (e8(e $-e O)ea.!& )e Mae a$%+2( Pa)("(), )a $+ a;&!g+ 4! 4!'e-+%a%& O(e!%8( 'e a)##, 4!)+)a% 'e g#(e, $+ $e 4!%#a)+ $-e a-&$ 4! -a%(e,"+)4!' a$%"e #)#& -+*4!%&&( -e a-+0

N+2'+/a!& /($ a )&%e2+%#&&( Magea! $e 4*-(!( -4!+ a

&*+0 Da )& )4%e !e)a2&(, )& )4%e $%+'a!((, )& )(%+ -e$e/e.e!+ < 4!$&8( (!((a%#& a)e$%&( /($ !& $e /a *a( 4!$)(e -(!%e -&(!(( )ae $e /# 4!%#a)e '(! a)ea$%+ )++%#(e0 N& g+$( 4!eegee 4! -a%(a $a0 Regee E**a!&e 4( e$-(!$e4!'+2!e& -a!, a8a )&* "+)&$e 8( )& C($%#"# C#&*3, 4!a(!.%a8& $+&0 I! $)6(*3 4 a;&%+ Ca# =&(!%&, 3+(ea!'& !e4!"()a%)ae '#*!ea 4! S-a!(a0Se 4!%4!($e+ '#&+ !&*e *a( ae ($%#(e(0

4!%.# 3&!+ 2(, )(!)( )#+3(( 4!)+)a%e 'e #a*e!( 8( *e(!'e -#!(+ /#(#a$e 4! ag, $-e I!'((e a-&$e!e, $+ )&)eea$)+ -+.*4!%&( !#( -e!%& )##a!a $-a!(#+ 8( $+ )e8%(!e2e -e >$+.

3a%()((? #)&(%#( a( (!$&e# +$-4!'(%e -e 4!%(!$& O)ea!&&()e Mae0Te( a!( 'e 2(e (!& a)ea$%+ 4!%4(e )++%#(e 4! ;&& &*((0S&"e(!ee -e )ae e 4!'&a+ *a(!a(( -e /e)6(e )#+3(( "&+4!g#2(%#ae0 Pe 'ea$&-a, Magea! %e3&( $+ 4!+3&8e # e/#%+

8( $+ %a(e )a-& +2/+%(%&&( !#3( =&e$e'a0 @



Te)&+ -(! aa #)&&(, '&-+ -e(-e(( *&%e, 8( g+$(!',4! "(!e, # %e)ee $-e O)ea!& Pa)("(), -&%(+ &!( 4!%eg( -e a-e!e$"48(%e 8( 4!)e*e!(%e, "+*4!2( 8( 4!!e3&!(( 'e a8(+0 Ne!&.*+a( *a(!a( -(e(+ 'e "#a*e 8( 3#(, a(( $e 6+!(+ )& -#.

-((e # )&ee 8( )(!g+%#(, '&-+ )e *a( 4!%4( e *&a$e+ 4! a-a$+a%+ a #)ea!&&(0Da 4!)e'eea !e*+g(!(%+ a &( Magea! a 4!/(!$ %age'(a"#a*e(0 4! 2ae $e (/ea 4*3(e%# A6(-eag& M#&)e#0T#%&8( $#a%a e#&&( !#$%& ea -e)e%&(%+0 E !& /a a/ea

-a%e $+ $e 3&)&e 'e g#(a 'e$)#-e((# $ae0 4!%.# &-%+ )&(!'(e!((, !e4!"()a%& Magea!, )& $&"e%& a-(!$ 'e '#& 0&!# +*&( !e)&!#$)&%e, -(e( '&e#$ 8( !e'e-%0

a-%a &( 4!$+ %+(e8%e 8( a$%+2( 8( /a %+( 4!%#%'ea&!a0



I

PAJUL DIN LISABONAI! a!& 19, a )&%ea ege&( '(! L($a3#!a, E**a!&e, ea2a/+ *ae0 Te3&(a $+ $#$ea$)+ &! %(*($ a -a-e( '(! R#*a )&# $)($#ae -e!%& 'e-%)e'(!)(#$& ege )ae $e -!$e$e *a( 'e*&% 4*-#%(/a ege&( S-a!(e(0 Ce( '#( eg( $%+-(!ea& )ea *a(*ae -a%e a &*(( )&!#$)&%+ -e /e*ea a)eea 8( a*!'#( $-(;(.!ea& a "e )e'(!a )a%#()+0 Ne4!eegeea '(!%e Ma'(' 8( L(.

$a3#!a !& -&%ea "( 'e)4% 4! -ag&3a >'e-%e( )e'(!e 8(, )4!' -a-a a"+ 'e $&-+aea ege&( -#%&g6e2, 4( )e)e%+ -4!geea )&%#a%+ &aea a*(!%e, )6e*+ a $(!e )(/a -ea(, a*(a( 8( ge#.ga"( '(! R#*a 8(, '&-+ # 4!'e&!ga%+ )6(32&(e, 4( %(*($e+$-&!$&0S#& )ae a'&)ea $)($#aea -a-e( ea 4!$&8( )a'(!a&.$e.)e%a a Va%()a!&&(0I! a)ea '(*(!ea+ a -(*e( '&*(!()( '(! &!a a-((e, $#aee

48( a&!)a &*(!a a&(e -e$%e a-ee "&/(&&( )ae $%+3+%ea #a.8&, -e$%e g#"& &!'e $e eg+!a& 3+)(e 8( )aa/eee 4!a*a%eae $&/ea!&&(, -e$%e -aa%ee 'e *a*&+ 8( -e$%e g+'(!(e '#.'#a 'e /e'ea+0La "eea$%a )ea *ae )ae 'e$)6('ea /e'e(( -(/e(8%ea -#.%&&( 8( a #)ea!&&(, egee, !&*a( 4! 6aa% 8( $)&"(+, a-e)a% -e# 6a%+ a -+*!%&&( 'e$e!a%+ 'e &! )+&g+ )& *&%+ 8%((!+, $%a'e /#3+ )& *a%e*a%()(a!& U!(/e$(%+(( '(! Ma'(', a'&$ -e

"&(8 '(! )a-(%aa '&8*a!&&( $+&0 Regee ea "&(#$ 8( !()( $-e.



a!a 4!%.# 4*-+)ae -(! *(;#)(ea -a-e( !&. -#%#ea0 F Ce2( #ae, D#! P(e'($, 2($e egee, )+ S-a!(a ae 'e-%&$+ "##$ea$)+ $(!g&+ 3#ga%ee (!$&e 'e$)#-e(%e 'e C#&*3 4!a-&$& #)ea!&&(

D#! P(e'($ +$-&!$e : F S(e, I!'((e 'e$)#-e(%e 'e C#&*3 a-a(! S-a!(e(, -e!.%& )+ 'e$)#-e(ea # $.a "+)&% -e )6e%&(aa -e$#!a+ a ege&(S-a!(e(0 Da)+ a)ea$%+ )6e%&(a+ a "( "#$% "+)&%+ 'e *a;e$%a%ea./#a$%+, a%&!)(000

F Ş%(&, 8%(&< 4 4!%e&-$e egee0 Ve( $+ $-&( )+ egeeS-a!(e( a "#$% *a( -&(! 2g4)(% 'e)4% *(!e, a -&$ a 3+%a(e )4%e/a'#!(e )& *#!e'e 'e a& 8( a)&* ( $e 4!%#) )aa/eee 4!)+)a%e

)& '&g( ga3e!(, )& -ee 8( $)a/(0 Da egee S-a!(e( &(%+ F $a& $e "a)e )+ &(%+ F &! &)&, a!&*e )+ !a/(ga%#& ea )e.%+ea! -#%&g6e2, ea $&-&$& *e& <000 Ş( "++ )&a;&, -()e-eea8( ($%e(*ea &( C#&*3, !.a "( -&$ $%+-4!(e -e I!'((0D#! P(e'($ %&8(, $e -e"+)& a )e)e%a 6a%a 4!%(!$+ -e *a$+,a-#( 2($e )& ga$ $)+2&% :

F S(e, C#&*3, $&-&$& *a;e$%+((./#a$%e, a )e&% 'e )

%e/a #( $-(;(!& -+(!%e&( /#$%&, 'a -#-&!e(e &( !.a& "#$%!()(#'a%+ &a%e 4! $ea*+0 Ba #'a%+ "& a*e!(!a% )& 4!)6($#aea8( a'eea -e &g, 'e#ae)e -a!& $+& 'e a a;&!ge 4! I!'((, )++.%#(!' *ee& $-e a-&$ F )4!' $e 8%(e )+ I!'((e $e a"+ a +.$+(% F $e 4!%e*e(a -e )e'(!a )+ -+*4!%& e #%&!', # a'e/+a%+ee2(e #$4!'(%+ 'e 3($e()+0 C#&*3 "& $((% $+ "&g+ '(! P#%&ga(a,4! -&%eea !#-((, 8( !&*a( '(! 4!%4*-ae $)+-+ )& /(a+ 'e &.*+(%#(( -+(!%e&( /#$%&0

F C&!#$) 4!%4*-aea, # )&!#$) < 3#*3+!( egee *#"&2, -(/(!' -e "eea$%+0A-#(, 4!%#e4!'&.$e )+%e *a%e*a%()(a!, 2($e )& '($-eae,('()4!' 3aee :

F U(%e, a8a !e!##)e$) -+(!(( !e-e/+2+%#( -e &*a8((# <000 De )e !.a $-(;(!(% %a%a -e C#&*3 De )e $.a %e*&% $+0(8%e )4%e/a )aa/ee, )4(/a *a(!a(, )4(/a 3a!( I!'((e a "("#$% a2( ae P#%&ga(e(<

Ma%e*a%()(a!& 2($e, a+%4!' 6a%a :



F S(e, !.a/e( 'e )e $+ /+ "a)e( (!(*+ ea0 P+*4!%& )e')+ e *a( *ae 'e)4% 8(. 4!)6(-&(e ge#ga"(( '(! 2(ee !#a$%e0Da -(/(( a)ea$%+ 6a%+ < Da)+ 4!%.a'e/+ -+*4!%& e #%&!',)&* $&$(! &!(( a$%#!#*( 8( )+&g+( ee%()(, )eea )e !& e $)($

-e a)e$%e '#&+ )()&*"e(!e, )eea )e e 4!%&!e)a% $e aa%+ a "(*&% *a( *ae 'e)4% &*ea -e )ae # /e'e*0 Da)+ *a;e$%a%ea./#a$%+ /ea $+.84 4!%(!'+ $%+-4!(ea, !.ae 'e)4% $+ %(*(%+ )4(/a!a/(ga%#( -#%&g6e2( '(!)## 'e I!'((e a-&$e!e F 4! (!&%&( -e)ae !& e.a )e)e%a% 4!)+ !()( &! e&#-ea! 8( &!'e $e a"+ -#a%e

3#g+(( *&% *a( *a( 'e)4% ae $-a!(#(#000 Ma;e$%a%ea./#a$%+ae )aa/ee -&%e!()e '(! e*! 'e $%e;a, 4!a*a%e )& %&!&( 'e

3#!2, (a -(/!(ee -aa%&&( 8( ae *4!+$%((# ega%&&( ge* 'e

3&%#a(e )& -&3ee !e4!%e3&(!a%+0 Ee a -&%ea $+ $%+3a%+ )&&8&(!+ %#a%e *+(e -*4!%&&(, )&!#$)&%e 8( !e)&!#$)&%e, (a 6a(*a!ae )ae $+.8( )a&%e !##)& -e a%e *eeag&( $e g+$e$)'e$%&e 4! -(eee ($a3#!e(0

F A( 'e-%a%e, 2($e egee0 Da)+ %#%&8( /a$ee *ee $e 4!%4.!e$) )& )ee $-a!(#e 8(, 4! #) $+ )&)eea$)+ (!&%&( !#(, $e (a&a 6a+ Ce "a)e* a%&!)(

La # a$e*e!ea $(%&a(e *a%e*a%()(a!& !& $e g4!'($e 4!)+ 8(+*a$e # )(-+ &&(%, "++ a -&%ea 'a &! +$-&!$0 D(! "e()(e, %#).*a( a%&!)( $&!+ %(*3(a 'e a -#a%a *ae a -aa%&&(, $e*! )+$e a-#-(a aa(& )ae a'&)ea -e %(*($& -a-e(0

F Ş( e& )ae !& *(.a* -&$ 4!)+ -e&)a <Z()4!' a)e$%ea, egee $e e-e2( 4!%.&!a '(! )a*eee 4!./e)(!a%e0D&-+ $#e*!(%a%ea -(*((( )a'(!a&&( 4! $aa 'e e)e-(e,

#a$-e%ee "& )#!'&$ 4! (a%a)& eg(!e(0Ca'(!a& 4( 'e%e 3(!e)&/!%aea, a-#( $e e%a$e &! -a$ 8($)#a$e '(! 3&2&!a& $&%a!e( 'e *+%a$e /(8(!(e &! $& 'e -e.ga*e!%, -e )ae 4!)e-& a. )(%( 4!)e%, *#!#%#!, 4!'e&!g0 Ea $)(.$#aea -a-e(, 4! a%(!e8%e, )+%e *a;e$%+(e.# egee 8( eg(!aP#%&ga(e(0 De a # /e*e, eg(!a, -()%($(!'&.$e, "+)& &! $e*!)& *4!a0 U8a '(! 'ea-%a $e 'e$)6($e0 I!%a+ (* -a; 8( # *()&+'#*!(8#a+ 'e #!#ae0 Ce '(!%( a'&$e # %a/+ -e )ae $e a"a #

#g(!'+, # "(#+ 'e -a" 8( # )&%(e 'e 3#*3#a!e0 L&4!' #g(!'a, e.



F Ş(000 8( a( 4!/+a% ge#ga"(e, ($%#(e, !a/(ga(e 8( %#a% -e a%(!e8%e F De 3&!+ $ea*+, +$-&!$e %4!+& *(a% 'e a$e*e!ea 4!%e3+(0 C(!e !& 4!/a+ !& ae )e )+&%a a )&%e 8( e& a* /e!(

a()( $+ 4!/+0 F O6, *(.e *(+ 'e '&*!ea%a, e!a!'# Magea! < #$"a%a )& ga$ 4!'&(#8a%0 a) -(!$#ae )+ !()( !& 8%(( $+ 'a!$e2(Magea! 4$e )& %($%ee, a-#( +$-&!$e :

F La ee *(.a "##$( 000 R#$%& /(e(( *ee !& e $+ 'a!$e:S#a%a *ea !& e 'e#) /e$e+0 A$%a # 8%(& 'e )4!' ea* 'e )(!a!(, )4!' a *&(% %a%a 8( !e.a +$a% $(!g&( -e &*e, -e *a*a :8a$e "a(, !&*a( )& &! -e%() 'e -+*4!%0 E& %e3&(e $+ 4!/

*&%, '#*!(8#a+ Caa, a8a )+ !.a* %(*- $+ 'a!$e20 Te3&(e K+$)&*-+ -e!%& "a*((a *ea *#8(a -+(!%ea$)+ -(e'&%+ #'a%)& *#a%ea %a%((0Ga$& *#!#%#! a )a'(!a&&( $e a&2ea )(%(!' *ee& &!g$)($#ae a -a-e(0 e!a!'# Magea! %e$+(0 C&/(!%ee a%(!e84 (23(+ 'e#'a%+0e!a!'# Magea! 8#-%(:

F 4*-++(a &*(( $.a 4*-+(% 'e a2( 4!a(!%e 4! '#&+0 Pa" a %(*($ $#(e ege&( !#$%& )+, -e 4!%(!'eea O)ea!&&(, a % (# (!(e1, '(!)## 'e -+*4!%&(e 'e$)#-e(%e 'e C#&*30 P4( (a)## /a $%+-4!( egee S-a!(e(000T4!+& #"%+ '(! !#&, a-#( &*+ :

F D(!)## 'e a)ea (!(e !.a )++%#(% 4!)+ !(*e!(, '#*!8#a+ Caa < M+ g4!'e$) $+ )a' (! ge!&!)6( 4!a(!%ea ege&(

N#%e:1 E$%e /#3a 'e (!(a %a$+ 'e -a-a Ae5a!'& a V.ea B#g(a, )ae (e$-&!'e a-#5(*a%(/ )& *e('(a!& 'e #!g(%&'(!e /e$%()+, -(!Ta%a%& 'e T#'e$(a$ '(! 190 A "#$% -(*a 4*-+(e )##!(a+ a&*(( P#%&ga(a a "( 4!%.&! "e e5)&$+ 'e a $%+-4!(ea L&*(( N#(,e5)e-%4!' )a* # )(!)(*e Ba2((a0 N0A0



!#$%& 8( $+.( )e 4!/#(ea 'e a -#!( 4! )e)e%aea a-e#, *a('e-a%e, %#% 4!a(!%e, -4! a !#(, a L($a3#!a, 'a)+ -+*4!%& e#%&!', -e)&* 4!$&*( )e'0

F Ş( !& (.e "()+, e!a!'# 000 Da)+ -e a)## $4!% $+3a%()(,

*4!)+%#( 'e #a*e!(000 2($e "a%a )+&%4!'&.( -(/(ea0 F S4!% -#a%e 8( g#"&( )& -ee, (/e2( )& *(#'e!((, *&!()& a& 8( ag(!%0 C(!e $e %e*e 'e *#a%e !.ae -a%e 'e /(a+0V#( )ee ege&( 4!g+'&(ea 'e a -e)a 8( 'e a -&%a '(!)## 'e(!(a 4*-++(e( $-a!(#e "a*&a !#a$%+ -#%&g6e2+0Ş( #)6(( %!+&&( $e a-(!$e+ 'e &! "#) )(&'a%04! a)eea8( )(-+ %#*-e%ee 'e $&3 "ee$%ee (a%a)&&( eg(.!e( (23&)!(+ )& -&%ee0

A&'(e!a $e $"48($e0Ca'(!a& $e 4!)(!+ '(!a(!%ea eg(!e(, $%4!g4!' $&& 'e

-ega*e!% '(! )ae )(%($e0 Reg(!a *a( &+ # 3#*3#a!+ 8( 4!)(!a8( ea )a-& )& 2&&"(( 3+a(0

IIUGARII

Te)&+ 'e a%&!)( '#&+2e)( 8( '#( 'e a!(04!%.# !#a-%e -#(#a$+, )#3#a& *&!((, -e # -#%e)+, '#( )+.+e(, -e )a( *+&!(, ae )+# )#-(%e )+)a$e+ %#a%e )++(e,4!/e(( 4! -ee(!e &!g( )& g&g(, )++%#(( *egea& -(! 3e2!+"++ a $)6(*3a &! )&/4!%0 P#a(a +-+(a -e $%4!)(e -e8&/e ae*&!(# 8(, 'e/ae, $e a&2ea #-#%& 8&/#a(e# )ae $e e/+.$a& 4! 4& T#g#0Pe a *(e2& !#-((, )e( '#( "&ga( %e)&$e+ )ea$%a 8(

a)&*, 4! e/+$a%& 2#(#, $e a-#-(a& 'e "&!%a(a +((0 C&%#% -e()#& &!&( )#3#48 -e -#a(e, )++e& '(! "a+ '+'& -(!.%e!( )a&&( 8( -#!( 4! ga#-0 La # )#%(%&+, &!'e -#%e)a $e a$)&!.'ea 4! 'e$(8& &!e( -+'&( 'e "ag(, #-( 8( -(/( 4!a-#(0 T#/a+.8& 'e '&* !& $e /e'ea0 De$)+e)a, 8%e$e #)6(( )a&&( 'e -#a(e8( a8%e-%+0 4! )&4!' $e (/( 8( )e+a% )++e0

F De )e a( &a%.# a $+!+%#a$a Ve( $+.( "4!g( g4%& -e -#a(a a$%a

F Te3&(e $+ !e g+3(* < +$-&!$e )e+a%0 De a)( 4!)##,



-#%e)a )#3#a+ (!0 Te3&(e $+ a;&!ge* a (& 4!a(!%e 'e e/+.$a%& 2#(#, $+ !& !e /a'+ g+!()e(( 'e -e -#'0 S4!% $(g& )+egee E**a!&e a 'a% -#&!)+ $+ "(& -(!$, 'a)+.#( 4!)e)a $+%e) 4! S-a!(a0

F A%&!)( $+ !e g+3(* < 2($e %#/a+8& 'e '&* 8(, $)&%&.4!'&.8( g&ga 8( *4!e)(e 'e -#a(e, $e a&!)+ 4! 8a0Ce( '#( "&ga( ea& e!a!'# Magea!, "#$%& -a; 'ea)&* '#&+2e)( 8( '#( 'e a!( 'e a )&%ea ega+ a P#%&ga(e(, 8(R& ae(#, &! /e$%(% a$%#!#* 8( ge#ga"0A*a!()+ /(a+ '&$e$e Magea! '(! 2(&a )4!' 4( /e!( 4!*(!%e $.# (a -e &*ee &( C#&*3, 'e$)#-e(%#& I!'((# 'e a-&$A!%(ee 'e a2(, 'e-+8(!' (!(a 4!)6(-&(%+ %a$+ 'e -a-a 'e.a

&!g& #)ea!&&(, $-e a 'e#$e3( 4*-++(a -#%&g6e2+ 'e 4*-+.+(a $-a!(#+0 Ceea )e %4!+& -a;, 4!$&"e(% 'e # %a(!()+ "e!e2(e,$-&$e$e *()e( Caa 'e Vae$ +*+$e$e '#a # '#(!+ !e4*.

-(!(%+0 C4!' $e %e2( '(! a)ea$%+ /($ae, $e &8(!a0 N(*e!( F !()(e, !()( a%)(!e/a F !& 8%(a )e $e a"+ '(!)## 'e (!$&ee 'e$)#.

-e(%e 'e C#&*30 Ea& a%e 4!%(!$&( U! )#!%(!e!% !#& O*ae Sa&, -#a%e, )a-+%& -+*4!%&&(, ge!&!a 'e 4!%&!e() 8(

'e $-a(*e a (a'&&( T+g4!' # (!(e -e #)ea!, -a-a '+'&$eS-a!(e( # &*e )&!#$)&%+, -(!+ 'e 3#g+(e, (a P#%&ga(e(,4!%eg !e)&!#$)&%& )& a*e!(!+%#& $+& -&$%(&0Da -e/e$%(ea -e )ae # "+)&$e '#*!(8#ae( 'e #!#ae%4!+& e!a!'# Magea! !.# &(%+0 4! e +*+$e$e # )e%(%&'(!e8(, "++ $.# *+%&($ea$)+, 8%(a )+, -4!+ a &*+, 'e$%(!& !& /a4!%42(a $+ $e 4*-(!ea$)+0O8%e!(( ege&(, 4*3a)a( -e )aa/ee 3(!e 4!a*a%e, "+)&.

$e+ #)#& A"()((, (!%a$e+ 4! O)ea!& I!'(a! a'e/+a%& O)ea!I!'(a! 8( 'e3a)a$e+ 4! I!'(a, #)&(%+, a%&!)( )a 8( a)&*, !& 'e -(e( #8((, )( 'e $e*(!(( a3e, +23#(!()e, &*a8( a( /e)6(# (!2(,)#3#4( '(! H(*aa(a0 P(!%e #8%e!(( -#%&g6e2( $e a"a$e 8(%4!+& e!a!'# Magea!, a%a$ *a( *&% 'e '#& 'e &-%+ 8('e /(%e;(e, 'e)4% 'e -#"%a 'e 4!a/&(e a %#/a+8(# $+(0Şa-%e a!( &-%+ Magea!, )a #"(e, 4! )a'& %&-e# -#%&.g6e2e, -e!%& a )&)e( &! !#& (*-e(& )##a!e( -#%&g6e2e0 T(.

3&(e 'e (!2( ea& *a( )&%e2+%#ae, *a( ($%ee 'e)4% -(e(e #8((



)ae. 4!%4*-(!a$e+ -e C#&*3 4! C&3a, E$-a!#a 8( 4! )eea%e(!$&e 'e$)#-e(%e 8( *&( $#'a( -#%&g6e2( 48( +$a+ #a$ee -ea)ee *eeag&( 'e-+%a%e0 4*-#%(/a !+/+(%#(# e&#-e!(,&-%a& !& !&*a( (!2((, 'a 8( *#(*ee #)&&(, "(g&(e ga3e!e,

'("%e((e, 3a8)a "(aee 'e a)##, a$)&!$e 4! -+-&(8&( : ;ag&a((,/(-eee, ee"a!((000C4!' $e.!%#a$e a )&%e, Magea! 8( )a*aa2(( $+( 'e &-%+"&+ -(*(( )& #!#&( 'e -aa'+0 E( !& -(*(+ !()( # +$-a%+,)+)( egee $e $#)#%ea 4! 'e-%& $+& 'e a )ee )&%e!(# %#%&,"++ a e 'a )e/a 4! $)6(*30 Magea! *( $e $(*( ;(g!(% 'ea)ea$%+ (-$+ 'e e)&!#8%(!+0 Ceea )e. *46!ea 8(, &!e#(, )6(a 4 4!"&(a ea /(aa %4!'a/+ 'e a )&%e, -e )ae e, 3+3a% 'e

%e(2e)( 8( -a%& 'e a!(, !.# -&%ea $&"e(0 Ba&(e, #$-eee, )4!.%a(e 8( (!g&8((e !& *a( -&%ea& "( -e -a)& &!&( %e*ea )ae&-%a$e 4! $*4)&(e I!'(e(0A"4!' 'e 6#%+4ea )+-(%a!&&( Se&e(a 'e a -#!( )& # #a$%e

-#%&g6e2+ $-e (!$&ee *a( 8( -e!(!$&ee 'e '(!)## 'e I!'(a,&!'e -+%&!$e$e+ *a( 'e *&% /a$ee 'e )#*e $-a!(#e, $e4!#a 8( e -++$(!' '(! !#& P#%&ga(a0 4! -e!(!$&a Maa))a,

4!%.# 4!)+(eae )& *aae2((, Magea! $)+-+ 'e a *#a%e -e)+-(%a!& Se&e(a0 La a$a%& )e%+(( G#a, )&!#$)!' "e& 'e&-%+ a 3+8%(!a8(#, -#-&$e # e%agee0 S"a%&(e &( Magea!!& "&+ 4!$+ a$)&%a%e0 De-% &*ae, -#%&g6e2(( $e /+2&+ 4!."4!(0 Magea! "& $((% $+ $e 4!%#a)+ 4! -a%(e0 A()( $e ($)+ &!!#& -(e; 'e a $)+-a 'e /(aa 'e a )&%e0 I23&)!($e # e/#%+ 4!Ma#), )ae, -e a%&!)(, $e a"a $&3 $%+-4!(e -#%&g6e2+, 8( Ma.gea! -#!( (a, a %e(a #a+, a &-%+0 Ea a)&* 4! -&%eea

/4$%eL O a!)e a&!)a%+ )& '(3+)(e 4 !(*e( 'e-% 4! ge!&!)6(0D(! "e()(e, a!)ea !e"((!' O%+/(%+, a!a $e e)&( e-e'e0 Da #$& !& $e *a( /(!'e)+ 3(!e 8( e!a!'# Magea! +*a$e 8)6(#-

-e!%& %#% e$%& /(e((0 O !e4!eegee )& )#*a!'a!%& %&-e# -#%&g6e2e 4 '&$e 4! "aa %(3&!a&&( *((%a0 S)+-+ 'e #$4!'+a+%4!'&.8( a!a '#34!'(%+ 4! &-%+0

Ne*a(a8%e-%4!' !()( # 3a/&+ 'e a &! #"(e 8)6(#-, egee&(%+ 'e %#a%e $e/()((e a'&$e 'e Magea!0 A)e$%a, 'e2g&$%a% 'e

a%4%a !ee)&!#8%(!a, $e e%a$e 'e-a%e 'e )&%e, 4! )a$a -+(!.



%ea$)+ '(!%.# -#/(!)(e 'e *(a2+!#a-%e a P#%&ga(e(0A)## %+( )4(/a a!( 4! -a)e, $%&'((!' )+( 'e )#$*#ga"(e 8(!a/(ga(e0 A$%"e a"+ 'e ($-a/a &!&( %4!+ 8( !#3( $-a!(#Va$)# N&!e 'e Ba3#a )ae, 4! 11Q, 4!%#/++8(% 'e # *4!+ 'e

&-%+%#( 4!'+2!e( 8( 'e # 6a(%+ 'e )4(!(, $%+3+%&$e ($%*& 'ePa!a*a a A*e()(( Ce!%ae F %+(a% a2( 'e )&!#$)&%& )a!a F 8( a%(!$e$e +*& #)ea!&&( !&*(% *a( a-#( Pa)("()0T#% -e a%&!)(, Magea! -(*( # $)($#ae %#)*a( '(! (!$&aTe!a%e, )ae $e a"+ 4! A6(-eag& M#&)e#0 U! 3&! -(e%e!,a!)($)# Se+#, -++$($e Maa))a 4!)+ 'e -e /e*ea )4!' Ma.gea! $e a"a a)##, 8( $e a8e2a$e 4! (!$&a a%4% 'e 'e-+%a%+, &!'e48( 4!%e*e(a$e # g#$-#'+(e0 Se+#, )a 8( )&* a "( a"a% 'e $%aea

&*(+ a "#$%&&( %#/a+8 'e &-%+, 4( 'e$)(a 3#g+(a 8( "&*&.$eea (!$&e(, 4!'e*!4!'&. $+ -++$ea$)+ P#%&ga(a )ae $e '#./e'ea a%4% 'e -&(! e)&!#$)+%#ae0e!a!'# Magea!, "+)4!' eg+%&a 4!%e a)e$%e '#&+ 4!.%4*-+( F 'e$)#-e(ea O)ea!&&( )e&( Mae 8( $)($#aea /e.!(%+ '(! A6(-eag& M#&)e# F g4!'& $+& )e /e)6(, a &!e()++%#(( '(!)## 'e (!(a -a-a+ 8( 'e I!'((e a-&$e!e 'e$)#-e(%e

'e C#&*3, $e %e2( '(! !#& %#% *a( /(& 8( *a( -&%e!()0R+$-&!$e 4!'a%+ -(e%e!&&( '(! (!$&a Te!a%e )+ /a /e!(8( e 4! )&4!' a)##, 'a !& -e '&*& #3(8!&(% #)#(!' A"()a, )(

-e '&*& &( C#&*30Pe a)e$% '&* 4!$+ %e3&(a $+ $e g+$ea$)+ &! ($%* a )#!%(.!e!%&&( %+(a% 'e a-ee )e# '#&+ #)ea!e, a%"e )++%#(a $-eA6(-eag& M#&)e# *eg4!' 'e-% )+%e a-&$ ea )& !e-&.%(!+0 Da 'a)+ &! a$e*e!ea >-a$#? %e)ee e5($%a 4!%(a'e.

/+ <000 D&*& $-e +$+(%& 4!'e-+%a% a "( "#$% *&% $)&%a%,(a P#%&ga(a -&%ea '#34!'( 4!%.a'e/+ $%+-4!(ea 4*-++(e(a"a%e '(!)## 'e (!(a %a$+ 'e -a-+0Pe /e*ea a)eea !& e5($%a& 4!)+ $#)(e%+( )#*e)(ae, !()(

3+!)( 'e e5-#%, )ae $+ /(!+ 4! $-(;(!& &( Magea!0 De a)eea%#% egee P#%&ga(e( F 8( !&*a( e F -&%ea $+ $-(;(!e -eMagea! '4!'&.( -&%(!a 'e a -#!( 4! a)ee !e*a(-#*e!(%e )+.+%#((0 Ea # $-ea!+ F $(!g&a $-ea!+ 4! a)ee 4*-e;&+(0

T#% a$%"e *a( 4!a(!%e, C#&*3 -#-&$e$e ege&( '(! L($a.



3#!a $+.( $-(;(!e )++%#(a $-e a-&$0 Da $"e%!()(( $e 4*-#%(/(.$e+, !e)e24!' 4! #%&!2(*ea -+*4!%&&(, 8( C#&*3 "&$e$e $((%$+ -e)e 4! S-a!(a0Va a/ea Magea! *a( *&% !##) Va g+$( *a( *&%+ )e.

2ae Oae -('a &( C#&*3, )ae a'&$e$e S-a!(e( a%4%ea 3#g+((!ea8%e-%a%e, $+ !& "( &*(!a% *(!%ea 8( $+ !& "( 4*3&!a% (!(*a#a*e!(# 'e a )&%ea P#%&ga(e( Ş( a8a Magea! $e 4!"+(8+ '(! !#& ege&( $+&0 C& a;&%#&6+(# 8( (!"#*a((# -e )ae e -(*($e 4! eg+%&+ )& &%(.*ee 'e$)#-e(( 4! a-&$, )+&%a $+ 4!)e'(!e2e -e $&/ea! )+$-a!(#(( a& "+)&% %ea3a -e ;&*+%a%e 8( )+ %e3&(a $+ $e a"e -e&!'e/a # %e)ee '(! O)ea!& A%a!%() 4! Maea )ea !#&+, 'e$)#.

-e(%+ 'e Va$)# 'e Ba3#a 4! '&*& $-e A6(-eag& M#&)e.#, $-e +$+(%& 4!'e-+%a%, $-e Ja-#!(a 8( C6(!a0D(! -+)a%e, egee E**a!&e $e a+%+ %#% a%4% 'e !e4!ee.g+%# 8( 'e a/a )a 8( #'(!(#a+ %a%+ $+& "a+ 'e C#&*30 N()( !&/& $+ a$)&%e %#a%e +*&((e "#$%&&( $+& #"(e, -e )ae. $#)#%(>2+!a%()?0 Ba!(( )ae ( $e )eea& ( $e -+&+ 3a!( a&!)a( -e"eea$%+0

J(g!(% 8( 4!'&ea%, e!a!'# Magea! -++$( )&%ea 8( $e4!%#a$e 4! -#/(!)(e0>Ş( %#%&8(, Caa 'e Vae$, /#( )++%#( '(!)## 'e I!'((e &(C#&*3 <? 4( $-&$e Magea!, 4! 4!)6(-&(ea $a, "age'e( '#*!(.8#ae 'e #!#ae -e )ae 8%(* 4! )e "e # )&!#$)&$e0C4!' )e( '#( )++e( %e)&$e+ &! 4& a"a% a "#!%(ea S-a.!(e(, 4!)e-ea $+ $e &*(!e2e 'e 2(&+0 Da -#a(a 4!%e(!'&.$e,g+!()e(( 'e -e -#', a'+-#$%(( 4! g6ee%e, 8( !&.( -&%&+ 2+(

-e "&ga(0De a *a& 4&&( -4!+ a %4g& )e *a( a-#-(a% 'e -e %e(.%#(& S-a!(e(, e!a!'# Magea! 8( %#/a+8& &( 'e '&*, a$.%#!#*& 8( ge#ga"& R& ae(#, *e$e+ *a( *&% -e ;#$, -(!"+ga8&( 4!!+*#(%e '&)4!' 'e 2+3ae )a(( ($%#/((0

F N&*a( 'e !& $.a "( &'a% 6+(e 4! 'e$ag+ < 2($e Ma.gea! )ae *egea 4!a(!%e0

F N.a( !()( # g(;+, 'e#ae)e e.a* 4!/e(% 4! '#&+ -(e( %+.

3+)(%e, +$-&!$e ge#ga"&0



Pe a a*(a2+ a;&!$e+ 4!%.&! %4g $-a!(#0 La #$-+%+(a '(!*(;#)& %4g&&( )e&+ a'+-#$% 8( 6a!+, a-#(, '&-+ )e 4!g(;(+'e )a(, $e )&)a+, )+)( /#(a& $+ -#!ea$)+ *a( 'e-a%e, 4! "a-%&'(*(!e((0

De$%(!& $e 4*-(!ea0 D#*!ea -e a)ea /e*e 4! S-a!(a &! 3+(ea!'& 'e 17 a!(, a )+&( e!eg(e a/ea $+. -+$%e2e 4! a*(!.%(ea ($%#(e( $&3 !&*ee 'e Ca# =&(!%&0 Ea $&/ea!& )ae,*a( %42(&, $%+-4!(!' Ge*a!(a, I%a(a, A&$%(a, !#'& a!e(,8(, 3(!e4!ee$, S-a!(a, )& (*e!$ee e( %e(%#((, -&%ea $-&!e )+.!4*-++(a &( >$#aee !& a-&!e !()(#'a%+?0U! a$%"e 'e #* g+$ea Magea! -e %#! )4!' a -&$ -()(#&(! S-a!(a0

Pe a%&!)( a/ea *&%+ %e)ee a )&%ea $-a!(#+ &! e-($))a!&*e #!$e)a, #* -(! 'e 4!'+2!ea+ 8( )ae $&$(!&$e 4!a(!%e 8( -e C#&*30Magea! 8( a$%#!#*& ae(#, '&-+ '#( a!( 'e (!$($%e!?4!)6e(a+ &! )#!%a)% )& egee S-a!(e(0 A)e$%a e '+'ea )(!)( )a/ee 8( a(*e!%ee !e)e$ae -e!%& # )++%#(e 'e '#( a!(, )(!)($&%+'(! a&& 8( )eea%e a/&(( -e )ae e /# '#34!'( !a/(g

%#((, e$%& 'e !#&+2e)( 8( )(!)( a $&%+ "((!' 'e-%& ege&(0 C)e(%#(( '#34!'ea& a-#( -(/(eg(& 'e a "a)e )#*e )& !#0)##!((0Magea! &+ )#!'&)eea 4!%eg(( e5-e'(((0 Oa*e!(( 'e

3#'& )e# )(!)( )aa/ee %e3&(a& $+ $e $&-&(e #3e8%e -#&*# $ae, )e( !ea$)&%+%#( -&%4!' "( #$4!'(( a *#a%e0A"4!' 'e )ee -&$e a )ae 4! S-a!(a, egee P#%&ga"& )&-(!$ 'e # "&(e #a3+0 4!)e)+ $+ -#!egea$)+ -e Mage)

'a, !e(23&%(!', 4 *#*( )& "+g+'&(e( $+ $e 4!%#a)+ 4! -a% T#a%e 2/4)#((e ege&( P#%&ga(e( "&+ 2a'a!()e0 Mage%(+*a$e )e'(!)(#$ ege&( S-a!(e( 8( a8%e-%+ )a $%a%& $+ )&*-e e)ee )(!)( )aa/ee "+g+'&(%e 'e Ca# =&(!%&0>E$)a'a? &( Magea! : T(!('a', /a$& )#*a!'a!%&&(, SA!%#!(#, C#!)e-)(!, V()%#(a 8( Sa!%(ag#, "& a)+%&(%+ '(! )a(/ee /e)6( )+ a3(a -&%ea& $+ "a)+ # -e&*3ae 'e.a &!)#a$%e# $-a!(#e !e)&* $+ $%+3a%+ #)ea!ee g#3&&(0

Magea! e-a+ -e )4% ea )& -&%(!+ /a$ee 'e e*!, e



4!a*a )& %&!&( 8( -(*( 4! $#'a &( #a*e!(( -e )ae.( g+$( g$ -e!%& # a$e*e!ea )++%#(e !+2'+/a!+, 4! %#%& '#&+ $%8a(2e)( 8( )(!)( 'e 3+3a(, '(! )ae !&*a( '#&+ $&%e ea& $-!(#(, )e(a( -#%&g6e2(, (%a(e!(, "a!)e2( 8( !e*( F a)e8%(a );

&*+ -()e-&( a *4!&(ea %&!&(#0Pa%& !#3(( $-a!(#(, a6%(a( '&-+ a& 8( a%e a/&((, (!%a+4! %#/++8(a &( Magea!, &4!' )#*a!'a a -a%& )aa/ee : J&6'e Ca%age!a, -e Sa! A!%#!(# Ga$-a 'e =&e$a'a, -e C#!)e'#! L&($ 'e Me!'#2a, -e )aa/ea V()%#(a 8( J&a! Se+#Sa!%(ag#0Magea!, )& '&eea 4! $&"e%, "& $((% $+ $e 'e$-a%+

-(e%e!& 8( %#/a+8& 'e '&*, ge#ga"& R& ae(#, )ae, ;(

!(% )+ !& ( $e 4!)e'(!a$e )#!'&)eea )e# )(!)( )aa/ee,e%a$e0T#%&8( Magea! &+ )& $(!e 8( )4(/a 4!/+a(, -(!%e )ae *%4!+ (%a(a!, ($%#()& A!%#!(# P(ga"e%%a, )ae a: $)($ 4! a*+!&(*e %#a%e 4!%4*-+(e *a(( )++%#((0

III

SPRE ARA DE OCS4!% -e$%e -a%& $&%e )(!)(2e)( 8( )(!)( 'e a!( 'e )4!', 4! '(.*(!eaa 2(e( 'e $e-%e*3(e 119, )ee )(!)( )aa/ee -#!(+4!;ag0 Magea! a/ea Q9 'e a!(, ea &! 3+3a% 4! -&%eea/4$%e( 8( -#!($e $+ "a)+, -e!%& 4!%4(a #a+, 4!)#!;&& &*((,.F Ce *a( *ae -e()# )ae !e -a8%e e -e a-#a-e < 2($e e&( A!%#!(# P(ga"e%%a, 'e.!'a%+ ee (e8(+ '(! -#%& Sa! L&)a0

F N& $e -#a%e < +$-&!$e a)e$%a0 Maea e (!(8%(%+ 8( !& $e

$(*%e 'e !()+(e( /e&! $e*! 'e "&%&!+ < F N& 'e "&%&!( *+ %e*, )( *a( ae$ 'e /e*ea "&*#a$+,)ae /a 4!g+'&( ege&( P#%&ga(e( $+ !e /a'+ -ee4!' $-e a-&$)& /a$ee ege&( S-a!(e(0P4!+ a (!$&ee Ca!ae, )ee )(!)( )aa/ee 4! "&!%ea )+#a$e a"a, 3(!e4!ee$, a)eea a )#*a!'a!%&&(, !a/(ga+ 4! (!(8%e0P#%&g6e2(( !& -(!$e$e+ !(*() 'e /e$%e0 A)## /a$ee &a+ a-+'e 3+&% 8( -#!(+ '&-+ *(e2& !#-(( *a( 'e-a%e, $-e a-&$,

)+%e >I!'((e? &( C#&*30



N& 'e "&%&!( a/&+ -a%e 4! 2(ee &*+%#ae )aa/eee &(Magea!, )(, '(*-#%(/+, 'e -ea *&%+ (!(8%e < V4!%& 4!)e%a$e8( -4!2ee )+2&+0 Va$ee 4!a(!%a& 4!$+ a3(a *(8)a%e 'e #-e(e#a*e!(# 'e a 3#'0 D#&+2e)( 'e 2(e (!& a)ea$%+ a)a*(e0 A-#(,

'e#'a%+, $e -#!(+ -#( "(e3(!(, "&%&!#a$e, 3+2'a%e 'e "&geea-#-(a%e 'e /a&(, 4!g#2(!' -4!+ 8( -e )e( *a( )&%e2+%#('(!%e *a%e#(0V(;e((e (!&+ !#&+2e)( 'e 2(e 4!)6e(a%e0 N+'e;'ea 'e a $ea-#-(a 'e -e&! +* $)+2&$e 8( Magea! "& $((% $+ e'&)+ a

;&*+%a%e -#((e 'e 6a!+, -e!%& )a *a( %42(& e)6(-a;& $+ !&"(e #/(% 'e "#a*e%e0Oa*e!(( $e +2/+%(+ 8( 4! "&!%ea # $e -&$e J&a! 'e

Ca%age!a, )#*a!'a!%& /a$&&( Sa! A!%#!(#, )ae !+'+;'&(a $+'#3#ae -e Magea! 8( $+ (a e )#!'&)eea )e# )(!)( )aa/ee0Da Magea!, )ae "+)&$e %e( +23#a(e, 8%(a $+ )#*a!'e0 T(*($e !&*a('e)4% # e$)#%+ -&%e!()+ -e 3#'& /a$&&( +2/+%(%,)ae ae$%a -e )+-(%a! 8(. a'&$e -e /a$& V()%#(a0 Magea! !&/& $+. *a( /a'+, !()( $+ $)6(*3e )& e /e&! )&/4!%0>I! a$e*e!ea 4*-e;&+(, !e$&-&!eea e *&% *a( ga/+

'e)4% # 4&"4!gee e # %+'ae0 Ş( e& )& %+'+%#(( !& $%a& 'e/#3+ <a 2($e Magea! )+%e 8e"& e$)#%e( 8(, 8)6(#-+%4!', $e 4 'e-%+ $-e %(3#'& )aa/ee(0P(/( 4! 2ae a /a&(e "&(#a$e ae #)ea!&&(, a-#(, 4!%#()4!'&.$e )+%e 8e"& e$)#%e(, 2($e %ae, )a $+ "(e a&2(% 8( 'e )+%(e3e& 4!)#!;&a% 'e *a%e#(( 4!a*a(:

F P+)a% 'e !#3eea !&*e&( < J&a! 'e Ca%age!a< P&a6<0Ma( 3(!e -&%a &! !&*e 'e 4!'a80 S+ -&!e( -e %()+#$ 4! Ia

&(, $+. a&!)a( 4! "&!'& )aa/ee( 8( $+ ( $e 'ea !&*a( &$"e% 'e -4(!e 8( # (!g&+ 'e a-+ -e 2(0C&a;&, 6#%+4ea, *4!'(a 8( $e/e(%a%ea )#*a!'a!%&<ea'&$e+ '($)(-(!a 4!%e )e(a( #a*e!( a( e)6(-a;&&(0La 9 !#(e*3(e 2+(+ )#a$%ee Ba2((e( 8(, '&-+ a%e 1 2(($e #-(+ 46 -#%& Ba6(a 'e Cae# T(# a2( R(# 'e Ja!e(#, &!) (

-#-#$(+0A)( 4!%4!(+ (!'(e!(, -(e( #8((, "#a%e +23#(!()(, 'a Magea

8( #a*e!(( $+( (23&%(+ $+.( 4*342ea$)+ '+&(!'&.e -#'#a3e ) (



$%()+ )##a%+0 L#)a!()(( 4! $)6(*3 a'&$e+ a3(# )a!e )%a-(, "&)%e 'e a!a!a$ 8( )a%#"(, -e )ae e&#-e!(( 4( /e'ea& 8(g&$%a& -e!%& 4!%4(a #a+0 T#% 'e a (!'(e!(( 3a2((e!( #a*e!(( (0Magea! &a+ 6a*a)&, 4! )ae $e #'(6!ea& 8( )ae a$%+2( (

4!%e3&(!a% -e%&%(!'e!(04! )+&%aea )a!a&&( )ae $+ $%+3a%+ -4!+ a )eaa%+ *a,)ee )(!)( )aa/ee -#!(+ 'e.a &!g& +*&&(, $-e *(a2+$La 11 (a!&a(e a;&!$e+ 4! 'e-%& "&/(&&( !&*(% a2( La Pa%,)ae /e!ea '(! a'4!)& )#!%(!e!%&&(0

F C(!e $e 4!)&*e%+ $+ -#!ea$)+ -e a)e$% "&/(& 4! $&$ ,P#a%e )+ e "a)e eg+%&a )& )e+a% +* < 2($e Magea! )+") ()e( %e( )#*a!'a!( 'e )aa/ee, a'&!a( -e 3#'& V()%#(

N& +$-&!$e !(*e!(0 N#3((( $-a!(#( +$a+ -(/((e 4! ;#, N()( &!& !& /& $+.8( (8%e /(aa0 F A%&!)( 'e )e a( /e!(% 000 (23&)!( Magea! "&(#$0 4!)6(-&(a( )+ # a$e*e!ea )++%#(e /a "( -+)&%+ 8( &8#a+ )a 11

3a 'e a )&%e 000 4*( -ae +& )+ /.a* $%()a% e!ea '(! S-!(,E -ea 'e-a%e )a $+ /+ *a( %(*(% 4!a-#(0Magea! ae$e '#($-e2e)e '(! )e( *a( 3&!( *a%e#(,

"+g+'&( # 3&!+ +$-a%+ 8( e -#&!)( $+ )e)e%e2e 4& -4!+ a (/#aee $ae0D&-+ '#&+2e)( 'e 2(e, #a*e!(( $e 4!%#a$e+0 R4& -e )ae!&*(* a2( La Pa%a !& ea )a!a 8( 'e)( !& -&%ea "( "##$(% W)aa/eee &( Magea!04! a)e$% %(*- #a*e!(( $e 6+!(+ )& -(!g&(!(, a )+# )a( (ea g&$%#a$+ 8( )ae %+(a& -e a)ee *eeag&(0 Magea! (e%+ 11)+-(%a!& Ca%age!a, 'a !&.( *a( 'e%e )#*a!'a /a$&&( Sa!

A!%#!(#0Cee )(!)( )aa/ee -#!(+ *a( 'e-a%e, $-e *(a2+2( 'e.a&!g& )#a$%e#, 4! )+&%aea &!&( )a!a0 P&%(+ a$%"e /e# '#&+&!( 'e.a &!g& (!&%&&( -e )ae a2( 4 !&*(* a Pa%ag#!(e(0I$%#/((, "+*4!2((, #a*e!(( 'e -e )aa/ee a3(a 48( *a( -&%ea& 4!.'e-(!( 4!'a%#((e0 Magea! #-( e$)a'a 4! g#"& Sa! J&(!,

3#ga% 4! -e8%e 8( -&$e $+ $e ('()e -e +* a'+-#$%&( 'e e*! -e!%& )#*a!'a!(( 'e )aa/ee0

4! -(*a !#a-%e 'e #'(6!+, )+-(%a!& Ca%age!a, )& $&"e%&



4!)+ +!(% 'e &*((ea a )ae "&$e$e $&-&$ 'e )#*a!'a!%& e$)a.'e(, $e $%e)&+ 4! 3aa)a 4!/e)(!a%+, 4! )ae g+$( -e Ga$-a 'e=&e$a'a, )#*a!'a!%& )aa/ee( C#!)e-)(#!, 8( -e L&($ 'e Me!.'#2a, )#*a!'a!%& )aa/ee( V()%#(a, 4!)+2(!'&.8( *4(!(e 8(

-()(#aee a &! ;a 'e )+3&!( '(! *(;#)& 4!)+-e((0 Ce( '#( )#.*a!'a!( %+)ea&, a3+%&(0 F Ce 4!$ea*!+ a)ea$%+ 3a%;#)&+ 2($e )+-(%a!& Ca%a.ge!a )& /#)ea 4!+3&8(%+, )& -&*!(( $%4!8(, #-(!'&.$e 4! "aa)e# '#( )#*a!'a!( 'e )aa/ee0 P4!+ )4!' /#* $&-#%a 4!g4*."aea a)e$%&( -#%&g6e2 2+!a%() 8( 8)6(#- D&-+ )e a* -(*(%&*((ea 'e a !e -&!e $&3 )#*a!'a $a, %e3&(e $+ !e +$+* '&8('e !e3&!(a &( -4!+ /#* *&( 'e "#a*e $a& !e /#* (23( )& /a$ee

'e $%4!)( P4!+ )4!' V+ 4!%e3 : P4!+ )4!' 000Ce( '#( )#*a!'a!( ('()a+.!)e% -(/((e $-e e, 'a !&+$-&!$e+0C+-(%a!& Ca%age!a &*+ :

F E& *(.a* 'a% $ea*a 'e *&% )+, &*4!' #3e8%e -e a)e$%Magea!, 'e2e%# -#%&g6e2, !e /#* -(e'e )a-&0 Da 4! #)$+ $+(( 4! a;&%#& *e&, a( +$a% -e %()+#$ $+ *+ -&(e 4! a!.

&( 8( !&*a( '(!%.# 4!%4*-ae !& *(.a %+(a% )a-&0 S-&!e(.*(,)e a/e( 'e g4!' $+ "a)e( Mege( *a( 'e-a%e )& e, )& !+&)(.(e $ae $a& %e)e( 'e -a%ea *ea E& *+.!%#) a)a$+0 M+ a$

-+g&3a80 N& a* !e/#(e !()( 'e a&&, !()( 'e )#*e& '(! +$+.(%& 4!'e-+%a%< E 'e$%& 'e 3#ga%+ S-a!(a !#a$%+0V+24!' )+ )e( '#( )#*a!'a!( %+)ea& *ee&, )+-(%a!& Ca.%age!a $%(g+ a e(:

F N& -e) 'e a)( -4!+ !& a* +$-&!$& /#$%&0 Da)+ $4!%e(

'e -+eea *ea, *+ '&) !&*a('e)4% 4! )a3a!a -#%&g6e2&&( 8(F()e $+ $e $&-&(e0 Da)+ !& *.a$)&%+, 4( /4 $%(e%& +$%a 4! (!(*+,4 (a& 'e -()(#ae 8(F a&!) 4! *ae0Ga$-a 'e =&e$a'a $e ('()+ 'e a #)& $+& 8( 2($e : X

F De-%a%ea e 'e -a%ea %a, )+-(%a!e Ca%age!a, !& !&4!)a-e 4!'#(a+0 Da $+ !e a*(!%(* )+ Magea!, )#*a!'a!(!#$%&, !& !e.a &)a% )& 'e.a $(a -e )aa/ee, )( !#( .a* &ga$+ !e (a %#/a+8(0 Pe 'e a%+ -a%e, e e 4*-&%e!()(%& ege/

S-a!(e(, 'e )ae %e3&(e $+ !e %e*e*0 Ia%+ 'e )e !& g+$e$) )& )a



$+ "&g(* $a& $+. a%a)+* -e Magea!0L&($ 'e Me!'#2a +*a$e *a( 'e-a%e -e $)+&!e& '(! "a

;a&&(0 Ea *a( 3+%4! )a )e( '#( !#3(( $-a!(#( 8( -e&(a -Magea!0 D&-+ # )(-+ 'e %+)ee &+ 8( e )&/4!%&:

F N& )e', -(e%e!(, )+ a/e* 'e-%& $+ !e ('()+* 40 -#%(/a &( Magea!, 'e /e*e )e a* -(*(% $+. &*+* 8( $+.a;&%+*0 V+' 4!$+ )+ !#( %e( !e.a* $)6(*3a% -+eea 4! )e -(/e$%e "##$& a)e$%e( )++%#((0 N& )&*/a 8(.a $)6(*3a%.# 4!$&)#*a!'a!%& !#$%&, 4! &*a a%4%# $&"e(!( 8( 2a'a!()e 4!)e()a( S+. 4!%e3+*, $+.( /#3(*, )& %#a%+ )&/((!a )e (.# 'a%#+*0 P#a%e )+, ;&'e)(!' 8( a$)&%4!'&.!e "++ *4!(e, /#* )a'ea 4!eegee0 Ş( "++ a *a( a8%e-%a a% +$-&!$, $e ('()+ 8( $

4!'e-%+ $-e &8+0 Ce(a( '#( 4 &*a+0I! )a3(!a &(, a &*(!a &!e( &*(!+( 4! )e)& )+e(a $/e'ea )4!' 8( )4!' a3&& e$-(a(e(, Magea! )e)e%a # 6a%a I!'((# a-&$e!e, 4!%(!$+ -e ge!&!)6(& &( 3e%eag, 4! "aa ;a%&( 'e )+3&!(, 8e24!' -e &! 3&%&)0La (/(ea )e# %e( )#*a!'a!(, Magea! $e ('()+ '(!%.'a%+, )& *4!a -e -+$eee $%(e%&&( 'e a )#a-$a $%(!g+, )& #)6

"&ge+%#( 'e e!eg(e0 F Ce '#(( 4!%e3+ e a-#a-e "++ ga$0C& ge$%&( )&/((!)(#a$e 8( /#3e ae$e, L&($ 'e Me!'#2*+%&($( )#*a!'a!%&&( e$)a'e( g4!'&(e )ae.( 34!%&(a&0 N/e!($e+ $+. a$a$(!e2e 8( !()( *+)a $+. $)#3#ae '(! a!g& '8e" a e5-e'((e(0 4( )eea& !&*a( 4!%#a)eea a)a$+0 C++%#(a $'#/e'ea "++ "##$, (a %#a%e $&"e(!ee #, 2a'a!()e0Magea! $(*( )&* ( $e %a(e e$-(a(a, !& -&%& +$-&!'

!&*a('e)4% 8(.8( '+'& $ea*a )+, '(! -a%& )#*a!'a!( 'e )a%/ee, %e( '#ea& $+. -++$ea$)+0 D&-+ )4%e/a *(!&%e 'e %+)e(+$-&!$e :

F N#3(( )#*a!'a!(, 8%(( %#% a%4% 'e 3(!e )a 8( *(!e )+, 4 3()e 4!'ee%!()(e #*e!ea$)+, !(*() !& $e -#a%e 4!"+-%&( "a /#(!+ '42+0 E& $4!% 'e *&% 4!)e'(!a% )+ '&*& $-e a-('&)e !ea-+a% 4! I!$&ee M#&)e '(! +$+(%0 A( ;&a% ege6!#$%& Ca# =&(!%& )+ *+ &*a( 8( *+ a$)&%a(0 A* 3(&

-4!+ a)&* %#a%e -(e'()(e0 Ce /+ "a)e $+ )e'e( )+ !& e /#!



3(&( 8( 'g.a)( 4!a(!%e C4%+ /e*e /a$ee /# -&%( 8( -4!2ee # $e /# &*"a 4! 3+%a(a /4!%&&(, !e /#* &*a )++%#(a0 Ş(.a-#()e "e 'e )#*a!'a!( $4!%e( /#( 'a)+ /+ $-e(a( 'e # *()8#ae a

-#(a 'e 6a!+, a$e*e!ea #a*e!(# 'e (!', -&8( $ *+%&e 8(

$+ $-ee -&!%ea )a%a/ee# U!'e e !#3eea, a*3((a, /(%e;(a/#a$%+ 'e 6('ag# (( $(g&( )+ !e /#* 4!%#a)e a)a$+, 'a -e4a Ca-& B&!e( S-ea!e, a)#-e(( 'e g#(e 8( 'e a/&(e, '&-+ )e/#* "( "+)&% #)#& &*((0Ga$-a 'e =&e$a'a 8( L&($ 'e Me!'#2a $e 4!)6(!a+0 C+-(.%a!& Ca%age!a 34(g&(:

F Da, 'a000 $+ *a( 4!)e)+*000 Pe a Ca-& B&!e( S-ea!e<000C4!' +*a$e $(!g&, Magea! 4!ee$e )+ a)&* %e)ea 4!

a'e/+ -(! )e *a( *ae -e()# a /(e(( $ae0 Da)+ !& $.a "(*&(a% 8( !.a "( )&a% /(aa a)e&( a8, a )+-(%a!&&( Ca%age!a,a)&* !.a "( "#$% 4! "aa +2*e(e( %#%ae0 H#%+4 -e #) ae$%a.ea +2/+%((#0Da a)&* &)& $e a+%+ *a( ge& 'e 4*-(!(%0 4!%#/++8(('e /e# %e(2e)( 'e #a*e!( )e'(!)(#8(, )e( %e( )#*a!'a!( $e$%e)&+( -e /a$& Sa! A!%#!(#, )#*a!'a% 'e Me$&(%a, )e.

'(!)(#$ &( Magea!, -&$e+ -e )+-(%a! 4! a!&( 8( 'e2a*a+ -e )e(a( *a%e#%(0 A$%"e )+ %e( )aa/ee '(! )(!)(, Sa! A!%#!(#,C#!)e-)(#! 8( V()%#(a $e &-$e+ 'e "#%+ 8( $e -eg+%(+ 'e 4!.%#a)ee0Magea!, #3(8!&(% )& &-%ee )ee *a( -e()&#a$e 8( $(%&a(.(e )ee *a( '($-ea%e, !& $e 'e%e 3+%&%0Ae$e )(!)( *a%e#%( /#(!()(, 4( -&$e $&3 )#*a!'a &!&( #*'e 4!)e'ee, DYE$-(!#$$a, 8( 4( %(*($e -e /a$& V()%#(a -e )ae

$e a"a +2/+%(%& Me!'#2a F 8(. &)($e+ -e -&!%e0 A-#(, )&a;&%#& a%# *a%e#%(, DYE$-(!#$$a 'e2a*a -e %#( !e$&-&8(( 'e -e )aa/e+0Magea! ea a)&* 4! $%+-4!(ea a %e( /a$e0 T+(e e%ageea)e#a%e '#&+, 'e$)6($e "#)& a$&-a # )& %#a%e %&!&(e0 L&-%a"& $)&%+0 4! )4%e/a #e, %#( e3e(( )+2&+ 4! -&%eea &(Magea!0C& 'e-%& 'e /(a+ 8( 'e *#a%e -e )ae. 'e(!ea 'e a e.

gee S-a!(e(, Magea! #$4!'( -e )#*a!'a!%& =&e$a'a a %+(eea



)a-&&(0 O$4!'a "& e5e)&%a%+ !&*a('e)% Ce+a% /(!#/a%, J&a!'e Ca%age!a, 4*-e&!+ )& &! -e#% )ae 4!)&a;a$e -e +2/+.%((, "%%+ -&8( 4! a!&( 8( +$a( 4! -++$(e -e +*& -&$%(&, 4!/#(a "(ae# $a& )a!(3a(#0

Oa*e!(( 'e 4!' ;&a+ '(! !#& )e'(!+ 8( $&-&!ee )#*a!.'a!%&&( 8( "&+ (e%a(0C4%+ /e*e Magea! 8( #a*e!(( &( 2+3#/(+ -e a)ee #)& )&!#$)&+ &! $#( 'e (!'(e!( 4!a(, /#(!()(, )& "aa #8(a%())ae.8( 2&g+/ea& )6(-& )& %#% "e& 'e )&#(0 (!&%& "((!' " g&#$, -&%a& -e &*e( 3+!&( g#a$e 8( %#% )& 3+!&( 48( 4!"48&a& -()(#aee0 S-a!(#(( 4( !&*(+ Pa%ag#!(, '&-+ )&/4!%(

-a%a, )ae 4!$ea*!+ -()(# 'e a!(*a 4*3+!(%0 Pa%ag#!(( "&(

a'e*e!(( )& -#'#a3e 'e $%()+ )##a%+, 'a 'e &!ee &!e%e#3()e(&( ae e&#-e!(# $e $-e(a+0 A$%"e -a%ag#!& )ae $/+2& -e!%& 4!%4(a #a+ 4!%.# #g(!'+ -e 3#'& /a$&&( &( Mgea!, $e 4!g#2( a%4% 'e %ae, )+ $e e-e2( $+ $a+ 4! #)ea!0 M)%e#(( a3(a. (!&+ #)&&(04! -(*+/a+, Magea! %(*($e !&*a( &! /a$ $&3 )#*a!')e'(!)(#$&&( J&a! 'e Se+# $+ )e)e%e2e +*& 'e *(a2+2( W

)#!%(!e!%&&(0 Da /a$&, -(!$ 'e "&%&!+, "& a&!)a% a$&-($%4!)(# 8( $e $-a$e0 Oa*e!(( )ae $)+-a+ a%&!)( )& /(a+ $4!%#a$e+ a %a3+a -(!)(-a+ %+(!'&.8( '(! ge& # -4%(e -(!+*e(( 'e 2+-a'+ )4% $%a%& 'e #*0 A3(a 4! a&g&$%, '&-+ %#-(ea2+-e2(#, Magea! -#!( '( !#& $-e *(a2+2(0 P(!8( 'e "&%&!(, "&+$((( $+ $e e"&g(e2e g&a &!&( "&/(&, )a* 4! 'e-%& #)&&( &!'e $ea"+ a2( S!% C&20P(! &!a #)%#*3(e, )ee -a%& /a$e ae &( Magea! a;&

$e+ 4!%.&! g#" a%4% 'e (!(8%(%, 4!)4% )#*a!'a!%& $(*( '((!$%(!)% )+ -(! a-#-(ee %e3&(e $+ "(e !ea-+a% &! )a!a $a&%e)+%#ae000 T(*($e 4!a(!%e '#&+ )aa/ee, )ae 8( ee "&+ 4!%4*

-(!a%e 'e # -&%e!()+ "&%&!+0 e(!'&.$e 'e +*, )a $+ !& "((23(%e 'e $%4!)(, ee $e -#*e!(+ !a/(g4!' 4! (!%e(#& )#!%(!e!%&&(, 4!%.# $%4*%#ae0 Ceea%e '#&+ )aa/ee &*a+ a)eea)ae0 Pe a *(;#)& $%4*%#(( $e #-(+0 Pe +*& '(! $%4!ga $/e'ea& "#)&( !e!&*+a%e, -4-4(!' 2(&a 8( !#a-%ea0 Magea

!&*( a)ee *eeag&( aa #)&&(0



C#a3(a Sa! A!%#!(#, $&3 )#*a!'a &( Me$&(%a, -#!(%+ '(#'(!& &( Magea! $+ e5-#e2e &! g#", -#"(%+ 'e &-eea 'g&-, 'e2e%ea2+ 8( -#!e8%e $-e S-a!(a0Te(2e)( 8( #-% 'e 2(e -&%(+ )aa/eee -(! $%4*%#aea '

/e# 8a$e $&%e 'e (#*e%(, )ae %a(e A*e()a 'e S&' 8( )ae -+$%a% 'e a%&!)( !&*ee 'e$)#-e(%#&&( e(: S%4*%#aea (Magea!0La !#(e*3(e 1, &! a! 8( %e( &!( 'e a -e)aea "#%e'(! -#%& Sa! L&)a, $-a!(#(( a%(!$e+ )a-& *&% '#(%, De$ea'# )ae 4!$ea*!+ D#(%& 8( )aa/eee (!%a+ 4! a-ee #2aea !e*+g(!(%+ a O)ea!&&( Pa)("()0

IVRÎNJETUL OAMEITe( &!( 8( ;&*+%a%e -&%(+ )ee %e( )aa/ee $-a!(#e -e 4!.%(!'eea (!+ a O)ea!&&( Pa)("()0 N()( Magea! 8( !()( /e&!&'(! %#/a+8(( $+( !&.8( 4!)6(-&($e+ )+ -+*4!%& ea a%4% 'e ag,)+ '(!)## 'e I!'((e a-&$e!e $e 4!%(!'ea &! #)ea! 8( *a( *ae'e)4% A%a!%()&0

Caa/eee %e)&+ !&*a( -e 4!g+ !(8%e (!$&e *()( 8( -&$%((0 N& g+$(+ a)## !()( &! "e 'e a(*e!%e, !()( -e8%(, !()( a% /4!a%0Magea! e !&*( I!$&ee Ne"e()(((0B&)&4!'&.$e 'e # /e*e "&*#a$+, 4! #-%2e)( 'e 2(e $%+.

3+%&+ -e$%e -a%& *(( 'e eg6e0 F N& )&*/a !e 4!/4%(* -e #) 4!%e3+ $)((%#& A!%#!(#P(ga"e%%a -e Magea! )ae, -e /a$& a*(a, 4!g+ )a%ag& )e*ae, -(/ea 'e-% 4!a(!%e0

F N&, *ege* 'e-% 4!a(!%e < +$-&!$e Magea!, "++ a.8(4!%#a)e -(/((e0 De8( !& )&!#$) $%eee a)e$%&( e*($"e, *+$&.+%#aea 4*( aa%+ )+ *ege* 'e-% 4!a(!%e0

F Ge#ga"(( $.a& 4!8ea% 'e 3&!+ $ea*+ a$&-a +g(*(( -+*4!%&&(000 F Ce' )+ 'a, +$-&!$e Magea! )& a)ea8( ga$ (!(8%(%0De a)eea !a/(ga* -e *+( 8( #)ea!e, )a $+ 4!/++* -e a)e8%( #a.*e!( )&* $+.8( a)+%&(a$)+ 6+(e0 Ş( -e$%e a)e$%e a-e, -4!+ a

!#(, !.a *a( -&%(% !(*e!(0



P(ga"e%%a %+)& # /e*e, a-#( 48( &+ )&a;& 8( #$%( g4!'&)ae. -e#)&-a 'e *&% 8( -e Magea! :

F N##) ).a/e* /e*e 3&!+0 Oa*e!(( !#8%( $4!% a%4% 'e($%#/(( )+ !.a *a( "( 4! $%ae $+ (!+ !()( "4!g6(a -4!2e#,

'a).a (23&)!( # "&%&!+0Magea!, "++ a +$-&!'e, 4!g6(( # 'a%+ 8( -(/( (a !e*(8.)a% 'e-% 4!a(!%e04! )&4!' -e )ee %e( )aa/ee "#a*ea $e (/( )& 4!;e% 'e*#a%e0 C& %#a%e )+ Magea! e'&$e$e *ee& -#((e 'e 6a!+,4! !+'e;'ea &!e( (!$&e *a( 4*3e8&ga%e, -#/(2((e 4!)e%.4!)e% $e($%#/(+0 D(! -()(!a )+'&(#, -4(!ea )ae *a( +*+$e$e $e&$)a$e )a -(a%a, (a -4(!ea )ae *&)e2($e ea -(!+ 'e /(e*(0

A-a 'e 3+&% '(! 64'+& $e 4*-&($e0 Ha!a )ea *a( aea$+, 'e)ae a/ea& -a%e !&*a( )#*a!'a!((, ea& g&2ga!(( 8( 8#ae)((,

-+%(( )& &! '&)a% 'e a& 3&)a%a0 Oa*e!(( 4!)e-&+ a &*3a )a!e3&!(( -(! "&!'&(e )aa/ee#, )+&%4!' +*+8(e 'e a(*e!%4!4!' 8#ae)(, 2g4((!' )& 3()eag& *&)ega(& -ee(# 'e e* 4!$-e $ea+ "& a'&$ -e /a$&M*(a &! *a%e#% )& -a%234(%, )& -(/(ea +%+)(%+, (!4!'&.8( -a!%a#!(( )& # *4!+, )

-()(#aee g#ae0 4 e$)#%a& '#( *a%e#( )& 4!"+(8ae $)6ee%()8( )#*a!'a!%& DYE$-(!#$$a0 F Ce e )& !e3&!& +$%a 4!%e3+ Magea!, a-#a-e "+% ga$0 F N& e !e3&!, '#*!&e )#*a!'a!%, 2($e (!(8%(% DTE$-(!#$$a, e !&*a( "+*4!'0Magea!, "&(#$, /& $+ +$-&!'+ : >+*4!2( $4!%e* )%'4(<?, 'a $e e(!&0

F Ş( 'e )e .a( a'&$ a *(!e A* e& 6a!+ $+.( ')& "000 6

3&)!( Magea!0DYE$-(!#$$a %+)& # )(-+, a-#( e&+ )& a)eea8( (!(8%e : F D#*!&e )#*a!'a!%, a)e$% *a%e#% 8(.a *4!)a% 4!)+S*(!%ea, a-#( )&ea&a -a!%a#!(#0 A)&* 48( (!e -a!%a#!(( %*(!a 8( )a*aa2(( .a& -(!$ a2( a a*(a2+ %+(!' )&eee )a%age#0 Te3&(e $+( '+* # -e'ea-$+ e5e*-a+, )a a%+ 'a%+ $+ $4!/ee *(!%e000Da &! ge$% a &( Magea! 4( %+(e )&/4!%&0

F C&* 'e -#( *4!)a -(ee %+3+)(%+ 4!%e3+ e -e *a%e#%0



Ne"e()(%& $e $)a-(!+ 4! )a-, -(/( $-e(a% 4! ;&, a-#(, !&*&% )& +$&"aea %+(a%+, 2($e, a-e)4!'&.$e $-e Magea! :

F V+ $-&! %#%0 V+ $-&! %#%, '#*!&e )#*a!'a!%, 'a000 $!& *+ #*#4(<

:F S-&!e < -#&!)( Magea! 8( 4( 4!%(!$e *4!a )& -(e%e!(e F S+ /e'e(, '#*!&e )#*a!'a!%000 4!)e-& *a%e#%&L 4!%(a& )&ea&a 8( # %a( "e((."e((, $&3(( 'e %#%, e 4!*#( 4! a-+ '*ae 8( e a$ a)## -a%&.)(!)( 2(e, -e &*+ e "(g 3(!(8#, !#a-%ea, $+ !& *+ /a'+ !(*e!(0Magea!, $+( 'e -e #)& &(, a-#a-e "e()(%:

F Da a/e* )&ee 8( 4!)++*(!%e 'e$%&+ < "+)& e )+% DYE$-(!#$$a0 C& 4!)e-ee 'e *4(!e $+ $e *&e2e %#a%e )&ee[

4! a-+ $+a%+ 8( $+ $e 'ea #a*e!(# 'e *4!)ae0 Le /#* -&!e !ea #), )4!' /#* a;&!ge a &! +* 3&! < La )e !e "##$e$) )&%ee, 'a)+ !e *# #a*e!(( Ş( a$%"e $e 6+!(+ 4!)+ /e# #-% 2(e0La *a%(e, )4!' -(e'&$e+ #()e !+'e;'e 'e $)+-ae, OE*e!(( 'e -e )ee %e( )aa/ee 2+(+ 4! 'e-+%ae )4%e/a (!$&*a(, a)#-e(%e )& /e'ea+ 8( 'e -()&( 'e )#-a)(0 Magea!

'+'& -#&!)+ 8( /a$ee $e 4!'e-%a+ 4!%.a)##0I!$&ee !& ea& -&$%((, (a #)a!()(( $e a+%a+ *&% *a( )&.%e2+%#( 'e)4% -(e(e #8(( 'e -e +*& A%a!%()&&(0 Pe !ea8%e-.%a%e, )aa/eee "&+ 4!)#!;&a%e 'e &! #( 'e -(#ge "#a%e ag(,*(!a%e 'e #-+%a( /#(!()(, )& %&-&(e 4!!eg(%e 'e $#ae 8( &.)(#a$e, "++ !()( &! a)#-e+*4!%0 N&*a( "e*e(e -&%a& '(!a(!%e&! 8# $)&% '(!%.# e$+%&+ 'e "(e 'e 3a*3&$0 La &! $e*! a&( Magea!, #)a!()(( $e )++a+ -e 3#'& )aa/ee# 8(, a$e.

*e!ea )#-((#, $e g+3(+ $+ -&(e !&!a 8( $+.8( 4!$&8ea$)+ %#% )eg+$ea&0 &+ a&!ga( )& *&%+ ge&%a%e, 'a 4! -&%eea !#-((4!)e)a+ &! a%a) 4*-#%(/a )aa/ee#0 A '#&a 2( $-a!(#(( $e'e-+%a+ )& -+ee 'e +& 'e a)ea (!$&+, &!'e $.a "( -&%&%#'(6!( 8( 4!%e*a0Magea! !&*( 4!%eg& a6(-eag La'#!e$ A6(-eag&H#(#, a2( a Ma(a!e#0Pe$%e 2e)e 2(e, a 1 *a%(e, )aa/eee a;&!$e+ 4! a6(-e.

ag& !&*(% a2( a ((-(!e# 8( 'e3a)a+ !#a-%ea, 'e %ea*a #.



)a!()(#, 4! (!$&a Ma6& a2( M&*&!&0 A '#&a 2( -(!$e+ 'e/e$%e )+ (!$&a ea !e#)&(%+0Magea! 6#%+4 $+ "a)+ a()( &! -#-a$ *a( &!g, $+ e-ae)aa/eee, $+ $e *a( #'(6!ea$)+ #a*e!((, ($%#/(( 'e # )++%#(e

a%4% 'e &!g+ 8( '(! )ae $)+-a$e+ )& /(a+ )a -(! *(!&!e0 N& %e)&+ !()( '#&+ 2(e 8( 'e (!$&a &!'e a)#$%a$e+ /a$eee&#-e!(# $e a-#-(e # -(#g+0 S-a!(#(( -&$e+ !&!a -e a*e,'a )e( '(! 3a)+ $e a+%a+ -a8!()(0 N& -&%a& !()( &! "e 'ea*e a$&-a # 8( ea& 4! !&*+ *(), 8a-%e $a& #-%, 4! "&!%ea# )& &! 8e" 4*-#-##!a% )& -e!e )##a%e0 C&* a;&!$e -e &$)a%,8e"& $e 4!'e-%+ )& 3aee ('()a%e 8( 424!' )+%e Magea!, 'e

-a)+ (.a "( "#$% &! /e)6( 8( 3&! -(e%e! -e )ae !&. *a( /+.

2&$e 'e *&%0Magea! )ae 8%(a )&* $+ $e -#a%e )& a$%"e 'e #a*e!(, "(

-#"%( !&*a('e)% -e /a$& &( 8( e #"e( %#% "e& 'e 'a&(, -eg&$%& # : )#-#e(, #g(!2(, %()6(( )##a%e 'e (!+, 3a$*ae, )e.)e(0 La 4!'& #, #)a!()(( "+)&+ -e Magea! $+ -()ea-+ )+ !&ea& 'e-a%e #)&(e &!'e $e a"a& *(#'e!((e, a%4% 'e )+&%a%e4! E&#-a, &e(&(, -(-e, )ea(, $)#(8#ae, )a"ea 8( a%ee0 Ş(

$-e a '#/e'( a3(# )+ $e -()e-ea& 8( e( 4! -#(%ee, $e g+3(+$+ a'&)+ -e 3#', '(! (!$&ee #, -e8%(, /(! 'e -a*(e, 3a!a!e,!&)( 'e )#)#$, a!a!a$04! )&4!' $#$(+ 8( a( (!'(ge!( 4! (!$&+, )ae, 'e a$e*e!ea,"&+ -#"%(( -e /a$&.a*(a0 S-e a e "a)e '#/a'a -&%e(( 8( -(.)e-e(( a3(#, Magea! -&$e -e &! a%(e($% $+ %ag+ # $a/+ 'e%&! 4! /+2'&60 T&!& 3&3&(, /a$& $e )+%(!+ 'e )4%e/a #(0 L#)a.!()(( "&+ )&-(!8( 'e # g#a2+ a%4% 'e *ae, )+ # -a%e $e a$)&!.

$e+ 4! *aga2((e /a$&&(, (a a(( $e a&!)a+ 4! *ae0 F Ce.( -a)e *a( *&%, P(ga"e%%a, a a)e8%( #)a!()( 4!.%e3+ Magea! -e $)((%#& "#%e(0

F D#&+ &)&(, '#*!&e )#*a!'a!% : "e*e(e 8( "e%ee)ae, $-e 'e#$e3(e 'e )ee '(! E&#-a, &)ea2+ 8( &-%+ a#a%+)& 3+3a(( 8( 4!)+ )e/a000 a-%ee 'e !&)+ 'e )#)#$0

F La-%ee 000 $e *(+ Magea!, )ae 8%(a )+ (%a(a!& -e."ea$e %#%'ea&!a /(!&0

F Da, a-%ee, '#*!&e )#*a!'a!%, -e!%& )+000 '&-+



'#&+ 2(e $e "a)e /(! <4! %#a%e (!$&ee '(! 4*-e;&(*( *e$e e-e'e /e$%ea 'e$-e

-&%eea 8( 3a;(!+%a%ea a3(# 'e -e )ee %e( )aa/ee0Şe"& (!$&e( L(*a$!a a2( !&*(%+ M(!'a!a# 4! /e$%*(!%e

)##a%e, )& )e)e( 'e aa*+, $e 4!"+(8+ &( Magea! -e 3#'&/a$&&(.a*(a 8(, '&-+ )e. 4*3+(8a "+e8%e, 4( '+&( %e( "a."&(( 'e -#ea! -(!e )& #e2, '#( -e8%( *a( 8( # -#$)+ 'e /(!'e )#)#$0 Magea! '+&( 8( e 8e"&&( *aae2 &! )#$%&*, ;&*+.%a%e #8&, ;&*+%a%e ga3e! 8( # %()6(e a "e0 Maae2(# '(! aa( e'+'& )4%e # #g(!;#a+0C#*a!'a!%& )aa/ee# $#)#%( 'e "##$ $+ aa%e 8( a)e$%#a

-&%eea a3(#, $-e a !& e 4!)#( 4! *(!%e /e&! g4!' '&8*+.

!#$0 P#&!)( &!&( a%(e($% $+ %ag+ # $a/+ 'e %&!, )ae.( $-e(e -e %#(, a-#( a'&$e &! $-a!(# 4! 2ae 8( -&$e -e a( %e( $+. a%a)e)& $a3(a 8( -&*!a&0 Da a%a)& # "& 2a'a!()0

F A/e* *a( *&% 'e '#&+ $&%e 'e /e$%*(!%e 'e #e -e)aa/eee !#a$%e < $-&$e Magea! -(!%.&! %+*a)( 8e"&&(*aae20

F A%&!)( !(*e!( !& /+ -#a%e "a)e !()( &! +& < 2($e 8e"&

*aae20 S4!%e( a8(;'eea 2e(# < F Da < +$-&!$e Magea! "++ $"(a+0Şe"& *aae2 a/ea -e (!$&+ # #)&(!+ a+%#a$+, -e -a%&$%4-( g#8( 8( 4!a(, 4! )ae $e &)a -e # $)a+ 'e e*!0 U! "e 'e)#&*3a -e!%& #a*e!(0 I!)4!%a% 'e -(e%e!(a &!# #a*e!( a%4%'e -&%e!()(, 8e"& *aae2 (!/(%+ -e Magea! -e (!$&+, I! #.)&(!a.( #$-(%a(e+, 4! a)eea8( $ea+0Magea! !& $e '&$e, 'a, $-e a !& ;(g!( $(*+*(!%ee -(e.

%e!e8%( ae *aae2&&(,. %(*($e -e $)((%#& P(ga"e%%a, )& # -&.%e!()+ e$)#%+0 S-a!(#(( "&+ 3(!e -(*(( 8( 3(!e #$-+%a(0

N#%e:1 E /#3a 'e $)a/& E!(&e, #(g(!a '(! Maa))a, a'&$ '(! S-a!(a

'e Magea!0



VULTIMA LUPTA A LUI MAGELLANA$%"e a;&!$e Magea! 4! (!$&ee '(! +$+(%& 4!'e-+%a%

-e )aea -e )ae # 'e$)6($e$e C#&*3, 'e-+8(!' I!'((e a-&$e!e

A*e()a0 N##)& 4 a;&%a$e $+ !(*eea$)+ F '&-+ a)ee g#.2a/e 4!)e)+( -e )ae e.a* -#/e$%(% *a( 4!a(!%e F $%4*%#a.ea )ae %a(e A*e()a 'e S&', aa 'e #) 8( "a)e eg+%&a '(!%eO)ea!& A%a!%() 8( O)ea!& Pa)("()0 Da)+ !& $.a "( a"a% !()( O$%4*%#ae, Magea! 8( "#%a &( a "( "+)&% #)#& A*e()(( 'e*(a2+2( 8( !&*a( '&-+ a)eea a "( (!%a% 4! O)ea!& Pa)("()0 O(.)&*, )e'(!a -e!%& )ae &-%a$e, -e!%& )ae.8( -&$e$e /(aa 4!

-e()#, -e!%& )ae $e +23#($e )& &!(( '(! )#*a!'a!(( )a+.

/ee# &(, $e a'e/e($e : -+*4!%& ea #%&!' 8( *&% *a( *ae'e)4% 8(. 4!)6(-&($e+ ge#ga"(( %(*-&&(0 De a I!'((e a-&$e!ea A6(-eag& M#&)e#, '(! +$+(%& 4!'e-+%a%, ea # )ae *a(&!g+ 'e)4% '(! S-a!(a 4! A*e()a0

F U!'e e egee S-a!(e( $+ /a'+ )+ a* a;&!$ 4! (!$&ee4!/e)(!a%e )& C6(!a 8( Ja-#!(a < 2($e P(ga"e%%a &( Magea! 4!'(*(!eaa 4! )ae )ee %e( )aa/ee -#!(+ *a( 'e-a%e\ $-e

a-&$ )#!'&8( 'e 8e"& *aae20Magea! $&($e000 B&)&(a $&))e$&&( 4( 'e$%(!$e %+$+%&(ea$-e ae "(g&(( &( 'e *a(!a 8( 'e &-%+%#0

F Regee S-a!(e(, +$-&!$e e $)((%#&&(, !& $.a *(a -ea *&%, 'e /e*e )e a a/&% 4!)e'ee 4! -#-&!e(e 8( -a.!&(e *ee0 E& -&! a%+ 4!%e3ae : U!'e e egee P#%&ga(e($+ /a'+ -e )e a-e -&%(* 000P(ga"e%%a 4$e 8( 2($e :

F M&% /e!(! 8(.a "a)e < Ş( "&(a &( !.a *a( )&!#a8%e*ag(!(<(g&a &( Magea! $e 4!%&!e)+ '(! !#& 8(, '&-+ # )(-+ 'e%+)ee, 2($e :

F N& e 'e g&*(% )& e0 A "( 4! $%ae $+ %#)*ea$)+ a$a.$(!( $a& $+ )&*-ee %+'+%#( '(!%e #a*e!(( *e(, )a $+ *+#*#ae, 'e8( /(!#/a% !& $4!% e& )+ $e/e$) S-a!(a, )( /(!#/a% ee, )ae !& *.a +$a% $+ a;&% a *+(ea -a%(e( *ee0 P(ga"e%%a,

$+ "(( )& #)6(( 4! -a%& < 4! )&4!' /#* a;&!ge 4! (!$&ee &!'e



-#%&g6e2((, #)#(!' )#a$%ee A"()((, a& a)#$%a% 4!a(!%ea !#a$%+,a& "+)&% )#*e )& #)a!()(( 8( (.a& a4a% -#a%e *a( '(!a(!%e4*-#%(/a !#a$%+0 S+ !& )&*/a $+ $e &)e -e )aa/eee !#a$.%e /e&! -#%&g6e2 $a& /e&! #)a!() 4! $&;3a -#%&g6e2(#0

I! ($%e(*ea 8( a$)&(*ea #)6(&&( %+& $%+ 'e a)&* $(g&a!a /a.$e# 8( a /(e(( !#a$%e0P(ga"e%%a +*a$e -e g4!'&(0 A$e*e!ea 4!'ee%!()(e !& ea4! "(ea &(0 Se 4*-+)a *a( )&4!' )& (!(8%ea 4!)+-e(# 4!)6($e8( a )+(# %+)&%e0 De a)eea $e 8( "+)&$e $)((%#0 C& ;&*+%a%ega$, g+( )a -e!%& $(!e :

F M+%&($e$) )+ !()( !& -ea -()e- 'e )e *a( !a/(ga*4!a(!%e $-e a-&$000 U!'e -&%e* a;&!ge T#% a)a$+ < B(!e4!ee$

#)#(!', '(!)## 'e (!$&a Ce#!, )#a$%a 'e *(a2+2( a A"()((,Ca-& B&!e( S-ea!e0 N.a "( *a( )&*(!%e $+ "a)e* )aea 4!.%#a$+ A/e* '#/a'a, 'e a)( 4!a(!%e, )+ '&*& '(! S-a!(a$-e a-&$ '&)e -(! $%4*%#aea +(( 'e #) 'e-% 4!000 +$+(% <L&+* )4(/a #)a!()( )& !#(, *a( )& /#(a, *a( "++ /#(a #, )4.%e/a -+$+( 'e a$%ea )& )(#)& 4!)#/#(a% 8( -e!ee )##a%e, )4(/a

-e8%( 23&+%#( )& )ea$%a )a "(e+$%+&, !($)a( *(#'e!(( 'e -e

a()( )a -(-e&, $)#(8#aa, )a"ea&a, !&)a 'e )#)#$0 Ma( &+* 8( -e 8e"& *aae2 8(. '&)e* -#)#! a C&%ea S-a!(e(, &( Ca#=&(!%&0

F N&, !& e 'e a;&!$ < +$-&!$e Magea!0 N#( !.a* -e)a%)& /a$ee 8( a(*e!%ee ege&( S-a!(e( )a $+ "a)e* !&*a( )e)e.+( ge#ga"()e, )( $+ "a)e* eg+%&( 'e -(e%e!(e )& 8e"(( #)a.!()(, $+ &!(* (!$&ee # )& ega%& S-a!(e(, )a !(*() $+ !& $e*a( -#a%+ )(!%( 'e a()(, )a !()( &! a% !a/(ga%# $+ !& *a( -#a%+

-&!e -()(#& -e a)e$%e *eeag&(, "++ 4!)&/((!aea $&/ea!&.&( !#$%&0 M(.e %ea*+, (&3(%e P(ga"e%%a, )+ -a%ea )ea *a( geaa )++%#(e( !#a$%e 8( -#a%e )ea *a( -e()&#a$+ 'e a3(a 4!)e-e0P4!+ a)&* #)a!()(( !e.a& -(*(% 'e )ee *a( *&%e #( )& 3&!+./#(!+0 Da 'a)+ $e /# #-&!e 8( !& /# /#( $+ "a)+ eg+*!%& 4Va %e3&( $+ !e +23#(*, !&.( a8a N& !e -&%e* 4!%#a)e a)a$+\4!a(!%e 'e a "( $&-&$ %#a%e a)e$%e (!$&e0 E& -#a%e /#( "( $((% $+a& *+ *a( 4!%#) 4! S-a!(a, $+ +*4! a()( -e!%& a g&/e!a (

!&%&(e )ee !#( ae $&/ea!&&( !#$%& 8( $+ /+ %(*(% a)a$+ !&.



*a( -e /#(0 V+' )+ !e a-#-(e* 'e # (!$&+ *ae0 Da )e $e a"+(! )#-a)(( a)e(a )ae a& "&!2(8& a%4% 'e &*"a% S+ 8%(( )+$4!% )#(3ee #)a!()(#, ('()a%e -e a*&( 8( &!'e $e )a++!#a-%ea, 'e $e #'(6!e$) a$e*e!ea )&)(# 8( g+(!(#0 C&!#$)

a)e$% #3()e( '(! Maa))a, &!'e a* *a( /+2&% $a%e 4!%eg( &)a%e(! )#-a)(0 N& 8%(& 'a)+ *aae2(( a)e8%(a !e /# -(*( )& 3aee'e$)6($e000 Ce' )+ e *a( 3(!e $+ e %age* 4!%4( # *()+ $-e(e.%&+0 D+ "&ga 8( $-&!e a%(e($%&&( 'e a -#+ $+ $#3#a'+ #4!)+)+%&+ 'e -a", )4!' /#* a;&!ge a &! $"e% 'e *(+ 'e +*0Ş( Magea!, )#3#4!' 4! )a3(!a &( 'e )#*a!'a!%, 48( -&$ea*&a 'e "(e04!a(!%e 'e a a)#$%a, $e a-#-(e 'e /a$& $-a!(# # -(#g+ 4!

)ae $e a"a& %e( %(*(8( a( (!$&e( Ze3& a2( !&*(%+ S&3&%60U!& '(! $#( )&!#8%ea (*3a -#%&g6e2+0 Magea!, )ae.( -(*(

-e -&!%ea /a$&&(.a*(a, 8%(a )e 4!$ea*!+ a)e$% &)& 8( !& e*a( #"e( #g(!;#ae 8( )e)e( 'e $%()+ : (!$&a Ze3& "&$e$e *a('e *&% )e)e%a%+ 'e -#%&g6e2(, )ae a;&!$e$e+ a)( #)#.(!' A"()a0

F N& /+ "a)e* !()( &! +&, e 2($e Magea!, 'e8( )& &!

$(!g& %&! a8 -&%ea $+ /+ '($%&g %#a%e #)&(!ee '(! )#-a)(0Vea& !&*a( $+ %e) -(!000 (!$&+ 8( -(! a-ee '(! ;&& e(0T(*($& *aae2, )ae )&!#8%ea (*3a -#%&g6e2+, +$-&!$e"+)4!' &! $a&% )ee*#!(#$, )a a )&(e e&#-e!e :

F B&)&#8( 'e #a$-e(\ 2($e e0 I!$&a Ze3& e #)&(%+ 'e*aae2( )(/((2a(0 Da )a.! #()e a+ )(/((2a%+, !(*e!( !& -#a%e%e)e -e$%e 6#%aee (!$&e( Ze3&, "++ a -+%( #000 /a*+ -e!%&#a*e!( 8( *a( )& $ea*+ -e!%& *+"&(0 D(! -#'&$& /+*(( 4!.

%e(!e* -e 8e"& !#$%& 8( "e*e(e &(0 F A8a a "( 'e-%, +$-&!$e Magea!, 'a)+ !#( a* %e)e -e a()( '&-+ !eg# 'e 4!'0 Da e& /(! a /#( 4! !&*ee ege.&( $-a!(# Ca# =&(!%&, $+/(% "(e !&*ee &(<

F S+/(% "(e !&*ee &(< #$%(+ (!%(*('a( 8( )e( %e( $#(*aae2(0Magea! &*+ )& ga$ $#e*! :

F Ş( /#( %e3&(e $+ 8%(( )+ $&/ea!& !#$%& e *#!a6&

)e *a( -&%e!() 'e -e &*e, )+ %e( $"e%&( '(! +(e &*(( (



$e $&-&!, (a !#( a* /e!(% a()( $-e a /+ "a)e 3(!e, (a !& +&0Ş( %e3&(e #ae $+ /+ -+%(* /a*+, )a $+ /+ "a)e* 3(!e 00]0De-% +$-&!$, a &! $e*! a &( Magea!, )ee -a%& )a.a/ee 'e$)+)a+ 4! /+2'&6& $e!(! )4%e %e( #/(%&( 'e %&! 4!

a)ea8( %(*-0S#(( *aae2( -e)a+ $+ '&)+ /e$%ea $&/ea!&&( #0A '#&a 2(, 'e -e (!$&a Ze3& /e!( -e )aa/ea a*(a&&( # I*()+ *aae2+ g#a+, )& &! 8# '(!a(!%e '(! -4!2+ 'e "(e 'e I

3a*3&$ 8( )& &!g( )#2( 4*-e%(%e, 4!%#/++8(%+ 'e %+*a)(& *aae20 IM()a *aae2+ 4!)(!+ )a-& 4! "aa 8e"&&( a3 8(.( "+)& $e*! I$+ (a #) -e 3&%#(a8& 'e -a" 'e -&8)+ 'e a+%&(, a-#(, $-e&(*(ea &( Magea!, a8e24!'&.$e '(!%.# $+(%&+ -e ge!&!)6(,<

4( )&-(!$e g4%& )& 3aee $&3((0De$)#%##$(!'&.$e e-e'e 'e ea, Magea!, a$-& '(! "(ea&(, 4!%e3+ -e %+*a)( )e 4!$ea*!+ a)e$% ;#) )#-(+e$) 8( )(!eea "a%a

F a%a e &!a '(! $#((e 8e"&&( !#$%&, +$-&!$e %+*a)(&*aae2, )ea *a( '+g+a8+, *a( ($%ea+ 8( *a( (&3(%#ae0 4( %(*(%e/#3+ )+ 8e"& $)&%e8%e )aa/eee $-a!(#e 'e #()e /a*+ 8( )+

'#e8%e $+ 'e/(e "a%ee 'e $4!ge a )#*a!'a!%&&( )ae ae -e/a$ee &( %&!&( a%4% 'e -&%e!()e0Magea! )&!#8%ea *a( 'e *&% a)e$% #3()e( -(! )ae #)a.!()(( $e 4!"+e$) $&g4!'&.8( &!& a%&(a )4%e/a -()+%&( 'e $4!ge'(! 3a& 2g4(a%0 Da !()(#'a%+ !& $e g4!'($e $+.8( %ea)+ $4!gee4! g&a &!&( *aae2 8( e 4!$&8( $+ $#a3+ $4!ge 'e -+g4!0 Da $e$&-&$e0 Cee*#!(a a/& #) -e -&!%ea /a$&&(.a*(a, 'e "a+ "((!')#*a!'a!(( )e#a%e )aa/ee, '(! -a%ea &( Magea!, a 'eg+.

g+%#(# *aae2( 8( a g(!ee&( 8e"&&( #)a!()0 D&-+ a)eea, Ma.gea! $)($e -e &! -ega*e!%, 4!%(!$ -e ea/a %&!&&( )e&( *ae,&! %a%a% 'e a(a!+ -e /e)(e 4!%e (!$&ee Ze3& 8( S-a!(a0 4!

-&%eea a)e$%e( eg+%&(, $-a!(#(( '#34!'ea& 'e-%& 'e a "a)e )#.*e 4! (!$&+, (a #)&(%#(( 8( '(!a$%(a #)a+ $e 3&)&a& 'e.a)(4!a(!%e 'e #)#%(ea -&%e!()e( )##a!e $-a!(#e0 A-#(, '&-+ $e*.!aea eg+*4!%&&(, Magea! '+&( 8e"&&( (!$&e(, 4! !&*ee*a;e$%+(( $ae Ca# =&(!%&, &! /e$%*4!% *&%()## 8( &! )#.

-#e 'e ag(!% )& a;&%#& )+&(a $+.8( )6e*e $&;(%#((0



4! a)eea8( $ea+, a/& #) -e (!$&+ &! #$-+ 4! )(!$%ea a3(#04! $&!e%ee &!e( *&2()( 'e a+*&(, %(!ee 8( "&*#a$e *aae2e'a!$a+, )& *+'(e( 8( $-(!%e!e( #$e3(%e, 'a!$&(e #)&&(0

F De )e.8( aa%+ *ee& '(!(( a3( 'e $&$ 4!%e3+ P(ga.

"e%%a, )ae (!ea #)& &( Magea!, -e %+*a)(& *aae20 F A8a e "&*#$< +$-&!$e %+*a)(&0 Da!$a%#aee /#a$%e!&.8( aa%+ '(!((

F Ba 'a, +$-&!$e $)((%#&, 'a !& *ee&0 N&*a( )4!' e!e/#(e $+ 24*3ea$)+0

F A < Da!$a%#aee *aae2e %e3&(e $+ $&('+ *ee& < 2($e%+*a)(&0 Ş( -e!%& )+ a #3#$(, e.a* $-(!%e)a% 3&2a 'e $&$, 'e)4!' ea& *()&e 8( 4!/+a& 'a!$&0

C& a)ea8( -(e;, -(!& *#8%e!(%# a (!$&e( %e)& a )e8.%(!($*, $-e a "( 'e a)eea8( )e'(!+ )& *aee $+& #)#%(%# e&#-ea!0I! 2(&a 6#%+4%+ F 1 a-((e F )#*a!'a!%& "#%e(, 4!)#!.

;&a% 'e #"(e( 4! &!("#*e a3e 8( 'e -a%&2e)( 'e #a*e!( 4! 2ae, 3(!e 4!a*a(, )& $%eag& S-a!(e( 'e$"+8&a%, $e 4!"+(8+ 4! *(;#)&%4g&&(, a a%a& 'e -(a%+ )ae "&$e$e ('()a% '(! /e*e0

T&!&(e 'e -e )aa/ee %a$e+ 4! ae # $a/+ 'e )ee*#!(e,$)&%&4!' -e (!'(ge!( )& "(#( 'e $-a(*+ 8( 'e a'*(a(e0 Şe"&(!$&e(, )& "aa /#-$(%+, -&%4!' )#$%&*& )##a% -(*(% 4! 'a

F %&!()+, %()6(e 8( 8a/a( F 4! /+2& %&%&#, 4*3+(8a -e "a%ee$+&, )#*a!'a!%& a30I!'e*!4!' 8( -e )e(a( #)a!()( $+ %ea)+ a e(g(a )e8%(!+,Magea! "+g+'&( 8e"&&( Ze3& $+.( 'ea 4! $%+-4!(e 4!%eg& a6(-e.ag 4*-e;*&(%#, )a &!& )e $e $&-&$e$e 'e 3&!+ /#(e *ae&(

Ca# =&(!%&, )+&(a !(*e!( -e a)e$% -+*4!% !& ( $e -&%ea 4*-#.%(/(0 A-#( )e& )a '#&+ /+$%ae '(! !ea*& ege$) $+ -#!ea$)+4!'a%+ 4! S-a!(a, a )&%e, &!'e $+ 'e-(!'+ (*3a, #3()e(&(e 8(8%((!ee 'e a)##0U*+ a-#( 3#%e2& -(!&&( *#8%e!(%#, )ae 4! /e$%*(!%e

3#ga%e 4!ge!&!)6e 4! "aa &(a8e( )&)( 4!"(-%e 4! *(;#)& a%a&.&(0 S&;3a e(g(#a$+ -e)&* 8( )4!%+(e 3($e()e8%( -+)&+ a%4%'e *&% #)a!()(# 8( "a*((e( '#*!(%#ae, 4!)4% *a(*aee (!$&e(

)e& $+ "(e 8( e 3#%e2a% !&*a('e)4% '(*-e&!+ )& $#((e -e )ae



e a/ea0 C& %#(( -(*(+ !&*e !#(, '&-+ 'a%(!a )e8%(!ea$)+0P(!& *#8%e!(%# a (!$&e( Ze3& -(*( !&*ee 'e D#! Ca#$,8e"& *aae2, !&*ee 'e D#! J&a!, (a )ee '#&+ eg(!e *a( 'e$ea*+ $e !&*(+ D#!a J&a!a 8( D#!a I$a3ea0

C4!' $e +$+ a*&g&, Magea! -#&!)( e)6(-a;e# $+ %ag+$a/e 'e %&!, )ae $+ 4!)6e(e )& *+e(e "&*#a$a $#e*!(%a%e0B&3&(%&(e &*a& &!ee '&-+ a%ee, 3&)&4!' 8( &(*(!' -e !#(()e8%(!(0 Ia )4!' 'e -e 3#'& )aa/ee# 4!)e-&+ $+ 48!ea$)+$-e )e "#)&(e 'e a%("()((, a +*& a-e#, #)a!()(( -(/(+"a$)(!a(, !e/e!(!'&.e $+ )ea'+ )e /e'ea& )& #)6((, 4!)e'(!a()+ a3(( a/ea& 4!eegee )& )e&\ 'e /e*e )e ea& 4! $%ae $+ 2+*($ea$)+, '&-+ /#(e, $%ee )+2+%#ae 8( )#*e%e )& )#2( 'e "#)0

4! 2(ee &*+%#ae, %e)&+ a )e8%(!($* 8( )e(a( #)&(%# a( (!$&e(, -e)&* 8( !&*e#8( #)&(%#( '(! (!$&ee 4!/ee(!a%e)ae %(*($e+ )#*a!'a!%&&( a3 $#( )& 'a&(0Da $e a"a 4! a)e a6(-eag # (!$&+ +2e(%+0 Te3&(a 8( e)e8%(!a%+, -e!%& )a $%+-4!(ea $-a!(#+ $+ "(e -e 'e-(! 4! %e*e(a%+0

F S+.( +$+* 4! -a)e < 2($e P(ga"e%%a0 Ne -(e'e* /e*e 'egea3a0 F De a)eea a* /e!(% -4!+ a()(, P(ga"e%%a, +$-&!$e Ma

gea!, )a $+ a'&)e* -e %#( #)&(%#(( $&3 $%+-4!(ea ege&( !#$% 8( )e8%(!aea e *(;#)& )e *a( &8#0 Maae2((, 'a)+ +*4! -+g4!a*e!(!+ $+ '+4*e %#% )e !e.a* $%+'&(% $+ 4!"+-%&(* 8( a 4! 'e*!a4! )&4!' 8( -e *aae2(( $&-&8( $+.8( e(a ('#(( 8( $+ 'e/( !ea$)&%+%#(0++ a 4!%42(a, Magea! %(*($e 4! (!$&a +2e(%+ &! -e)8( &! )4!%+e, 4!%#/++8(( 'e &! %+*a)( *aae20P&%aea &( ea 4!eea-%+ 8( "(ea &( '42+ !&.( 4!g+'&(a $a$e 4! !e$(g&a!+ )eea )e 4!)e-&$e0

Da a)ea$%+ 4!%4*-ae *+&!%+ 4 /a )#$%a N /(aa0 De$%((&/#($e )a e $+ !&.8( -#a%+ '&)e -4!+ a )a-+% )++%#(a 4! ;&& &* F 4!%4(a )++%#(e -e )ae &! #* # "+)ea 4! ;&& g#3&&( F )( $)a'+ ;e%"+ 4! #)&(e -e )ae e 'e$)#-e($e /e!(!' '(!$-e a-&

-e$%e '#&+ #)ea!e0L#)a!()(( '(! (!$&a 4!'e-+%a%+ !& /#(+ $+ 4!ae # )&)e&! a%a 4! *(;#)&L %4g&&(, $e.*-#%(/(+ )4!' ( $e )e& $+ 'e"#) ('#(# 'e e*! )+#a $e 4!)6(!a& 8( e a'&)ea& ;e%"e0 A*%

!(!a+ )& *#a%ea -e 'e-%.)e'(!)(#8(4 %(*(8( 'e )#*a!'a!(



a3, )ae a3(a $)+-a+ )& /(aa, "&g(!' 4!%.# !#a-%e )& 3aeMagea!, )&-(!$ 'e "&(e, )6e*+ -e P(ga"e%%a 8( 4( '()%+$)($#ae 'e a*e!(!+( )+%e 8e"& (!$&e( -+g4!e0 Ae$e # )ea%+ )*a%e#( /#(!()(, 4!'+2!e(, 8( 4( %(*($e 4! )(!)( 3+)(, 4*-e&

)& -e#%& 8( )4!%+e& (2g#!(( *a( 4!a(!%e0 F 4( /e( )e8%(!a, a8a )&* e.a( $)($ < -#&!)( MageE -e#%&&( 8( )4!%+e&&(0A-#( 4!%#e4!'&.$e $-e *a%e#(, $%(g+ :

F Da)+ e( !& /#, 4( /e( $(( )& a*ee0Magea! 8%(a )+ "a-%a &( !& ea )e8%(!ea$)+, 'a ea !ea$a+ $)#-&&( -e!%& )ae )++%#($e -4!+ a()(0Ma%e#((, a;&!g4!' 4! (!$&a )& #)a!()(( +2/+%((, !& *a(

a/&+ )&a;& $+ $e 4!"+(8e2e 8e"&&( *aae2 8( $+.( )(%ea$)+ $)(.$#aea a$-+ a )#*a!'a!%&&(0 C(, )&* 'e3a)a+, $-e a 4!"()#8a

-e #)&(%#(, 4!)e-&+ $+ 'e$)a)e a*ee 4! )e( '(!%4( *aae2( )aee (e8(+ 4!a(!%e, 3+3a(, "e*e( 8( )#-((, "++ aegee0 Ce(a( #&-$e+ a "&g+, a$)&!24!'&.$e -(! -+'&(0 C4!' *a%e#(( $e(!a-#(a+ 8( -#/e$%(+ ($-a/a, Magea! 4!ee$e -e()#& )ae.

-4!'ea0 Maae2(( (2g#!(( $e /# e"&g(a 4! *aea (!$&+ a-#-(a%+,

Ma)%a!, )ae a$)&%a 'e 8e"& S(a%&a%& 8( /# -#!( -#a%e a a%a)4*-#%(/a )aa/ee# $-a!(#e0 S(a%&a%& 8%(a )+ (!$&a &( "&$e$e"+g+'&(%+ 'e )#*a!'a!%& a3 8e"&&( '(! Ze3&, %e)&% a )e8%(.!($* 8( a(a% )& $&/ea!& S-a!(e( 8( %e3&(a 'e)( $+ &-%e -e /(a+8( -e *#a%e0Magea! a "( -&%&% %(*(%e # %&-+ 3(!e 4!a*a%+, )#!'&$+'e &!& '(! )#*a!'a!(( )aa/ee#, 'a !& $#)#%( !(*e(% $+ %(.*(%+ -e a(( a # "a-%+ a%4% 'e 4!$e*!a%+, 'e )ae (!ea %#a%+ /a2a

a3(# 4! (!&%&(e *aae2e0H#%+4 $+ -e)e e 4!$&8( a &-%+048( ae$e -a%&2e)( 8( !#&+ 'e #a*e!( 6#%+4(, 4( 4!a*a )&)ee *a( 3&!e -&8%( 8(, 4!2+&a(, -#!(+ 4! 2#(( 2(e( $-e (!$&aMa)%a!0Da !& "+)&+ !()( # eg6e )& )ee #-% 3+)( 4!)+)a%e 'e #a.*e!(, a*e, *&!((( 8( a(*e!%e, )+ e (e8( 4!a(!%e &! aa( 'e -(#ge4!e$a%e 'e %(!e( &-%+%#( *aae2(0 Magea!, )ae $e a"a 4! 3a)a

'(! "a+, /& $+ 'e$)6('+ "#)&, *a( 4!a(!%e )a -(#g(e *aae2e $+



$e a-#-(e -ea *&%0 Maea !& ea a'4!)+0 L&-%+%#(( *aae2($.a "( -&%&% a&!)a 4! a-+ 8( a "( -&%&% +$%&!a &8# 3+)(e a3(.#0 I!%.&!a '(! -(#ge, )(!e/a 4!+a$e # )&)e 'e e*! -e )ae #*(8)a 4! ae0 Magea! 4!ee$e )+ 4! -(#ge $e a"a& -(e%e!( 8( -#.

&!)( *a%e#(# $+ !& 'e$)6('+ " #)&04!%.a'e/+, 4( (e8($e 4!a(!%e -(!& *#8%e!(%# a (!$&e(Ze3&, %(*($ 'e %a%+ $+& )& %e(2e)( 'e -(#ge 3(!e 4!)+)a%e 'e+23#(!()(0

F A* /e!(%, $-&$e -(!& *#8%e!(%#, )4!' $e a-#-(e )& -(#ga 'e 3a)a 4! )ae $e a"a Magea!, a* /e!(% '(! -#&!)a%a%+&( *e&, $+ (a& -a%e a &-%a 4*-#%(/a -ag(!(# '(! Ma)%a!0Da)+ e !e/#(e, *+(%e )#*a!'a!% a3, %a%a $-&!e $+.( "a) $e*! $+

*a( %(*(%+ 8( a( +23#(!()(0 L#)&(%#(( '(! Ma)%a! $e 3a% )& 4!.'4;(e, $e 3a% 3(!e000Magea!, ;(g!(% a 4!)e-&% 'e -#-&!eea 8e"&&( *aae2, 48(e(!& *4!(a 8( +$-&!$e )& &! 4!)e-&% 'e $&4$ :

F M&&*e$) -(e%e!&&( *e&, $&/ea!& '(! Ze3&, )+ $.g4!'(% $+.*( /(e 4!%.a;&%# )& #a*e!(( &( )e( *a( 3&!(0 Da

-+)a% 'e /(aa Ie0 De )e $+ $e +23#(a$)+ "++ !e/#(e C& a

*ee *ee, )& 2aee 'e -e #a*e!(( *e(, (!%& 4! (!$&e 8( (2g#!e$!&*a('e'% -e %#( )e( )e !& $e /# $&-&!e0 L&-%a a$%a e -e!% !#( *a( *&% &! ;#)0 Da)+ !.a/e( )e/a *a( 3&! 'e "+)&%, /e!(()& !#(, 'a $%a( *a( a # -a%e )a $+ !& !e 4!)&)a(0 O $+ /

-a)+ < O $+ /+ /e$e((<I!$&a Ma)%a! ea 4!)#!;&a%+ 'e &! 2(' 'e $%4!)(, $-a%e -a#)&( 'e "&(a a-e#0 Magea! 'e%e -#&!)+ #a*e!(# &( $)#3#ae 4! a-+ 8( $+ $e $%e)#ae !e/+2&( 4! (!$&+ -(! $-+%&((

$%!)(#0 Da S(a%&a%&, )+-e%e!(a #)a!()(# -a%(#(, )ae $a8%e-%a a a%a)& $-a!(#(#, $e -eg+%($e0 Pa2!()(( &( '+'& aa*a0C&* $e (/(+ *a%e#(( $-a!(#( -e$)+(!' 4! a-+, ge( 4! a(*&(, # g(!'(!+ 'e $+ge( 4!/e!(!a%e 4!)e-&+ $+ -#&+ a$&- #0 Maae2((, a$)&!8( -()&(, -()&( '&-+ $%4!)( 8( '&-+ )#-a)%+gea& 'e 2#, )& &e%ee "(##a$e ae )4!%e)e# # +23#(!()(

N&*+& ea )#-e8(%#0S-a!(#(( "&+ )&-(!8( 'e $-a(*+0 Maae2(( "&$e$e+ 4!/+a

$+ (!%ea$)+ *a( *&% a$&-a -()(#ae#, )ae !& ea& #)#%(%e '



2ae0 Ş( (!%(+ 3(!e0 I!%4(& 8( 'e *a%e#( $e -+3&8( 4! a-a *+(4!ge&!a( 'e "(e& a*&(#, -e )ae !&. *a( -&%&+ ('()a '(a-e0 Ce(a( $-a!(#( $e a$)&!$e+ '&-+ $%4!)( 8( a-#( 4!)e)a+ $"&g+ 4!a-#(, $-e 3+)(0

Magea! )ae $e a"a 4! *(;#)& #a*e!(# &( +)!( : F N& "&ge !(*e!(< Pe )(!e. -(!' a 3+)(, 4( e%e2 )a-()& *4!a *ea <000C#*a!'a!%& /+2&$e 3(!e )+ # 4!"4!gee )a a)ea$%a 4!$e*!

-(e'eea a %#% )e )48%(ga$e -4!+ a%&!)(, -+3&8(ea 4!%eg(( -&%e:a a3(#0 Ş( '($-e&(!' *#a%ea, )ae ea *a( 3&!+ 'e)4% "&g&8(!#a$+ '(!a(!%ea a)e$%# >$+3a%()(?, Magea! 4!a(!%a 4!$&0$-e +*, 4!)&a;4!' a$%"e -e )e( *a( "()#8(0 4!'a%+ $e a'&!a(

4! ;&& &( *a%e#(( 6#%+4( )a 8( e, $+.8( 'ea *a( 3(!e /(aa 'e)$+ "(e 3+%&(04!%.a'e/+, '&-+ 4!%4(e 4*-&8)+%&( )ae e +(+ 8(&(<*aae2((, 4!"()#8a( a (/(ea '(! a-+ a a)e# !a*(e 'e "(e )e/( &!g( '(! )ae 48!ea "&ge+%# # *#a%e )&!%+, $e e%a$e+$4!' 'e$)6($ '&*& $-e $a%0&(84!'&.$e -e '&-+ )#-a)(, Magea! 4! "&!%ea #a*e!(#

a;&!$e 4! $a% 8(.( 'e%e "#) )& 8#*#(#age *&(a%e 4! -+)&+0La (23&)!(ea "+)+(#, *aae2(( )&-(!8( 'e # "&(e !#&+, 3+!&(!' $#a%a )e.( a8%e-%a 'e a)( 4!a(!%e -e %#(, 'a)+ !& /# +-&!e -e !+/+(%#(, $e a&!)a+ '(! !#& a$&-a a3(#0 Maee!&*+ a *aae2(# )#/48( )ea%a $-a!(#(#, )ae )& "(e)ae +!(%

-(e'ea& &! &-%+%# 'e !e4!#)&(% 8( /+2&+ )+ !& *a( -&%ea&&-%a a !e$"48(%0 Magea! 6#%+4 $+ )&e 4! 2(&a a)eea /(aa #a.*e!(# &(, )+)( /e'ea 3(!e )+ !& /a -&%ea 4!"4!ge $&%ee 'e

*aae2( -a%(#( )& '#&+2e)(.%e(2e)( 'e #a*e!(0P#&!)( $-a!(#(# $+ $e 4!%#a)+ 4! #'(!e $-e +*, &!'ea'+$%a& 3+)(e a'+-#$%(%e '&-+ $%4!)(0 Magea!, +!(% a -()(# 'e # $+gea%+ #%+/(%+, !& *a( -&%& &-%a0C4!' -(*(+ #'(!& 'e e%agee, a3((, )ae $e /e'ea& 4!.)#!;&a( 'e #)a!()(( 4!!e3&!(( 'e "&(a )+ ( $e a$e$e $+a8&(e,# &-$e+ 'e "&g+ 4! 'e2#'(!e0 C4(/a $-a!(#( )& +!( *a( &8#ae,+*a$e+ 4! ;&& )#*a!'a!%&&( $+. #)#%ea$)+ 8( $+. a;&%e $+

a;&!g+ -4!+ a +*0



I23&%(+ $+ a;&!g+ -4!+ a *ae, &*+(( 'e a-#a-e 'e *a.ae2(0 I!%a+ 4! a-+ )4% *a( e-e'e, $-e a.8( -+2( -()(#aee 'e$+ge(e 4!/e!(!a%e )ae 8&(ea& 4! ;&& #0 G4!'& &( Magea!ea )a a '#&a 2( $+ $e 4!%#a)+ '(! !#&, 'e 'a%a a)ea$%a )& %#a%e

)aa/eee 8( $+ -&(e 4! 3+%a(e %#a%e %&!&(e 'e -e 3#', )a!(*() $+ !& *a( +*4!+ '(! $-(a #)&(%#(# a)e$%e( (!$&e0Maae2(( 4!$+ !& $e *&&*(+ )& a&!gaea a3(#, )( 4( &.*+(+, 3a )+&%a+ $+ -(!'+ -e )#*a!'a!%& a30Magea! a3(a $e %4a -(! a-a *+(( ea 8)6(#- 'e *a( 'e*&% 8( a)&* 4!)+ # 'a%+ +!(% a -()(#0 Ma( 4!a(!%e 'e a a;&!ge a

3+)(, !+/+(+ a$&-a &( )(/a *aae2( 4!a*a( )& $&(e0 U!&4( '#3#( )a$)a, 'e$)#-e(!'&.( a$%"e %#a%+ ea$%a, (a a%& 4( $%+.

-&!$e 3a&0Magea! 48( a'&!+ &%(*ee -&%e( 4! "aa -e()#&&( a%4% 'ea-#-(a% )ae.( a*e!(!a /(aa0 C& $&(a -e )ae # (!ea 4! *(!a'ea-%+, $%+-&!$e -e (*& '(! *aae2( )& a%4%a -&%ee, )+ !& (2.

3&%( $.# *a( %ag+ 4!a-#(0 A( *aae2( $e e-e2(+ a$&-a )#*a!.'a!%&&(0 Magea! /& $+.8( $)#a%+ $a3(a '(! %ea)+, 'a 3a&+!(% !& *a( a/& %+(a0 S(*( # !#&+ 4*-&!$+%&+ 4! -&-a -()(#.

&&( $%(!g 8( $e -+3&8( 4! a-+0T#/a+8(( 'e &-%+ a( &( Magea! F -(!%e )ae $e a"a 8($)((%#& P(ga"e%%a F a3(a a/&+ %(*-& $+ "&g+0MageUa!, (-$(% 'e #()e a-+ae, "& $%+-&!$ 'e $&(ee *aae2(# 8( a$%"e 48( g+$( *#a%ea 4! a-ee #)ea!&&( -e )ae. $%+.

3+%&$e, a 7 a-((e 110

VI

ÎNTOARCEREA ÎN SPANIAC#!'&)eea )e# %e( )aa/ee )ae *a( +*+$e$e+ # I&()+-(%a!& J&a! Se+#0 E -#!( *a( 'e-a%e, "++ a -e'e-$( -e

3+8%(!a8( -e!%& *#a%ea &( Magea!0 Maae2((, -(!24!' )&a;,$e "##$(+ 'e %#% "e& 'e /()e8&g&( $-e a -&!e *4!a -e /a$ee$-a!(#(# 8( -e a/&((e -e )ae e 3+!&(a& a$)&!$e 4! *aga.2((e #0J&a! Se+#, -(!$ 'e *aae2(, "& -++$(% 'e #a*e!(( $+(,

)ae. +$a+ 4!%.# (!$&+ )& '&8*a!(( 'e *#a%e, "++ a $e *a(



g4!'( a $#a%a &(0 U! /a$ &+ "#)0 C& *ae ge&%a%e $-a!(#(( -&.%&+ %a!$-#%a -e )eea%e '#&+ /a$e a*ee, %&!&(e, -#/(2((e0J&a# Ca/a6#, &! $-a!(# 4!'+2!e, e&8( $+ -e(a )#!'&.)eea )e# '#&+ )aa/ee0 Oa*e!(( ( $e $&-&$e+0 V(2(%+ (!$&ee

'(! )eea%e a6(-eag&( 8( (23&%(, a$e*e!ea &( Magea!, $+$&-&(e )##a!e( S-a!(e( -e )e( *a( *&( '(! 8e"(( #)a!()(0 Da $e"e( 'e a.( *a( a%a)a0Cee '#&+ )aa/ee a%(!$e+ *aea (!$&+, -e )ae # !&*(*a2( B#!e#, a-#( )ee -a%& *a( (!$&e, M#&)ee, -e )ae Mage.a! !& a/&$e$e !##)& $+ e /a'+04! -(*+/aa a!&&( &*+%#, DYE$-(!#$$a, #*& 'e 4!)e.'ee, )ae &)($e$e -e +2/+%(%& Me!'#2a 4! a-ee Pa%ag#!(e(, (2.

g#!e8%e -e Ca/a6#, e-a+ %e*e(!() )aa/eee, 'a e)6(-a;&e$%e, %e-%a%, 'e)(*a%0 T(!('a' !& *a( -#a%e )#!%(!&a )++%#(a,)& %#a%e e-aa((e "+)&%e0 A%&!)( 'e Ca!# a'&!+ #a*e!(( -eV()%#(a, 4!)a)+ *+"&( *&% )+&%a%e 4! E&#-a, )&(8#ae, -(-e,)a"ea, -e )ae, a 4!%#a)ee 4! S-a!(a, e /a /(!'e 4! -a%(e )&

-e&( "#a%e *a(0A)ea$%+ e/e!(e a !a/e(.a*(a, )ae a $%+3+%&% #)ea!& '#(

a!( 8( ;&*+%a%e, )ae a #)#(% ea*e!%e -+*4!%& -e '&* 'e a-+,a-a(!e *a(# "a-%e e#()e ae !a/(ga(e(0 De Ca!# a )#*-e!$a%)& -($#$(!+ -&%aea "a+ 'e Magea!, ea(24!' 4! )6(- g#(#$/#(!a )#!'&)+%#&&( e( *#% -ea 'e %(*-&(&0 N&*ee &( Ma.gea! /a %+( 4!%#%'ea&!a, -e!%& )+ 4!%eaga #*e!(e a '#34!'(%

-e!%& 4!%4(a #a+ # !#&+ *+$&+ a -&%e(# $ae0 Magea! a'#/e'(%, -e!%& %#a%e %(*-&(e, )+ # ('ee, 'a)+ e '&$+ *ee& 8(6#%+4% 4!a(!%e 'e # -a$(&!e, -#a%e 4!/(!ge -4!+ a &*+ %#a%e -(e.

'()(e !a%&ae0 E a 4!'+2!(% )e '(!%4( $+ $)6(*3e 4! "a-%+ )ea*a( %e*ea+ '(!%e ('e(: O)#& &*((, )&!#$)4!'&.$e a$%"e *+.$&a )()&*"e(!e( -+*4!%&&(, )+&%a%+ 2a'a!() 'e #*e!(e %(*-'e &! *(e!(&0



CĂPITANUL ROBERT SCOTTTRAGICA E^PEDIIE LA POLUL SUDI

O PRIMIRE TRIUMALAI ! a)e a!, 19, L#!'a $e 4*. -#'#3($e )a 'e $+3+%#ae )& 'a-ee 8( "#(0 De a )e *a( 'e$ea*+ 8( -4!+ a )e *a( !e4!$e*!a% e!ge2, %#( a)a*a& )&-(!8('e *4!'(e -e *aee 8( )&%e2+%#& R#3e% S)#%% )ae $e 4!%#$e$e(! )ea '(!%4( e5-e'((e "+)&%+ a P#& S&'0C& %#a%e )+ %e*ea& e5-#a%# !.a%(!$e$e -#&, 'e/e!(

-#-&a !& !&*a( 4! A!g(a, &!'e -4!+ 8( )#-((( 8%(a& 'e e, )( 4!

%#a%+ &*ea04!%#a)eea &( "&$e$e %4*3(a%+ -e%&%(!'e!(, )+)( e5-e'((a)+-(%a!&&( S)#%% ea )#!$('ea%+, 8( -e 'e-% )&/4!%, )a &! e/e!(.*e!% 8%((!("() ea *()8#a )e/a '(! !e*+g(!(%a 4!%(!'ee a !e.)&!#$)&%&&( 8( +gea %#%#'a%+ $"ea )&!#8%(!e# ge#ga"()e0

F Dag& *e&, 4 4!%4*-(!+ $( Ce*e!% Ma6a*, (!((a.%#& 8( #ga!(2a%#& e5-e'((e(, 4( &e2 3&! $#$(% I S4!% *&&.

*(% 'e ($-a/a '&*(%ae 8( a* )e'(!a )+ %#( e!ge2(( !&%e$)a)ea8( $(*+*4!% -e!%& '&*!ea%a0 Te "e()(%<C+-(%a!& S)#%% $%4!$e )& )+'&+ *(!a -#%eg&(%#ae 8( #$%(24*3(!' )& *#'e$%(e :

F N&*a( )+ e& !& $4!% *&&*(% -e 'e-(!0 A* a;&!$ a3(aa 'e (#*e%( 'e P#& S&'0 E 'e-%, $4!% )e '(!%4( )ae a*a;&!$ a%4% 'e a-#a-e, 'a a$%a !& 4!$ea*!+ )+ a* a%(!$ )6(a

-#&<

F A%&!)( !+'+;'&(e$) )+ *a( )&4!' $a& *a( %42(& /e( (2. 3&%( $+ '#34!'e8%( # *&&*(e 'e-(!+ < g+( $( Ce*e!%0 D(! -a%ea *ea /e( a/ea, )a 8( -4!+ a)&*, %#% $-(;(!&0 F O, 'e a$%a !& *+ 4!'#(e$) < $%(g+ S)#%% '(! %#a%+ (!(*a 8(#)6(( &( a3a8%( $)4!%e(a+ )(&'a%0 De a%)e/a *+ %e* e&000

F De )e a!&*e F S+ !.a;&!g+ a%)(!e/a 4!a(!%ea *ea0 Vea& $+ "(& )e'(!%4(< A)e$%a a "#$% /($& *e& '(! )#-(+(e < Ş( %e3&(e $+. 4*.

-(!e$) < A%*(!%e( !& /#( *&( 4*-+)a% )& *(!e0



F I( '#e$) $(!)e $+.( ea(2e2( /($&, )+-(%a!e S)#%%0 V#("a)e %#% )e.( #*e!e8%e )& -&%(!+ )a $+ %e a;&%0 De#)a*'a%+, 4!$+,%e3&(e $+ %e g4!'e8%( 8( a '&*!ea%a, a "a*((a '&*(%ae, )+e(a(.a( (-$(% *&%0 O #'(6!+ 'e )4%e/a &!( 'e 2(e e$%e a)&* 3(!e

*e(%a%+0 P4!+ a%&!)(, e& *+ /#( 4!g(;( 'e a '#&a e5-e'((e a'&*(%ae0I! )(-a a)eea, )4!' )e( '#( #a*e!( 'e $ea*+ $e g4!'ea& a!#&a e5-e'((e, I! %#a%+ A!g(a $e )(#)!ea& -a6aee 4! )(!$%ea)+-(%a!&&( S)#%%0 P(e%e!(( 4 '&$e+ -e &*e( -4!+ a)a$+, &!'e.a8%e-%a "a*((a, "e()(%+ )+. a/ea (a 4! *(;#)& e( : $#(a &( 8(&! 3+(ea8 /(#( )& a)(*(e 4! #)6( 'e 3&)&(e0I! %(*-& *e$e(, &!& '(!%e -(e%e!(( $+( )e( *a( 3&!(, )+-(.

%a!& Oa%e$, )ae a "( '#(% $+. &*e2e * )ea '(!(( e5-e'((e$-e P#& S&', )a !& -&%&$e '(! -()(!a &!&( a))('e!% )ae ( $e4!%4*-a$e )& -&(!e 2(e 4!a(!%e 'e -e)ae, 4( 8#-%( &( S)#%%:

F Ş%(( )+ #)#%e!e!%& E!e$% S6a)e%#! a -e)a% -e $ea*a&( $-e P#& S&', &4!'.# -e &*ee %ae Ae a*3((a $+ a;&!g+e *a( 4!%4(0 N&*a( 'e.a (23&%(000C+-(%a!& S)#%% )+2& # )(-+ -e g4!'&(, 4!)(&'a% -a)+,

a-#( $-&$e : F 4( '#e$) (234!'+ < E$%e &! 3+(a% 'e ($-a/+ <T#%&8( a)ea$%+ 8%(e 4 *46!($e -&(!0 Da )+-(%a!& S)#%% ea&! ge!%e*a! 4! a'e/+a%& 4!ee$ a )&/4!%&&(0 N& a/ea )(&'+

-e #)#%e!e!%& S6a)e%#!, -e )ae 4 )&!#$)&$e 8(. -e&(a *&%(!ea 4!$+ a /($& $+& '(! )#-(+(e, /($ )ae 4!$e!(!a 4!$+8(/(aa &(04!%.a'e/+, S)#%%, $)#(a! 'e #(g(!e, (&3ea e5-e'(((e 8%((!.

("()e 8( '#/e'($e &! $-((% 4!'+2!e 'e -e /e*ea '!' ea )#-(8( $%+%ea a O&%a!'$, "e*a %a%+&( $+&, J#6! E'_a' S)#%%, )ae!& $.a *a( "+)&% *a(!a, )&*4!' %a'((a $%+/e)6e a "a*((e(,4! $)6(*3 a/& a*3((a $+ "a)+ '(! "(& $+& &! *a(!a 'e$+/48(%0La 8a$e a!(, S)#%% ea &! 3+(ea8 4!a%, $+3&, )& #)6(( a.

3a8%( 8( -+& 3+a(0 Ma( 4!%#%'ea&!a &*3a &' e#a)+, "((!')+.( -+)ea $+ %ea)+ 4!#% &! 4& '(! $-a%ee g+'(!((0 U!& '(! 3aee4&&( %e)ea )6(a -(! g+'(!+, (a )e+a%, )e/a *a( a%, )&gea

-e )4*- a)ea$%a a "#$% )ea '(!%4( a-+ -e$%e )ae %e)&$e /((%#&



*a(!a0La )a-+%& ae(( '(! g+'(!+ $e ('()a &! $%e;a "a!(), )&)e!g(e +$"(a%e -4!+ -e$%e '&* $+(!' '(! )#-a), -&%ea( &8# $+ (e8( 4! )4*- 'e$)6($0 S)#%% $e &)a 4! $%e;a& a)e$%a, )& $&#(e

8( "a%ee $+& *a( *(), 4!)6(-&(!'&.8( )+ $e a"+ 4!%.# )#a3(e0O)ea!& !e$"48(% ea # 3a%+ '(! *(;#)& )4*-(e(, -e )ae $e /e'ea# $)4!'&+ +*a$+ '(!%.&! /e)6( -#'e0 A)ea$%+ $)4!'&+ a;&!$e4! )&4!' &! >/a$ (!a*()?, )ae a'&)ea >*a( -ag&3e? !eg#&&('(! eg(&!ea De/#! 3(!e4!ee$, %#a%e a)e$%ea !&*a( 4! 4!)6(.

-&(ea a/4!%a%+ a *()&&&(0 E $e 6#%+4 $+ a&!)e a)e /a$(!a*() 4! ae0

F Da )&* 4 4!%e3a+ $&#(e $ae0

F C& -a" 'e -&8)+\ e $-&$e e0 F A%&!)( $+ *ege* $+ )&*-++* -a" 'e -&8)+, F N& e !e/#(e0 A8%e-%a( !&*a( 8( # $+ /e'e(0Ş( $e -&$e -e &)&0 A '#&a 2( )4!' /e!(+ (a a *ag(!ea>#)ea!&&( !e$"48(%?, 4!)e-& e5-e'((a0 M()& S)#%% -#&!)( %&.%&# $+ $e 'ea 4!a-#( 8( a-(!$e )6(3(%&0 T#( $e a8%e-%a& a #e5-#2(e a$&2(%#ae, 'a !& (23&)!( 'e)4% # "a)++0 >Va$&

(!a*()? -&%ea *a( 'e-a%e, !e-+$+%#, -e a-+0 Pe!%& *&( )#-((, -#/e$%ea $.a "( $"48(% a()(, 'a !& 8( -e!%& *()& S)#%%0 Se e%a$e)a $+ !+$)#)ea$)+ a% e5-#2(3(, *a( -&%e!() 8( !& $e +$+ -4!+ !&2/4( >/a$& (!a*()? 4! ae0Ce$)& -e&(% 'e a( $+( 8( %e)& e$!e -(! %#a%e ga'ee, -4!+a )+-(%a!, )!' (23&%( $+ a;&!g+ )#*a!'a!%& /a$&&( D($)#/e,)& )ae "+)& )ea '(!(( e5-e'((e a $a 4! A!%a)%()a0Ea *(!a% 4!%.a)## 'e '#& &( '&-+ 'e$)#-e(( 8( '&-+

a/e!%&+. Pe 'e a%+ -a%e, S&'& 4 a%+gea )a &! *(a; 4!'e-+.%a%, -(! 'e *($%e 8( 'e "&*&$e( a3(a 3+!&(%e0S( Ce*e!% Ma6a* &+ (!((a%(/a a)e$%e( e5-e'(((, (a g(;a #ga!(2+(( # %e)& -e $ea*a S#)(e%+(( 'e ge#ga"(e '(!L#!'a0 P(e%e!(( &( S)#%% 8( a( *&( -a%()&a( $&3$)($e+$&*e 4!$e*!a%e -e!%& 4!"+-%&(ea e(0 4*-e&!+ )& #)#%e!e!((A*(%age 8( Ie%#!, '#( *e'()(, '#)%#& `#e%(%2 8( '#)%#&($#!, Be!a)6(, ea, H#'g$#! 8( a((, S)#%% -e)+ -e D($)#.

/e, )a $+ 'e$)#-ee P#& S&', 4! a&g&$% 1910 La 1 (a.



!&a(e 19 a;&!$e+ a Ba(ea 'e g6ea+ R#$$, )ae a/ea a &!)a-+% /&)a!& Ee3&$, (a a )e+a% F g#"& >Bae!e#?0 Da g6e&(e -&%(%#ae, )ae a*e!(!a& )#a3(a, 4( $((+ $+ $e 4!.%#a)+0 La 1 "e3&a(e 19, D($)#/e a;&!$e 4! -#%& 'e (e.

!ae, I! g#"& M)M&'#0 Pe +*& &( )#!$%&(+ )#(3e0 4!'+2.!e(( e5-#a%#( "+)&+ a-#( *a( *&%e e5)&$(( $-e /&)a!((Ee3&$ 8( Te#, -e )ae $e $&(+ -e )e '(!%4( a Q 7 'e *e%(,(a -e )e+a% a Q Q 'e *e%(0 A)## 4( a-&)+ (a!a )&*-(%+ aS&'&&(, )& /($)#((e e( g#a2!()e, -#g#4%e -a)+ '(! (a'0 Da e5-#a%#(( !&.8( -(e'&+ "(ea, !()( /#(a 3&!+0 48( %e)ea& %(*-&!e$"48(%e( !#-( -#ae !+$)#)(!' "e 'e "e 'e -e%e)e(0 J&)a+)6(a %ea%&0 S)e!a ea &! 3#) 'e g6ea+ &)(e, (a a)%#(( F *a.

(!a(( 4*3+)a( )aag6(#$ 4! -(e( 'e "#)+ 8( 3+!&( 'e &8(0 S-e -(*+/a+, "+)&+ )4%e/a )++%#(( &!g( )& $+!((e, 'a 4!)+ !& $e6#%+4+ $+ *eag+ a -#0 A3(a a !#(e*3(e 19, )+-(%a!&S)#%% 4*-e&!+ )& '#)%#& ($#! 8( )& #)#%e!e!%& A*(%age,

-e)a+ $-e $&', )& g4!'& $+ a;&!g+ a -#0 D&-+ !e!&*+a%e -(*e;'((, 4!'+2!e(( e5-#a%#( a;&!$e+ a 7 a%(%&'(!e $&'()+,a'()+ a 7 'e * 'e-+%ae 'e )#a3(a -e )ae # -++$($e+ 4!

g#"& 'e (e!ae0 S-e $&'./e$% "&+ 4!%4*-(!a( 'e &! a! 'e*&!(0 D#&+ '(! /4"&(e # *+ee, &!& 4!a% 'e 7 'e *e%(,(a )e+a% 'e Q 'e *e%(, "&+ 3#%e2a%e Ma6a* 8( L#!g$%#"",'&-+ !&*ee )e# '#( #a*e!( 'e $ea*+, )ae a;&%a$e+ e5-e'((a0

N& *a( -&%ea& $+ 4!a(!%e2e, )+)( # -a%e '(!%e )4(!( *&($e+ -e'&*, (a *e(!'ee !& e *a( a;&!gea& 'e)4% a%4% )4% e %e3&(a)a $+ $e 4!%#a)+ a !a/a #0 Ca2!a a)ea$%a (!& '#&+2e)( 8( !#&+'e 2(e0 4!%#a)eea $e "+)& 4! 4*-e;&+( "#a%e gee )+)( 2+-a'a

$e 4!*&(a$e, '(!(( *&($e+ %#(, (a )e( %e( #a*e!( $e /+2&+ $((($+.8( %ag+ $(!g&( $+!((e0 C&* !& ea )6(- $+ e %ag+ -e %#a%e(! a)ea8( %(*-, %e3&(a& $+ $e 4!a-#(e2e a "(e)ae F7 * )a $+(a $+!((e +*a$e0 D&-+ %e(2e)( 8( -a%& 'e 2(e a;&!$e+ a !a/+4! 2(&a 'e Q "e3&a(e 19Q0 4! a)ea8( %(*-, #)#%e!e!(( A*(.%age 8( Ie%#! "+)&$e+ 8( e( # )++%#(e $-e /e$%, -(!+ 'e -(*e;'((0Te)&$e &! a! 'e )4!' -e)a$e D($)#/e "++ $+ 'ea !()( &!

$e*! 'e /(a+0 S( Ce*e!% Ma6a* -eg+%( # !a/+ a;&%#, -e



)ae # !&*( M#!(!g 8( # -&$e $&3 )#*a!'a #)#%e!e!%&&( C#. 3e)0 M#!(!g -e)+ '(! A!g(a a 9 (&(e 190 4! *(;#)& &((a!&a(e 19Q 2+( )a%agee )#+3(e( D($)#/e0 Na/a ea 4!)#!.

;&a%+ 'e g6ea+ 8( !& -&%ea $+ (a$+ '(!%e 3#)&(0 Dea%"e, S)#%%

(!ea $+ *a( (e!e2e # 'a%+ 4! A!%a)%()a0 D&-+ )e M#!(!g 48('e$)a)+ -#/(2((e 'e )+3&!( 8( a(*e!%e, $e 4!%#a$e 4! -a%(e0S)#%% 8( %#/a+8(( &( -e%e)&+ a '#&a (a!+ 4! eg(&!ea a!%a)%()+A)&* )&!#8%ea& 3(!e S&'& 8( $e #3(8!&($e+ )& ge&%+(e0 Da 4!

-(*+/a+, %e*-ea%&a )#3#4 -4!+ a $&3 2e#0 C& %#a%ea)e$%ea, S)#%% !& $e 'e$)&a;+ 8( "+)& 4*-e&!+ )& %#/a+8(( $+( !#(e5-e'(((0 4! a;&!& A!&&( !#& ea a g#"& 'e (e!ae, '&-+ #(-$+ 'e 9 'e 2(e0 4!)e)a+ $+ &!ea$)+ !a/a D($)#/e '(!%e

3#)&(e 'e g6ea+, )ae # a-+$a& '(! %#a%e -+(e, "++ a (23&%(0La (&(e 19, M#!(!g $e (/( '(! !#&, 4!$#(% 'e Tea N#/a, &!/a$ *#'e!0 A/ea& -#&!)+ $+ a'&)+ 4!%eaga e5-e'((e 4! -a%(e,)6(a 'a)+ /a "( !e/#(e $+ -++$ea$)+ /a$& D($)#/e 4!%e g6ea(0Da a3(a 'e$)+)a+ &)&(e 'e -e D($)#/e, )+ *aea 'e$-e.$&a /a$& 'e g6ea(, a$%"e )+ D($)#/e -&%& "( a'&$ 4! -a%(e#'a%+ )& )eea%e !a/e0 4! 2(&a 'e 1 "e3&a(e 19, )ee %e( /a$e

$e 4!'e-%a+ $-e A!g(a000Ş( a)&* -#-#& e!ge2 $+3+%#ea 4!%#a)eea )+-(%a!&&(S)#%%0 E "& -#"%(% a I!$%(%&%& 'e 4!a%e $%&'(( ge#ga"()e '(!L#!'a0 Ma( %#( 4!/+a(( A!g(e( $e a'&!a$e+ a()( 8(. a8%e-%a&0U! %(*($ a g&/e!&&( &+ )&/4!%& :

F S( R#3e% S)#%%, g+$&( e, g&/e!& *(.a 'a% -+)&%a4!$+)(!ae $+ /+ '+&(e$) # *e'a(e 'e a&, )a $e*! 'e 4!a%+'($%(!)(e -e!%& 4!'+2!eaa -(!+ 'e e#($* )& )ae a( '&$ a 3&!

$"48(% e5-e'((a 8%((!("()+ 'e a P#& S&'0 G&/e!& *.a 4!$+.)(!a% %#%#'a%+ $+ /+ %a!$*(% %#a%e *&&*((e 8( "e()(%+(e -e)ae /( e a'&)e 4! !&*ee -#-#&&( e!ge20 D(! -a%ea *ea, /+#g $+ -(*((, 'e a$e*e!ea, )ee *a( $(!)ee "e()(%+(< Ş( $-&!4!'a)e$%ea, %(*($& g&/e!&&( -(!$e 4! -(e-%& )+-(%a!&&( S)#%%*e'a(a 'e a&0 E#& $+3+%#(% 'e %#% -#-#& !& $-&$e 'e)4% a%4%:

F V+ *&&*e$) <Ş( 24*3( )& )6(-& &*(!a% 'e -(/((e.( (*-e2( 8( a3a$%e0

U*a+ )4%e/a )&/4!%+( 4! )ae S)#%% ea +&'a% -e!%& "a-%a &(



4!'+2!ea+ 8( -e!%& "##a$ee a'&$e 8%((!e(I! a)eea8( 2(, *a( -(*( # *e'a(e, %#% 'e a&, 'e a A)a'e*(a'e Ş%((!e U!(/e$ae0 S)#%% # &+ )& a)eea8( *#'e$%(e0T#%&8(, 4! $(!ea &(, !& ea 'e#) *&&*(%0 V($& &( !& "&$e$e

4*-(!(% '&-+ )&* '#($e0 A;&!$e$e, a8a )&* a* $-&$, a3(a a * 'e P#& S&', # 'e-+%ae 'e$%& 'e *()+ 'e -# "a+ 'ee2&%a%ee #3(!&%e 'e )e( '(!a(!%ea &( 8( a!&*e : C##, B()#e,(e$, Be(!g$6a&$e!, D&*#!% 'YU/(e, e''e e%)0 C+-(%a!&S)#%% a%(!$e$e %#%&8( -aaea 0 I! 11, e5-#a%#& Ja*e$Cae R#$$ 4!%e-(!$e$e 8( e # )++%#(e $-e (!&%&(e a!%a).%()e, 'a $e #-($e -&(! '(!)## 'e -aaea 70 N()( a(( !& "&$e.$e+ *a( !##)#8(0

Da )+-(%a!&&( S)#%% !&.( -+)ea& &)&(e "+)&%e -e ;&*+.%a%e 8( !()( 6#%+4(e )ae !& ea& '&$e -4!+ a )a-+%0 De a)eea, e$e g4!'ea a)&* a # !#&+ e5-e'((e0 N#a-%ea $e %e2ea a'e$e#()6(!&(% 'e /($& -e)+(( F 8( -4!+ '(*(!eaa !& *a( ea )6(- $+'#a*+0 P#& S&' < Ce -&%ee !e)&!#$)&%+ 8( 'e !e4!"4!% 44*-(!gea 4!%.a)## Ea a%4% 'e $%+-4!(% 'e a)e$% /($ 4!)4%, 4!%.#2(, ( $e 4!%4*-+ )e/a 6a2(&0 C4(/a -(e%e!( 4 -#"%(+ a &! )ea(0

S)#%% %e3&(a $+ /(e a #a '&-+.a*(a2+0 Pe a 7 e 4!)e-& $+ $e4*3a)e0 P#%(/(% 'e-(!'e(( )+2& 4! /($ae 8( &(%+ 'e (!/(%a(e0T#)*a( )4!' ea ga%a 'e -e)ae $e 'e23+)+ 8( $e /44 4! -a%0 C4!''+'(( $+ $e 4!/eea$)+ )& -a-&*a, 48( a'&$e 'e#'a%+ a*(!%e )+ea a8%e-%a%0 S+( '(! -a% 8( $e 4*3+)+ 4! ga3+0 C4!' "& ga%a,)ea$& ea 10 P(e%e!(( 8( -(e%e!ee 4 -(*(+ !e'&*e(( 8( %#%.#'a%+ $&-+a( -e e, "((!')+ /e!($e a%4% 'e %42(&0

F V+ #g $+ *+ (e%a( )a* 4!%42(a%, $e $)&2+ S)#%%, 'a *.a

"&a% g4!'& -e)+(( a -#0P(e%e!(( 4$e+ '(! %#a%+ (!(*a0 F 4*( "a)e # 'e#$e3(%+ -+)ee $+ $%a& 4!g+ # -e$#a!+ a%4%'e (!%ee$a!%+, $-&$e S)#%% a8e24!'&.$e 4!g+ # '#a*!+0e*e(a, *(a%+ 'e &! a$e*e!ea )#*-(*e!%, 4( +$-&!$e24*3(!':

F E& (!%ee$a!%+ Te 4!8e(, )+-(%a!e S)#%%, -e!%& )+ %e.b 3&(e $+.( *+%&($e$) )+ 4! /(aa *ea !.a* )+)a% )& -()(#& a

P#& S&'0



T#( *e$e!((, 4! "&!%e )& S)#%%, 4$e+ 'e $-((%&aa e-()+ -e)ae (.# '+'&$e '#a*!a )& a%4%a e-e2()(&!e0

II

O HOTĂRÎRE NESTRĂMUTATAD&-+ )4%/a %(*-, 4! A!g(a $e a&2( # /e$%e !ea8%e-%a%+ : F S.a 4!%#$ S6a)e%#! < S.a 4!%#$ S6a)e%#! <O &8#a+ )(&'+ $%!$e (!(*a &( S)#%%0 >Oae S6a)e%#! # "(a;&!$ a P#& S&' ? $e 4!%e3a S)#%% 4! $(!ea &( 8( # )(-+ $(*()+ /($& $+& 4!)e-e a $e )+%(!a0 Da ('()+ '(! &*e(, 24*3( 8(

-e)+ /e$e $+ 4!%4!ea$)+ -e S6a)e%#!0 4 g+$( 4!)#!;&a% 'e )4(/a -(e%e!( 8( a'*(a%#(0 4!%#a)eea &( !& $%4!($e a)ea8( e!%&2(a$*

)a 4!%#a)eea &( S)#%%, "((!')+ %#a%+ &*ea 8%(a )+ e *e$e$e -e&*ee a)e$%&(a, 3&)&4!'&.$e a8a'a 'e e2&%a%ee #3(!&%e 'e&! a%&0 T#%&8( )e( '#( e5-#a%#( 48( $%!$e+ )+'&#$ *4(!(e0

F A* /e!(% $+ %e "e()(%, 4( $-&$e S)#%% )& !e(-$(%&.( 24*3e%0E8%( *&&*(% 'e e5-e'((e

F De#), $-&$e S6a)e%#!0 N.a* (23&%(% $.a;&!g 'e)4% -4!+a 17 * 'e -#0 A* 4!%4*-(!a% *&%e ge&%+( 8( !.a8 "( (23&%(%

$+ a;&!g !()( -4!+ a)##, 'a)+ !& *.a8 "( "##$(% 'e e5-e(e!eee5-e'((e( '&*!ea/#a$%+0 F P#/e$%e8%e.*( )&* a( )++%#(%, 4( )e& S)#%% )&(#$ a)&*e, )a %#%'ea&!a )4!' ea /#3a 'e # e5-e'((e 8%((!("()+0S6a)e%#! !& $e +$+ -ea *&% &ga%0

F 4!a(!%e 'e a -e)a $-e $&', $-&$e e, *(.a /e!(% # ('ee$%a8!()+ 8( a!&*e : $+ *+ "##$e$) 4! #)& )4(!(# a-#!( 'e -#!e(0S4!% )a( *()(, 'a "#a%e e2($%e!(0 E( *.a& a;&%a% $+ "a) '&*&

$-e -#0 Da a& )+2&% 8( e(0 A* $&"e(% /($)#(( )4!)e!e, a* 4!%4*. -(!a% *a( -(*e;'(( 8(, 4! $"48(%, 4! 2(&a 'e Q (a!&a(e a* a;&!$a &(a8a $%a/(+ 'e g6ea+0 Ca #) 'e (e!ae a* ae$ g#"&M)M&'#, &!'e a (e!a% 8( D($)#/e0 La 9 #)%#*3(e, 4!.$#(% 'e %e( '(!%e )e( *a( 4!'+2!e( *a(!a(, a* -e)a%, "++

-#!e(, )& $+!((e $-e P#& S&'0 N.a* $+ /+ 4!8( ge&%+(e &(a8e -(! )ae a* %e)&%, )+)( '&*!ea/#a$%+ /( e -&%e( 4!)6(-&( &8#0E 'e$%& $+ /+ $-&! )+ '&-+ "%e/a &!( 'e 2(e, 4! )ae %(*- a*

4!"&!%a% *#a%ea, a* a;&!$ a 17 'e * 'e -#& a!%a)%()0 4!.



%#a)eea a* "+)&%.# 4! )#!'((&!( *a( gee, 'e#ae)e ea* $e(('e #3#$ea+, *e(!'ee $e 4*-&(!a$e+, (a ge& ea g#a2!()S4!% "e()(% 4!$+ ).a* -&%&% $+ '#/e'e$) )+ a P#& S&' -#( $+a;&!g( *a( &8# 'e)4% a P#& N#('0 $"48( S6a)e%#!0 N& *+

4!'#(e$) )+ /# /e!( '&-+ !#( a(( )ae /# (23&%( $+ a%(!g+ )6(a -#&< P4!+ a%&!)( e /a +*4!e 4!)#!;&a% 'e a)ea8( *($%e )aa$%+2(0S)#%% $e ('()+ "++ $+ #$%ea$)+ &! )&/4!%0 Z4*3ea !&*a(0S%4!$e )& -&%ee *4!a 4!'+2!e&&( e5-#a%# 8( -e)+0 P+ea%&3&a%0>E& /#( "( a)ea )ae /a a%(!ge P#& S&' <? 48( $-&$e e )& 6#%+.4e !e$%+*&%a%+0

IIIPREGĂTIRILE DE PLECARE

F S( Ce*e!%, a* /e!(% a '&*!ea%a )a $+.( ea*(!%e$)"+g+'&(aa -e )ae *(.a( "+)&%.# a)&* )(!)( &!(, 4( $-&$e S)#%%

-(e%e!&&( 8( -#%e)%#&&( $+&0 Vea& $+ "a) # !#&+ e5-e'((e $-eP#& S&'0 N+'+;'&(e$) ).# $+ *.a;&( )& a)eea8( 3&!+/#(!+, -e!.

%& )ae.%(Da)+ !& *(.# &a.# a%)(!e/a 4!a(!%e < F De )(!e %e %e*( De A*&!'$e! Da A*&!'$e! /ea $+ -e)e $-e !#', )a $+.a;&!g+ a -#& a)%()0 Ce -&(! a8a a* a"a%E 'e-% )+ *+ $&-(!'e -&(! '&*& -e )ae 8( .a ae$ : /a!a/(ga $-e $&'& A%a!%()&&(, #)#(!' A*e()a 'e S&', a-#( $e /a4!'e-%a $-e !#' -(! $%4*%#aea Be6(!g, '(!%e Aa$a 8( S(.

3e(a0 E$%e &! '&* *a( &!g 8( *a( -(*e;'(#$ 'e)4% )ee #3(8!&(%e0

F Ş( A*&!'$e! (&3e8%e -e$e*!e -(*e;'(a )a 8( *(!e, a8a)+ !& /+' 'e )e a8 "( 3+!&(%#0 Vea 'e$(g& $+.8( -#%#ea$)+ '(! -(! $e%ea 'e a/e!%&+0 Da $+ e/e!(* a e5-e'((a !#a$%+0 Ce2()+ 4! %e( &!( /#( -&%ea -e)a

F D&*!ea%a g+$e8%e.( #a*e!((0 E& *+ /#( #)&-a 'e /a$e 8(*e(!'e, $-&$e S( Ce*e!% )& &! $&4$ -(! 'e 4!ee$0S)#%% $e 'e$-+( 'e #)#%(%#& $+& )& # a"e)%&#a$+ $%4!gee'e *(!+0 4( +*+$e$e 'e)( $a)(!a )ea *a( gea : $+.8( g+$ea$)+ #a.

*e!((0 La P#& S&' !& -&%ea $+ *eag+ )6(a )& #()(!e0 T#/a+8((



)ae a/ea& $+. 4!$#ea$)+ %e3&(a& $+ a(3+ )a(%+( 'e#$e3(%e : 4!.'+2!ea+, $-((% 'e $a)("()(&, '# 'e a/e!%&+0 Ba8)a $+ "(e e.2($%e!( a #3#$ea+ 8( a "(g0 U!'e $+.( g+$ea$)+ De#'a%+ 4( +$+(4! *(!%e -(e%e!& $+& )+-(%a!& L0 E0 Oa%e$, )ae a "( /&% $+.

&*e2e 4! )ea '(!%4( e5-e'((e, 'a "&$e$e 4*-(e'()a% 'e # 4!%4*. -ae !e!##)(%+0Oa%e$ 4 a$)&%+ -(e%e!#$, )& (!(*a 'e$)6($+0 Ea &! #* 4!%e'#&+ /4$%e, )6(32&(%, 6#%+4%, )ae $e e!%&2(a$*a ge&0 C+-(%a!&S)#%% (!ea a e ) a &! "a%e0

F Meg, $%(g+ Oa%e$, )4!' a"+ -e!%& )e /e!($e -(e%e!&$+&0 Ş%(( 3(!e )+ a$%a a "#$% # /e)6e '#(!+ a *ea0 S-e )+ 4( /#( "('e "##$0 Pe )(!e *a( (e(

F N& 8%(& 4!)+0 De#)a*'a%+ %& e8%( )e '(!%4(0 Pe )e(a( "(/#* aege 4*-e&!+, #$%( S)#%% -e#)&-a%, 'a 4!)e2+%#0 P#($+.*( -#-&( -e )(!e/a

F M+ g4!'e$) a #)#%e!e!%& H0 R0 B#_e$0 E &! 3+(a% 'e($-a/+0 A* /e!(% #'a%+ )& e '(! A*e()a0 4! 'e-%& (!$&e# A2#e, $e 'e2+!&($e # "&%&!+ g#a2!()+0 Va$& *e& $e 'a%(!a)a # )#a;+ 'e !&)+0 4! %(*-& &aga!&&( a* a&!e)a% 'e -e -&!%ea

'e )#*a!'+ 8( *(.a* -(e'&% )&!#8%(!a0 C4!' *.a* %e2(%, -&.%ea* $-e ag 4! )ea *a( 'e-(!+ #'(!e : #)#%e!e!%& B#_e$ *+4!#)&($e 8( $e 'e$)&)a$e 'e *(!&!e0 Pe `!g+ a$%a 8%(& )+ 8( e ae

-a%(*a e5-e'(((#0 F A%&!)( /#3e8%e )& e< $%(g+ S)#%% "e()(% )+ *a( g+$($e &!#*0 C4% 'e$-e )e(a( /#* *a( )6(32&(0YŞ( "++ $+ *a( $%ea -e g4!'&( -e)+ 2#(%0 Oa%e$ $e &(%a *&%%(*- '&-+ e -4!+ )e !&. *a( /+2&0

S)#%% a-#a-e aega -e $%a'+, )4!' "& 4!%4*-(!a% 'e &! %4!+ *a(!a, /#(!() )a &! He)&e0 )& "aa a%+ 8( )& &! !a$ -&(!%&%(%, 'a 3a;(! 8( '#*# 4! *(8)+(, )ae 4 $a&%+ )& e$-e)% 8(/#( $+ #$%ea$)+ "#*&a *((%+ea$)+ 'e -e2e!%ae, 'a S)#%% !&.('+'& +ga20

F B(!e )+ %e 4!%4!e$), E/a!$ < N& e8%( '&*!ea%a #)#%e.!e!%& E0 R0 E/a!$

F Ba 'a, +$-&!$e &(a8& )& $"(a+0 V.a* )+&%a% -e$%e %#%,

'#*!&e )+-(%a!0



F A8a A( $+.*( $-&( )e/a S-&!e.*( e-e'e, )+)( *+g+3e$)0

F V#(a* $+ /+ #g000, '#*!&e )+-(%a!0000 $+000 /+ #g $+ !&/+ $&-+a(0000 'a a8 /ea0000 $+ *eg )& '&*!ea/#a$%+ a P#&

S&' < $"(8( e 'e#'a%+, *(8)a% 8( *&&*(% )+ (23&%($e $+.8( $-&!+'#(!a0S)#%% $e a-#-(e 'e e 8(F -(/( (!%+ 4! #)6(0 O)6(( a)e(a *a(,

3a;(!( 8( a'(!e(, *+%&($ea& # *&&*(e $(!)e+0 Ea& #)6(( #*&.&( 'e$)6($ a $&"e% 8( 6#%+4% $+ '&)+ a )a-+% )eea )e.8( -&!ea4! g4!'0

F Te (a& < +$-&!$e S)#%% 3&)&#$, "((!')+ 8%(& )+ e8%( &! 3+(a% 'e ($-a/+ < Da.*( *(!a <

S&3#"(e& E/a!$ 4!%(!$e -a*a &( 'e g#(a% 8( # +$+ 4! *4!a*()+ a )+-(%a!&&(, +$-&!24!' a $%!geea &( -(e%e!ea$)+ )& #$%(!gee e$-e)%&#a$a 8( e!eg()+0

F Pa)+ /#(a( $+.*( *a( $-&!e( )e/a, '#*!&e )+-(%a! F A6, 'a < Te.a8 &ga $+ %e e-e2( -4!+ a *(!e a)a$+ 8($+.*( a'&)( age!'a, -e )ae a* &(%a% $.# (a& < Cee.# !e/e$%((*ee e$%e $&3 -e!+, (! #'a(a *ea 'e '#*(% < M+ g+$e8%( a '#).

%#& ($#! < ( )&!#8%(, !& F A* 4!ee$ < "+)& E/a!$0 Sa&%+ *((%+e8%e 8( # &+ (&%e a -()(# $-e )a$a )+-(%a!&&( S)#%%0 F B&! 3+(a%< g4!'( S)#%%, 4! %(*- )e E/a!$ )#%( '&-+ )#&$%+2((0 A-#( $e )&"&!'+ (a 4! g4!'&(e &(0 B&!+ ('ee $+ *+ a3a%

-e a ($#! < P#a%e /ea $+ *eag+ 8( 'e 'a%a a)ea$%a <D#)%#& E0 A0 ($#! %#)*a( (e8ea '(! )a3(!e%& $+& 'e )#!.$&%a(( )4!' S)#%% (!%+ a e0 4 -(/( $&-(!$0 Ea &! #* 4! /4$%+,

'a 4!)+ -&%e!() 8( $-(!%e!, )& -+& -&(! a3(% -e a %4*-e, 8('#( #)6( )e!&8((, /(#( 8( -+%&!2+%#(, )ae %e -(/ea& 'e$)6($0 F Ce e )& %(!e, S)#%% C&* 'e (.a %e)&% -(! *(!%e $+ "a)(# e5-e'((e -4!+ a *(!e 'e &!& $(!g& 4 4!%4*-(!+ e g&*e0

F A* /e!(% 'e &!& $(!g&, "((!')+ /ea& $+ "a) 4! )&4!' #e5-e'((e )& *a( *&( (!8( $-e P#& S&' < 4( +$-&!$e S)#%% -ea)ea8( %#! g&*e0 C&!#8%( -e )(!e/a )ae a /ea $+ *+ &*e2e

F Da, )&!#$)0

F 4!'e-(!e8%e )#!'(((e 'e000 e2($%e!+



F Ce' )+ 'a0 O*& e 4!a%, /#(!(), -&(!%e 4! /4$%+, 4( -a)e$+ 4'+, $+ "a)+ %ea3+ 3&!+ 8( $+ "&*e2e0 S(!g&a &( *e%ea6!ae$%e )+ $e 4!'ee%!()e8%e )& *e'()(!a0

F C(!e.( #*& +$%a

F C6(a e&, 4! -e$#a!+ <S)#%% (23&)!( 4!%.&! 6#6#% 'e 4$0 F Ba/# < Ea* $(g& ).# $+ /(( 8( 'e 'a%a a$%a )& *(!e0D+.*( *4!a <

F A8%ea-%+ -&(!, $-&$e ($#!, 8(F8( $)#a$e 3a%($%a, 48( 8%e$e*4!a, a-#( # $%4!$e -e a e5-#a%#&&( a8a 'e %ae, 4!)4% $e a&2(+'ege%ee %#$!(!'0 D&-+ a)eea 4( $-&$e :

F (e )a $+ !.a/e( !e/#(e 'e *(!e )a *e'() < T#%&8(, !.a*

$+ &(% $+ (a& )& *(!e 8( a3#a%#& *e& "a*a)e&%()0 Ş%((, -e!%&#()e e/e!%&a(%a%e000C4!' S)#%% $e 'e$-+( 'e ($#!, a/ea 'e )e $+ "(e /e$eMegea -e $%a'+ "&(e4!'0 Te)+%#((, )ae 4 )&!#8%ea&, $e &(%a&24*3(!' '&-+ e0 Ia '&-+ )e. -(e'ea& '(! /e'ee, /#3ea& 4!%e'4!8((:

F A( a"a% S)#%% -ea)+ (a a P#& S&'

WF M'a, a* a&2(%< F Ce 2()( O $+ a;&!g+ 'e a$%+ 'a%+ a -# F De a$%a !& *+ 4!'#(e$), )( 'e a%)e/a000 F De )e a!&*e F C+ ae $+ $e 4!%#a)+ < F E(, a$%a.( <000 Ce (.a /e!(% $+ $-&( # a$e*e!ea /#3+ Se0/a 4!%#a)e 'e 3&!+ $ea*+ <

IVPLECAREA4! 2(&a 'e 1 !#(e*3(e 191, Tea N#/a ea ga%a 'e -e)ae0S)#%") 48( g+$($e #a*e!((, a8a )+ -a%ea )ea *a( gea "&$e$e 4!'e-(.!(%+0 Ceea%e &)&( a& "#$% -&$e a -&!)% )& e-e2()(&!(e -4!+ a)e *a( *() a*+!&!%0 Va$& 4!)+)a% a8%e-%a $+ -e)e 4! ag0 L#.)#%e!e!%& H0 R0 B#_e$, %4!+& $(*-a%() 8( g&*e, *() a %&-,'a /4!;#$, 4'ea 4!%&!a 8( $e *(8)a 4!%#)*a( )a # $" 4ea2+, #)&-4!.

'&.$e 'e %#% )e %e3&(a -e /a-# 8( 4! -(*& 4!' 'e a-#/(2(#!ae0



T#a%+ 2(&()a "+)ea !#%e 8( (!/e!%ae 8(.( 4!'e*!a -e %#( a %ea3+)& )4%e.# g&*+0

F B+ga( 'e $ea*+, e $-&!ea e *a(!a(#, $+ !& &(%a()e/a, )+)( a -# !& $4!% *aga2(!e 'e &!'e a* -&%ea $+ !e -#)&.

+* )eea )e a* &(%a% $+ &+* )& !#(0Ma(!a(( 4'ea& 8( *&!)ea& 'e 2#0C& &! a$%"e 'e #* !& -&%ea( $+ ge8e8%(0 O)6(( $+( /(#(, )ae.(

;&)a& 4! )a-, !ea$%4*-+a(, &a& $ea*a a %#a%e &)&(e0 Pe -&!.%ea !a/e(, #a*e!(( &)a& 'e a$e*e!ea )& 4!"(g&ae0 +)&$e+ga;'&( -e!%& *()(( )a( -#!e(, ge&(a& -&!(e, 4!%(!'ea& "4!.g6((e 8( a8e2a& !&%e& )a(# 8( 6a!a '(!(# 4! +2( 4!'&(%e a-#()& g(;+ 4! *aga2((e !a/e(0 4!/+a(( 48( *#!%a+ a3#a%#aee,

*e)a!()(( 48( -&$e+ a -&!)% *a8(!(e, 3&)+%a& 8( a;&%#aee $ae4!%#)*(+ 3&)+%+(a0I! %(*-& a)e$%a, )+-(%a!& S)#%% ($-+/ea &%(*ee -eg+%(('e -e)ae0 H+(e, ;&!a&, (!$%&*e!%ee 8( e)6(-a*e!%& &("&+ )e)e%a%e -e!%& &%(*a #a+ 4! )a3(!a /a$&&(0 A-#( $e &)+

-e -&!%e, $&-a/eg6(!' &)& #a*e!(# a+%&( 'e )e(a( %#/a.+8( 'e '&*0 Ea "e()(% )+ -e)a0 C4!' 4 4!%4!ea -e B#_e$, 4

3+%ea -(e%e!e8%e, -e &*+0 F Mege $%&!+, )e 2()( F N.ae 4!)#%#, %e3&(e $+ *eag+, )+ 8( !#( *ege* < +$. -&!'ea B#_e$0 Da)+ %ea3a !.a *ege, a%&!)( !#( a %e3&( $+$%+* < Pe!%& )+ !#( !& $%+* 8( %ea3a *ege <La a&2& a)e$%# )&/(!%e 'e # #g()+ 6a2(e, S)#%% 4$e '(!%#a%+ (!(*a0 S&3 #3$e$(a *ae&( $+& /($, e 4'ea 4!%#%'ea&!a )& #/e$e(e *#(-$(%#ae0

Ce(a( %#/a+8(: &(a8& E/a!$, )6(32&(%& Oa%e$ 8( g(;&(&($#! '+'&+, a 4!'& #, a;&%# )+-(%a!&&( S)#%%0 (e)ae eaa #)& $+& %#% %(*-& )4% (!&+ -eg+%((e0

F Dag+ '#)%#e, $-&$e B#_e$, )4!' 4 4!%4!( -e ($#!, !&&(%a $+ (e( 8( &! 3()( -e!%& 'egea%&( : # $.a/e* )e %+(a '(! !#(<

F Da, 'a, +$-&!$e ($#! 424!', a* $+ (a& &! 3()( $-e)(a -e!%& %(!e : #( 'e )4%e #( a( $+ "a)( # g&*+ -#a$%+, a* $+.( a'*&$%aa <

F A%&!)( !&. *a( &a, )+. (e( 'egea3a, 4( +$-&!$e B#_e$0



Sa&, *a( 3(!e, -+$%ea2+. -e!%& %(!e <I! $"48(%, a %e( '&-+.a*(a2+, S)#%% -#&!)( $+ $e ('()e a!.)#a0 O *ae *&(*e 'e #a*e!( $e a'&!a$e -e )6e(& -#%&&(,)a $+ /a'+ -e)aea0 4! a"a+ 'e #"()(a(%+(, /e!($e+ -(e%e!((, &.

'ee 8( "a*(((e )e# )ae -e)a&0 C4!' !a/a 4!)e-& $+ $e 4!'e-+.%e2e, *&(*ea (23&)!( 4! $%(g+%e0 Ba%($%ee "&%&a+ )a !(8%ea(-(0 C4%e/a #/(%&( 'e %&! 3&3&(+ 4! $e*! 'e $a&% De -e !a/++$-&!$e+ $a/e 'e -&8%(0 O)6(( )e# +*a8( -e +* 4!#%a& 4! a.)(*(0 O)6(( )e# 'e -e !a/+ $%+&)ea& 'e !+'e;'e0 Pe$%e %#( -(&.%ea&, !e/+2&%e 8( a-+$+%#ae, '#&+ 4!%e3+( gee : V# a;&!ge#ae a -a Se /# 4!%#a)e )& 3(!e

VSE DEZLĂNUIE URTUNATea N#/a -#!( $-e $&'0 Ve*ea ea 3&!+, #a*e!(( /#(#8(0D#a )4(/a *e*3( a( e5-e'((e( 4!)e-&+ $+ $&"ee 'e +& 'e*ae0 U! /4!% &8# $&"a '(!$-e !#', (a a '#&a 2(, a 1 'e)e*.

3(e, -(!$e a $e 4!%e( 4!)+ '(! %(*-& !#-((0 Maea $e a+%a %#%*a( !e(!(8%(%+0

F O $.a/e* "&%&!+, $-&$e )+-(%a!& S)#%% %#/a+8(# $+(0 N&*a( 'e !& !e.a -+g&3( -ea *&%< F N& %e %e*e, "&%&!(e $e $-e(e 'e e5-#a%#(, g&*( (.$#!, )a $+ a&!ge 4!g(;#aea 'e # )(-+ a &( S)#%%0

F A'e/+a%, a'+&g+ B#_e$, !&*a( # a(%+ $+ 'ea -(! a. 3#a%#& &( ($#! 8( $e -#%#e8%e< A)## e # a'e/+a%+ /+. ;(%#(e <C+-(%a!& Oa%e$ )6(32&(a )e ea 'e "+)&%0 S&3#"(e& E/a!$

$%+%ea ga%a $+.( 4!'e-(!ea$)+ -#&!)(e0 Da 'e#)a*'a%+ !.a/ea&a%)e/a 'e "+)&% 'e)4% $+ a8%e-%e "&%&!a0 F D&.%e 8( $-&;(e.( &( A!%#! $+ a(3+ g(;+ 'e -#!e(, -#&!)()+-(%a!& S)#%%0 B(e(( )+&( < N& -ea $4!% #3(8!&(( )& *aea0M+ %e* )+ /#* 'e3a)a !&*a( )& ;&*+%a%e '(!%e e(0

F Ceaa%+ ;&*+%a%e # $+ $e '&)+ 'e -+$(+ 4! "&!'& *+.((< "+)& B#_e$ $e(#$, )a 4!%#%'ea&!a )4!' $-&!ea # g&*+0 Sa&4! )e *a( +& )a2 # $+.( "a)e* $aa* )4!' /#* a;&!ge a P#.

I& S&'<



C+-(%a!& Oa%e$ $e '&$e$e $+ (a &!ee *+$&(0 E/a!$ +*a$e'%/a %(*- 4! -ea;*a &( A!%#!, )ae a/ea +& 'e *ae0 Ca $+.(*a( %ea)+ geaa, "&*a$e # (ga+, 'a 4( ea 8( *a( +&0 A)&* $e"e)a )& -a*ee -e $%#*a) 8(.( $-&!ea &( E/a!$ :

F P%(& < N&.( 'e#) -+)&%<C4% a( )(-( '(! #)6(, E/a!$ 4 8( 4!8"a)+ -e A!%#! )& # !4!+'&-+ *(;#) 8(F a&!)+ -e &*+ )a -e &! $a) )& )+3&!(0 C4%e/a)(-e '&-+ a)eea, 4 'e-&$e 4! a3#a%#& '#)%#&&( ($#!0

F V( .a* a'&$, )a $+. "a)e( 3(!e, $-&$e e '#)%#&&(, %ae%#)*a( -eg+%($e )e/a 4*-#%(/a +&&( 'e *ae0 A-#(, )4% ea 'e4!a% 8( 'e $-+%#$ $e 4!)#/#(e '(! 8ae, (e8( '(! a3#a%# 8( $e '&$e$+ 4!g(;ea$)+ 'e -#!e( 4! #)& &( A!%#!0

V4!%& 4!)e-& $+ $&"e %#% *a( "&(#$0 Tea N#/a a&!e)ae-e'e -(!%e /a&(e )ae $+%a& )a !(8%e $-(!+( &(a8e 8( 4!$-&.*a%e0 I! 2#(( 2(e( 'e 'e)e*3(e, "&%&!a $e 'e2+!&( )& # "&(e#a3+0 V%e;&(e $e ('()a& )& *ae e-e2()(&!e *aea $e &*."a " )4!'&.$e &!a )& )e&0

F S%4!ge( -4!2ee < -#&!)( )+-(%a!& S)#%%04!%.# )(-(%+, -4!2ee "&+ $%4!$e0 Na/a $e eg+!a %#$!(!' 8(

4!a(!%a !&*a( 4! '(e)(a /4!%&&(0 Oa%e$ 8( '#)%#& ($#! (!ea& -#!e((, '(*-e&!+ )& *a( *&( *a(!a(0 L+2(e )& -e%# 8( "&.a;, a8e2a%e -e -&!%ea )ea *a( 'e $&$, 4!)e-&+ $+ $e )a%(!e0 Sa)(()& )+3&!( "&+ &a( 'e /a&( 8( a&!)a( -e$%e +2(e 'e2ega%e0I! 4!/+*+8eaa 'e #a*e!( 8( 'e &)&( 'e -e -&!%e, #)#%e!e!%&B#_e$ aega -e$%e %#% +)!(!' )4% 4 (!ea g&a :

F Da(.( 2#, )e !a(3a < V+ $-e(a( 'e &! "ea) 'e "&%&!+ Oa*e!(( $e $%+'&(+ #e 4!%eg( ('()4!' $a)(( 'e -e 3#: ' 8(

eg4!' '(! !#& +2(e0 Va&(e !+/+ea& 4!$+ -e$%e e( 8( *e( e& 4(&'a& -4!+ a -(ee0 N(*e!( !&.8( -(e'ea 4!$+ )&*-+%&0 B#_e$8( *a( -&(! 'e)4% )e(a(0

F Ia%+.!e, 4! $"48(%, *&(a( )a !(8%e -a-a&'e < $%(g+ e0Cae '(!%e /#( !& $.a $-+a% a)a$+ a $)+-a% a)&* 'e g(;+ <C(!' /a& /e!ea -e$%e e(, %e3&(a& $+ $e (!+ 'e )e/a, )+)( a%."e $e -&%ea 4!%4*-a $+ "(e a2/(( -e$%e 3#'0 C+-(%a!& S)#%%'+'ea -#&!)( e!eg()e 8( $e %&'ea a )#% )& e(0 C+-(%a!& Oa%e$

ega$e $(!g& 8a$e +2(0 E/a!$, &(a8 8( '#*#, "+)ea %ea3+ )4%



8a-%e0 ($#! a'&$e$e -e A!%#! 4! "(e F 8( a)&*, 4*-e&!+ )& e,a/ea g(;+ 'e -#!e( 8( 'e '(!(0 L#)#%e!e!%& B#_e$ 4!;&a 8( -e$.)&(a $a)(( )& )+3&!(0

F Be$%e*a%+ "&%&!+, 3#*3+!ea e $&-+a%, (( !ea-+a% $+

+*4!e* "++ )+3&!( Da a !a(3a < Ma( 3(!e !e.a( +$a 4! -a)e,)+)( $4!%e* #a*e!( $e(#8( < N#a-%ea ea %#% *a( 4!%&!e)a%+, /a&(e 8( /4!%& %#% *a( "&.(#a$e, (a !a/a $e 23+%ea !e-&%(!)(#a$+ )a # !&)+ 'e )## -4!+ )##

F O-(( *a8(!(e < $%(g+ S)#%%0Me)a!()(( #-(+ *a8(!(e0 Na/a -&%ea *a( 4! /#(e, 'a %a.a2&(e "&(#a$e !+/+ea& *ee& -e$%e 3#'&(, (!&!'4!' -&!(e

F P#*-ee< $%(ga+ 'e#'a%+ #a*e!((0 S.a& 4!"&!'a

-#*-ee < F C&* a8a 4!%e3+ S)#%%0 P#a%e $.a& 4!"&!'a% '(! -()(!a &e(&&(0

F A-a !+/+e8%e 4! )a*ea *a8(!(# < F Te3&(e $+ $a/+* %&3& a$-(a%# < $%(g+ S)#%%0 E/a!$C6e*a(. -e E/a!$ <E/a!$ $#$( 8( $e -&$e 4!'a%+ -e &)&, 4!#%4!' 4! a-a )ae

a;&!gea -4!+ a g4%0 I( "& 4!$+ )& !e-&%(!+ $+ $a/e2e %&3& a$ -(a%#0 F T#% *a( 3&!e $4!% &)&(e 3+%4!e8%(, "+)& B#_e$0 S$)#a%e* a-a )& )+'+(e, )+)( a$%ea !.a& )&* $+ $e 4!"&!'e <Ş( *a(!a(( 4!)e-&+ $+ $)#a%+ e$%& a-e( )& g+e(e0

F Ba/#, 3+(e( < e $%(ga B#_e$0 A)ea )ae /a 3ea # g+ea%+, /a )+-+%a 'e a *(!e &! -e*(& I 4!)6('e( #)6(( 8( 4!)6(

-&((./+ )+ e _6($ < Ha('e, )&a; <

Ma(!a(( 4!)e-&+ $+ 4'+0 Ba &!& '(!%e e( )6(a 3+&, 'a"++ $+ /ea, )+)( a&!e)a$e 8( )+2&$e 4! a-+0 C+a%& a-e( )#!Y%(!&a0 4!$&8( B#_e$ )a+ /e# '#&+2e)( 'e g+e( *a(0 Ea &We#a)+ 'e $&$ -4!+ ;#$, 'a g&*ea *ee& 4!/e$e(!'&.( -e %#(0C#a3(a ea a%4% 'e 4!)+)a%+, 4!)4% 'a)+ !& $.a "( $)#$ a-)& g+e(e, $.a "( $)&"&!'a%0

F A "( # -#$%(e $+ !e 4!e)+* 4! *(;#)& #)ea!&&( %#)*a(a)&*, $-&!ea B#_e$0 c

I! %(*-& a)e$%a, *&!( 'e /a&( $e $-+gea& 'e -&-+, e/+ ;



$4!'&.$e a-#( a('#*a &!&( -&6#( 'e a-+ /e'e, -(! )ae )#a3(;a3(a +23ea0 O 3&)a%+ *ae '(! 3a&$%a'+ "&$e$e $*&$+0 De 10)a%ag& '(!a(!%e 8( -4!+ a )a%ag& )e *ae, -&!%ea !& $e *a/e'ea 'e $-&*+0 S)#%%, )ae $e a"a a)## 4!%4*-+%#, "& )&-(!

'e a-+ -4!+ a -(e-%0 E/a!$, )ae ea 4! a-#-(ee, (!4!' &! -#!e(, 4!%(!$e '#a &! 3a 8(. a-&)+ -e )+-(%a!, ('()4!'&. 4! $&)a -e &! )#-(0

F I( *&&*e$), E/a!$, 4( $-&$e S)#%%, '&-+ )e $e ag++ ' 3a&$%a'+0 Tae "&(#a$+ *a( e a-a < F E& )e' ).# $+ !e a$e )&(!' 4! -a)e, g+$&( E/a!$ )& /#)ea &( a'4!)+, 'e 3a$0 Te3&(e $+ $e '#*#ea$)+ #'a%+ <000P(! /&(e%& /a&(# $e a&2ea& *a(!a(( )ae &)a& )4!.

%4!'0 N(*e!( !&.8( -(e'&$e )&*-+%&0 U! '(!e $e 4!e)a$e, &! -#.!e( *&($e 8( a( '#( $e 4*3#!+/($e+0 Va&(e (.a "( &a% )&$(g&a!+, 'a)+ !.a "( "#$% -(!8( 4! a!&(0 U! /a "&(#$ $*&$e&! -#!e( )& a%4%a -&%ee, 4!)4% a!& $e &-$e 8( )+&& "& a2/4.(% -e$%e 3#' '(! "e()(e, 4!$+, /a& &*+%# 4 ea'&$e -e -&!%e,8( a)&* ea $+!+%#$0V4!%& 4!)e-& $+ $e '#*#ea$)+0 4! )&4!', *aea $e *a( (.

!(8%( -&(! 8( !a/a !& *a( "& a%4% 'e *&!)(%+ )a -4!+ a%&!)(0A '#&a 2(, a-a !& *a( -+%&!'ea 4! /a$, (a )e& $e 4!$e!(.!a$e0 E/a!$ )#3#4 4! )a*ea *a8(!(#, 48( "+)& #) -(!%e )+.

3&!( -4!+ a 4!/e(8& -#*-e( 8(. $)#a$e0 C&a( %&3&, 8(, $-e *a.ea 3&)&(e a )e# 'e -e -&!%e, $e $)&$e (a+8( &! 8&/#( 'e a-+4! a"a+0Ma%e#(( ea& "e()(( )+ %e)&$e "&%&!a04!)e%& )& 4!)e%& &*3ee 4!g(;#+(( $e ($(-(+ 8( )6(-&(e

$e 4!$e!(!a+0 A)&* -&%ea& '#*# '&8( 'e *a8(!( 8( 'e -4!2e0 C+. -(%a!& S)#%% $e 4!/4%ea $-(!%e! -(!%e *a(!a( 8( -(!%e )e( -a%& %#/a+8( a( $+(0 Z4*3ea, 4'ea, g&*ea0 Caea $-e $&' ea'e$)6($+ <000

VISPRE POLUL SUDLa 'e)e*3(e, a%(!$e+ a%(%&'(!e $&'()+0 Ba#*e%& !&

$e *(8)a$e 'e '#&+ 2(e0 V4!%& )4!' $e 4!%eea, )4!' $+3ea $&"(4!'



!e4!%e&-% '(!$-e /e$%0 T#( $e $(*ea& 3(!e, 4! a"a+ 'e -#!e(,)ae -(/ea& a-a )& #)6( %(8%( 8( 'e a3(a $e *a( (!ea& -e -()(#ae0S)#%% $e &(%+ a e( 8( 2($e :

F Da)+ !.a* *a( a/ea "&%&!+ L0

F ((!')+ (a !e.a 'a 'e &)& )& g+e(e < g&*( B#_e$0Oa%e$ )e )6(32&(% $-&$e : F E& )e' )+ !.# $+ *a( a/e*0 Ce& $.a 4!$e!(!a% Ia &(.%a(./+ < A (e8(% )&)&3e&<

F N&*a( 'e.a (!e a8a < g+( 8( ($#!, )+ "&%&!a a$%a !e!##)(%+ *(.a 4!%#$ a3#a%#& -e '#$0

F N& %e *a( -4!ge a%4%a < I( a8e2( 3#)a!ee )& a("(e a #)8( ga%a0 C+ '#a a$%a.( %#a%+ 8%((!a /#a$%+ *e'()a+, $+( B#_e$

)& /#3a0 Da (a &(%a(./+ a E/a!$ < U$& +$%a -a)+ 6(3e!ea2+, Ia8a %a)e )6(%() < S-&!e.!e )e/a, E/a!$ <

F Ce /e( $+ /+ $-&! +$-&!$e a)e$%a0 A2(.!#a-%e !.a* -&%&% $+ '#* 'e#), )+)( *.a& !+-+'(% )&$%a)e(( )ae a& -+%&!$, I!e-#"%((, #'a%+ )& a-a0

F Le.# "( "#$% 8( # -#"%+ 'e # )ea"+ *a( g#a$+ < (.# %4!%(B#_e$0 Da *+ *(, )&* 'e (.a( $(*(% )& # -(ee a%4% 'e g#a$+

)a a %a F Da)+ ea( %& 4! #)& &( E/a!$, *+ -(!' )+ !()( !.a( "(8%(&% )+ $4!% )&$%a)e(< $e a*e$%e)+ ($#!0

Na/a a&!e)a -e !e$(*(%e $-e $&'0 P(!%e g&*e $e 4!;g6e. 3a& 8( )#!/#3(( $e(#a$e0 F E& a8 2()e $+ "a)e* $%a(a 'e (a!+ a C#2(e, $-&$e S)#%% (4!%.# '&-+.a*(a2+0 Ce -+ee a/e( /#(

F Ce' )+ e 3(!e, +$-&!$e Oa%e$0 A)## a* a/ea *&%e ;

a/a!%a;e 8(, *a( 4!a(!%e 'e %#a%e, /a-#& -#a%e $+ a3#'e2e #()4%'e %(*-&(& a "( $e2#!&0($#! (!%e/e!( 8( e 4! '($)&(e :

F 4! a '#(ea 4!', /#* -&%ea %e)e *aea $%a/(+ 'e g6ea+ I"++ $+ '+* -e$%e )+-+%&( 'e %ee!, a8a )+ '&*& )+%e -# a "4 4! (!(e 'ea-%+0 4! -&$, )#!'(((e a%*#$"e()e *a( 34!'e $-e)##!(a -(!g&(!(# !e.a 'a -#$(3((%a%ea $+ $%&'(e* -e(#a'a 'e(!)&3a(&!e a -(!g&(!& 4*-+a%0

B#_e$ a/& # -+ee :



F Ce 2()e( 'a)+ a* )e)e%a *&!%ee Te# '(! -&!)% 'e /e.'ee ge##g()000 8( $-#%(/ < E& *(.a8 &a $a)(!a $+ )&eg -(e%#a(e,

-e!%& )a '#*!(( $a/a!( $+.8( 3a%+ )a-& )& ee000 F Da $4!% 8( ge&%+(, 2($e S)#%%0 V#* "( 4*-(e'()a( $+ 'e.

3a)+* *a%e(a& -e )ae .a* &a% )& !#( 8( *a( ae$ -#!e(( 8( $+.!((e )& *#%#0 A-#( /#* a/ea 'e $%+3+%&% # '($%a!+ -ea *ae -4!+ $+ a;&!ge* a -+*4!% 3&!, a)#-e(% )& 2+-a'+0 S.a -&%ea $+'+* -e$%e &! &)&8 WJe Q $a& 'e -()(#ae0 Pe &*+ /a "( ge&$+ *a!e/+* )#a3(a '(! -()(!a )&e!%&&( 8( a g6e(( -&%(%#ae4! %(*-& 'e3a)+((0,, ,Oa%e$ 4 4!%e&-$e :

F Ce.a "( $+ 'e3a)+* -#!e(( a M)M&'# S#&!' De

a)## 4( a'&)e* -e &$)a% a Ca-& C#2(e, F I'eea !& e ea, )#!/e!( S)#%%0 F S.a;&!ge* *a( 4!%4( a)##0 S+ !& /(!'e* 3a!a &$&&(('(! -+'&e < $%(g+ B#_e$, 8( %#( "&+ 'e a)eea8( -+ee )& e0S#aee $)(-ea /#(#$0 Pe !a/+ %#%& ea &$)a%, (a 6&a $e *a(

-#%#($e0 Z(&a &*+%#ae $e $"+%&(+ '(! !#& 'a)+ $+ a)#$%e2e $a&!& a Ca-& C#2(e0 T#a%+ &*ea ea /e$e+ 8( $e a&2ea& !e)#!%e.

!(% )4!%e)e 8( 4$e%e0 C+-(%a!& S)#%% -+ea 8( e "#a%e 3(!e '($-&$0A '#&a 2( /+2&+ $%#&( 'e -+$+( )ae '+'ea& %4)#ae )#+3(e(0De"(!(( 4!#%a& )& ga(e -(! a-#-(ee0 A3a%#8((, ga/(, $e (/(+4! )&4!'0 (g& 4!)e-& $+ $e "a)+ $(*(%0>Te )&%e*&( )4!' /e2( )e )a!%(%+( 'e a(*e!%e '($-a )a

-(! "a*e)?, $)(a S)#%% 4! ;&!a& $+&0 S%aea 'e $-((% 'e -e /a. -# ea 3&!+0 N&*a( )+ 4! &*a "&%&!(( %e)&%e, $-e -#/+, 'e -e -&!%ea 'e $&3 -#$%& 'e )#*a!'+, -e )ae $%+%ea& -#!e((, $e

$)&gea &! ()6(' $)43#$ -e$%e 6a*a)&(e '(! '#*(%#& )ae $eg+$ea 'e'e$&3%0 N(*e!( !& $-&$e &! )&/4!%: #a*e!(( )ae $%+%ea&a)## "+)&+ %#% )e ea )& -&%(!+ )a $+ a$%&-e )+-+%&(e, "++ $+$e -4!g+ &( S)#%%0 Da $%aea # ea 4! a'e/+ 'e !e4!'&a%0 T#.%& %e3&(e $+ "(e 'e$"+)&%, )a a-a $+.8( g+$ea$)+ #) 'e $)&gee0L&*(!a 2(e( !& -+%&!'ea a)## 8( !& $e -&%ea ae($( 'e)4% -(!.%.# *()+ +$&"+%#ae0 Oa*e!(( &'a( -4!+ a -(ee 'e *a( *&%e#( 4! %(*-& &aga!&&(, !& a/ea& &!'e $+.8( &$&)e 6a(!ee0 S)#%%

a"+ %#a%e a$%ea *&% *a( %42(& 8( $e *(+ 'e /#(a 3&!+ 8( 'e e!e.



g(a )& )ae, %#%&8(, #a*e!(( &)a& -e !a/+0De )4%e/a 2(e )++%#(a )#!%(!&a "++ !()( # -(e'()+0 De#'a%+,4!$+, 4!%.# '(*(!ea+, E/a!$ e5)a*+ :

F V+' &! g6ea <

T#( $e 4!g+*+'(+ 4*-e;&& &(0 F C4% e 'e *ae, *+()&(+0 Pe egea *ea )+ %#a%+ A!g(a a -&%ea $+ "a)+ 4!g6ea%+ )& e< e5)a*+ B#_e$0 F Da (a &(%a(./+ a)## < O 3ae!+ 4! )a!e 8( #a$e < $%(g+(4$#!0 Ş( )e $-(!ae ae L0

F Mae *a( e 8( a$%a < Ce.# "( *4!)a% 'e $.a &*"a% a8a, $e*(!&!+ B#_e$0 P#/e$%e$) &!(( )+ a& g+$(% #'a%+, 4! *+&!%a(eee(, # a'+ 4!%eag+ 'e _6($, a%+ 'a%+ # 8a-)+ 'e a*(a 8( !& *+

4!'#(e$) )+, 'a).a* )+&%a 4! a$%a, a* g+$( )6(a &! a*(a 4! -e$#a!+ < Na/a a&!e)+ -e 4!g+ g6ea 8( $e 4!'e-%+ *ee& $-e $&',)a 8( )4!' a)## a "( "#$% &! *ag!e% -&%e!() )ae.# a%+gea0V(!e(, 9 'e)e*3(e, a;&!$e+ a a%(%&'(!e $&'()+0 I!$&aS)#%%, -e )ae # 'e$)#-e($e S6a)e%#! 8( # 3#%e2a$e a$%"e, ea a)4%e/a *(e $-e /e$%0 Te)&+ -e 4!g+ )4(/a *&!( -&%(%#((

"#a%e "&*#8(, )e( *a( *&( '(!%e e( %a3&a(, 4!a( 'e F -()(#ae0 S#aee 4( "+)ea $+ $%+&)ea$)+ 4! %#a%+ *+e(a0 Da ))4% 4!a(!%a !a/a, g6ea(( $e 4!g+*+'ea& 4*-e;&& e(, )a !(8%

-&( &(a8( -e 4!g+ # )#8)+ -4!%e)#a$+0 4!a(!%e 'e a*(a2+, ( %a+ 4!%.&! -a), &! $#( 'e *a$+ &!("#*+ 'e g6ea+ a)+%&(('(! 3#)&( a(-(%e &!ee 'e a%ee, %e)&+ -e 4!g+ !e!&*+a%g6ea( )a -(! "aa &!# !a*(e "a!%a$%()e0 Ce& 48( e"e)%a 4! W&! *(!&!a% ;#) 'e &*3e 8( &*(!(0 S#aee, )4!' a$)&!$, )4!' (/((

'&.$e -(!%e !#(, &*(!a #3(%# $a& -+( 'e 3a!)6(2e $a& /e&*&!%e 'e-% )a -ee%ee, $a& &! -e%e) a3a$%& 'e *ae0 A$%"e, 6*(!a 8( &*3a $e a&!ga& &!a -e a%a "++ 4!)e%ae0 T#( e")()&-(!8( 'e # $%ae )(&'a%+ 'e (!(8%e0 P#!e(( a+%a& *a( #'(6!(('(!(( $e 4!/(#a$e+, #a*e!(( -+ea& 4!%(!e((0

F Z+& 'a)+ !& *+ $(*% (!$-(a% a$e*e!ea &!&( -#e%, 2")B#_e$0 Da).a "( $+ *a( /+' *&% %(*- -(/e(8%( )a a)e$%ea, I$+.*( %(-+e$) a 4!%#a)ee -#e2((e -e 64%(e 'e Ja-#!(a <

F N&*a( )+ !.# $+ -#( $)(e a()(, 4( +$-&!$e ($#!, *&$



# $+.( 4!g6ee "++ 4!'#(a+ 'e "(g <B#_e$ !& $e '+'& 3+%&%:

F Da).# 'egea, )& a%4% *a( 3(!e < Vea& $+ +*4! e5-a%#0 C+-(%a!& !#$%& !.a -&%ea $+ a;&!g+ a -# )& &! -+-

'(% 'e -#e%000La 1 'e)e*3(e a%(!$e+ a%(%&'(!e0 Ca-& C#2(e e(a 'e *(e0 S)#%% +*a$e %ea2 %#a%+ !#a-%ea0 S#aee a-&$e$('e*&%0 4!a(!%ea #)6(# $+( $e 'e$"+8&a # -(/e(8%e )a 'e /($0 =& 'e &! #8(a%() -&%e!() $e e"e)%a 4! *aea (!(8%(%+, -(!((g6ea(( )ae 48( $)6(*3a& 8( e( )&#aea 'e a a+*(& a-(!$ 4/+-+(, a #8&.g+3&( g6ea(( 8( -a)& ea& 4!/+&(( $-e !#('e # &*(!+ /e'e 'e$)6($+ )& &*3e &!g( 'e &! #8& 4!)6($, (Kc

-e )e $e e"e)%a # ga*+ *(!&!a%+, 4!)e-4!' )& &! ga3e! a&(& I$"48(!' %e-%a% )& )e *a( 'e()a% /e'e *a(!0 T#( -(/(+ )&)e((( 'e a)ea$%+ "ee(e0 C#a3(a $e $%e)&+ -(!%e )a!a&(e 'e)6($e 4! %(*-& !#-((0 D(*(!eaa $e #-(+ 4! 'e-%& &!e( 3a;)6(2e0 Se a-#/(2(#!a+ )& a-+ '(!%.&! 6&**#), &! $#( )(('()+%&+ )a # *#/(+ 'e &!'e $)#a$e+ a-+0 E/a!$ -e$)&( !(8)&$%a)e(, ($#! 4*-&8)+ )4%e/a -+$+( ae, B#_e$ *a( #$%( )(

%e/a g&*e, (a a #a Q -(!$e+ -a%& "#)e0 4! $eaa a)eea $e #$-( ;%a+ )& "()a( -#a$-e(0 Ea& "#a%e g&$%#8(0

VIIPRINTRE GHEARII! 2(&a 'e 11 'e)e*3(e, 4!%.# '&*(!()+, )#a3(a $e #-( 4!.%.&! -a) *a( *ae, a)+%&(% '(! 3a!)6(2e g#a$e 'e '#&+ -(.)(#ae0 C+-(%a!& S)#%% a'&!+ e)6(-a;& 4! $a#! 8( 4( $-&$e :

F D&-+.a*(a2+ /#* (e8( )& $)6(&(e -e 3a!)6(2+0E5-#a%#(( $)#a$e+ $%(g+%e 'e 3&)&(e0 Ce -+)ee $+ &*3e'&-+ a%4%ea 2(e 'e !e*(8)ae <

F 4! $"48(%, 2($e B#_e$, -#% $+ *a( 23&' !(e< A* 8( &(%a%$+.*( (a& /4!% 'e )4!' !.a* *a( -&$ $)6(&(e 4! -()(#ae <D&-+ a)eea $e 4*3a)a+ '(! !#& )a $+ )#!%(!&e -(*e;'(#a$a)++%#(e -(!%e 3a!)6(2e 8( g6ea(0 Pe!%& a.8( )#( '&*, ea&$((( $+ a&!)e g6ea(( 4! ae )& '(!a*(%+0 L&-%a+ )& -(e'()( gee

)a $+ -#a%+ %e)e -(!%e 3a!)6(2ee 4!g#8a%e 'e 6&**#).&(0



F U! *e) $e %4+8%e *a( e-e'e )a !#( < $-&!ea B#_e$0Pa).a* 'a *ee& 4! g#-(<

F S4!% 'e -+ee $+ !e #-(*, 2($e )6(32&(%& Oa%e$0 4!a(!.%+* "++ !()( &! "##$0

F S+ *a( 4!a(!%+* -&(!, "& 'e -+ee S)#%%0C#a3(a $e $%e)&a '(! )e 4! )e *a( ge&0 F 4!)+ -&(!, 2($e S)#%%, )ae !&.8( -(e'ea !+'e;'ea a8a'e e-e'e04!%.a'e/+, '+'&+ 4! )&4!' -e$%e &! '&* *a( &8#0 Da a "(e)ae )ea$ %e3&(a $+ (a # 6#%+4e !#&+, )+)( 4!)e-&+ $+ "(e4*-(!8( )+%e e$%, '(! -()(!a )&e!%&&( $a& a /4!%&&( )ae 3+%ea4! -a%ea a)eea $a& -#a%e '(! a*4!'#&+ -()(!(e0 A/&+ 4!$+ 8( 2(e

3&!e, )4!' (e8(+ )& $)6(&(e -e 3a!)6(2+, g#( -4!+ a 34&0 E/a!$,)ae ea &! $)6(# !e4!%e)&%, e '+'ea $"a%&( -a)%()e0 Se "+)&$e)a' 8(, -e!%& )+ &*(!a $#ae&( 4( #3ea, -&%a& #)6ea( "&*&((0+)&+ e5e)((( )& $+!((e, %+g4!'&.$e &!& -e a%&, )a $+ $e #3(8.!&(a$)+0 Ba $)#a$e+ 8( '(!(( 8(.( 4!6+*a+ a $+!(( F 'a !& *()+e "& *(aea )4!' /+2&+ )+ !& -ea %+gea& )&* %e3&(e, "((!')+$e 4!g+8a$e+ -ea *&%0 C4(/a *a(!a( 4!)e)a+ $+ -(!'+ -(!.

g&(!(0 A)e8%(a ea& &! $#( 'e -+$+( )(&'a%e, )ae $%+%ea& 4! -(.)(#ae )a #a*e!(( 8( a/ea& #3()e(&( >)(/((2a%e?04! 2(&a 'e Q 'e)e*3(e /+2&+ &! "e 'e )a!a &!g, )ae $e4!%(!'ea $-e $&', %+(a% 'e 3a!)6(2e # )(&'+e!(e a !a%&((0 D&-+)%e/a $"#+(, !a/a "& (3ea%+ '(! 4!)6($#aea e( 'e g6ea+ 8( $e4!'e-%+ 4! ag& a-e(0I! $eaa 'e 'e)e*3(e, ($#! 4( )6e*+ a 3a&$%a'+ )a$+ -(/ea$)+ )e/a (!%ee$a!% )e $e -e%e)ea -e 3a!)6(2+0 U(%4!'&.$e

-e 'ea$&-a g6e((, /+2&+ # -a$+e )(&'a%+, !&*(%+ $&a, $%4!' -e&! 3#) 'e g6ea+, )ae $%+-4!ea 'e $&$ 3a!)6(2a &!'e $e a'&!a.$e+ )4(/a -(!g&(!(0 D&-+ # )#!$"+%&(e 4!%e e(, -(!g&(!(( $e 6#.%+4+ $+ a%a)e -a$+ea 4! g&- a )4(/a -a8( 'e '&8*a!, -(!.g&(!& '(! "&!%e $e #-( 8(.( 4!%#a$e $-a%ee "++ &8(!e0 Ce(a(

-(!g&(!( 4 4*-(!$e+ 4!a(!%e, 'a e !& $e +$+0 U!& '&-+ a%&'+'ea& 4!a-#(, )a $+ !& a%a)e !()( &!& )e '(!%4( -e (!a*() 8( !&.*a( '&-+ *&%+ g++g(e $e 4!"(e34!%a+ %e-%a% 8( -#!(+ a a$a%0

N.# -&%ea& 4!$+ a;&!ge, )+)( ea ea $&$ -e &! 3#) 8( )4!' -+&



)+.( 3ag+ 4! $ea*+, 23&+ 8( $e a8e2+ 4! -a%ea )eaa%+ a 3a!)6(.2e(0 P(!g&(!(( !&.8( -(e'&+ )&*-+%& 8( 4!)e-&+ '(! !#& 4!'+2.!e& # a$a%, -4!+ )4!' -a$+ea 48( &+ 23#& -e!%& %#%'ea&!a4! a%+ -a%e0 P(!g&(!(( ;&3(a& /+24!' )+ a& $)+-a% 'e !e-#"%(%a

*&$a"(+0E/a!$ 4!)e-& $+ )4!%e )& ga$& &( -#"&!' # #*a!+ 'e 'a.g#$%e0 C4!%a -e!%& aea!& (!(*(( #0 De#'a%+ 3+ga+ 'e $ea*+)e/a )(&'a%0 T#( -(!g&(!(( 'e -e 3a!)6(2+ $e $%4!$e+ 4!g+ -#/a)#+3(e(, !e*(8)a( 8( )&*(!( a$)&%4!' )4!%e)& )a !(8%e "((!e#*e!e8%( )& a(-(0

F E(, '+)(e < *44( B#_e$ 4!)(&'a%0 Ia &(%a(./+ a e( < 4a$)&%+ -e E/a!$ )& *ae 'e$"+%ae0 Ce.a "( $+.( 'e$+*

F Pa e( 8( a8a 'e$%& 'e 'e$a( < $-&$e ($#!, &(*(% 'e #3(.)e(& a)e$%a >)(/((2a%? a -(!g&(!(#0Ce *a( )#*() '(!%e %#( -(!g&(!(( ea &!& 'e a$a O'e(e0(e -e &$)a%, "(e -e g6ea+, "(e )+ '#*ea, )+ $e )e%a $a& )+ $e

;&)a, "(e )+ ea $-e(a%, )&(#$ #( *4!(a%, -+ea 4!%#%'ea&!a)aag6(#$0D&-+ '#&+2e)( 'e 2(e 'e '&*, )#a3(a (e8(, 4! $"48(%, '(!%e

g6ea( 8( $e 4!'e-%+ $-e $&', -e &! '&* 'e a-+0I! 2(&a 'e 1 (a!&a(e 1911, e5-#a%#(( 2+(+ +*&0 T#($)#a$e+ &! $&$-(! 'e &8&ae :

F I! $"48(% <Ş( 4!%4(a 2( a !#&&( a! e a'&$e !+'e;'ea )ea *a( *ae 4!e&8(%a e5-e'((e( #0

VIII

ĂRMULO (!(8%e a'4!)+, ga/+, $%+-4!ea 4*-e;&(*(e )4% 3+%ea&#)6((0 S#aee &!e)a -e g6eaa )e&&( *a( $%+&)(%# )a #()4!'0C4(/a *e*3( a( e)6(-a;&&( "+)&+ -a;+ a #a 11, $%4!' 4!%(!8(

-e -&!%e 8( )(%(!'0 +*& $e '($%(!gea 3(!e0 I!$&a C#*a! $e -#"(a )a* a 7 *(e 4!$-e a-&$0 A%(!$e+ 7 a%(%&'(!e $&'()+0Ve!( a-#( # !#a-%e 'e /($ &*a%+ 'e # '(*(!ea+ 4!)!%+%#ae $#aee $%+&)( a-#a-e !e4!%e&-%0 C4(/a #a*e!( $e a-&)a+ $+

"a)+ 3a(e 4! a-a 'e *ae, -e -&!%e0 A-a ea e)e, 'a a$%a !& $&.



-+a 'e#) -e B#_e$0 Pe e, '&-+ )&* $)(e S)#%% 4! ;&!a& &(,!&. 4!$-+(*4!%a !()( # /e*e, !()( # $)6(*3ae0 4!"&!%a %#%& )&# g&*+, $a& )& &! 6#6#% 'e 4$0C#3#4+ # 3a)+ 8( S)#%%, ($#!, P(e$e 8( E/a!$ $e 4!.

'e-%a+ )& ea $-e *a0 Da !& (23&%(+ $+ a)#$%e2e '(! -()(!a)&e!%&&(0 Te)&+ -(! "aa &!e( )##!(( 'e -(!g&(!(, )ae $e +."+(a -e # $&-a"a+ !e*+g(!(%+0 A%e g&-&( $%+%ea& -e )#a$%aa)#-e(%+ 'e 2+-a'+, a # *ae 'e-+%ae 'e )##!(a )ea *ae0

F De )e 8(.# "( "+)4!' e( )&(3&(e -(! a)e$%e #)&( a%4% 'e!e-#%(/(%e $e 4!%e3+ S)#%%0 Da g4!'&(e &( ea& "+*4!%a%e'e g(;a &!&( -&!)% -(e!() -e!%& 'e3a)ae0

F Ia%+ $%4-& -#8%a< $%(g+ e a+%4!' %#/a+8(# $+( &! $%4-

4!"(-% 4! g6ea+, '(! %(*-& 4!%4(e( $ae e5-e'(((0Oa*e!(( 4 -(/(+ )&(#8(0

F N& $.a $)6(*3a% !(*() < 2($e S)#%%0 T#%& *( $e -ae )a 8(4!%(a #a+0 Ş(.a& %e)&% )(!)( a!( 'e a%&!)( <000La (a!&a(e !a/a a;&!$e a )a-& B', a /e$%& )+&(a $eg+$ea # *ae 4!%(!'ee 8( -e ea # )##!(e !&*e#a$+ 'e -(!g&(!( 8(a%ee )4%e/a *a( *()(0 Te)&+ a-#( -e a Ca-& R#'$, 4! &*+ -e

a Ca-& B!e 8(, 4! $"48(%, #)#(!', %e)&+ 'e (!$&a (!a))e$(3(+8( a)#$%a+ a Ca-& A*(%age0 S)#%% )#!/#)+ a)( 4!%eg e)6(-a;&8( -#-&$e:

F S4!% 'e -+ee $+ 4!a(!%+* -4!+ a g6ea& T#!g&e 8( $+(e!+* a)##, $a& $+ !e 4!'e-%+* $-e /e$%, )a $+ !e "a)e* '&*

-4!+ a &! #) *a( -#%(/(%, a !#' 'e Ca-& S&a0 F P#-&!eea a '#&a e *a( 3&!+, 4!)&/((!+ )+-(%a!& Oa%e$0E *a( 3(!e $+ !e 4!%#a)e* 8( $+ a)#$%+* a S&a, )+)( a)##

+*& e$%e *a( a'+-#$%(%0 F B(!e, *ege* 8( a)##, $e a*e$%e)+ B#_e$, !&*a( &!&)& /ea& $+ /+ $-&! : )+ !&.*( -a)e $+ *+ -(*3 -(!%e g6e.+(( +8%(a )a -e B#a'_a0 S+ !e $%a%#!()(* &!'e/a <Pe # /e*e *(!&!a%+, )ae e '+'ea %&%&# (&2(a 4*-(!(((&!&( ('ea, 'e3a)a+ a )a-& S&a0

F N()( 4! a( )e' )+ !& $4!% g6ea( *a( "&*#8( )a +8%(a<$%(g+ B#_e$0

F E& !.a* "#$% !()(#'a%+ 4! a(, )a $+ 8%(& )e e$%e -e.a)##,



+$-&!$e ($#!, 'a 4*( 4!)6(-&( )+ !& $e 'e#$e3e8%e -ea *&%'e +*& a)e$%a 4!"#(%000 )& g6ea+ <

F S4!% a'+-#$%&( *(!&!a%e a()(, a'+&g+ Oa%e$, -e )ae. -e#)&-a *a( *&% -a%ea -a)%()+ a &)&(#0

E/a!$ 2($e a 4!'& $+& : F A()( (e-&#a()a *ea # $+.8( 4!*&ea$)+ "a*((a *a( &8#0Y F A%&!)(, a %ea3+ < e $%(g+ S)#%%0 A/e* a%4%ea 'e "+)&% IOa*e!(( $e a-&)a+ !&*a('e)4% 'e &)&0 De3a)aea '&+ #$+-%+*4!+ 4!%eag+ 8( !& "++ ge&%+(0 C4(!(( ea& $+3(( 8( !e(.!(8%((, -#!e(( 'e.a3(a $e -&%ea& (!e -e -()(#ae0 Oa*e!(( %e3&(a&$+ )ae %#%& 4! $+!(( 'e a )#a3(e -4!+ a #)& &!'e /#(a& $+ ('()e)a3a!a -e!%& a'+-#$%0 4! %(*-& a)e$%a -(!g&(!(( e '+'&+ 'e$.

%&+ 3+%a(e 'e )a-0 D(! )(-a 4! )ae 'e3a)a+, g&-&( 4!%eg( 'e -+$+( !+/+(+ -e 3a!)6(2+ $+(!' 4!)#a)e 8(.!)##, a+%4!' #)&(#2(%a%e 3#!+/()(#a$+ 8( # 4!)e'ee -#$%ea$)+0 4!a(!%a& )+%(.!4!' '(! )a- 8( '4!' )aag6(#$ '(! 8#'&(0 >He( <? -+ea )+ $-&!e( )4(!(#, >)e )+&%a( a()(, !e-#"%((# ? 8( $e a-#-(a& 8( *a(*&% 'e '(!(0 A)e8%(a $e e-e2ea& a -(!g&(!( "+% e 4!g+'&(a&6+&(e, 'a -(!g&(!(( !& $e %e*ea& 'e#), 3a -#%e$%a& )6(a,

$)#4!' (-e%e "&(#a$e0 I! )ee '(! &*+, &! -(!g&(! "& 4!6+a%0Se 23+%&, (-+, +$+ -e 2+-a'+ # -a%+ #8(e 8( "&g(0 Ce(a( -(!g&(!((-a+ 8( *+)+(+ a #a*e!( 8( a )4(!( )a 8( )&* e.a "( $-&$ :>Ce.( )& /#(, %()+#8(# L+$a(.!e 4! -a)e C+-(%a!& S)#%% a4!$e*!a% %#a%e a)e$%ea 4! ;&!a& $+&0P#!e(( "&+ ega( a (!' -e 2+-a'+, )a $+ !& *+!4!)e !($(-0Oa%e$ 8( A!%#! '#*ea& -e +*, )a $+ a(3+ g(;+ 'e e(0

F Te3&(e $+ 4!)e-e* )a3a!a, 6#%+4 S)#%%, )4!' )ea *a(

*ae -a%e '(! 4!)+)+%&+ "&$e$e 'e3a)a%+0 F A* $+.( "a) e& -a!&, 2($e B#_e$ 8( '&-+ a)eea # )+'((/#(0 4! %(*-& a)e$%a *+ /#( g4!'( a 'e-#2(%ee -e )ae e /#*

-e$+a 4! '&* $-e -#0 F #a%e 3(!e, B#_e$, a-#3+ S)#%%0 4! ;&!a& $+& $eg+$e$) a)e$%e )&/(!%e : >Ca3a!a 8( -(/!(a *eg 3(!e, /#* 4!)e-e'e.a)&* 4!a(!%e 8( -eg+%((e -e!%& 'e-#2(%ee '(! '&*& $-e

-#0 A2( '&-+.a*4a2+, a* a/&% # &!g+ )#!$"+%&(e )& B#_e$0 E

%#%.a'e/+ !e-e&(% "#a%e (!%e(ge!% 8( -()e-&%?0



I! 2(&a 'e (a!&a(e, S)#%% $e %e2($e )e/a *a( %42(&0 Ce(a(ea& 'e a #ee 4! -()(#ae, -e a $e a-&)a$e+ 'e &)&0 Ea&/e$e(, *&!)ea& )& %agee 'e (!(*+ 8( )4!%a& *ee&0 4! 2(&a a)eea)+-(%a!& "& *a%# a &!a '(!%e )ee *a( g#a2!()e -(/e(8%( -e

)ae e /+2&$e /e#'a%+0 Ve# $a& 7 3ae!e %(!ee 8( 3+%4!e $e(/($e+ 'e.a &!g& 3a!)6(2e( '(! "aa )#+3(e( $e #$%#g#ea&a"&!'4!'&.$e 8( (e8(!' a $&-a"a+ "++ 4!)e%ae0 P+ea& !e(.!(8%(%e 8(, 4! !e(!(8%ea #, $e #/ea& 'e -&!%ea 'e g6ea+ -e )ae $eg+$ea& S)#%% 8( %#/a+8(( &(0 De#'a%+ '($-+&+, )a $+ $e (/ea$)+)e/a *a( %42(& 4! $-a%ee )#+3(e(, )& 3#%&(e # e$-(!g+%#ae$)#a$e a"a+ '(! a-+0 D#( )4(!( e$)6(*#8( $e g+$ea& ega( -e 3a!.)6(2+ 'e #'g#!& 'e $4*+ 'e a -&-a )#+3(e(0

F P#!%(!g < $%(g+ S)#%% $-e )a3a!+0 V(!# e-e'e )& a-a.a%& 'e "#%#ga"(a%<P#!%(!g &+ a-aa%& 8( $e a-#-(e 'e ee0Da 4! )(-a a)eea, 3ae!ee '($-+&+0 N& %e)& *&% 8(

3a!)6(2a -e )ae $e a"a& )4(!(( 8( P#!%(!g $e 4!++ 'e#'a%+ 8( -e$!(4! 3&)+(0 Se a&2( &! )#)#% g#2a/, 8( 3ae!ee $e ('()a+ 'e $&3g6eaa -e )ae # &-$e$e+ )& $-(!+(e #0 Bae!+ '&-+ 3ae!+

(e8(+ '(!%e $"+4*+%&(e 3a!)6(2e(, eg+!4!'&.$e "(##a$e0 D(!"e()(e P#!%(!g $e (!& 3(!e -e -()(#ae 8( -&%& $.# (a a "&g+ 8($+ $)a-e0 P(!%.# *(!&!e, )+-+%&(e "&$e$e+ "+)&%e 4! )e) 4!

;&& '(!(#, a$%"e )+ !()( &!& '(! e( !& )+2& 4! a-+0 S)#%% 8(%#/a+8(( &( +*a$e+ &&(( 'e )eea )e &*+ : &!a '&-+ a%a, 3a.e!ee 48( $)#a$e+ )a-& # &(a8 8( 6('#$, 'e-% 4! $&$, -(! )+-+.%&(e -e )ae e "+)&$e+, a;&!g4!' a # 4!+(*e 4!$-+(*4!%+%#ae0E5-#a%#(( -&%&+ $+ e /a'+ a$%"e, 'e a-#a-e, '&!g(e #8)a%e

'e -e )a-, #)6(( *()( 8( $)4!%e(e%#( 8( g#a2!()& # 8( 'e '(!(0 N&*a( ea !()( # 4!'#(a+ )+ $e &(%a& $+ /a'+ )e $e 4!%4*-a$e )& P#!.%(!g 8( )& )4(!((0 Da, '4!'&.8( -a)+ $ea*a )+ -a'a e $)+-a$e,g#2a/ee '(6+!(( $e 4!%#a$e+ 8( -e)a+ $-e a%e #)&( 'e/4!+%#ae0>4!%.a'e/+, $)($e )+-(%a!& S)#%% 4! ;&!a& $+&, 8%(a*8( !#( )+ a)e$%e 3ae!e /(! a-#a-e 'e *ag(!(e 3a!)6(2e# 8( )+,"++ 4!'#(a+, a "( 4!g6((% 4!%.# )(-+ -e #()(!e a "( a/&% !e!#.

#)(ea $+ )a'+ 4! a-+ 'a "a-%& ).a& -&%&% 'e$"+8&a a%(%a 8(e.



%e!(e, ).a& (23&%(% $+ $-ag+ # g6ea+ a%4% 'e g#a$+ )e -&(! 'e'#&+ -()(#ae 8( ;&*+%a%e 8( ).a& -&%&% &)a %#a%e 'e#'a%+, a "#$()e/a !ea8%e-%a% -e!%& !#(0 ++ 4!'#(a+ )+ $4!% 4!2e$%a%e )& # (!.%e(ge!+ $%a!(e 8( -e /((%# e /#* %a%a )& %#% e$-e)%&0?

C#!$%&(ea )a3a!e( 4!a(!%a e-e'e0 La 1 (a!&a(e ea ga%aLa 1 (a!&a(e, B#_e$ ('()+ # *aga2(e $-e $&', 4!%.&! #) 3& -e!%& -+$%aea -#/(2((#0Oa*e!(( ea& !e+3'+%#( $+ -#!ea$)+ $-e -#L C4(!(( "&((4!6+*a( 'e *a( *&%e #( a $+!((, -e!%& *()( e5)&$(( 'e a!%e.!a*e!%0 P#!e((, 'e a$e*e!ea -+ea& )+ 8( e( a' 'e !e+3'a$+ -e)e0I! $"48(%, 4! $eaa 2(e( 'e (a!&a(e 1911, S)#%% 2($e :

F M4(!e, 4! 2#(( 2(e(, -e)+* <C&/(!%ee &( "&+ -(*(%e )& e!%&2(a$*0 D(! %#a%e -(e-%&(L(23&)!(+ $%(g+%e -&%e!()e:

F Mege* a -#< Mege* a -#< F E/a!$, 8#-%( B#_e$ $&3#"(e&&(, !& &(%a $+ (e( (3()&'e )a"ea 8( )&%(a )& (g+(<

I^IN DRUM SPRE NECUNOSCUTA '#&a 2(, 0101911, 4!%eg& e)6(-a; 'e -e Tea N#/a e!;a'&!a% a )a3a!+, )a $+ $a&%e -e )e( )ae -e)a&0 S)#%% 8( %#/a+8([&( !e'e$-+((, a )ae $e *a( a+%&a+ A%(!$#!, Meae$ 8`e#6a!e, e)6(-a( )& $+!((e, -#!e(( 8( )4(!(( a8%e-%a& )(-a -e)+(([P(!%e #a*e!(( )ae 4!"&!%a& !e)&!#$)&%& $e ($)a$e &! "ea*+'e /#(e 3&!+, 8%(3(% 'e &! $4*3&e 'e %($%ee '(! -()(!a 'e$-+[

((( )ae a/ea $+.( (!+ 'e-a%e -e &!(( 'e a((, )(!e 8%(e )4% %(*-(S)#%%, *(8)a% *a( *&% 'e)4% %#(, /#3( )+%e )e( )e +*4!ea& I F Dag(( *e(, 4!a(!%e 'e -e)ae, /ea& $+ !e 4*3+(8+* 8$+ /+ a'&) *&&*((e *ee -e!%& -&%aea /#a$%+ *(!&!a%e(D#e$) '(! %#% $&"e%& 8( %ag !+'e;'e )+ a%4% e&, )4% 8( %#/a+8(*e(, )& )ae -e), $+ !e e/e'e* $+!+%#8(0 I! $ea*a /#a$% +*4! )a3a!a )& -#/(2((e 8( Tea N#/a0 N& *+ 4!'#(e$) )+ /ea/ea g(;+ 'e ee )a 8( -4!+ a)&*0 V+ a$ )& 3(!e <

D(! %#a%e -(e-%&(e +$&!a+ $%(g+%e 8( &+( :



:F Mege( )& 3(!e < S+ /+ 4!%#a)e( /()%#(#8(< Ua < Ua& # )(-+ e*#(#!a!%+0 I! #)6(( &( S)#%% 8( a( )e#a( e5-#.a%#(, ()+ea& a)(*(, 4! %(*- )e %#a%e )6(-&(e ea& &*(!a%e'e 24*3e%e 'e '&(#8(e, 'a 8( 'e /#(#8(e0 N&*a( B#_e$ ea )&

%#%& $%+-4! -e e 8( (!(8%(%0 F N& 3#)((, )e !a(3a < D#a !& $e '&) *&(e( a P#& S&',)( 3+3a( 4! %#a%+ "(ea < C& 3(!e, (&3((# 8( -e )&4!' <

F D&* 3&! < e $%(g+ P#!%(!g0 F O < 'ag+ P#!%(!g, 2($e B#_e$, a)&* )+ !e 'e$-+(*,$+.( "a) # 'e$%+(!&(e : (.a* &a% a$ea+ '(! 3&2&!a 3()6e%aa)eea 4! )6(- 'e $a!(e0 N& 'e a%a, 'a -#a%e )+ $+!((e a$%ea $.# 4*-#%*#( 8( a(a # $+ !e +*4(e 'e e2e/+ < N##), (&3(%&e <

F A8a 8( e& )ae )e'ea* ).a* -(e'&%.# 'e )4!' )& 3a.e!ee a)eea a"&($(%e <

F D.a(a (.a* &a%.# 8( e&, "((!')+ (.a -&%a% !##) 8(,"(e8%e, )a $+.*( a-(!' (g+(e <

F Ia.# $+!+%#$ 8( 4!%#a)e.%e 4! )&4!', )+)( %#% # $+ a*!e/#(e 'e ea<

F I! )a2 )+ !.#( *a( -&%ea /e!( F D#a*!e, "ee8%e < F a*

$+ (.# 'a& 4!a-#( )4!' !e.#* 4!%4!( 4! (a'0 F E(, ga%a < g+( S)#%%0 La '&* <E5-#a%#(( )ae -e)a& 4*3+(8a+ -e )e( )ae +*a$e+0A-#( $e &)a+ 4! $+!(( 8( '+'&+ 3()e '(!(#0

F S-e -#< H((( < H((( <S+!((e -#!(+ '(! #) 8( 4!)e-&+ $+ a&!e)e )a !(8%e ;&)+((

-e !e*+g(!(ea 'e g6ea+0 Ce( +*a8( a )a3a!+ -e%e)&+ )& -(./((e -e e5-#a%#( -4!+ )e $e %#-(+ '(! )4*-& /e'e(( #0 C4!'

#(2#!%& +*a$e a3 )a a 4!)e-&%, $)#a$e+ )4%e &! #"%a% ge&'(! -(e-%: F S.a;&!g+ )& 3(!e a P#& S&' <O'a%+ -#!(( a '&*, ge&%+(e $e (/(+ 3&&) 8( '(! )e 4!)e *a( *a(0 La $e*!a& 'e -e)ae, )4(!(( '#!()( 'e *(8)ae #&a+ a2!a )& &! a/4!% )ae -&$e -e e5-#a%#( 4! gea )&*-+!+0& &! a'e/+a% !##) )+ -&%&+ $+ a;&!g+ )& 3(!e a 3a!)6(2+0($#! 8( S)#%% )#!'&)ea& &! a%ea;0 E/a!$ 8( Meae$ &! a%&,

B#_e$ ea $(!g&, (a Oa%e$ '#/e'ea *(!&!a%e 4!$&8(( 'e >3(.



;a?, )&* 4( $-&$e$e B#_e$ 4! g&*+0 A%(!$#! 8( `e#6a!e $ea"a& 4! $+!((e a)e$%#a '#( '(! &*+0

F Dag+ Oa%e$, )()+ea B#_e$ -e 4!'e*4!a%e)& e5-#a.%#, -e )&/4!%& *e&, "a)( (*-e$(a )+ %e.a( !+$)&% )& 6+&.

(e %a *4!+0 De %(!e )4(!(( a$)&%+ '&*!e2e(e8%e, -e )4!' 'e *(!e"&g )a 'e !a(3a0 Ia &(%+.%e a e(< 4!%.a'e/+, '(!(( &( B#_e$'+'ea& $e*!e 'e *ae !ea$%4*-+0:F 4! $)6(*3, -#!e(( $4!% )a !(8%e *(e&8e(< g+$&( ($#!0Y

F S(!g&& # )&$& e &8&(!a )& )ae )a' 4! 2+-a'a *#ae,#3$e/+ S)#%%0 A%*(!%e( !e %e) -(! *&%e #)&( -(*e;'(#a$e,"++ $+ $(*(*0S-e $ea+ $e #-(+ a *(e 'e g6ea( 8( a *(e 'e H&%

P#(!%0 U! /4!% e)e 3+%ea '(!$-e e$%0 Te*#*e%& a+%a F190+)&+ 4!%4(a e%a-+0 B#_e$ $)#a$e 3()6e%a, 48( a-(!$e # (gae,a-#( $-&$e :

F Da)+ # $+ *ege* %#% a8a 8( 'e.a)&* 4!a(!%e, )& $(g&a!+<).# $+ !e -#*e!(* '(!)## 'e P#& S&' <

F C4(!(( 8( )a(( $4!% 'e$%& 'e #'(6!((, 2($e S)#%%0 N+'+;'&(e$)$+ "a)e* a '#&a e%a-+ 4! )ee *a( 3&!e )#!'(((0

P#!(+ !&*a('e)4%0T#%& *e$e 3(!e -4!+ )4!' -#!e(( 8( )4(!(( 2+(+ # 3ae!+$)#4!' )a-& '(!%.# )+-+%&+ 'e /e# Q 'e -()(#ae 4!'a%+ $ee-e2(+ $-e ea < De.a3(a "&+ #-(( -e *ag(!ea -+-a$%(e(0 A-#(

-e)a+ *a( 'e-a%e0 Ta!$-#%a+ # -a%e '(! "&a;e a Q *(e *a(a $&', a-#( $e 4!%#a$e+ a )a*-a*e!%& +$a% 4! &*+ 8(. %a!$.

-#%a+ 4! 4!%eg(*e, "(54!'&. a # *(+ *a( $-e $&' 'e )a-& A.*(%age0 D&-+ )e $e $%a3((+ a)##, -e)a+ 4! e)&!#a8%ee $-e e$%0

G+$(!' 4!%.a)## g6eaa *a( $&3(e "&+ !e/#(( $+ "a)+ &! *ae4!)#!;&, )a $+ #)#ea$)+ -(*e;'(a0 S-e $ea+ a;&!$e+ a )a3a!a<D($)#/e0 O g+$(+ 4!2+-e2(%+0

F S6a)e%#! a %e)&% -e.a()( 8( a +$a% "eea$%a 'e$)6($+ <$%(g+ B#_e$ (!'(g!a%0 S+.( "(e &8(!e <

F S#)#% )+ &! a'e/+a% $e*! 'e )(/((2a(e e )a #a*e!(( )ae%e) -(! #)&( )a a$%ea $+ a$e )4% *a( *&% )#!"#% -e!%& )e([)ae.( &*ea2+, $-&$e 8( ($#! $&-+a%0

S)#%% $e 4!%($%a 'e a$e*e!ea0 * ;



F S4!%e* !e/#(( $+ '#*(* a"a+, 2($e e0 N.a/e* 4!)#%#<A '#&a 2( 'e '(*(!ea+, 4! e/+$a%& 2#(#, &)a+ 4! $+!((8( -#!(+ *a( 'e-a%e0 Pe '&* 4( a8%e-%a& !#( ge&%+(0 S-e $&'[*aea 'e g6ea+ ea a)#-e(%+ 'e $a$%&g(, &! "e 'e /a&( !eeg&.;

a%e 'e 2+-a'+, )ae &a& &!e#( "#*e "a!%a$%()e0 G6eaa e!'($#)a%+ 'e )&4!' *ag(!ea e( "((!' $"+4*a%+, 3#)&(e 'Wcg6ea+ 'e a *(;#) $e /e'ea& 4!%.# %++2&(e &(a8+, 'e )&-#e(S-a(& )ae $e a'4!#ea 4! $%4!ga, ea -e$+a% 'e !e!&*+a%e "#)eU!& '(!%e -#!e(( &( `e#6a!e 4!)e-& $+ 8)6(#-+%e2e0 Oa%e$, )a!

-e$(*($% '(! "(e, /+2& # a'e/+a%+ !e!##)(e 4! a$%a0 F O $+ %e a$e 4! '&*, -(e%e!e0 Ce.( 'e "+)&% F N(*() a%)e/a 'e)4% $+. ege 4! $-a%ee $+!(e(, 2($e S)#%%

Pe A%(!$#! 4!)e-& $+. '#a+ &! )+)4( 8( $%+%& %#a%+ 2(&a4! $a!(e0

F A( )+)a% $%4*3 a -e)ae, 4 )()+( B#_e$0 A( g(;+a)&* $+ )a)( 'e-%<D&-+.a*(a2+ %e)&+ )& -#!e(( # eg(&!e 'e g6e&( '($#)a%e,

-4!+ )e a;&!$e+ a *ag(!ea *a(( $%a/(e 'e g6ea+, -e )ae #$&(+0 Ca* '&-+ # ;&*+%a%e 'e *(+, $+!((e $e +$%&!a+, 'a

-#!e(( $+(+ a %(*-, 4!a(!%e )a 4!)+)+%&a $+ "( )+2&% 8( a$%a!&*a( '(! -()(!a &!e( ('()a%&( 'e %ee!0Pe )4!' *egea& $-e $%a/(+, )a* a &! $"e% 'e *(+ $-e!#', 2+(+ )e/a !eg&0

F Ce $+ "(e $e 4!%e3+ S)#%% *(a%0 F Te3&(e )+.( /e# $-e(e%#ae 'e )(#(, 48( '+'& -+eea*&)a(%& B#_e$0C4!' $e a-#-(a+, /+2&+ /4"&(e a '#&+ )#%&( 4!g#-a%e

*a( *&% 'e ;&*+%a%e 4! 2+-a'+0 R+*+$e$e+ -e$e*!e %#% 'e aS6a)e%#!0 U! -(!g&(! 4*-+a% '#*ea 4!%e ee0 F S#*! &8# < 4( 8#-%( B#_e$0E5-#a%#(( $e &)a+ 4! $+!(( 8( -#!(+ *a( 'e-a%e0 ($#!4!'e*!a *ee& -#!e(& &( )& &! ga$ "#a%e )#!/(!g+%# :

F Ha(, 3+(e%e, 6a(, '#a *eg( a -# < E # )(!$%e *ae -e!.%& %(!e<T#a%+ &*ea "+)ea 6a2 'e e0

A '#&a e%a-+ # "+)&+ a 9 (a!&a(e, 4!%.# '&*(!()+0 D&-+



)e 3+&+ )ea(&, $e a-&)a+ $+ #ga!(2e2e &! !#& 'e-#2(%, a #'e-+%ae 'e 1 *(e 'e )e '(!%4(0 A)e$%e 'e-#2(%e &*a& $+ "(e

-e$+a%e -e %#% '&*& -4!+ a -#, )a e5-#a%#(( $+ g+$ea$)+ -#./(2(( a 4!%#a)ee0

Ma( *e$e+ # 2(, 4! a)eea8( 4*-e;&+( 8( "+)&+ e%a-a a%e(a0 A()( #ga!(2a+ )a*-a*e!%& 'e $(g&a!+0 D&-+ # *(+ 8( ;&*+%a%e, -#-#$(+ '(! !#&0 A%(!$#! # '&)ea )a* -#$% )& -(.)(#&0 D&-+ -4!2, S)#%% (!& &! )#!$((& 'e000 >+23#(?, )&* 4

-#e)( B#_e$0 F Pa!& *e&, 2($e S)#%%, e$%e $+ *ege* 4!a(!%e )& *e(!'e -e!%& #a*e!( 8( a!(*ae -e )(!)( $+-%+*4!( 8(, '&-+ 1 $a& 1Qe%a-e, $+ ('()+* &! 'e-#2(% 'e a-#/(2(#!ae -e!%& 1 2(e, (a

-e &*+ $+ !e 4!%#a)e* 4!a-#( a 'e-#2(%& 'e $(g&a!+0 F S4!% 'e a)eea8( -+ee, +$-&!$e Oa%e$0 Da)+ %ee!& e 3&!, )eea )e !& *+ 4!'#(e$), -e!%& -#!e( /a "( &8# e %#% )e -&%e* "a)e *a( 3(!e 4! $(%&a(a 4! )ae !e a"+*0 F De a)#a < $-&$e 8( B#_e$, !&*a( &! $(!g& &)& !&.*()#!/(!e : $+ !e 4!%#a)e* '(! '&*0 N& )+ a8 "( $&-e$%((#$, 'a, ()4!' *+ 4!%#), a* (*-e$(a )+ -#& "&ge 'e !#( <

F A%&!)( %& +*4( $+ %e -(*3( )& $)6(&(e, 2($e S)#%%4!eeg+%#0 F N&, "+)& B#_e$ 6#%+4%0 Ce.a* $-&$ e &!a 8( )e.a* $+ "a) <e a%a *eg )& /#( <4!'a%+ '&-+ a)eea, $e '&$e 4*-e&!+ )& `e#6a!e $+ e5-#.e2e )#%& N(*#'0 A()( g+$(+ &! -(*&$, -#/(2(( 8( e$%&( 'e a# *a$+ -++$(%+ -a)+ a'(!ea&(0 C#%& ea -(! 'e g6ea+0 Ca*.

-a*e!%& N(*#' "& e-e'e e"+)&%0 A'&$e+ 4! e %#a%e -#/(2((e

+*a$e 4! &*+0 La Q1 (a!&a(e "&+ '(! !#& ga%a 'e -e)ae0 Ca$+ -#a%+ *ege *a( &8# -e 2+-a'+ -&$e+ a -()(#aee )4(!(# >a)6e%e?, !(8%e 3&)+( $&3(( 'e e*! 4! "#*+ 'e -#%)#a/e -e./+2&%e )& )4%e # -a$+0La "e3&a(e "+)&+ e%a-a a -a%a0 D#( '(!%e e5-#a%#( !&*a( -&%&+ $+ *eag+0 A%(!$#!, '(! -()(!a -()(#&&(, 8( Meae$,)ae %e3&(a $+. '&)+ 4!a-#(0 Se 'e$-+(+ )& %($%ee 'e %#/a.+8(( #0

F Ce -&(! $.a;&!ge( /#( )& 3(!e < e $-&$e A%(!$#! )&



ga$& %e*&a%0 4*( -ae a%4% 'e +& )+ !& /+ -#% &*a < 4! #)6(( 3(e%&&( #* ()+(+ a'e/+a%e a)(*( 'e )#-(0 Meae$ e "+)&a)eea8( &+( 8( *+%&($( a)eea8( %($%ee0S)#%% 8( )e(a( 8a$e %#/a+8( -e)a+0 N#a-%ea $e #'(6!(+ 4! I

)#%&(0 Te*#*e%& a+%a F0 V4!%& $e -#%#($e0 A$)&!8( 4![ 3+!&(e a'e*e!(%#ae ae $a)(# 'e '#*(%, e5-#a%#(( $e +$a+4! /#(a $#*!&&(0 Zg#*#%& -(*&$&&( 8( a3&(( ($-(%(%#( +$-4!.'(( 'e /e!%(a%#& '(! )#% 4( '&$e+ -e a(-(e /($&&( 4! -aa'($0 cC#%& #, *() 8( /e'e, -+ea # g+*+(e 'e a) 4! '&*& )e a3 I8( "++ 'e $"48(%0 D(! )4!' 4! )4!' $e a&2ea $)6e++(%& )4(!(# 8([!e)6e2a%& a*+$a(#0 U! !# -&%(%# a'&)ea # 2+-a'+ )a -&3e.ea0 V4!%& 4!)e-& $+ $&"e 8( $+ a$e 3a2'e 4! 2+-a'+0 Dea$&-a I

!#&&( "&*&(& $e 3#%ea &! )e -#$#*#(%0 P4!2a )#%&&( %e.J*&a &8#0 C4%e#'a%+ +23ea -(! ea /&(e%& $&' a /($)#&&(0Z+-a'a "(!+ )a -&3eea -+%&!'ea 4! #()e g# $a& &!g6e, -&%ea%e*&4!' 'ea$&-a )a-e%e# #, 4!/+&(!'&.( 8( 4!e-4!'&.( )&!(8%e a)e !e/+2&%e0S#aee, )& # "a+ *#6#4%+, $e (/( $%(!g6e 4*-+8%((!' #&*(!+ 3#!a/+ "++ &*3e0 N#(, ge( 'e 2+-a'+, 4!8(a( 4! )#.

#a!e $a& 4! g6(a!'e ga3e!e )a -a(&, /e!ea& '(!$-e $&', -e./e$%(!' "&%&!+0La Q "e3&a(e *e*3(( e5-e'((e( "+)&+ e%a-a a )(!)eaD&-+ !#&+ *(e 'e *e$, $e #-(+ )a $+ 'ea 6a!a )&/e!(%+ a!(.*ae# 8( $+ *+!4!)e 8( e( )+)( ea& 4!"#*e%a(0 Tee!& -+ea*a( 3&! 'e a()( 4!a(!%e0 Da !& *()+ e "& *(aea F 8( $-a(*a F )4!' /+2&+ -e B#_e$ $)&"&!'4!'&.$e 4! 2+-a'a *#ae0 C4(/a,)ae /e!ea& 4! &*a &(, a/&+ a)eea8( $#a%+ 8( %#% a$%"e 8( %e(

'(!%e -#!e(0 S)#%% #)#( #)& a)ea0 E/a!$ 8( `e#6a!e aega+$+.( 'ea a;&%#0 F E(, "(.a $+ "(e < 3e$%e*+ B#_e$0 A$%a.*( *a( (-$eaa)&* $+ *+ 4!2+-e2e$) a()( )a # *&$)+ 4! a-%e <D&-+ a)ea$%+ 4!%(*-ae, ('()a+ )#%&(e, )a $+ $e +23&!e

-e /e*e, '&-+ )&* $-&$e ($#!0 F A8 "( /&% $+ %e /+' -e %(!e )& !a$& 4! 2+-a'a a(a, 4!e)+;( B#_e$0 C& %#a%e '#"%#((e -e )ae e.a( &a%, $+ "( 4!)e-&%

$+ $%+!&( )a 4! A!g(a, )4!' %e a-&)a g&%&a(& -e %(*-& &*e'0



N& %e)& *&% 8( a/&+ a%e !e-+)e(, '(! -()(!a )4(!(#, )ae$e )a* $+3+%()($e+0 Pe )4% 'e (!(8%(( "&$e$e+ -e /a-#, -e a%4% 'e"&(#8( +%a& a)&* )4!' $e a-#-(a 'e e( /e&!& '(!%e e5-#a.%#(, 4!)e-&$e+ $+ a%e a S)#%% !&*a( -e!%& )+ a+%a$e &( Oa%e$

#)& &!'e $+ #-ea$)+, (a O$*a!, )e *a( -&%e!() 8( *a( "&*#$'(!%e )4(!(, -(e%e! #'(!(#a+ )& S)#%%, $e e-e2( 8(. *&8)+ 'e -()(#& $%(!g0 S)#%% !.a/& )&* $+ $e a-ee 8(, 'a)+ !& ea E/a!$,6e)&ee e5-e'((e(, )ae $+.( (e 4! "4&, %#( '(!(( '(! 6a* a "( $+(% a$&-a &(0

F A"&($((( < $%(g+ B#_e$, )ae !& -&%ea $+ %a)+ !()( 4! 4*. -e;&+(e )ee *a( gee, 8(.a& a'&$ a*(!%e -e$e*!e )+ $4!%e$)6(*#8( 8( $e $(*% a()( )a a e( a)a$+, (a -e !#( !e $#)#%e$) )a

-e !(8%e *&$a"(( !e-#"%((<La "e3&a(e "+)&+ e%a-a a 8a$ea, '&-+ 1 *(e 'e *e$

-(! %#% "e& 'e ge&%+(0 D(!$-e $&'./e$% 3+%ea &! /4!% -&%e!(),%e*-ea%&a ea $&3 2e#0 Pe)4!' *a( 'e-a%e, '+'&+ -e$%e !(8%e)+-+%&( 4! )ae )4%#/a '(!%e -#!e( e $)+-a+ -()(#aee0 D&-+ *(e 'e *e$, $e #-(+ $+ )(!e2e0 D&-+ *a$+ 4( )&-(!$e -e %#(&! $#*! a'(!e 8( "++ /($e0 P#;g6(a 'e g6ea+ )+-+ 8( %e2(, )&

-#)!e%& e( -&%e!(), #a*e!(( 8( a!(*aee0La "e3&a(e a;&!$e+ a )a*-a*e!%& C#!e0 U! /4!%!+-a$!() $e $%(!( 8(.( $(( $+ $e a'+-#$%ea$)+ 4! )#% S)#%% "+)&4!$e*!+( 4! ;&!a& &(, ($#! $e /44 4! $a), Oa%e$ a-(!$e -(.*&$& )a $+ "a)+ )ea(, E/a!$ 4( '+'& a;&%# )& 4!'e*4!aea &( 'eee"a!%, (a B#_e$ 48( a-(!$e # (ga+ 8( 4!)e-& $+ a&!)e #%#.)#ae 'e "&*0 La '#&+ '&-+.a*(a2+ /4!%& 3+%ea a%4% 'e g#a2!()

F !e*a(/+2&% /($)# )& 2+-a'+ F 4!)4% 'a).a "( (e8(% /e&!&

'(!%e e( a"a+ '(! )#%, 4!%.# )(-+ a "( a;&!$ a3 'e $&$ -4!+ ;JCe *(!&!a% a'+-#$% ea )#%& # *()& < L&a+ # *a$+ 3&("&*a+ )4%e.# -(-+ 8( $%a%&+ 'e /#3+ a "#), &(%4!' 'e -+-+'& Ia"a+0 B#_e$ 8( ($#! 4( 4!/e$e(+ -e %#( )& g&*ee #0

F A$)&%+ ($#!, 4 !e)+;( B#_e$, %e $"('e2 $+ $)#( !a($a& 4! )e *a( +& )a2 (*3a, -e a8a /e*e0 A* "( !e/#(( $+ ( I%+(e* )& 3()(&0

F E& a* !e/#(e 'e !a$& 8( 'e (*3a *ea, (.# 4!%#a(

($#!0 Da)+ (e !&.( %e3&(e )a-&, 'e )e !&. $)#( a"a+



F Pe!%& )+ a%&!)( a "(000 /a( 'e -()(#ae < +$-&!$e B#_#(!(8%(%0 T#( $e /e$e(+ 8( a8%e-%a+, -(!( 'e !+'e;'e 8( /#(e 3&()a /e*ea $+ $e $)6(*3e0I!$+, 4! %(*-& !#-((, /4!%& $e 4!%e( *a( +&0 N& ea )6(- I

(e8( a"a+ '(! )#%0 C& %#a%e a)e$%ea, Oa%e$ $e '&$e *ee& )a (6+!ea$)+ -#!e(( 8( )4(!((0 I! 4!%eaga &( "((!+ ea # !e-+$")ae 4( &(*ea -e )e(a( %#/a+8(0 Pe!%& e /(aa !& a/ea -('e)4% a%&!)( )4!' # 4!%e3&(!a )& "##$0 ($#! 8( E/a!$ 4 4!$#e&!e#(, )a $+.( 'ea a;&%#0 P#!e(( $e $(*ea& 4!)+ 3(!e 8( %#% a8a)4(!((0 T#(e!ee '(! ;&& )a*-a*e!%&&( )e$)&$e+ 4!$-+(*4!%#, )4%e/a $+!(( "&$e$e+ 4! 4!%eg(*e a)#-e(%e 'e 2+-a'+, a8a I!()( !& $e *a( /e'ea&0 A-#( (a+8( a)ea8( 8( a)ea8( &)& F *4c

)ae 8( $#*!, $#*! 8( *4!)ae $e *(a& 8( e( 4!8(8( )&* -&%ea& I*+!4!)e 8( $+ '#a*+ a%4%0 I! $"48(%, /4!%& $e -#%#(, %e*-ea(($e ('()+ -&(! 8( e( (23&%(+ $+ -#!ea$)+ *a( 'e-a%e00 4! 2(&a 'e "e3&a(e "+)&+ e%a-a a 8a-%ea, a%(!g4!' 7 a(%&'(!e $&'()+0 D&-+ 1 *(e %e*(!a+ *a8& 'e !#a-%e0 P#!"&$e$e+ 2'&!)(!a( 'e /($)#0 S)#%% $-&$e 4!g(;#a% :

F M(.e %ea*+ )+.( -(e'e*0 4!)+ &! /($)# )a +$%a 8( /#*"

$((( $+.( +$+* 4! '&*0La 9 "e3&a(e "+)&+ e%a-a a #-%a, a '#&a 2( a !#&a, a %!%e2( a 2e)ea, (a a -a%a 2(, 4!%.# '&*(!()+, e%a-a &!$-e2e)Ceea%e e%a-e "&+ "+)&%e -e # /e*e )4!)e!+, )& /($)#e 8( )& Ige )e$)4!', -e *+$&+ )e $e a-#-(a& 'e -#0 La e%a-a a )(!)($-(%2e)ea, %e*-ea%&a $)+2& a F10 L&( B#_e$, )ae &*3a <#3()e( )& # -++(&+ 'e $%#"+ -e )a-, ( $e a3($e+ &e)6(e, "++<$(*%+0 N##) )+ '&-+ # *(+ "+)&+ # 6a%+ 8( S)#%% #3$e/+ :

F Da a$)&%+, B#_e$, )e $e 4!%4*-+ )& &e)6(e %aB#_e$ 48( -(-+( &e)6(e 8( e g+$( a #)& #, 'a 4!g .ae %&!0

F S+ e (a !a(3a, $-&$e e, $4!% %ae !e'($)(-(!a%e, !& /# %$%ea 'e#) $&3 -++(e0I! )&4!', !a$& &( Oa%e$ e '+'& a%+ g(;+0

F U(%a(./+ a Oa%e$, 2($e B#_e$, ae &! !a$ $%a)#;(& )a &!*#)#/ !&.( -(e8%e 'e#) ge&0

S)#%% 8( )e(a( %#/a+8( a/ea& #3a;(( *&8)a( 'e ge -e



($#! 4 )a* $&-+a &! 'ege% 'e a -()(#0 Da !()( &!& !&.8( -(e'& )&*-+%&0 Megea& 4!a(!%e, *ee& 4!a(!%e, $-e -# <

^

PRIMEJDII DE MOARTELa e%a-a a )(!)($-e2e)ea )#!$%&(+ &! !#& 'e-#2(%, +$4!'a)## # %#!+ 'e *a%e(a0 & !&*(% : 'e-#2(%& 'e a Ca*-a*e!%&'e # %#!+0A-#(, a 1 "e3&a(e, 4!)e-&+ # !#&+ $e(e 'e e%a-e, -(!e'e !e4!)6(-&(%e -(*e;'((0 C& )4% $e a-#-(a& 'e -#, )& a%4% '&*&'e/e!ea *a( ge&0 A$%"e, -e )4!' *egea& 4! g#a!a )((!(#, a&2(+'e#'a%+ -e ($#! $%(g4!' :

F (!e( $+!((e <S)#%% /+2& )&* 4( a&!e)a$e &! -()(# 4!%.# )+-+%&+0 S+('(! $a!(e0 C(!)( *(!&%e '&-+ a)eea, -e )4!' $+!((e aega& &!a'&-+ a%a, )((!ee '(! *(;#) '($-+&0 I!%.# )(-+ %#( )4(!(( '(! 6a*a&!e)a+, '#( )4%e '#(, &-%4!'&.$e *a( 4!%4( $+ !& e $)a-e -()(#a.ee0 O$*a!, "&!%a8&, 48( 4!)#'a '(! +$-&%e( *&8)6(( &( 'e #e)a $+ !& a&!e)e0 Sa!(a $e #-( 8( e5-#a%#(( )+2&+ a+%&(0

P()e-&+ -e()#& 4!%.# )(-+0 Sa!(a $e g+$ea -e # -&!%e 'e 2+. -a'+ )ae %e)ea -e$%e # )+-+%&+ *ae0 C4(!(( 'e a *(;#), a"a+'e O$*a!, $%+%ea& $-4!2&a( 4! 6a*&( 'ea$&-a -+-a$%(e( 4!%e$a!(e 8( )4(!ee "&!%a80

F N& -#% $+ 4!eeg -(! )e *(!&!e, !()( !#(, !()( $a!(a !.a*a/&% $#a%a )((!(# < e5)a*+ S)#%%04!'a%+ )e.8( '+'&+ $ea*a )&* $%+%ea& &)&(e, e5-#a%#((4!e-e!(+ $a!(a -e -#'0 Se &(%a+ a-#( 4! "&!'& -+-a$%(e(0 C4(!((

&a& )& '($-eae, 23+%4!'&.$e 4! %#a%e )6(-&(e, 4!!e3&!(( 'e$-a(*+0 D#( '(!%e e( $e 'e$-(!$e$e+ '(! 6a* 8( a3(a -&%&+ "(/+2&( a *ae a'4!)(*e0 T#%&8( e5-#a%#(( e&8(+ $+ $)#a%+ '(!

-+-a$%(e &!$-e2e)e )4(!( '(! %e($-e2e)e0 Ca $+ $a/e2e 8( -e)e(a( '#(, S)#%% !& -ege%+ $+.8( ege 4*-e;&& %a(e( # "4!g6(e8( $+ $e a$e %#)*a( a "&!'0 Pe!%& '&*& -e )ae. a/ea&"+)&%, )6!(( ea& "#a%e -e(#8( <D&-+ a)eea, )a $+.8( /(!+ 4! "(e, 4!%(!$e+ )#%&0 L&( E/

( $e &$)a$e+ I! )6(- $%a!(& -()(#aee0 C4!' $e $)+-(!a, "+)ea



2g#*#% )a 8( )&* a "( "e)a% &! e*!0 F M( $e -ae )+ /e( $+.( $&3(e2( -()(#aee, )a $+.( 4!)+ ;a*3(eee < 2($e B#_e$, 'a g&*a !& $%4!( 4$, )( 4!g(;#!8( $-a(*+0

F P(! )e.a* %e)&% < e5)a*+ S)#%%, )+%(!4!' '(! ): F M( $e 234e8%e -+&, )4!' *+ g4!'e$) < $%(g+ 8( ($D&-+ )e $e #'(6!(+, $e 4!%#a$e+ a Ca*-a*e!%& 'e $(ga!+, )a $+ (a *e(!'e, 4*-+(!'&.$e 4! '#&+ e)6(-e0 O e)6(-+"&!%e )& S)#%%, $e 4!'e-%+ *a( 4!%4( $-e H&% P#(!% 8( g+$( )a3ag#(%+, 'a 3&!+ 'e #)&(%0

F Ve!(( a()(, $%(g+ ($#! &( S)#%% "( %#/a+8(# &(, )($e a-#-(a+ 8( )(%(+ )4%e/a )&/(!%e $)($e )& )e(#!& -e -ee%e0

$-&!ea 4! ee )+ 4!%.&! )# $e g+$e8%e &! $a) )& )#e$-#!'e!C+&%a+, 'a !& '+'&+ -e$%e !(*()0

F Ce $+ "(e $e 4!%e3+ S)#%%0 F E& )e' )+ A%(!$#! 8( Meae$ a& %e)&% -e a()( 8( $.4!'e-%a% a-#( $-e Ca*-a*e!%& 'e $(g&a!+0

F Ce )(&'a% < *&*&+ S)#%% "&gea% 'e # -e$(*(e0 F U(%e &*e 'e $+!(( < $%(g+ E/a!$0 C& $(g&a!+ ).a& %

)&% -e.a()(0 F S+ *ege* a Ca*-a*e!%& 'e $(g&a!+, )a $+.( 4!%4!(A* -e$(*(ea )+ $.a 4!%4*-a% )e/a ga/0 A%(!$#! a &a% )&)#e$-#!'e!a0Ş( "++ $+ *a( 4!%42(e # )(-+, S)#%% $+( 4! $a!(e 8(, 4!%#/+a'e )e(a( e5-#a%#(, $e 4!'e-%a+ $-e )a*-a*e!%

^I

O SURPRIZA DUREROASAT#% '&*& -e )ae. "+)& -4!+ a )a*-a*e!%, S)#%% "& $ -4!(% 'e -e$(*(ea a)eea !e4!eea$+ )+ $.a 4!%4*-a% )e/a g N& ea &! #* $&-e$%((#$, '(*-#%(/+0 A)&* 4!$+ $e %e*ea)e/a, "++ $+ 8%(e 'e )e a!&*e0

F Pa( !e(!(8%(%, 4( $-&$e ($#!, -(/(!'&. )e)e%+%#0 Te%e*( 'e )e/a

F A, !& < 'e !(*(), $e g+3( S)#%% $+ +$-&!'+0 M( $e -a 4!$+

)a* )(&'a%e )&/(!%ee a)eea $)($e -e -ee%e : !& e e)&!#$) )a



"((!' $)($e 'e )(!e/a '(!%e -(e%e!(( !#8%(0 A-#( )#e$-#!'e!aa)eea *($%e(#a$+, -e )ae a &a%.#, 'e$(g&, A%(!$#! < De a )(!e$+ "(e I!%e %(*- a;&!$e+ 4! 'e-%& )a*-a*e!%&&(0 Ma( a/ea&

)4%e/a *(e 'e "+)&%0 &+ 4!$+ $((( $+ #)#ea$)+ '&*& 'e-% '(! -()(!a )+-+%&(#0 4! 2ae, $e /e'ea *ag(!ea +*&&(0 F C+-(%a!e S)#%%< C+-(%a!e S)#%%< $%(g+ 'e#'a%+ E/a!$0P(/e8%e a)## < U! )a%ag <Da S)#%% (.# &a$e 4!a(!%e0 V+2&$e )a%ag& F )4!' !(*e!(4!)+ !& 3+!&(a )e/a F 8( )6(-& ( $e -#$#*#($e0

F O )#a3(e 4!%e3+ ($#! &(*(%0 A )&( $+ "(e C+)( Tea N#/a e '(!)## 'e )a*-a*e!%0

F E )a%ag& )#+3(e( a* < #$%( S)#%% )& /+'(%+ %($%ee 4!ga$0 N& $.a 4!'e-%a% $-e !#', )( $-e $&'0 S( Ce*e!% a a/&%'e-%a%e )4!' $.a %e*&% 'e g4!'&4e %a(!()e ae a)e$%&( !#/eg(a!0A%&!)( $e 4!%4*-+ )e/a 'e#$e3(%0 T#( e5-#a%#(( +*a$e+

-e #), )a (!%&(( 4! !e$"48(%a 4!%(!'ee 'e g6ea+0 Pe )6(-&(e # %e)& 'e$)&a;aea )a # &*3+ 4!%&!e)a%+0 Da 4! )(-a &*+%#ae,a&2(+ ga$& e!eg() a &( S)#%%:

F 4!a(!%e< $%(ga e0 Te3&(e $+ &)+* -e!%& )(!$%ea +((!#a$%e, )a 8( )&* 6a3a !.a* a/ea 'e 4!%4*-aea a)ea$%a<T+)&( 8( 4!g4!'&a(, e5-#a%#(( 4 &*a+0 N(*e!( !& *a($)#a$e &! )&/4!% -4!+ a )a*-a*e!%0A*&!'$e! e %+(a$e # a(-+ a *ae&( # /($0C4!' a;&!$e+ a )a*-a*e!%, 48( g+$(+ %#/a+8(( 4!%($%a(0

F A( a"a% 4( 4!%4*-(! A%(!$#!0 A*&!'$e! !e.a &a%.#4!a(!%e < Da !& *a( "& !e/#(e 'e +$-&!$ )a $+.8( 'ea $ea*a )+

S)#%% 8( %#/a+8(( &( 8%(a&0 F N& *+ a8%e-%a* < *a( 2($e A%(!$#!0Y F N& %e3&(a $+ (!'&)+ &*ea 4! e#ae, a'+&g+ Meae$ )&)(&'+, )+&%4!' 4!g(;#a% 4! #)6(( &( S)#%%0 Da *aee e5-#a%# ea %#% a%4% 'e $e!(! )a 8( -4!+ a%&!)(0 M46!(ea "&$e$e a$)&!$+4! a'4!)& $&"e%&&(, )+)( e, )+-(%a!& #, !& %e3&(a $+ $e aa%e'e$)&a;a%0

F N& e !(*(), 3+(e(, /#* *ege a -# )a 8( )4!' !.a* 8%(

!(*()'e$-e A*&!'$e!0 (e)ae ae 'e-%& $+ &*+ea$)+ &! e0



V#3ee &( S)#%% 4( *a( 4!/(#a+0 Se!(!+%a%ea 8( (!(8%ea &(ea& (*-&!+%#ae0 Re'#34!'(+ '(! !#& 4!)e'eea 4! e( 4!8(8(<Ceaa%+ e)6(-+, )ae &*a$e a% '&*, $#$( 4!%e %(*-0 B#_e$8( Oa%e$, )ae # 4!%#/++8ea&, !& 8%(a& !(*() 'e$-e $#$(ea &(

A*&!'$e!0 B#_e$ $e a-#-(e 'e e( )& # g&*+ -e 3&2e ga%a $+.8((a 23#& 8( $+ $-(!%e)e -#$#*#4ea -e )ae # $(*ea -&%(!' 4!ae, 'a E/a!$ 4( "+)& &! $e*! )& 'ege%& -e g&+0

F S$$%, B#_e$, !& *a( e #$% 'e g&*(%0 A*&!'$e! !e.a&a%.# 4!a(!%e <B#_e$ $%+%& #)&&(, !+&)(% 'e 'a%a a$%a g&a 4( +*a$e 4!.)e8%a%+0 Oa%e$, 'e a$e*e!ea, !& $-&$e !(*()0 B4(g&( !&*a(:

F C&* A*&!'$e! a()(

S)#%% 4 %a$e 'e *(!+ 8(. &)+ -e *#/(+, 'e &!'e $e -&%ea/e'ea /4" &( )a%ag&&(0

F P(/e8%e <Oa%e$ -e)+ -(/(ea 4! -(e-%0

F Ce.( 'e "+)&% 4!%e3+ B#_e$0 F Ce $+ "(e +$-&!$e S)#%%0 V#* -e)a a -# )a 8( )4!'A*&!'$e! !.a "( %e)&% -e a()(0 Ş( %e3&(e $.a;&!ge* 4!a(!%ea

&( I A* 4!)e'ee 4! /#(< N&.( )a2& $+ !e 'e$)&a;+*, )(, '(*-#.%(/+, $+ !e 4!'4;(* *a( +&0 ++ -(e'()( 'e 4!"4!%, !()( # 3(&(!+!& e *ae < A/e( 4!)e'ee 4! /#( 8( 4! *(!a< V#* a;&!ge )&#()e )6(- a -#0

F P#a%e ).# $+ !e.!%4!(* )& e a -# 8( # $+ !e +"&(* < 2($eB#_e$0 Tae a8 /ea $+ $e 4!%4*-e &!a )a a$%a0Da S)#%% !.a/ea 'e)4% # $a3+ !+'e;'e )+ /a a;&!ge a -#4!a(!%ea &( A*&!'$e!0

C+)( '&-+ )&* a"a$e '(! )#e$-#!'e!+, e5-#a%#& !#/e.g(a! ea *&% *a( 3(!e -eg+%(% )a e0 A/ea 11 )4(!( 8( $e a"a )& 'e *(e 4!a(!%ea &(0 Ia%+ )e $)(a S)#%% 4! ;&!a& $+&, )&$(*+*4!%& )a/aee$) a #*&&( 'e 8%((!+, )ae 3(&(a 4! e -e#*& -(2*&(%# : >Pa!& e5-#a%#&&( !#/eg(a! -ae *(!&!a%8( ae "a+ 'e !#( # *ae $&-e(#(%a%e, a)eea 'e a 4!)e-e *a8&$-e -#, )6(a a 4!)e-&%& -(*+/e((, )eea )e a "( )& !e-&%(!+)& a;&%#& )a(#?0 A)e$%ea $4!% )&/(!%e $)($e 4! 'e8e%& 'e

g6ea+, )& /($& "4!% 4! '#&+, -e )4!' $e )e'ea a )4(/a -a8( 'e



3(&(!+0 Ee 4 -&! -e0 S)#%% 4! &*(!a 4! )ae 'e$(g& )+ .a& /+2&%%#( )e(a( e5-#a%#( : )a -e &! #* 'e )aa)%e0 V+24!' 'e2a*+.g(ea )ae )&-(!$e -e %#/a+8(( $+(, S)#%% 48( '+'& %#a%+ $((!a $+e e'ea 4!)e'eea 8( !+'e;'ea 'e )ae a/ea& a%4%a !e/#(e0

F C6(a 'a)+ !& /#* "( !#( )e( '(!%4( )ae /#* a;&!ge a -#, e $-&!ea e, /#* a/ea %#%&8( *4!g4(eea )+ !e.a* "+)&% 'a.%#(a 8( !e.a* (!&% )&/4!%& "a+ 'e A!g(a0V#3ee &( 4!$&"e(%e 4!%+(+ 4! e( 4!)e'eea -(e'&%+0

F V#* a;&!ge 4!a(!%ea &( a -#, )& #()e -e < Te3&(e $+a;&!ge* < $%(ga+ e5-#a%#(( 8( )&/(!%ee # +$&!a+ $%a!(& 4!4*-++(a a3+ a %+)e((0

^IICEI CINCI TOVARĂŞI DE DRUMPe)a+ 'e a )a*-a*e!% 8( $e $%a%#!()(+ 4! )a3a!a D($)#./e )a $+ (e!e2e0 A()( +*a$e+ 'e a *a%(e 1911, -(!+ a !#(e*3(e, )(!' S)#%% 48( ae$e %#/a+8(( )& )ae a/ea $+ "a)+ '&.*& -4!+ a -#0 S%aea e5-e'((e( # !& ea %#)*a( 3&!+0 D(!!#&+$-e2e)e -#!e( *a( a/ea& 2e)e e$%& *&($e+ '(! -()(!a

"(g&&(0 A"a+ 'e a$%a, %#)*a( -e )(!' $e a"a& 4! %a3+a 'e (e.!ae, $e ($)a$e # e-('e*(e -(!%e )(!(( e$)6(*#8(, a8a 4!)4% S)#%%"& !e/#(% $+ -e)e "++ e(0 Peg+%((e "&$e$e+ -&$e a -&!)% )&*&%+ g(;+ 4! %(*-& (e!((0 A/ea& $+ (a )& e( '#&+ $+!((.*#%#,2e)e $+!(( %a$e 'e 2e)e -#!e( 8( 4!)+ 8a$e %a$e 'e )4(!(( )ae $)+-a.$e+ !ea%(!8( 'e e-('e*(e0 C6(a 'e a 4!)e-&%& (e!+((, S)#%% a8.%e-%a '(! A&$%a(a &! %a!$-#% 'e )a( 8( 'e )((!(, )ae &*a& $+$#$ea$)+ a 4!)e-&%& -(*+/e((0 Da -e!%& )+ /#(a $+.( (a 4!a(!%e

&( A*&!'$e!, !& *a( a/& +3'ae $+ a8%e-%e %a!$-#%&, )( $e 6#.%+4 $+ -e)e a !#(e*3(e0Pa!& ea a)e$%a : O e)6(-+ 'e e5-#a%#( 4! "&!%e )& E/a!$a/ea $+ -e)e 4! 2(&a a)eea a #a -e $+!((e )& *#%#0 S)#%% 8( )&)e(a( %#/a+8( a/ea& $+.( &*e2e a #a 1 4! $+!(( %a$e 'e -#!e(,(a B#_e$ )& Oa%e$ a 11,1Y0C(!' )ea '(!(( e)6(-+ -#!(, e5-#a%#(( $e 4!/e$e(+, )+)(

-e)a& $+.8( 4*-(!ea$)+, -#a%e )& -e& /(e(( #, &! /($ a%4% 'e

$)&*-, %&3&a% 'e )a%ag& !a/e( a*0



B#_e$ 8( ($#! ea& 3(!e '($-&8(0 G&*ee # 4!)e-&+ $+'e$%a*e '(! !#& a%*#$"ea 4!%&!e)a%+ 'e 4!g(;#ae )ae a-+$a

-e$%e %#/a+8(( #0 S)#%% 'e/e!( /e$e0 G&*ee 4 4!/(#a&0 F O $+ "(e # a'e/+a%+ 4!%e)ee < 2($e B#_e$0 N& )a a

)&$e, )( )a a -# < S+ /e'e* : )ae -e )ae F L(-$e8%e -&3()&, #3$e/+ ($#!0 F E e !e/+2&%, 'a 4!%.# 2( /a /e'ea %#%< F S4!% $(g& ).# $+ %e a-a&'e "e!e%() -e!%& g&*ee !e.Y$+a%e -e )ae e.a( "+)&% 4! (-$a &( <

F Ia -e %(!e # $+ %e"&(ed<($#! !& *a( -&%& $+. 4!"&!%e, $e '+'& 3+%&%0 E( $e -eg+.%(+ 'e -e)ae0 La #a 1, S)#%% 8( e)6(-a ((( $e &)a+ 4! $+!((

-#!(+0 V4!%& $&"a (!(8%(%, $#aee $%+&)ea0 Ea # 2( "&*#a$+(*-e'e 8( &$)a%+0La #a 11,1Y, B#_e$, Oa%e$ 8( e)6(-a # -e)a+ -e &*e )e#a(0

N& %e)& *&% 8( a/&+ # !#&+ 'e2a*+g(e : $+!((e )& *#%#)ae *egea& *(!&!a% -e 2+-a'+, $e '#/e'(+ -(*e;'(#a$e!e-&%(!)(#a$e -e )4*-& !e$"48(% 'e g6ea+, -(! 'e )+-+%&(,

*#/(e 4!a%e 8( 'e $a$%&g(0A8a )+ e5-#a%#(( $e /+2&+ !e/#(( $+ e -++$ea$)+ 4! 'e8e%& 4!g6ea% a a%(%&'(!e, (a #a*e!(('(! ee !.a/&+ 4!)M%# 8( $e&)a+ 4! )eea%e$+(((0

F P+)a%< e5)a*+ S)#%%0 Ş()4!' %e g4!'e8%( )e !+'e;'( 4* -&$e$e* 4! a)e$%e $+!(( )& *#%#0B#_e$ a&!)+ # g&*+ a 4!%4*-ae, )a $+. 4!$e!(!e2e

F O $+ Ie %(*(%e*, )*' !e.#* 4!%#a)e, a e5-#2((a (!%e.

!a(#!a+ 'e (!&%((%+( (!%ee$a!%e <S)#%% $&($e, (a %#/a+8(( &( -#!(+ *a( 'e-a%e0Da !& *&% '&-+ a)eea, a%+ -a)#$%e : $e 'e2+!&( # " &%&*!e#3(8!&(%+, )ae.4 $(( $+ $e a'+-#$%ea$)+ 4! )#%0 I! !#a-%ea a)ee!& ea )6(- $+ )#!%(!&e '&*&0A '#&a 2(, -e # /e*e &4%+, -(!+ 'e )ea+, $%+3+%&%+ '&/4!%& )ae +$)#ea 2+-a'a, -#!(+ )& a)eea8( !+'e;'e0 Ea& $(g&(8( 6#%+44 $+ a;&!g+ a -# 4!a(!%ea &( A*&!'$e!, )ae e %&3&.

a$e (!(8%ea 8( e 2'&!)(!a$e 4!)e'eea0



P(! /($)#, -(! !(!$#ae, -4!'(( 'e !e!&*+a%e -((*e;'((, e5-#a%#(( a%(!$e+ a 1 !#(e*3(e -#aee g6ea&&(Bea'*#e0U*+ '&-+ a)eea &! '&* g#a2!()0 V4!%& e 3+%ea -&%e(

!() 4! "a+ a-#( /($)#& $e 'e2+!&(Y %#% *a( )4!)e!0 E/a!$)ae )#!'&)ea )aa/a!a, !& *a( "& 4! $%ae $+ $e 'e$)&)e 8(#-(0 S)#%%, )ae /e!ea -e &*ee &(, 4 a;&!$e 8(. g+$( 4! )#%

F Ce e$%e, E/a!$ F M.a* #-(%0 E$%e )& !e-&%(!+ $+ &)+* g6ea& -e./e*e )a a$%a0

F #a%e 3(6e.a( "+)&%0 S+ a8%e-%+* 8( -e )e(a(0 N& %e)& *&% 8( /e*ea $e *a( 4!$e!(!+, a8a )+ e&8(+

-e)e "++ $+.( *a( a8%e-%e0 Me$e+ 4!)+ '#&+ 2(e0 Ne$"48(%&*&!%e 'e g6ea+ !& ea &8# 'e &)a% Cee '(!%4( 4!)e)+( -e)ae e "+)&+ +*a$e+ 2a'a!()e0 I!%e %(*-, e)6(-a '(! &*+)& B#_e$ 8( Oa%e$ 4( a;&!$e0 4!%(!$e+ (a )#%&(e0 La )+'&a$#3(e( &a%e )& e(, e5-#a%#(( $e $"+%&(+ -e 4!'ee%e0 T#( ea&#3#$(( 8( -#$#*#((0

F P#!e(( $4!% a )a-+%& -&%e(#, g+( S)#%%0 E( *+ 4!g(;#.

ea2+ "#a%e *&%0 Pe 4!g+ a$%a, *e(!'ee # $.a& 4*-&(!a%0 F V#* "( !e/#(( $+( +$+*, a'+&g+ Oa%e$0 D(! -()(!a # # $+ ($%#/(* )4(!(( 8( a%&!)( e 8( *a( +& -e!%& !#(0

F 4! !#a-%ea a$%a, %e3&(e $+ +-&!e* -e C($%#"#, $-&$eS)#%%0 P+)a% 'e e0 A "#$% &! -#!e( 3&!, -#a%e )e *a( 3&! '(!.%e %#(0

F S4!% 'e -+ee $+ *a( "a)e* &! 'e-#2(% a()(, 2($e 8( (.$#!0 4! "e& a)e$%a, /#* *a( 'e$-#/+a 3(e%ee a!(*ae0

F Da, 4!%+( S)#%%, 3(!e 2('0De-#2(%& >Ba(ea 'e $&'? "& )#!$%&(% 4! ga3+0 A-#( 48($%4!$e+ )#%&(e 8( -e)a+0 De8( /e*ea ea "#a%e ea, !(*e!(!& $e g4!'( $+ *a( 4!%42(e0A%*#$"ea 4!)+)a%+ -e/e$%ea !(!$#ae0 V4!%& $&"a )& -&.%ee 8( !& %e)& *&% )+ $e -e"+)& 4!%.&! &aga! %&3a% )ae $e$%4!($e '(! $&'0 E5-#a%#(( !.a/&+ 4!)#%# : $e #-(+ '(! !#&8( 4! ga3+ ('()a+ &! a'+-#$% -e!%& )a(, 'a '&-+ # #+ a)e$%a

$e -+3&8(0 T#(e!e &(a8e 'e 2+-a'+ $e 4!+a+0 4!%e ee $+!((e



8( a!(*aee a3(a $e *a( /e'ea&0 Ea )e *a( -&%e!() /4!% -e)ae. 4!%4!($e+ 4! a)ee #)&(0 Be a a*(a2+ 4!)e-& $+ $e *a(

-#%#ea$)+0 U$)a%& $e 2+( '(! !#& (a $#aee 'e/e!( (a+8($%+&)(%#0

F A8a e /e*ea a $&', )& %#a!e )4!' /("##a$+, )4!' 4!.$#(%+0 U!e#( $e $)6(*3+ '(!%.# )(-+ 4!%.a%a, )a # "e*e(e !+.2&#a$+, g&*( B#_e$0Seaa $e #-(+ 8( 4*-&8)a+ )a((0 Ea& ($%#/(( 'e %#% (a *e.(!'ee -e!%& e( $e ($-+/($e+0 B(e(( -#!e( a/&+ -a%e 'e &!*#*4!% *ae, 'e 2+-a'+, &!'e, '&-+ a%4%ea #$%e!e(, 48( g+$(+#'(6!a 'e /e)(0++ )a( '&*& $e "+)ea *a( a!e/#(e, )+)( e5-#a%#(( ea&

a)&* $((( $+8( %ag+ $(!g&( $+!((e, a+%&( 'e )4(!(0 Da 4! )&.4!' 8( e( /# +*4!e 4! '&*0

F O $+ "(* $((( $+ a;&!ge* $(!g&( a -#, %+g4!'&.!e $+.!((e, 2($e Oa%e$0

F C&* # /ea !##)&< $-&$e S)#%% 6#%+4%0 Da 'e a;&!$%e3&(e $+ a;&!ge* < C6(a 'a)+ a* *ege -e 34!)(<La Q 'e)e*3(e 1911, S)#%% a%(!$e 7QY a%(%&'(!e $&'()+:

Me(!'ee 4!)e-&+ $+ $e )a* 4*-&(!e2e0 S)#%% e -(/( 4!g(;#.a%, e )4!%+(, a-#( $-&$e : F O -a%e '(!%e !#( %e3&(e $+ $e 4!%#a)+0 C& *e(!'eea)e$%ea !& -&%e* a;&!ge 'e)4% )(!)( a -#0Oa*e!((, *&( 'e g#a2+, )+%a+ ($)#'(%#( &!(( a a((0 A$%aea *a( +& 'e)4% #()e < C4%e/a )(-e &!g(, %+)eea '#*!( -e$%ee( a-+$+%#ae0 Pe )(!e a/ea $+ aeag+ S)#%%

F N.a/e* %(*- 'e -(e'&%, 2($e e0 H#%+4(./+ <

N()( e !& $e -&%& 6#%+4 $+ aeag+ <Ce '(!(( )ae $e a+%&+ "& Oa%e$, a-#( B#_e$, ($#! 8( *a(+*4!ea a )ae(ea0 E/a!$ $e &(%a 4! #)6(( &( S)#%% )& # &g+*(!%e*&%+ 8( "(e3(!%e 4! -(/((0

F E/a!$ < Meg( )& !#( < 6#%+4 S)#%%0A)e$% &)& %e3&(a #()&* "+)&%0 ((!')+ #()e $e -&%ea 4!.'&a a -#, "(g& )ae %e -+%&!'ea -4!+ 4! *+'&/a #a$e# 8( 4(&*"a *4(!(e 8( -()(#aee, /($)#&, 2+-a'a, -(*e;'((e < N&*a(

&! $(!g& &)& !& $e -&%ea 4!'&a : "#a*ea < A)## %e3&(e $+



*+!4!)( /4%#$ )a $+.( -+$%e2( )+'&a )#-&&(, a%*(!%e( %e a8.%ea-%+ ($%#/(ea 8( *#a%ea0Ce( )(!)( %#/a+8( 'e '&* !& *a( $%a%&+ -e g4!'&(0 Se 4!.6+*a+ a $+!(( 8( -#!(+ *a( 'e-a%e, "++ $+ "a)+ a% $e*! 'e

+*a$ 3&! %#/a+8(# )ae $e 4!a-#(a&, 'e)4% &! $a&% -(! 'e 4!.ee$ 8( # 4!)&)(8ae 'e -(/(( 4!)+)a%e 'e %($%ee 8( 'e !+'e;'e0 F C& $-ea!a, 4!a(!%e <

^IIIPE PLATOUL POLAR La 'e)e*3(e )e( >)(!)(? a;&!$e+ '(!)## 'e g6ea&Bea'*#e, -e -a%#& -#a0 I!%a$e+ 4! a %e(a "a2+ a e5-e'((e(0

Ea 4!)e-& )& $%a%#!()(ea &!&( !#& 'e-#2(%0 Pe)a+ (!$a %#% 4!.)+)a(0 A)&* $e a"a& a 1 'e * 'e-a%e 'e %a3+a -e!%&(e!ae0 4!$-+(*4!%+%#ae $#a%+ -e!%& !(8%e #a*e!( 4!'+2!e( )ae(, a*e!(!a( a %#% -a$& $+ +*4!+ -e -a%#& a)ea )ae $e 4!.%(!'ea 'e a -()(#aee # 4!a(!%e )(% -&%ea& $+ /a'+ )& #)6(( : #4!%(!'ee !e$"48(%+ 'e 2+-a'+ $&3 &! )e /e8!() *#6#4% 8( a%4%'e ;#$ )+ -&%ea( $+. a%(!g( ('()4!' 3a&0 Z+-a'a a+%a )a -&'a

8( )a !($(-& a30 A$%"e )+ ea "#a%e ge& $+ 4!a(!%e2e -e # 4!%(!.'ee )a a)eea0 T#%&8(, "+)&+ )4%e * 'e "(e)ae e%a-+, 'a )&)4%+ %&'+ <C& %#a%e a)e$%ea !&.( -++$( /#(#8(a0 S(*ea& )+ $e a-#-(e'e -#0 G&*ee 4( *a( 4!$&"eea&, !+'e;'(e 4( *a( 4!)+2ea&0G4!'&(e !ege "&+ a&!ga%e0 B#_e$ $e 4!%e)ea -e $(!e0 ($#!'+'ea 4!'e*!&( -+(!%e8%(0 Oa%e$ 'e/e!($e #-%(*($% 'e %#%0 E/a!$ea "e()(% )+ 8e"& e5-e'((e( !& -ege%a$e $+. (a0

Da 4! )&4!' ge&%+(e $e (/(+ '(! !#&0 Pa%#& a/ea -e%#a%+ 4!%(!'eea $a *(( 8( *(( 'e )+-+%&( 4!g&$%e, )ae 4 3+2'a&4! %#a%e '(e)((e0 T#a%e a)e$%e )+-+%&( $e a$)&!'ea& $&3 # -#;.g6(+ 'e 2+-a'+ $"+4*()(#a$+0 Ş( a8a, e5-#a%#(( 4!)e-&+ $+)a'+ &!& '&-+ a%&, )6(a )4%e '#( #'a%+, ga%a $+.8( "4!g+ -(.)(#aee0La Q 'e)e*3(e, $-e $ea+, a;&!$e+ a a%(%&'(!e $&'()+0

N#a-%ea %e)& (!(8%(%+ 8(, )& %#a%e )+ %e*-ea%&a )#3#4$e a

$&3 2e#, a $#ae ea a8a 'e )a', 4!)4% e5-#a%#(( $%a%&+ *a(



*&% a"a+ 'e)4% 4! )#%04!$+ a '#&a 2( /e*ea $e $)6(*3+ 4!)e-& $+ !(!g+0 O #+'&-+ -e)ae, '&*& 'e/e!( %ae ge&0 Me$e+ a-#a-e )(!)( )ea.$&( 4! %+)ee, )& 3+3+(e0 D&-+ -4!2 -#!(+ '(! !#& -e )e *a(

a!e/#(#$ '&* -e )ae. "+)&$e+ /e#'a%+0 I$%#/((, )+2&+ 4! 2+. -a'+ 8( &! %(*- !& $e *a( &!(+ 'e a)##0 F Ma( a/e* '#a 'e * -4!+ a -#< e $-&$e S)#%%, )a$+.( *a( 4*3+3+%e2e, )& %#a%e )+ e 4!$&8( a/ea !e/#(e 'e )&a;0Ca -(! "a*e), )e( -a%& e5-#a%#( $e ('()a+, *a( 6#%+.4( 8( *a( 4!$&"e(( )a 4!a(!%e0 Se a-#-(a& 'e -# < O 3&)&(e*ae, a-#a-e )#-(+ea$)+ 4( )&-(!$e 8( e '+'& a(-(0

F S(*% )&* *( $e 'e2g6ea+ (!(*a )4!' 4 a&' -e S)#%% /#.

3(!' a8a < 2($e B#_e$ /e$e0 Ma( a/e* 'e *e$ '#a &! )4(*-e('e '&* < Pe!%& !#(, )a!e a* $%+3+%&% -e$%e 1 'e * -4!+a()(, '&*& -e )ae. *a( a/e* 'e "+)&% # $+ "(e '#a # -'(*3ae000a ae )&a%<

F Ae 4!g6ea%, /e( $+ 2()(, $%(g+ ($#!0 4*( -(8)+ *ee&!a$& 8(.*( %a(e #3a;(( )& $&%e 'e 3()e0

F Da)+ !& %e.a( a$ 'e &! a! 'e 2(e < (.# 4!%#a$e B#_e$0

E/a!$ ea !e+3'+%# $+ $-&!+ 8( e )e/a0 C& ga$& &( -#"&!', g+( F N&*a( $+ !& !e a'+ 'e -e $&-a"aa -+*4!%&&(0S)#%% 4 -(/( $&42+%#0Ce( )(!)( e5-#a%#( $e )&"&!'a+ a-#( '(! !#& 4! %+)ee 8(4!000 -(*e;'((0 D&*& ea -e$+a% !&*a( )& a)e 'e g6ea+0 N()(.#'a%+ !& "&$e$e %a$e& $+!((# *a( ge& )a a)&*0 De.a3(a -&%&+$+ *eag+ 'e * 4! 2(&a a)eea0 Ea& '(! )e 4! )e *a( #3#$(( 8(*a( 4!g(;#a(0 S)#%% e a'&$e 4!$+ # !#&+ 3&)&(e :

F A$%+2( a* 'e-+8(% -&!)%& a )ae a a;&!$ S6a)e%#! 4! 19 < F A%&!)( $+ !& !e '+* 3+%&( < $%(g+ Oa%e$0 Ma( a/e* -&(! <De a # /e*e "&+ $((( $+ e!&!e a $)6(&( )a $+ !& e &-+

-e )e$%ee a$)&(%e ae /a&(# 'e 2+-a'+, ae >$a$%&g(#?0Da '&-+ &! (#*e%& 8( ;&*+%a%e 'e *e$, $a$%&g(( '($.

-+&+ %e-%a%0 Se #-(+0 G6ea& !&.8( *a( a+%a a)&* a)ee)#)#a8e *()(, -e$+a%e -e%&%(!'e!(0

F N.a "( 3(!e $+ !e 4!%#a)e* 8( $+ !e &+* $)6(&(e 4!.

%e3+ Oa%e$, )ae )6(32&(a a$&-a "(e)+&( &)&0



F I'eea !.a "( ea, 'a -(e'e* %(*-, 2($e S)#%%0 F 4! $)6(*3 )48%(g+* $)6(&(e, "& 'e -+ee ($#!0 F M+ '&) e& )& E/a!$ $+ e (a& < -#-&$e B#_e$ (!(*#$0P4!+ a%&!)( a-(!'e( )4%e # -(-+, )a $+ /+ *a( %ea)+ 'e &4%<

Ce( '#( $e 4!%#a$e+ a3(a '&-+ # #+ 8( ;&*+%a%e )& $)6(&(e%#/a+8(# #0 N&*a( B#_e$ !& 8( e *a( g+$( -e ae $ae0 A/ea$+ *eag+ -e ;#$ a-#a-e # $&%+ #-%2e)( 'e * <P#!(+ 8( *a( 4!/e8&!a( a '&*0 A-#-(eea 'e -# e 4!.%+ea -&%e(e0 Me(!'e a/ea& 'e a;&!$ $%#*a)&, )ae.( -e.#)&-a )e *a( *&%, ea 4!'e$%&a% )& 'e %#a%e, a8a )+ '&*& ( $e

-+ea *a( &8#00 F B&!+ ('ee a* a/&% $+ *ege* !&*a( )(!)( (!8(, 2($e S)#%%0

4*( -ae +& 'e )e(a( %#/a+8(, 'a )& e( '&*& a "( "#$% 'e$%&'e ge&, )+)( *e(!'ee !( $.a "( 4*-&(!a%0

F La )e %e g4!'e8%(, B#_e$ 4 4!%e3+ ($#! -e #)#%e.!e!%, '&-+ # )(-+ 'e %+)ee0

F La )e/a "#a%e a'4!) : a $%#*a)0 M+ g4!'e$) )+ 'e e 'e. -(!'e %#a%+ 4!%e-(!'eea !#a$%+0 Da)+ $%#*a)& !e /a "( 3&!,/#* a;&!ge a -# 'a)+ $e /a $%()a, /#* +*4!e 4! '&*0 A$%ea

a "( '#&+ (-#$%a2e0 C4!' $%a( $+ %e g4!'e8%(,%e.a-&)+ g#a2a0 De)e.# "( +$a% !a%&a -e #* $+ "(e #3& *+(e( $ae S%#*a)& S.a4!%e3a% )(!e/a )4%+ 4!$e*!+%a%e ae $%#*a)& 4!%.# e5-e'((e a

-#, -e M#!%.Ba!) $a& )6(a I! &!+ Na-#e#! a )48%(ga% *&%e 3+%+(( "((!')+ a/ea $%#*a) 3&!0 Ş( a -(e'&% a-#( $%+-4!(ea E&.#-e(, "((!')+ $.a 4*3#!+/(% 'e $%#*a) < Da, 'a < A$%a e$%e &!a'e/+ <

F A( 'e-%a%e, B#_e$, $%#*a)& e # -#3e*+000 &!(/e$a+0

Ş( e& *.a* g4!'(% &!e#( a e, 4!)&/((!+ ($#!0 F N.a( -&%ea $+ !+$)#)e8%( !($)a(/a -(&e 4! #)& 6a!e( Ne.a( $)+-a 'e -#/aa $+!((#, 'e $a)(( )& *e(!'e, 'e 'e-#2(%e 8('e g(;a # < A* &a )& !#( '#a &! $(!g& $a) )& -(&e F 8( ga%a0I!%.&! 3&2&!a a 4!)+-ea a(*e!%e -e!%& # &!+ 'e 2(e < I!

-a%& 3&2&!ae, -e!%& &! a! < Ş( %#%& a "( a%4% 'e $(*-& 8( 'e &8# < F A%&!)( 8( $%#*a)& a %e3&( $+ "(e )4% &! 'ege%a, 2($e($#! 4!)4!%a% 'e "(#2#"(a &( B#_e$0

Ş(, )& g&*ee -e 3&2e, )& 4$& 4! -(/(( 8( )& !+'e;'ea 4!



(!(*(, e5-#a%#(( 4!a(!%a& '(! ge& $-e (!%a #04! 2(&a 'e (a!&a(e, $e ($)+ &! /($)# !+-a$!(), )e '(!%4(4!%4*-(!a% -e -a%#&0 E5-#a%#(( a/&+ 'e 4!"(!% %#a%e -(e'()(e

-e )ae e ('()a /($)#& 4! )aea #0 Z+-a'a 4( #3ea 8( e 3()(&(a

#3a;((0 C#*-aa(a &( ($#! )& 3()ee ea -ea $a3+0 (e)ae'(!%e e( 48( '+'ea %#a%+ $((!a $+ g+3ea$)+ e5-e'((a $-e $&'0($#!, )a *e'(), ea 4!%#%'ea&!a ga%a $+.( 4!g(;ea$)+ )& )e *a(*ae 'e/#%a*e!% )a 3&)+%a 4!'e*4!a%(), a%e!% 8( -()e-&%, $eg4!'ea )&* $+ e "a)+ /(aa *a( -+)&%+, (a )4!' %+gea $a!(a, !&8#/+(a 'e#)0Oa%e$ $e '#/e'ea )e *a( -a)%() '(!%e %#( 8(, 4! a)ea8( %(*-,ga%a $+ $e ;e%"ea$)+ -e!%& e5-e'((e0

B#_e$ 4( 4!/e$eea *ee& )& g&*ee &( 8( %#%#'a%+ $e a+%a -()e-&% )4!' ea /#3a 'e %ea3+0 ++ e, -#a%e )+ e5-#a%#((!.a "( (23&%(% $+.8( 'e$)eea$)+ "&!(e 8( $+ a(3+ &! a;&%# a%4% 'e4!$e*!a%0E/a!$, )& *&8)6(( $+( 'e #e, $)#$e$e 'e *&%e #( e)6(-a '(!)ee *a( *a( 4!)&)+%&(0 Ea # 4!)4!%ae -e!%& e5-#a%#( $+./a'+ a+%&( 'e e( )& 24*3e%& &( !e(-$(% -e 3&2e0

S)#%% '#/e'ea # e!eg(e )&* ae#( $e 4!%4!e8%e a #a*e!(0De8( 4!g(;#a% a )&*e )+)( A*&!'$e! 4 !e)+;($e %ae *&% )& -e2e!a &( a $&', a+%a 4!%#%'ea&!a &! )6(- 2*3(%#0 Ea 8( "(.e$) : e, )#*a!'a!%& e5-e'((e(, !& -&%ea 8( !& %e3&(a $+.8(

-(a'+ )&*-+%& !()(#'a%+04! 2(&a a)eea, -e )ae # -e%e)&+ 4! )#%, *a( 4!"((!a+ &!'e-#2(% 3#%e2a% De-#2(%& a Q ga'e A-#(, -e)a+ *a( 'e-a%e0Ma( a/ea& 'e *(e -4!+ a -#, 'a, "++ 4!'#(aa, )+ a)e$%a<

a/ea $+ "(e '&*& )e *a( ge&, '(! -()(!a #3#$e(# *a( 8( a I/($)#&&( !+-a$!() )ae !&.( $+3ea 'e#)0 A/ea& 6a!+ -e!%& I1 2(e0 Ca $+ a;&!g+ a -# 8( a-#( $+ $e 4!%#a)+ %e3&(a& $+ "a)+)e -&(! 1 * -e 2(0 Z+-a'a ea 4!$+ '(! )e 4! )e *a( "(!+, #

-&3ee -e )ae $a!(a !& *a( a&!e)a, a8a )+ %e3&(a $.# %4a$)+ ('(! +$-&%e(0 I! "e& a)e$%a 4!a(!%a& 'e$%& 'e 4!)e%, )+)( $a!(a $e#-ea a "(e)ae -a$0 La 11 (a!&a(e *a( a/ea& 'e "+)&% 7 'e *(e,a'()+ 1Q7 *0

F V#* "a)e #ae a)e$% '&* 4! 7 2(e $e 4!%e3a S)#%%0 YW



F ++ 4!'#(a+, 2($e B#_e$0 Şa$e 2(e /#* %age '(! ge&,(a a 8a-%ea !e /#* #'(6!( a -#< S4!% 4!)e'(!a% 'e a$%a<P#!(+ )& !+'e;'e *a( 'e-a%e0La 1Q (a!&a(e e *a( +*+$e$e+ 'e "+)&% 1 'e *(e0 Te.

)&$e+ 'e -&!)%& )e *a( 4!a% a -a%#&&( 8( 4!)e-&$e+ a)&* $+)#3#ae -e -#/4!(8& &8# '(!$-e $&'0C#3#48& ea 4!$+ *a( ge& 'e)4% &)&8&0 Z+-a'a 4!g+*+.'(%+ 4! %#(e!e &(a8e "+)ea $+ $e 4!"&!'e $a!(a0 Ca $.# $)#a%+ %e.

3&(a& $+ %ag+ )4%e '#( $a& %e( #a*e!( 'e#'a%+0La 1 (a!&a(e a%(!$e+ 9 a%(%&'(!e $&'()+0 Ma( a/ea& &!$(!g& ga' 'e "+)&%, a'()+ 111 *0 Ma( +$a+ &! !#& 'e-#2(%, 4!)ae a'+-#$%(+ -#/(2(( -e!%& -a%& 2(e0 D&-+.a*(a2+, &! $#ae

*4!'& $e +$"+a -e )e& -&*3&(&0 Ve*ea $e 4!$e!(!+ %#% *a([*&%, 2+-a'a $e 4*-&(!a0 +)&+ * )& # (&ea+ !ea8%e-%a%+,,)ae e ea'&$e !+'e;'ea0 Ea& /#(#8( )a !(8%e 8)#a( )ae $e 'a&;)& %4((e 4! /a)a!+0

F Ma( a/e* 'e * < $%(g+ S)#%%, 8( a;&!ge* a -# VM4(!e, -e /e*ea a$%a, /#* &a *a$a a)## < 4!a(!%e, 3+(e( < S+!& !e +$+* <

F N()( *#( < $%(g+ ($#!0 F Da !()( "+*4!2(< g&*( B#_e$0E/a!$ 4!%e3+ :

F V#* '#*( # !#a-%e a -# F ++ 4!'#(a+ < 4( +$-&!$e Oa%e$, *a( /e$e )a #()4!AYM(a;& -#&&( 4( a%+gea %#% *a( 'e a-#a-e, /+;(!'&.e $& " e%& 8( 3()(&(!'&.e -&%e(e $e(%e0C4% *a( a/ea& -4!+ a 4*-(!(ea /($&&( #

D#a )4(/a (#*e%( -e )ae (.a "( $%+3+%&% )6(a 'a)+ %e. 3&(a& $+ $e %4a$)+ -e 34!)(, a8a )&* $-&!ea S)#%%0 Pe!%& &! /(a;a%4% 'e *+e, !()( # -(e'()+ !& ea 4!'ea;&!$ 'e *ae0

^IVLA POLUL SUDDe )eea )e $e %e*&$e+ *a( *&% !& $)+-a+0 La 1 (a!&a(e,#)6(& age a &( B#_e$ 'e$)#-e( F )e'ea e F &! -&!)% 'e

e)&!#a8%ee0



F N& *+ 4!8e, #ae $e 4!%e3a0 N.# "( )&*/a &! $a$%&g,$a& 000 8( )&/4!%& 4( 4!g6e+ -e 3&2e0D&-+ # ;&*+%a%e 'e #+ 'e$&8( -a)+ )e/a !eg&0 N& 8%(a )e$+ )ea'+000

F A)ee ('()a%&( 'e 2+-a'+ !& $4!% !a%&ae, 8#-%( S)#%%,)& # -e$(*(e '&e#a$+0 F Ce.# "( a$%a N&.( &! $%eag !eg& $%(g+ 'e#'a%+ E/a!$0E5-#a%#(( +*a$e+ &(*((, 4!)e*e!((, )a !(8%e $e*!e 'ee5)a*a(e 'e2!+'+;'&(%e 8( *&%e 4!"(-%e 4! g6ea+0

F A*&!'$e! !e.a &a%.# 4!a(!%e< ge*& S)#%% 4! %+)eeagea )ae $e +$a$e0 Da ea 'e -e/+2&%, a'+&g+ e e-e'e, )a $+!&.8( 'e$)&a;e2e %#/a+8((0 O()&* a "(, !#( !e.a* "+)&% 'a%#(a

)+%e !#( 4!8(!e 8( !e.a* (!&% )&/4!%& "a+ 'e -a%(e0 S+ *ege* <P#!(+ (a+8(0 N()( &!& '(! e( !& *a( $&"+ # /#3+0 P+ea&!+&)(( 'e "a-%& )+ # /()%#(e )a a #, '#34!'(%+ )& a%4%ea ;e%"e,"&$e$e 4!%&!e)a%+, a-#a-e 8%ea$+ 'e a%& )ae -&$e$e -()(#& *a('e/e*e0I! '&* 4!%4!(+ &*ee &!&( )a*-a*e!%, '4e 'e $+!(( 8( 'e$)6(&( 4! %#a%e '(e)((e, -e)&* 8( "#*ee a3e# 'e '(!(0 (e.

)ae $e*! )ae '#/e'ea %e)eea &( A*&!'$e! -e a)## 4( 'e$)&.a;a *a( a'4!)0 N&*a( B#_e$ 4!)e)a $+.8( -+$%e2e /#(a 3&!a: F S+. (a !a(3a 'e !#/eg(a! < Ne.a %a$ -e $"#a+ < Da 'a)+ .a8 4!%4!(, .a8 4*3+(8a )+)( *e(%+ <

F A( 'e-%a%e, 4!%+( S)#%%0 A*&!'$e! e /e'!() 'e a'*(a.(a !#a$%+0 Te3&(e $+ "(e &! #* 8( ;&*+%a%e <

F Ş( e ae $+ $-&!+ "++ 4!'#(a+ a)ea8( &)& 'e$-e %(!e <4( 2($e ($#! )& )#!/(!gee0

F De a$%a !& *+ 4!'#(e$) < a'+&g+ e-e'e Oa%e$0 T#%& $.a4!%4*-a% a$%"e, -e!%& )+ e a a/&% &! '&* *a( &8# 8( )(!( *a(*&(0 Ş( !& *+ 4!'#(e$) !()( 'e "a-%& )+ )e( )e /# $)(e *a( %4.2(& 'e$-e e5-e'((a !#a$%+, /# a/ea 4! /e'ee &)& a)e$%a0

F N& -e!%& e( # "a)e*, Oa%e$, 4( 2($e S)#%%, )( -e!%& !#(4!8(!e 8( -e!%& A!g(a0 Ş( a* "+)&% %#% )eea )e #*e!e8%e a "#$%)& -&%(!+ <P#!(+ a-#( (a+8(, '&-+ &! $)&% -#-a$0

La 1 (a!&a(e "+)&+ $&*a %&%&# #3$e/a((# < Ea& a



Q, *(e 'e -#, # *(+ *a( 'e-a%e 'e e 8( %e( $-e 'ea-%a0 I!a)ea$%+ '(e)(e, age& B#_e$ 2+( )e/a 4! "#*+ 'e *#/(+0

F Te3&(e $+ "(e )#%& &( A*&!'$e!, 2($e S)#%% 8( '+'&$e*!a& 'e -e)ae0

D&-+ '#&+ *(e 'e *e$, a;&!$e+ a )#%0 A()( g+$(+ &! '#.)&*e!% )ae a+%a %e)eea a )(!)( !#/eg(e!( )e )#(!)('e!+ <:R#a' A*&!'$e!Oa Oa$#! B;aaa!'H(*e Ha!$$e!S/e!e H0 Ha$$eO$)a ($%(!g4!$e*!aea -&%a 'a%a 'e 1 'e)e*3(e 19110 A+%&( 'e

a)e$% '#)&*e!% *a( g+$(+ # $)($#ae 4! )ae A*&!'$e! &ga -eS)#%% $.# %(*(%+ ege&( Haa#! a N#/eg(e(0S)#%% +$+ 8( e # !#%+ 4! )ae a+%a )+ /(2(%a$e )#%& 4*-e&!+e& %#/a+8(( &(0 B#_e$ 4 "#%#ga"(e 8( ($#! 4 $)6(+0 A-#( -e.)a+ *a( $-e $&', )a $+ 4*-4!%e $%eag& 4! -#0 I! '&* g+$(+ #

-a%(!+ 'e $a!(e, 4!"(-%+ 'e A*&!'$e!, )ae a+%a, -(!%.# !#%+ega%+ 'e ea, )+ a '#&+ *(e 'e )#% $e a"a -#&, a8a '&-+ )&* 4

)a)&a$e e0 F S.a 4!8ea%< $%(g+ S)#%% )& # &8#a+ e5)a*a(e0 P#& $ea"+ )& 9 'e *e%( *a( 'e-a%e0 Ca)&ee 8( (!$%&*e!%ee *ee!& *.a& 4!8ea% !()(#'a%+ <

F A%&!)( !#( $4!%e* )e( '(!%4( )ae 4*-4!%+* $%eag& 4! a'e./+a%& -#< $%(g+ B#_e$0S)#%% 24*3(0 U! 24*3e% %#%#'a%+ %($% 8( /e$e0

F O()&*, $-&$e e, ('ea& !#$%& a "#$% a%(!$0 A)&* -&%e*

$+ $-&!e* a'(# )e&( *a( "&*#$ /($ <4!)+ !&.8( '+'ea& $ea*a : ea& 4!/(!g+%#( $a& 4!/(!8( C+)( -e &*ea a$%a %#%& 4!$e*!a $+ "(( -(*&0 Da)+ ea( a '#(ea!& *a( 4!$e*!a !(*()0

F S+ !e *&&*(* )+ !e.a* "+)&% 'a%#(a, 2($e S)#%%0 Ş%(a*,'ea%"e, )+ a()(, 4! a"a+ 'e &aga!ee )& !+-a$!()& # ge,e5($%+ # -(*e;'(e *a( *ae -e2e!a !#/eg(e!(#0E5-#a%#(( %+)ea& 4!'++%!() &4!' $ea*a a a)ea >a8e2ae?

!& !&*a( 6(*e()+, 'a )6(a a3$&'+, )ae $e )6e*a P#& S&'0



B#_e$ 2($e :.F Ce.( 'e /+2&% a()( 4! a"a+ 'e -&$%(& 4!g#2(%# 8( 'e *#.!#%#!(a %#% 4!g#2(%#ae #e $e (! $)a( 'e !#( 'e )4!' a* -e)a% P#& e (* )a)&, $e a"+ a()( 4! 3&2&!a& %+&, S)#%%, &!'e.( a-a.

a%&000 4! a)ea$%+ 4*-++(e a *#((, !#( a* a'&$ /(aa000

^VÎNTOARCEREA DE LA POLI(M(#a-%ea a)eea '#*(+ a -#, (a 4! 2#(( 2(e( &*+%#ae$e -eg+%(+ 'e '&*0 A/ea& 'e "+)&% 4!a-#( 1 'e * 8( !& -e'&* !e%e', )( -e -a%#& a)ea -(! 'e $a$%&g( 8( 'e )+-+%&(,%44!' $a!(a '&-+ '4!8((0 C& %#% )&a;& -e )ae (. '+'ea S)#%%, e5.

-#a%#(( -+ea& a'4!) 'e2a*+g((, )a 8( S)#%%, 'ea%"e0 A/4!%&(e ea 4!"4!%, !.a/&$e$e+ -a%e 'e 3&)&(a 4!%4(e%+((, -(*e;'((e)ae.( -4!'ea& a 4!%#a)ee 4( #3$e'a&0 C(!)( e5-#a%#(, )(!)( #a.*e!( 4!'+2!e(, )& /($& # $)&*- 2'#3(%, $e -eg+%ea& $+ 4!."&!%e (a+8( *#a%ea )ae.( )&a$e 4! '&*& # $-e -#0C6(a a -e)ae, '+'&+ *a( 4!%4(0-e$%e # *#/(+ 'e e)&!#a8.%ee !#/eg(a!+ 8( *a( a-#( 'e 4!$e8( &*ee #0 Se (!&+ '&-+

ee -4!+ )e a;&!$e+ a $(!($%& $%eag !eg&, )ae e /e$%($e 3(&.(!a !#/eg(e!(#0 P#-#$(+ a-#(, -e!%& $)&% %(*-, )a* a # *(+8( ;&*+%a%e 'e a)e $e*!, -e &*ee +$a%e 'e e( a '&)ee0 Ea&%(8%(0 V#3ea& "#a%e -&(! 8( !&*a( )4!' a/ea& !e/#(e 'e )e/a0B#_e$ "+)ea g&*e '(! )e 4! )e *a( a 8( "++ )#!/(!gee, !&.*a( '(! '#(!a 'e a 'e2*#( -&(! a%*#$"ea gea )ae a-+$aa$&-a #0 De8( 48( -+$%a$e )6(-& $&42+%#, S)#%% ea "#a%e *46.!(% 4! $(!e0 ($#! 4( e$-e)%a $%aea $&"e%ea$)+ 8( $e $%+'&(a $+.(

"(e )4% *a( *&% -e -a)0 Oa%e$, )e *a( -e$(*($% '(!%e %#(, -+eaa)&* )e *a( $e!(!0 Pe!%& e e5-e'((a a/&$e$e &! e2&%a% $%+&.)(%0 E/a!$ a+%a -#$#*#(% )a &! )#-( &(a80Pe #)& &!'e -#-#$($e+ a '&)ee, -a%#& $e $)6(*3a$e 4!.%&)4%/a, %++2&((e )e$)&$e+ *a( *a(0 T(*- 'e %e( #e !& 4!.%4*-(!a+ ge&%+(, 'a '&-+ a)eea *e$e+ # #+ 8( ;&*+%a%e %+.g4!' $a!(a '(! +$-&%e(0 Ve*ea ea "#a%e )(&'a%+0 N#( 4!%&!e.)a( /e!ea& 'e a $&' 8( %e)ea& -e 'ea$&-a )a-&&( # $)&%&4!.

'&.8( !ea&a )ae e 8%egea )& 'e$+/48(e '&*&0 C& %#a%e )+ $a.



!(a ea &8#a+ 8( /4!%& $&"a 4! -4!2+, %a$e+ '(! ge& 4! &%(*&)ea$0 U*ee ea& +$)#(%e -e a#)&( 'e /($)# 8(, -e 'ea$&-a, $e(/($e+ $a$%&g( '(!a(0 V4!%& $e ;&)a )& 2+-a'a, )a 8( )4!' a "("#$% !($(-0

F C&* $e "a)e )+ &*ee +$a%e 'e !#(, !&*a( 'e %e( 2(e,$4!% 8%e$e, (a ae !#/eg(e!(#, /e)6( 'e # &!+, a& +*a$ $e4!%e3+ S)#%% -&(! !e'&*e(%0

F G&*e 'e.ae !a%&((, 'ag+ S)#%%, 2($e B#_e$0 A'e/+a.%ee &*e -e )ae e /#* +$a !#( !& /# "( a)e$%ea <

F A$%a.( %ea3a ($%#(e(, 'ag+ B#_e$, 2($e 8( ($#!, )a$+.8( *a( 4!/(#e2e %#/a+8((0 Ea ae g(;+ 'e %#a%e &*ee <

F E *a( )a' 8( *a( -+)&% 'e *e$ )& /4!%& 4! $-a%e, #$%(

Oa%e$ )a $+ $)6(*3e /#3a, )+)( %#/a+8(( &( 'e.a3(a 24*3($e+ a$-&$ee &( ($#!0La (a!&a(e a;&!$e+ a De-#2(%& 'e $&', 'e &!'e &a+a(*e!%e -e!%& -a%& 2(e0 Ma( a/ea& )& e( 4!)+ -e!%& 8a-%e 2(e,a8a )+ -&%ea& $+ *eag+ &!$-e2e)e 2(e "++ !()( # %ea*+0 De a)##

-4!+ a 'e-#2(%& U! ga' 8( ;&*+%a%e a/ea& 'e "+)&% 'e *(e0Pe)a+ '&-+.a*(a2+, -e &! /($)# )ae $e $%4!( -e !ea8%e-%a%e0

C&* a/ea& -4!2+ a $a!(e, *egea& )& *ae (&ea+0 4!$+ )e/a *a(%42(& '+'&+ -e$%e &! %ee! /(%eg0 S-&3ea%+ 'e /4!%, 2+-a'a $ea'&!a$e 4! g+*e2(, 8( a)&* $e0 (-ea 'e $)6(&(, 4*-#%(/(!'&.$ea$%"e #()+e( 4!a(!%+(0 Oa%e$ $&"eea )e *a( *&% 'e "(g 8( 'e#3#$ea+0 B#_e$, )ae !&.8( g+$(de $)6(&(e, ea !e/#(% $+ *eag+%#% -e ;#$0 S)#%% $e %e*ea )a !& )&*/a a)e$%e *a8&( &!g( $+.#3#$ea$)+ -e$%e *+$&+, *a( ae$ )+ B#_e$, )ae ea )a* *+&!.e, a/ea -()(#aee $)&%e0 V4!%& $&"a %#% *a( 4!g6ea%0 D&-+ &!

*a8 *a( *&% 'e)4% ($%#/(%#, 4!%(!$e+ )#%&0 F Va %e3&( $+ *ege*,0 4! #()e )6(-, )& a)eea8( (&ea+, 2($eS)#%%0 A%*(!%e( /#* a/ea !e-+)e(0

F S4!% 4!)e'(!a% )+ /#* -&%ea "a)e $"#aea a$%a 8( )+ /#*a;&!ge a %(*- a 'e-#2(%& 'e $(g&a!+, 2($e Oa%e$0($#! $e a*e$%e)+, a 4!'& $+& :

F Ş( e& %#% a8a )e'0 A* "+)&% -4!+ a)&* 1 *(e 4!%.&!%(*- "#a%e $)&%0

F A%*(!%e( !e /#* -e"a)e 4! )#!$e/e, g&*( B#_e$0



G&*a 4( 4!/e$e(, 'e8( a/ea 4! ea &! $4*3&e 'e *ae a'e/+0 Da)+!& /# -&%ea a;&!ge a %(*- 4!$e*!a $+ +*4!+ 4! *(;#)& 'e8e.%&&( "++ *e(!'e, 'e)( 4! $%aea )ea *a( '($-ea%+0 T#( a/ea&4!$+ 4!)e'ee 4! S)#%% 8( I! $%ea&a #0

A '#&a 2(, /($)#& $e -#!( 8( *a( )& %+(e, $((!'&.( $+ $%ea4! )#%0S)#%% 4( +*&( :

F Da)+ -e)+* -e /("#!(a a$%a, !e +%+)(*0 R+*4!e* -e #) <I! /+2'&6 aega& /4%e;&( 'e 2+-a'+, (a $#aee $e a$)&!$e$e4! !#(0 La a*(a2+ $e "+)& 'e#'a%+ &*(!+0 V4!%& 4!)e%+ $+ *a(

3a%+0 E5-#a%#(( $e -eg+%(+ 'e -e)ae0 Tee!& 4!$+ ea "#a%e

a!e/#(#$, )+)( !#( $a$%&g( $e ('()a$e+, '(! )e 4! )e *a( 4!a(0 Sea"a& a 'e *(e 'e 'e-#2(%& )e *a( a-#-(a%0Oa%e$ a%a$e a%e!(a %#/a+8(# $+( :

F G6e%ee 'e $)6( a& 4!)e-&% $+ 'ea $e*!e )+ !.# $+ *a('&e2e *&%0

F Da)+ $.# &-e, /a %e3&( $+ "a)e* -e )(2*a((, g&*( B#._e$ -&(! *a( 3(!e '($-&$0

C& %#% /($)#& '(! 2(&a a)eea, *a( $%+3+%&+ *(e0 A-#( $e#-(+, "((!')+ Oa%e$ "+)& O #3$e/a(e !e(!(8%(%#ae0 F U(%a(./+ a !a$& &( E/a!$, 2($e e0 E a3(% 'e ge < Ş( %&!& $-&( !(*(), 3+(a%&e <S)#%% $e 4!g(;#+0 O()e !(*() 'e/e!ea a()( # -(*e;'(e a*e.!(!+%#ae0 T#% )e ea /(& a/ea &! -e !e*a(-#*e!(%, )+)( -(e.'eea !& $e *a( -&%ea 4!#)&( 4! !()( &! "e0 De a)eea 6#%+4 $+ "a)+&! -#-a$0

4!%(!$e+ )#%&0 D&-+ &! )ea( "(e3(!%e 8( a#*a%, $e $(*(+*a( 3(!e0 Da !& 4!)+-ea 4!'#(a+ )+ E/a!$ ea "#a%e $+3(%, 'ege.%ee 4( ea& 3+8()a%e, (a !a$& &*"a% 4 '&ea0 ($#! 4 4!g(;( )a

-e &! )#-(, %#%&8( $%aea &( $e 4!+&%+(0 Ce(a(, a"a+ 'e Oa%e$,$e $(*ea& 'e$%& 'e 3(!e0

F E&, 2()ea Oa%e$, a* -()(#aee e)(0 M(.e %ea*+ $+ !&.*('egee )&*/a0B#_e$ !& *a( 4!'+2!( $+ g&*ea$)+, "((!')+ $%aea &( Oa%e$

ea 'e$%& 'e ga/+0



S)#%% $e a+%+ "#a%e 4!g(;#a% 'e E/a!$ 8( Oa%e$, )& a%4% *a(*&%, )& )4% !& $e a8%e-%a$e )a %#)*a( e( $+ 'egee 4!%4(0D(! "e()(e, a (a!&a(e a;&!$e+ a &! !#& 'e-#2(%, 'a -e)e /($)# < E( 4!8(8( $e *(a& )+ *a( ea& (! /(a+0 L&( Oa%e$ 4(

4!g6ea$e &! -()(#, !a$& &( E/a!$ # '&)ea %#% *a( +&, (a (.$#! $&"eea 4!g#2(%# 'e #)6(0 N&*a( S)#%% 8( B#_e$ +*+$e$e+2'a/e!(0G(;a )ea *ae ea 4!$+ 'e-#2(%& -(!)(-a, -4!+ a )ae *a(a/ea& 'e "+)&% &! '&* 'e$%& 'e &!g0 U*ee, a()( $e -(e'ea&,a()( $e (/ea&, a3+%4!'&.( 'e *&%e #( 'e a '&*& )e *a( $)&%0La (a!&a(e, 4!%.# '&*(!()+, S)#%% 4( 4!8%((!a :

F S4!%e* a Q 'e *(e 'e 'e-#2(% <

F Ş( !.a/e* 6a!+ 'e)4% -e!%& 8a$e 2(e, $-&$e B#_e$, 4!g(;a )+&(a ea a-#/(2(#!aea0 Da, )6(a 'e.a "( $+ *4!)+*g6ea+, %#% /#* a;&!ge0

F A%e!(e < $%(g+ ($#!0 O -ee)6e 'e -a-&)(0 F S4!% a( *e(, g+( E/a!$0 I.a* -(e'&% a '&)ee0La )(!)($-e2e)e -a8(, ($#! (a $e #-(0

F O -(-+ < $%(g+ eL

F Ea *ea < 2($e Oa%e$0 D+.#.!)#a <La a( )(!)(2e)( 'e -a8(, ($#! $e #-( '(! !#&0 F O -ee)6e 'e *+!&8( < M+(, *+(, *+(< Da e &! a'e/+a% 3a2a a()(< F M+!&8(e $4!% ae *ee < 2($e B#_e$0 Ia /e2(, ($#!, !& Ig+$e8%( )&*/a 8( &! )#;#) < C+ /4!%& +$%a *+ $ea)+ '(! $-a%e <E5-#a%#(( 48( g+$(+ '(! !#& /#(a 3&!+0 N& /+2&+ !()( &!)#;#), 4! $)6(*3 '+'&+ -e$%e /e)6(e # &*e 8( a$%a ea *a( 3&!

'e)4% %#a%e )#;#a)ee0La 9 (a!&a(e *a( "+)&+ 19 *(e 8( ;&*+%a%e0 F 4! "(!e, *a( a/e* 'e *(e -4!+ a 'e-#2(%< E5)a*+ S)#%%0 F Va $+ 2()+, *4(!e -e a -(!2, !e -&%e* )#!$('ea a;&!8(0 F Da, 'a)+ /e*ea /a "( (!(8%(%+ )a a)&* 8( 'a)+ /#* *a(2+( &*ee0($#! 2($e :

F De.a* a;&!ge *a( e-e'e < Me(!'ee a& 4!)e-&% $+ $e

4*-&(!e2e < Ia $%#*a)& *e&, 4! #) $+ $e $%4!g+ 'e "(g, $.a +.



g(% 'e "#a*e <C& )4% 4!a(!%a&, )e( )(!)( e5-#a%#( $e $(*ea& %#% *a( 4!"#.,*e%a(0 Me(!'ee $e 4*-&(!a$e+ /+24!' )& #)6((0 I!$+ !+'e;'ea)+ /# a;&!ge a %(*- 4( *a( 4!%e*a -&(!0

Da (a%+ )+ $e (/(+ a%e !e)a2&(0 ($#! )a)+ $%4*3 8(.8( $&)(&! %e!'#!0 P()(#& ( $e &*"+ 4!g#2(%#, 4!$+ e !&.8( -(e'&)&*-+%&0

F C6(a 'a).# "( $+ *eg 4!%.&! -()(# 8( %#% *+ (! '&-+/#(< $%(g+ e 4!)(&'a%0L&( E/a!$ ( $e 'e$)+!a+ &!g6((e '(! )a&2a ge&&(0 Ea 4!.4%.# $%ae ;a!()+0 Da %+)ea, !& $e -4!gea0La Q1 (a!&a(e, B#_e$, )ae *egea 4!a(!%e, $e 4!%#a$e )+%e.

%#/a+8(( $+( 8( $%(g+ : F De-#2(%&< V+' $%eag&< Ha( ($#!, 8#!%), 8#!%4), ).a*a;&!$ <E5-#a%#(# ( $e *a( 4!$e!(!a+ "eee0 M4!)a+ /4%#$ 8(

-#!(+ *a( 'e-a%e0 ($#! 8)6(#-+%a -a)+ *a( -&(!0 F B#_e$ < $%(g+ e(, &(%+.%e a)##< N& $4!% a$%ea $)6(&( %ae F Ba ae *ee0 Ce 3(!e 4*( -ae )+ e.a* g+$(%<

De.a)&* 4!)## 4!)e- 4!$+ !e!##)((e &!a '&-+ a%a0 Pe )4!')#3#a& *&!%ee Da_(!, E/a!$ )+2& 4!%.# )+-+%&+ 8( $e #/(a%4% 'e +&, 4!)4% )e2&+ ).# $+. -(a'+0 Se (!& 4!$+ %ae 8( !&*a(,)6(-& ( $e 4!%&!e)+0 Da -(/((e !& *a( ea& ae &( : $e &(%a )a!+&)(% a %#/a+8(( $+( 8( !& *a( $)#%ea &! )&/4!%0 N&*a( B#_e$

-+ea *ee& 3(!e '($-&$, e!eg() 8( 4!%e-(!2+%#0 T#%&8( !()( e\!()( )e(a( e5-#a%#( !& -(!$e+ 'e /e$%e $e*!ee )(&'a%e -e)ae ea+%a E/a!$0

La 7 "e3&a(e, a;&!$e+ a )a-+%& -a%#&&( -#a0 Ea& 3&)&.#8(0 Da )4!' )e)e%a+ -#/(2((e, # $-a(*+ &8#a+ 4( )&-(!$e0 F Pe$*e(( $4!% a-#a-e 'e $"48(%e < $%(g+ S)#%%0 C&* a8a B#_e$, )ae a/ea 4! g(;a &( *e(!'ee, $e %&3&+ !e$-&$ 8(.(

-(e( -e!%& )4%e/a )(-e -#"%a 'e g&*+0 F Na(3a 8%(e< 2($e e0 De$(g& )+ %#% !#( (.a* *4!)a%, )+'#a !& $.a& *($%&(% e( $(!g&(<

F L(-$e8%e a(a -e!%& 2(< $-&$e 8( Oa%e$ 4!g(;#a%0

Da !& ea %(*- 'e -(e'&%0 Pe)a+0 D&-+.a*(a2+ 2+(+ a



'e-+%ae &! !#& 'e-#2(%0 F 4! $"48(%< D#*!& "(e +&'a%< e5)a*a+ e(0 F Ş( B#_e$, "((!')+ /.a $((% $+ *ege( *a( e-e'e < g&*(*&)a(%& e5-#a%#0

^VIÎNTOARCEREA DE PE PLATOUL POLAR D&-+ )e 4!"&e)a+ -e $+%&a%e 8( -&$e+ -#/(2((e 4! $a!(e,B#_e$ -e)+ $(!g&, )a $+ a'&!e #)( '(! *&!%ee Da_(!0 4! )&."!' $e 4!%#a$e )& )4(/a 3##/a!(, -e )ae.( a8e2+ -e $a!(e0

F Na < A)&* "a)e( 3(!e 8( $%&'(a( -(e%#a(ee a$%ea, )+)( e&*.a* $+%&a%0 S-(!aea *ea 8%(e 'e$%&e 'e$-e ee <

E5-#a%#(( $e #-(+ a-#( 4!%.# /ae 8( $%&'(a+ *#e!ee0($#!, )& #)6(( &( age(, 'e$)#-e( &*e 'e -a!%e, "#*e "#a%eeg&a%e 'e "&!2e, a-#( 4!%(-+(ea a'4!)+ a &!e( %&-(!e 'e -a!%+a )+e( $%&)%&+ )e&a+ ea "#a%e 3(!e -+$%a%+0 S-e $ea+, %#%($#! g+$( &! )a)a )& A)6e#)!%6&$0

F De &!'e.# "( /e!(% #)a a$%a $e 4!%e3+ e0 De$(g& )+ e"#a%e a+, )+)( *#e!a !& )&-(!'e 'e)4% ae $-e)(*e!e0

F E& a* g+$(% )&a a3 8( )&a% )a a-%ee, 2($e S)#%%0 N&.*( -ae +& ).a* +*a$ $+ "a)e* )e)e%+( a%4% 'e (!%ee$a!%e <D&-+ a)eea, $-e 3&)&(a #, /e*ea $e 4!'e-%+, $#aee$%+&)( /(#(, %e*-ea%&a 4!)e-& $+.( *4!g4(e )& 3ae )+'&e00B(!ee !& (!& -ea *&%0 La 1 "e3&a(e $e $%4!( (a+8( &!/4!% )&*-(%, 'e a$%+.'a%+ '(!$-e !#', )ae e a&!)a 2+-a'a 4!"a+0 Se /+2&+ !e/#(( $+.8( )&*e '&*& 8( $+ 4!%(!'+ )#%&0S#aee $e a$)&!$e $&3 !#(0 4!)e-& $+ !(!g+ )& !e*(&(%a0 T#.

(e!e &(a8e )4% # )a$+ $e "#*a& &!ee '&-+ a%ee0 F N& *a( a/e* 6a!+ 'e)4% -e!%& '#&+ 2(e < /e$%( B#_e$0V4!%& 4!)e-& $+ 3a%+ '(!$-e $&'./e$%0 L&*(!a 2(e( $)+2&$e$(*(%#, # )ea+ 'ea$+ $e +$a$e )a &! a3& e)e 8( %#a%e &)&(e'(*-e;& )+-a%a+ )#!%&&( "a!%a$%()e0 C& )4% 4!a(!%a&, )& a%4%$e 4!%&!e)a *a( +&, 8(, 'e#'a%+, $e %e2(+ 4!%.&! (!&% 'e g6e.&( $-a%e0

F S.# &+* $-e +$+(%, "& 'e -+ee S)#%%0

Ce(a( (( &*a+0 Da 4! )&4!' -+%&!$e+ 4!%.&! a'e/+a%



a3((!%0 D&-+ 4!)e)+( $&-a#*e!e8%(, )& $-a(*a 'e *#a%e 4!$&"e%, %e)&+, 4! $"48(%, -(! e 8( g+$(+ '&*& )e 3&!0 G(;a # ea a)&* $+ a;&!g+ a 'e-#2(%\

F U(%e 'e-#2(%&< $%(g+ E/a!$0

E5-#a%#(( %e$+(+ 'e 3&)&(e0Da !& ea 'e)4% # &*3+ )ae 4!8ea$e -e E/a!$0Pe)a+ *a( 'e-a%e 'e2a*+g(( 8( 4!g(;#a(0 S-e !##)&#, a3(a 4! 2(&a 'e 1Q "e3&a(e, a;&!$e+ F *a( *&% 4!%4*-+.%# F a 'e-#2(%0 Ea 8( %(*-&L P&%e(e ea& ga%a $+.( -++$ea$)+ D&-+ )e $e #$-+%a+, $e -(/(+ )a 8 )4!' !& $e *a( /+2&$e+ 'ea!( 'e 2(e0 T#( ea& 4!%.# $%ae ;a!()+0 Pe ($#! 4 '&ea *ee&

-()(#& 8( $e %e*ea $+ $e $e/ea$)+ 'e $)6(&(0 E/a!$ ea *a( -+.

-+'(% 'e)4% %#(0 Pe 4!g+ $e*!ee &( 'e !+&)(e, 4( 'e$)#-e(+ #&*"+%&+ *ae a -()(#& $%4!g0S)#%%, -e/+2+%#, !& $-#( a((e0 C(!e 8%(e )e.( *a( a8%e-%a fDe-#2(%& &*+%# $e a"a a Q 'e *(e 'e-+%ae, (a e( !& *a(a/ea& 6a!+ 'e)4% -e!%& %e( 2(e0La 1 "e3&a(e, E/a!$ a/& )4%e/a (23&)!(( )(&'a%e0 P+ea )a&! #* (e8(% '(! *(!( O'a%+ (23&)!( 4!%.&! -4!$ )& 6#6#%e0 P4!.

gea 8( $%(ga /#3(!' )& $(!e 4!$&8( F Ce.a* )+&%a% e& a()( De )e *.a( +$a% $+ /(! F D#a*!e, '#)%#e, )e "a)e* )& e $e %4!g&(a S)#%%, /#. 3(!' )& '#)%#& ($#!0 F Ce' )+ 48( e/(!e, $-&!ea a)e$%a, 'a e $(!g& !& )e'ea4!%.# a$e*e!ea *(!&!e0Ha!a $e 4*-&(!a$e : e5-#a%#(( *a( a/ea& a(( '#a -e!.%& # $(!g&a 2( < P4!+ a 'e-#2(% ea& /e# 1F1 *(e, 'a /e.

*ea $e 4!+$-($e +& 'e %#%0 D&-+.a*(a2+ "&+ -(!8( 'e &! /Me;'e 2+-a'+0 4!a(!%a& "#a%e ge&0 Pa)+ a/ea& -&*3 4! -()(#ae0 '#&a 2(, %+(+ )(-e g#2a/e0 E/a!$ -+& -a)+ *a( /(#( )a4! &%(*ee 2(e0

F M+ $(*% "#a%e 3(!e, $-&$e, 'a e *ee& $-&!ea a8a0D&-+ # ;&*+%a%e 'e #+, $e #-( 4! #)0Z+-a'a )+2&%+ 'e )&4!' 4!ge&!a $)6(&(e 8( -a%(!ee $+!(.(#0 Ce& ea 4!%&!e)a%, (a +*& 4! )ea+0

F Ha('e, E/a!$, 6a('e < $%(g+ S)#%% e5-#a%#&&( )ae +.



*+$e$e 4! &*+0Se #-(+ )a $+. a8%e-%e0 E/a!$ 4( a;&!$e "#a%e 4!)e%0 S)#%% 4)e)e%+ %#% *a( 4!g(;#a%:

F Ce a(, E/a!$ < Te '#ae )e/a

F N(*(), *+ $(*% "#a%e 3(!e, +$-&!$e e *e)a!(), )a 8()4!' a "( #$%(% )&/(!%e 4!/+a%e -e '(!a"a+0Pe$%e a%+ ;&*+%a%e 'e #+ $e #-( (a+8( '(! *e$0

F Ce.# "( a/4!' $e 4!%e3a+ %#/a+8(( $+(0($#! )+%(!+ '(! )a- )& %($%ee0 S)#%% 8( )e(a( $e 4!.g(;#a+04! "aa *&!%e&( R#) /+2&+ )+ E/a!$ +*+$e$e (a 4! &*+0Se g4!'(+ $+ 4!'&(a$)+ *a$a 8( $+. a8%e-%e0 La 4!)e-&% !& $e $-e.

(a+, -eg+%(+ 4! %(6!+ *4!)aea, "+)&+ )ea(&(e, *4!)a+0 E/a!$!& $#$ea0 L&( S)#%% ( $e $%4!$e (!(*a0

F Ce $+ "(e a$%a F S+ *ege* '&-+ e< 2($e ($#!0 P#a%e ( $.a 4!%4*. -a% )e/a0P#!(+ 4!'a%+0 S)#%% "& )e '(!%4( )ae. 2+( : +*a$e 4!.)e*e!(%0 E/a!$ $%+%ea 4! ge!&!)6(, )& 6a(!ee 4! !e#4!'&(a+, )&*4(!(e g#ae 8( )& -(/(ea +%+)(%+0

F Ce.( )& %(!e 4 4!%e3+ S)#%%0 F N& 8%(&, +$-&!$e e 4!)e% )e' )+ a* e8(!a%0S)#%% 4 ('()+ 4! -()(#ae0 Da '&-+ )4(/a -a8( )+2& '(! !#&0

Ne"e()(%& ea 4!%.# $%ae 'e %##-ea+ 'e-(!+0 ($#!, B#_e$ 8(S)#%% -e)a+ '&-+ $a!(e, (a Oa%e$ +*a$e 4!g+ eL C4!' )e(a(%e( $e 4!%#a$e+, E/a!$ 48( -(e'&$e )&!#8%(!a0

F Re-e'e a )#%< Re-e'e < $%(ga+ S)#%%, Oa%e$ 8( B#_e$0 N&*a( ($#! %+)& e 48( '+'& $ea*a 'e $%aea ga/+ a &( E/a!$0

C4!' 4 a'&$e+ 4! )#%, E/a!$ %+gea $+ *#a+0 Ce(a( $e$%(!$e+ 4*-e;&& &( 8( 4!)e)a+ $+.( &8&e2e $&"e(!ee0 C6(. -&(e # ea& 4*-(e%(%e 'e '&ee0 O )(-+, E/a!$ 48( /e!( 4! "(e8( $-&$e !&*a( a%4%:

F A'(#, 'ag(( *e( <000 V+ '#e$) (234!'+ <A-#(, *&( (!(8%(%0 Ea #a 1 8( ;&*+%a%e000Ce( -a%& %#/a+8( +*a8( )+2&+ 4! ge!&!)6( U!g+ %&-& I&!e4!$&"e(%0 Ş( +*a$e+ a8a *&% %(*-, )& a)(*(e 4! #)6( 8( )&

g#2+/(a *#(( 4! "aa -(/((# 4*-+(e!;e!(%e0 M&*&a+ # &.



g+)(&!e 8(. $+&%a+ a-#( -e "&!%e, -e!%& &%(*a #a+, F P+)a%< 8#-%( S)#%%, $"48(a% 'e '&ee0 Ne.a "#$% &! %#/a.+8 a%4% 'e 3&! <4 &a+ a-#( -e 3ae 8(. $)#a$e+ a"a+ '(! )#%0 T&-& &(

&(a8 8( !e4!$&"e(% 48( g+$( )&)&8& 'e /e)( $&3 *#/(a 'e 2+-a'+ -e )ae (.# ('()a+ 'ea$&-a0 I! /4"& e( 4!"(-$e+ # )&)e "+)&%+'(! $)6(&(e &(, 4!)&)(8a%e0 S)#%% $)($e &*+%#aea (!$)(-(e,

-e )ae # $e*!a+ %#(:>A()( 2a)e *a(!a& E'ga E/a!$, 'e)e'a% a 17 "e3&a(e1910 a 4!%#a)eea e5-e'((e( e!ge2e 'e a -#0 A *&(% )a &!

3a/ )a*aa', "+)4!'&.8( 'a%#(a -4!+ 4! &%(*a )(-+ a /(e(( $ae0T#/a+8(( 'e $&"e(!+ 8( 3&)&(e (.a& ('()a% )& 'ag#$%e 8( e)&.

!#8%(!+ a)ea$%+ )&)e, )a $+ "(e # /e)(!()+ *+%&(e a "a-%e( $aee#()e0 N&. /#* &(%a 4! /e)(?0A-#(, %(8%( 8( %+)&(, $%4!$e+ )#%& 8( -#!(+ *a( 'e-a%e0

^VIIULTIMUL DRUMI! a)eea8( 2( a;&!$e+ a 'e-#2(%0. D#*(+ )(!)( #e 4! 8(,

'#3#4( 'e #$%e!ea+ 8( 'e a*++)(&!e0 A-#(, e4!!#(!'&.8( -&.%e(e, $e 4!'e-%a+ $-e *aea $%a/(+ 'e g6ea+ )a $.# %ea)+0Ge8(+ '&*&0 4 eg+$(+0 A;&!$e+ a &! !#& 'e-#2(%0V(!e(, *a%(e, S)#%% $)(a : >Ne!##)((e !& /(! !()(#'a%+$(!g&e?0 Pe )4!' *egea&, B#_e$ )#!$%a%a$e )+ a/ea& -ea -&(!)#*3&$%(3(, )a $+ e a;&!g+ -4!+ a 'e-#2(%& -(!)(-a0

F Te3&(e $+ "a)e* *ae e)#!#*(e, 2($e S)#%%0 A%*(!%e(+*4!e* 4! '&*0

B+ga+ 'e $ea*+ a-#( )+ &( Oa%e$ 4( 'egea$e+ )& %#%& 'ege.%ee 'e a -()(#ae0 F N& e *a( $(*%, $-&$e e0 S-e $+ !& *+ a$e 4! '&* 8(*a( ae$ $+ !& a;&!g # -#/a+ -e!%& /#(:A"a+ 'e a)e$%ea, 4! %(*-& !#-(( %e*-ea%&a $)+2& a

F 0 I! '(*(!eaa a)eea e %e3&( # #+ 8( ;&*+%a%e )a $+ $e 4!.)ae0 I!$+ 'e.a3(a -#!(+, )+ -(e'&+ '(e)(a, &4!'.# *a( $-e!#'./e$%0 D&-+ *(e 8( ;&*+%a%e, /4!%& e 3+%ea 4! "a+0 T#a%e

ea& 4*-#%(/a #0 D&-+ -a%& #e 8( &! $"e% 'e '&* "+)&$e+



'#a *(e 8( ;&*+%a%e0 Ea& a 'e *(e 'e 'e-#2(%& &*+%# 8( *a( a/ea& 6a!+ -e!%& # $+-%+*!+, (a -e%# !&*a( -e!%&Q $a& 2(e0 +)ea& )ee *a( *a( e)#!#*((, "++ $+ e'&)+ a((e,)+)( a/ea& 'e "+)&% $"#+( ($%#/(%#ae0 C& %#a%e )+ $(%&a(a 'e/e.

!($e ga/+, !(*e!( !& -+ea 'e$)&a;a% $a& )e -&(! "(e)ae $e $(.ea $+ aa%e )4% *a( 3(!e '($-&$0 T#%&8(, )4!' /e'ea& $a!(a -#%().!(!'&.$e 4! $a$%&g(, $(*ea& $+ge( -(! (!(*+0

F N& 8%(& )e.a8 "a)e 'a)+ ($#! 8( B#_e$ !.a "( a%4% 'ee!eg()(, 48( $-&$e S)#%%0Oa%e$ $e $(*ea '(! )e 4! )e *a( +&0 4!)e-& $+ 8)6(#-+%e2e0($#! 4( '+'ea &( Oa%e$ %#a%e 4!g(;((e )& -&%(!+0 V4!%& $&"a)& -&%ee0 (g& )e8%ea0

C+'ea& 4! 34!)( $&3 ge&%a%ea $a)(!e( #, a-#a-e 4!g6e.a((0 !e!##)(( 8( %#%&8( )& 24*3e%& -e 3&2e0 &+ $((( (a $+ 4!.%(!'+ )#%&, )+)( $e $(*ea& a )a-+%& -&%e(#0 S)#%% ea *a(*&% 'e)4% 4!g(;#a%0

F N&.( )6(- $+ *ege* -e a8a /e*e $+ *a( a8%e-%+* -&.(!, -#a%e $.# $)6(*3a0

F S4!%e* a%4% 'e a-#a-e 'e 'e-#2(% 8( %#%&8( !& -&%e*

-e)a < A$%a.( *a( +& 'e)4% %#a%e < F E )a 8( )4!' )(!e/a !e.a ega 'e *4(!( 8( 'e -()(#ae 8(!e.a -(*3a a-#( &! $a!'_()6 -e $&3 !a$, *a( 4!)e)+ $+ g&.*ea$)+ B#_e$0

F Ve*ea # $+ $e $)6(*3e, "++ 4!'#(a+ < F Ce.# "( "+)4!' %#/a+8(( !#8%( Ş( 4! "e& a)e$%a )e( -a%& e5-#a%#( /#3(+ *ee&0 Tea*ae 4!)e8%a$e g&(e, 'a e( $e $(ea& 4!)+ $+ -a+ /#(#8(0 S(*ea&

)&* e $)a'e /aga 8( )&* $e $)&ge /(aa '(! e( 8( %#%&8( $e 4*3+. 3+%a& !e4!)e%a%, )a $+ *()8#e2e '% *a( *&% !e*+g(!(ea *#((0V# $)+-a #ae '(! g6eaee e( A)ea$%+ 4!%e3ae 4( )6(!&(a )&*.

-(%0 A*(!%(ea &( E/a!$ e $-#ea )6(!&0 A;&!$e$e+ !(8%e 3(e%e"+-%&( 'e -(-a$, 4!$&"e(%e !&*a( 'e '#(!a 'e a %+( )a $+ /e$.%ea$)+ &*(( # *ae 8( %&'!()+ 3(&(!+, )ae !()( ea !& ea %#%a+,)( 'e #'(!& # '#(ea0Oa%e$ a+%a )e *a( a3+%&% '(!%e %#( 8( )e *a( 3#!a/0 P(.

)(#aee 4( 4!g6ea$e+ -4!+ $&$, a ge!&!)6(, a8a )+ a3(a *a( -&%ea



$+ $e %4a$)+0 Ce(a( %e3&(a& $+. a;&%e0 a-%& )+ 'e/e!($e -e!.%& e( # -#/a+ 4 )6(!&(a *a( g#2a/ 'e)4% %#a%e '&e(e a &! #)0La *a%(e, a;&!$e+ )& *ae ge&%a%e a *(e 'e-+%ae 'e'e-#2(%0 Ea # '($%a!+ "#a%e *()+ "a+ 'e )ea $%+3+%&%+ -4!+

a)&*, 'a )4%e8(-a%& $e $(*ea& a )a-+%& -&%e(#0 F M+ %e* )+ 'e.a)&* $#a%a !#a$%+ e -e)e%&(%+ < 2($e S)#(0La 1 *a%(e !(*() !& $e $)6(*3a$e 4! 3(!e0 P()(#aee &( Oa.%e$ ea& '(! )e 4! )e *a( +&0 O()e !+'e;'e 4 -++$($e0 48( '+'ea$ea*a )+ a;&!$e$e # -a)#$%e -e!%& )e(a(0

F Dag(( *e(, 2($e e 'e#'a%+0 E& !& *a( *eg0 L+$a(.*+a()( 8( /#( -e)a( *a( 'e-a%e0 Sa/a(./+ < Ş( 'a)+ $.# -&%ea, 4!.%#a)e(./+ 8( &a(.*+ 8( -e *(!e : /(& $a& *#%<

F N()( !& /ea& $+ a&' 'e a8a )e/a, $e $&-++ S)#%%0 Te /#*%age 4! $a!(e0 Da)+ +*4( a()(, !& %e *a( g+$(* 4! /(a+0Oa%e$ $e -#$#*#(0 Da)+ $e +$a %a$ 'e e(, 4!$e*!a $+ e4!ge&!e2e 8( *a( *&% '&*& 8( $+ e -(*e;'&(a$)+ /(aa0 Da)++*4!ea, !&*a( *#a%ea a "( -&%&% $+. $)a-e 'e )6(!&(0 Ce(a(e5-#a%#( 4!%(!$e+ )#%&, )+)( $e 'e2+!&( # "&%&!+ )&*-(%aV($)#& ('()a /4%e;&( -4!+ a )e0 Pe -+*4!% $e a8%e!&$e -e%&.

%(!'e!( &! 4!$-+(*4!%+%# (a' a30 M&ge%ee /4!%&&( 4( 4!g#2ea&,2+-a'a e a)#-eea $&3 %#(e!e )#%&, *#a%ea $e a-#-(a0 Ce( -a%%& e5-#a%#( # /e'ea& )&* 4!;e8%e 4! ;&& )#%&&( 2g4(%'e /($)#0 P#/(2((e ea& -e $"48(%e0 Oa%e$ $e 23+%ea 4!%e /(a+( 8(*#a%e0 E 48( '+'ea %#%&8( $ea*a )+ $%4!' a)##, 4!%e e(, -(.*e;'&(a /(aa a %e( #a*e!( 'e ($-a/+, 4*-&(!4!'&.e 6a!a )ae

-&%ea $+.( (!+ 4! /(a+0 4! e 4!)e-&$e # &-%+ )4!)e!+, *a( %ag()+)6(a 'e)4% )ea 'e a"a+0 T+)ea0 Ce(a( /#3ea& 4! 8#a-%+0

S)#%% -+ea )+ a a;&!$ a )a-+%& $"#+(#0 Pe "a+ ( $e -&%ea)(%( %#a%+ g(;a )& )ae. 4!)+)a +$-&!'eea -e!%& /(aa %#/a+.8(# $+(0 4*-e;&aea ea '($-ea%+0 Ce e *a( +*4!ea 'e "+)&% S+ -#!ea$)+ 4*-#%(/a &aga!&&( 'e a"a+ A$%a a 4!$e*!a <# *#a%e $(g&+0 S+ +*4!+ 4! )#% )a $+ a8%e-%e $)6(*3aea/e*(( #a*ea a "( )6e*a% *#a%ea )& # 4!)e%(!ea+ 8( *a( )6(.!&(%#ae0 S(%&a(a 4! )ae $e g+$ea& ea "++ 'e2egae 8( %#%&8( %e.

3&(a $+ (a # 6#%+e0 T#/a+8(( $+( 4 -(/ea& )& (!(*a $%4!$+0

De#'a%+. /+2&+ $)&4!'&.$e 8( 4!'e-%4!'&.$e $-e ($#!0 C&



&! ga$ 6#%+4% 4( -#&!)(: F ($#!, '+.( )"e/a $+.( a&!ge '&e(e0 Te3&(e $+ )&*+*$%aea a$%a !e!##)(%+ 4! )ae $4!%e*0D#)%#& ($#! 4!)e*e!(, !& -e!%& e, )( *a( 'ega3+ -e!.

%& %#/a+8(( $+(0 F N()( !& *+ g4!'e$), (23&)!( e e!eg(), (.a( (e8(% '(! *(!( F ($#! < E& -#&!)e$) a()(< Da)+ !& *+ a$)&(, a%&!)( #$+.( +-e$) gea!%a0

F S)#%%, /(!#.( 4! "(e< 4( $%(g+ ($#!0 P#a%e )+ &)&(ea& $+ $e 4!'e-%e < Ma( a8%ea-%+ -&(! <T+)& 8( 4!'a%+ $e a8%e!& -e$%e e( # %+)ee 'e -&*30Oa%e$ a&2($e %#%&0 S)#a$e &! gea*+% $&'0 Se $)&+0 Ea

-a(' 8( $&4'ea0 O)6(( 4!"&!'a( 4! #3(%e $)4!%e(a& $%a!(&0 F Ce e, Oa%e$, #e $.a 4!%4*-a% F N(*(), 2($e e $&424!'0 Vea& !&*a( $+ /+ $-&! )+ 'a)+/e&!& '(!%e /#( a;&!ge a)a$+, $+ $e '&)+ a *a*a 8( $+.( $-&!+).a* *&(% g4!'(!'&.*+ a ea0 De(e )e& $+ a;&!ge( )& 3(!ea)a$+ < A)&* *+ e-e' -4!+ a"a+ 8( )e' ).# $+ $%a& )e/a *a( *&%0Ce(a( %e( e5-#a%#( 4 -(/(+ 4!)e*e!((0 Ş( "++ )a

/e&!& '(!%e e( $+. -#a%+ #-(, Oa%e$ (e8( '(! )#% 8( '($-+& 4!/4%e;& 'e 2+-a'+0D(! )(-a a)eea !&. *a( /+2&+0S)#%% )+%(!+ )& !e$" 48(%+ %($%ee '(! )a- :

F A "#$% &! ge!%(#* 'e$+/48(%0 N#( /#* -&%ea #ae $+ -(.*(* *#a%ea )& a)eea8( $e!(!+%a%e Ce( %e( e5-#a%#( +*a8( $%4!$e+ )#%& 8( a/&+ 4!)+

-&%eea $+ *eag+ *a( 'e-a%e0 Pe )4!' 48( $%+'&(a& -a8((, "(g&

)#-e8(%# 4( #-ea *ee& '(! '&*0 De.a3(a $e *a( %4a&0 F Ne!##)(ea !e '+ %4)#ae, 'a -#a%e $+ a/e* -&(! !##),2($e S)#%% $e(% 'e -&%e(0 Se $(*ea 2'#3(%0 A3(a *a( *egea0P#!(+ %#%&8( *a( 'e-a%e )& $"#+( $&-a#*e!e8%(0L&!(, 19 *a%(e, -#-#$(+ )& ge&%a%e a 1 *(e 'e 'e-#2(%Ea& a-#a-e 4!g6ea( -4!+ )e *4!)a+ )a!ea e)e )& -e$*e( 8()4%e # ;&*+%a%e 'e )ea8)+ 'e )a)a# "(a%+ a $-(%0 C&* !()( !& $ea8%e-%a&, $e 4!)+2(+ -&(! 8( a'#*(+ a'4!)0 A '#&a 2( 'e

'(*(!ea+ $e $)&a+ 4!$+ a-#a-e 4!g6ea(0 P#!(+ (a0 Ve*ea



ea g#a2!()+0 V4!%& $&"a 'e a !#' a !#'./e$%, (a %e*-ea.%&a ea F0 S)#%% !& *a( -&%& $+ *eag+0 Ea 4!%.# $%ae

;a!()+0 P&%e(e ( $e $e($e+0 +)& %#%&8( # $"#ae $&-a#*e.!ea$)+0

D&-+ %e( 2(e 'e *e$, *a( a/ea& 11 *(e -4!+ a 'e-#2(%0C&* !()( &!& '(!%e e( !& *a( -&%ea $+ "a)+ *+)a &! $(!g& -a$,4!%(!$e+ )#%& 8( 4!)e-&+ $+ $e $"+%&(a$)+0 S+ -e)e *a( 'e-a%e Sa& $+ +*4!+ -4!+ $.# (!(8%( /e*ea S)#%% $e $(*ea )& %#%& -(e'&%0 P()(#aee 4( 'egea$e+0 N.a "( -&%&% !()( $+ $e *(8%e "++ $"#+( )ae .a "( '#3#4% 'e %#%0De#'a%+, -e )4!' )e(a( %+)ea& 8( )6(32&(a&, e -#&!)( )& &! ga$4! )ae /(3a # 6#%+4e !e)(!%(%+ :

F Pe)a( /%( '#( a 'e-#2(%< E& +*4! a()(, )+)( !& *a( -#%0 F C&* < S+ %e +$+* $(!g& 4! (a'& +$%a N()(#'a%+<$%(ga+ )e(a( '#( a-#a-e "&(#8(0 O( -e)+* %#(, #( +*4.!e* %#(<

F Pe)a( /#( 8( $a/a(./+ < e $%(g+ S)#%% '(! +$-&%e(0Da)+ +*4!e( a()(, 8%(( )e /+ a8%ea-%+ < Da)+ -e)a(, a/e( 8a!$e$+ a;&!ge( a 'e-#2(%0 Pe)a(, /+ $-&! < N&*a('e)% < V+ -#&!.

)e$) a$%a 4! )a(%a%ea *ea 'e )#*a!'a!% a e5-e'((e(<Ce( '#( e5-#a%#( $e $)&a+0 P#&!)a &( $&!a$e e!eg()0Te3&(a& $+. a$)&%e0 Da )4!' -(/(+ -e S)#%%, #)6(( ( $e &*-&+'e a)(*(0 C&* -&%ea& $+. -++$ea$)+ -e # /e*e a%4% 'e 6a(!+ A"a+ /($)#& *+)(!a 4!%eg /+2'&6&0 P(/((e &( S)#%% $e 4*.

-+(e!;e!(+0 Oae )e( '#( %#/a+8( -e)a& a *#a%e Se /# *a(4!%#a)e 48( $%+*&%+ -(/((e 'e a e(, )a $+ !& /a'+ )+ea& &*e'e0

F N& < $-&$e 'e#'a%+ ($#!0 N& *a( -e)+* < M&(*a+%&( 'e %(!e, )+-(%a!e S)#%% < A* /e!(% 4*-e&!+, /#* *&(4*-e&!+ <

F N& !e $(( $+ a$)&%+* &! #'(! -e )ae. 'a( '(! *+(!(.*(e, 2($e 8( B#_e$0 V#* +*4!e a()(, $+ *&(* a#a%+ <Ş( +*a$e+ !e)(!%(( -e #)0A)&* $%+%ea& e4%e8(%e( 4! )#% 8( a8%e-%a& )& $e!(!+%a%e*#a%ea0 S)#%% $e a-&)+ $+ $)(e 'e 2# )4%e/a $)($#( )+%e -(e%e!((

8( &'ee 'ag( '(! -a%(e0 (g& 4!)e-& $+.( a*#ea$)+0 Te*#.



*e%& $e *e!(!& a F, N(*e!( !& *a( $)#%ea # /#3+0 (e.)ae $e g4!'ea )& 'e2!+'e;'e a )e( 'e a)a$+0

F S#(a *ea *+ a8%ea-%+, 8#-%( ($#!0 Ea )e'e ).# $+ *+4!%#) < C4!' /a a"a<000 8( ($#! $"48( )& # )+%(!ae %($%+ '(! )a-0

F Ş( -e *(!e *+ a8%ea-%+ "e%(a, *a*a, $#(a0 T#a%e %e( $eg4!'e$) a *(!e 8( $4!% $(g&e ).# $+ *+ 4!%#)0 D&eea # /a "(*ae, 'a $e /# $(*( 4!%#%'ea&!a *4!'e 'e *(!e, 2($e 8( B#_e$04! $)6(*3, S)#%% $)(a 'e 2#, $)($#( -e$%e $)($#(0 4! #)6((# $e )(%ea 'e a)&* e$e*!aea0 N& ea& 'e)4% a 1 'e * 'e'e-#2(%& -(!)(-a< 4! )&4!' 4!)e-&+ $+ e$(*%+ (-$a 'e 6a!+0P()(#aee e 4!g6ea+0 Dege%ee e 'egea+ a %#(0 S)#%% 'e.a3(a*a( -&%ea $+ $)(e0 Ia a"a+, /($)#& !& *a( )#!%e!ea0 Ea &!

a'e/+a% (a', !e*+g(!(% 8( a30 N& *a( a/ea& )#*3&$%(3( 'e)4% -e!%& '#&+ )e8%( )& )a"ea 8( 6a!+ -e!%& # 2( $a& '#&+0 4! $eaaa)eea, ($#! 8#-%( :

F M#a%ea $e a-#-(e < 8( $&($e '42, -a)+ $"('4!'.#0 F N& !e *a( +*4!e 'e)4% $+ !e /44* 4! $a)( 8( $+ a'#*(*,2($e B#_e$0 S)#%% /a -&%ea $+ %a(e e*!e -e !#(, *4(!e, 'a)+ !e /a$&-a/(e&(0

($#! $&($e, B#_e$ e&8($e $+ g&*ea$)+ )6(a 4! )ee *a(%ag()e )(-e '(! /(aa &(0 I!%e)4!'&.$e -e $(!e -(/ea *#a%ea)& !e-+$ae0

F Da, )#!%(!&+ e, /a -&%ea $+ a8e2e -(*&$& -e !#( 8( $+.8("(a3+ &%(*& )ea(< N&.( a8a, S)#%% Ce( %e( 3+3a( $e ('()a+ 8( $e -(/(+0 Ea )ea '(! &*+

-(/(e 4!$&"e(%+ )& )ae $e 4!/+&(a& 4!)+ 4! /(a+0 Se 4*3+(.8a+ )& 'e2!+'e;'e, )& -a%(*+, e#()0

.F A'(#, S)#%% J F A'(#, ($#! <A'(#, B#_e$ <La)(*( "&(8a%e "++ /ee, e 4!g6ea+ -e -e#a-e0 Pe 3&2ee "&%&a &! $&4$ 'e $"('ae a *#((0 4!)+ # 4*3+(8ae 8( $e'e$-+(+0 ($#! 8( B#_e$ $e /44+ 4! $a)(( #, )a 4! '#&+ *#.*(!%e, -#a$-+% 'e$)6($e0 S)#%% )#!%(!&+ $+ $)(e0YZ#(( 2(e( $e (/(+0 4!%.&! %42(&, $e ('()+ 8( $e a-#-(e 'e

)e( '#( %#/a+8( a( &( I( -(-+(0 Ea& e)( *&($e+0 Pe )6(-& &(



S)#%%, +*a$ $(!g&, %e)& &*3a 4!%&!e)a%+ a &!e( '&e( a'(!e(8( $%+-4!(%e0 Se 4!%#a$e, 4*-e%()(!'&.$e 8( $)($e &%(*a $)($#ae :Me$a;& a'e$a% -#-#&&( e!ge20 Me$a;& a)e$%a a 2g&'&(% -e %#()e( )ae .a& )(%(%0 G4!'&(e $ae ($(-(%e $e a'&!a$e+ 4!%.# &%(*+

$"#ae, )a $+ +*4!+ /e8!()e -e a)e -e%e) 'e 64%(e, )ae0 a/ea $+a'&)+ #*e!((( /e$%ea )ee( *a( )&*-(%e %age'((0 S"48(% 'e -&%e(, S)#%% $)+-+ )e(#!& '(!%e 'ege%ee 4!g6ea%e0 U%(*ee)&/(!%e '(! ;&!a& &( $4!% a)e$%ea :>E g#a2!(), !& *a( -#% $+ $)(&0 Pe!%& D&*!e2e&, a/e(g(;+ 'e a( !#8%( < R0 S)#%%?0Ş( *#a%ea a-+$+ -e -e#a-ee &( $+&%& e( 'e g6ea+00Ea 4! 2(&a 'e *a%(e 19110

^VIIIIN CĂUTAREA CELOR MORIT#/a+8(( &( S)#%% +*a8( a %a3+a 'e (e!ae a8%e-%a& e4!.%#a)eea0 Te*e!& "(5a% %e)&$e 'e # $+-%+*!+ 8( )e( )(!)( e5.

-#a%#( -e)a( a -# !& $e a+%a&0 Ma( %e)&+ )4%e/a 2(e gee0Meae$ 4!)e-& $+ $e 4!g(;#e2e0 4( $-&$e '#)%#&&( A%(!$#!:

F Ce.# "( )& e( 'e 4!%42(e S+.( $-&! 'e-%, *(.e "()+000 F Ş( *(e, +$-&!$e '#)%#&0 F Ş( *(e, 2($e Cea!, )ae 4( a&2($e /#3(!'0D&-+ )4%e/a &!(, a 9 #)%#*3(e, 4!g(;#aea 4( 6#%+4$+ -#!ea$)+ 4! 4!%4*-(!aea &( S)#%% 8( a %#/a+8(# $+(0 L+$a+!&*a( '#( #a*e!( a %a3++, )e(a( 4% "&!%e )& A%(!$#! -#!(+

3(!e e)6(-a(, )& # $a!(e %a$+ 'e )4(!(0 C4(/a '(!%e e( *egea&,)& $)6(&(e0

De8( /e*ea ea /(%eg+, -a)&$e+ /e# 1 *(e $-e $&','#a.'#a /# 2+( a-+4!' $(&e%ee )e# a%4% 'e a8%e-%a(0 Da !&$e a+%a !(*() 4! 2ae0

F Ce.( 'e "+)&% 4( a8%e-%+* a()(, $a& 000 F Mege* *a( 'e-a%e000 6#%+4 A%(!$#!, -e!%& a$%a a* /e!(%0 F Pe /($)#& +$%a $e *(+ Cea!0 F Da e( !& $e 4!%#) %#% -e /($)# 4 4!"&!%+ '#)%#& *4!(#$0Pe)a+ '(! !#&, 4!"&!%4!' /($)#& )ae !& $e -#%#ea 'e#)

8( *a( ae$ 4!'&4!' g(;a '(! )e 4! )e *a( *ae0



F Te3&(e $+.( g+$(* #()e $.a 4!%4*-a, $%(ga A%(!$#!4!%+4%a%0 A "( # a8(%a%e '(! -a%ea !#a$%+ $+.( +$+* 4! (a'&+$%a a3, 8%((!' )e.( a8%ea-%+0Cea! !& /#(a $+ )ea'+, !&.( (!%a 4! )a- )+ %#/a+8(# $+(

( $.a "( -&%&% 4!%4*-a # !e!##)(e04! 2(&a &*+%#ae /($)#& $e '#*#(, a8a )+ *e$e+ #e/a*a( e-e'e 8( )& 4!$&"e(e0 Da %#( -+ea& a)&* 4!)e'(!a()+ &( S)#%% ( $e 4!%4*-a$e # !e!##)(e0

F P#a%e $.# "( 4!2+-e2(% 8( a& "#$% $((( $+ +*4!+ 4! )#%, -#a%e $.a 4*3#!+/(% /e&!& '(! e(000 O()&*, %e3&(e $+.( g+$(*8( $+ e /e!(* 4! a;&%#0+)ea& %#a%e -e$&-&!e(e, 4!)e)4!' $+ $e a*+gea$)+ e([

4!8(8(, a"a+ 'e a)eea )+ -#a%e ea& *#(0C4!', 4! $"48(%, Cea!, )ae $e a"a 4! "&!%ea #, $%(g+ '(! +$-&%e( :

F Ia%+, a)##, )#%&<00:4! 2ae $e /e'ea )e/a )a # !a*(+0 Ce( '(! e)6(-a 'e $a/ae4!%+(+ a*e$%e)4!'&.8( ga$&(e0

F Da, 'a, e )#%&000 E( $4!%000 I.a* g+$(%<Ea 1 !#(e*3(e 1910

4! (a!&a(e 191Q, Tea N#/a $e 4!%#a$e 4! -a%(e )& )e( )ae[$&-a/(e&($e+ e5-e'((e(0 L(-$ea& )e( *a( 3a/(0Ş( 4! a)e a!, 4!%eaga &*e a"+ 2g&'&(%+ /e$%ea *#(( )e# )(!)( e5-#a%#(0 De a$e*e!ea, *e$a;& &( S)#%% )+%e -#-#&e!ge2 $%4!( # e*#(e -&%e!()+0 Ia%+. ;Me$a; )+%e -#-#& e!ge2P()(!(e 'e2a$%&&( !#$%& !& $e 'a%#e$) &!e( ge8(%e -e.g+%(( a e5-e'((e( )( $#a%e( !e*(#a$e )ae !e.a &*+(% %#%

%(*-& )& 4!/e8&!ae010 P(e'eea -#!e(# '(! *a%(e 1911 *.a $((% $+ -e) *a(%(2(& 'e)4% a/ea* 'e g4!', ")4!'&.*+ $+ *()8#e2 )a!%(%a%ea 'ea(*e!%e )e %e3&(a $.# &+* )& !#(00 Ve*ea !e-(e!()+ Za '&$ 8( *a( )& $ea*+ /($)#&, )ae!e.a a;&!$ a Q a%0, !e.a (!%&(%,Q0 Z+-a'a *#ae )e $.a a'&!a% a -#aee g6ea&&( Bea'.*#e 'e a$e*e!ea, !e.a 4!)e%(!(% *e$&0

A* &-%a% )& '42e!(e 4*-#%(/a a)e$%# -(e'()( !e-e/+2&%e



8( a* 3(&(%, 4!$+ )& &! -e -ea $)&*- : !e.a* a%(!$ 'e -#/(2((e'e e2e/+0A-#/(2(#!+(e 8( #ga!(2aea (! "( a 'e-#2(%e# $%a%#!()(%e

-e -a%#& )(% 8( -e %#% '&*& -4!+ a -# -e # '($%a!+ 'e 7 'e

*(e Ua& 'a% ge8 4! !()( # -(/(!+0G&-& !#$%& $.a "( 4!%#$ -4!+ a g6ea& Bea'*#e )& 3(!e 8( )& &! $&-&$ 'e 6a!+, 'a)+ !& (!%e/e!ea $+3()(&!ea&(*(%#ae a &( E/a!$, -e )ae 4 )e'ea* )e *a( e2($%e!%'(!%e !#(0G6ea& Bea'*#e !& e$%e ge& 'e %e)&% -e /e*e "&.*#a$+, 'a, a 4!%#a)ee, !.a* a/&% !()( # 2( 3&!+, (a 3#aa %#/a.+8&&( !#$%& a 4!+&%+(% *&% $(%&a(a0

D&-+ )&* $-&!ea* *a( $&$ a* 'a% -e$%e &! (!&% e5%e*'e a))('e!%a% 8( E'ga E/a!$ )+2& 8( $e ae$e )& # )#*#(e )ee.

3a+0 M#a%ea (.a "#$%, a8a'a, "(ea$)+0 P(e'eea a)ea$%a 4!$+!e.a +$a% "++ a;&%#& $+& %#)*a( a%&!)( )(!' # (a!+ %(*-&(e$e !+-&$%ea a$&-a !#a$%+0Da %#a%e a$%ea !& ea& !(*() -e U!g+ )eea )e !e a8%e-%a aBa(e+0 A"(* '(! !#& )+ %#a%e *+$&(e !#a$%e 4! /e'eea

4!%#a)e(( a& "#$% "#a%e 3(!e )e)e%a%e, 'a )(!e a "( -&%&% $+ -e/a'+ 4! a)ea e-#)+ a a!&&( %e*-ea%&(e a%4% 'e )#3#4%e 8(*a( ae$ 2+-a'a -e$%e )ae a* 'a% !#(0 Pe -a%#& -#a, 4!%e 8( a%, a* a/&% F 8( FQ0 Pe Ba(e+, a Q a%0 $(a # a%(.%&'(!e 'e 1 -()(#ae, a* a/&% FQ 2(&a 8( F7 4! %(*-&!#-((, a-#a-e "++ 4!%e&-ee, (a 4! %(*-& *e$&&( /4!%& !e(23ea *ee& 4! "a+0 T#a%e a)e$%ea a& /e!(% -#% $-&!e -e !ea8%e-.%a%e 8( -(e(ea !#a$%+ $e 'a%#e8%e !&*a( )&*-(%e( /e*(, "e!#.

*e! )+&(a !&.( -#% g+$( -()(!a0Ş( )& %#a%e a$%ea, )(!e 8%(e, )& %#% "(g& 8( /4!%&, -#a%e a*"( (23&%(% $+ 4!a(!%+*, 'a)+ !& $e 4*3#!+/ea a '#(ea %#/a+8,)+-(%a!& Oa%e$ 8( 'a)+ !.a* "( g+$(% a 'e-#2(%e # *ae -a%e '(!

-e%# $)&$+ F "a-% 'e !e4!ee$ F 8(, 4! $"48(%, 'a)+ !& $.a "(a3+%&% -e )a-& !#$%& &aga!& )ae !e.a (!&% a 11 *(e 'e'e-#2(%& &!'e !+'+;'&(a* $+ g+$(* &%(*ee e2e/e0 A "#$% #ae)(!e/a *a( #/(% 'e $#a%+ )a !#( S4!%e* a 11 *(e 'e )a*-a.

*e!%& O!e T#!, )& )#*3&$%(3( -e!%& # $(!g&+ *a$+ 8( 6a!+



-e!%& '#&+ 2(e0 De -a%& 2(e !& e )6(- $+ -++$(* )#%&,"&%&!a &+ 4!g#2(%# 4! ;&& !#$%&0 S4!%e* $e(( 'e -&%e(, (a e& $)(& a)&* )& *ae ge&%a%e0 N&.*( -ae & 'e#) )+ a*"+)&% a)ea$%+ e5-e'((e a* -&%&% '#/e'( )+ !#( e!ge2(( a/e* #

*ae -&%ee 'e e2($%e!+, $4!%e* 3&!( )a*aa2( 8( 8%(* $+ -(/(**#a%ea #()4!' )& )&a;0 Ne.a* &a% +$-&!'eea a)e$%e( e5-e'((( 8( !e.a* 'a% 3(!e$ea*a 'e )eea )e "a)e* 4*-e;&+(e a& "#$% 4!$+ 4*-#%(/a!#a$%+ !.a/e* 'e )e $+ !e -4!ge*, 'e a)eea !e -e)+* )a-& 4!"aa $#a%e(0 Da 'a)+ !e.a* 'a% 'e 3&!+/#(e /(aa $-e a )(!$%(aa !#a$%+, "a) a-e a )#*-a%(#(( *e( $+ a(3+ g(;+ 'e a)e(

-e!%& )ae !#( ea* $(!g&& # $-(;(!0

Da)+ a* "( %+(%, a/ea* a%4%ea 'e ($%#($(% 'e$-e $&"e(!ee,e!eg(a 8( )&a;& %#/a+8(# *e( 4!)4% a8 "( 4!'&(#8a% (!(*a #(.)+&( #*0 A)&* !.# *a( -#% "a)e 'e)4% a)e$%e 4!'&( $%4!ga)e"( %&-&(e !#a$%e e)(0 A* 4!$+ )e'(!a )+ # a+ *ae 8(

3#ga%+ )a a !#a$%+ /a a/ea g(;+ 'e $#a%a )e# )ae !e ea& aU%'e 'ag(0R0 SCOTT

S.a& *a( g+$(% 4! )#% )4%e/a $)($#( e*#(#!a!%e 'e a'(#a'e$a%e $#(e(, *a*e( $ae, '#a*!e( ($#!, B#_e$ 8( )4%#/a -(e%e!( 8( -#%e)%#( a( *ae&( e5-#a%#0E 'e !e4!)6(-&(% )&* &! #* a"a% e 4!$&8( 4! g6eaee *#(( ;g+$ea -&%ee $+ (!$&"e )&a; 8( e$e*!ae !e"e()(%e# *a*e 8($#(( ae %#/a+8(# $+( 'e *#a%e0Ia%+ &! "ag*e!% '(! $)($#aea a'e$a%+ *a*e( '#)%#&.&( ($#! :

>Da)+ a)ea$%+ $)($#ae a;&!ge 4! *4(!(e '&*!ea/#a$%+, Y4!$ea*!+ )+ B( 8( )& *(!e a* *&(% 'e *&% 4*-e&!a0 A)&*)4!' $e a-#-(e &%(*ee !#a$%e )(-e, (! $+ /+ $-&! )(% a "#$% e'e *(!&!a% -4!+ a $"48(%: %#%'ea&!a e!eg(), %#%'ea&!a ga%a $+$e $a)("()e -e!%& )e(a( 8( !()( # /#3+ 'e '#;a!a -e!%& *(!e)ae .a* a'&$ 4! a)ea$%+ g#2a/+ a/e!%&+0 D(! "e()(e !& $&"e+'e#), $a& -#a%e -ea -&(!0

N& -#% $+ /+ a'&) # *a( *ae *4!g4(ee 'e)(% $-&!4!'&./+

).a *&(% a8a )&* a %+(%, )a &! #* 3a/ ( 'e-%, e F )e *a(



3&! )a*aa' "( )e *a( 'e/#%a% -(e%e! <000M+ &!e$) '(! %#% $&"e%& a '&eea '&*!ea/#a$%+0?J&!a& 8( $)($#(e &( S)#%% a& a-+&% 4! !e!&*+a%e (*3($%+(!e0 a-%a )&)e((( P#&&( S&' 2g&'&( #*e!(ea -(! )&a;&

8( 4!'+2!eaa )e# )(!)( e5-#a%#(, (a !e!##)(ea # "(!a+ 4()#!"e( &! -a%#$ !e*a(-#*e!(%, -e )ae )&/(!%ee !& /# -&%ea!()(#'a%+ $+. 'e$)(e0 JEAN BARTLEGENDARUL EROU AL MĂRILOR Jea! Ba% a "#$% &!& '(!%!)e( *a( /e$%(( *a(!a( a( a!e(0 N&*ee $+& a 4!"&!%a% $e)#

ee 8( a +*a$ -4!+ a$%+2( # -('+ /(e 'e e#($* 8( 'ag#$%e 'e a+4!%.a'e/+, Jea! Ba% -#a%e "( -&$ 'ea$&-a %&%&# *a(.!a(# )ae (&$%ea2+ gae(a e#(# "a!)e2(0 U! T#&/(e, & D&&e$!e, &! DYE$%ee$ a& "#$% 'e$(g& *a(, 'a a)e8%(a a/ea&)&!#8%(!e '#34!'(%e -(! 8)#a+, -e )4%+ /e*e e#& !#$%& a4!/+a% *e$e(e 'e *a(!a '(! (!$%(!)%0 N(*e!( !& .a -&%&% 4!.%e)e 4! 4!'+2!ea+, 4! (!((a%(/+ 4! %#a%e &-%ee -e )ae e.a '&$

-e *ae0V(aa &( e$%e &! a'e/+a% 3a$*, 4!%.a%4% -a 'e !e)e2&%"a-%ee $ae 4!'+2!ee0 E "a)e -a%e '(! *4!'a -e(a'+ a )#$a(.# )ae !& $4!% %#% &!a )& -(a((, )ae a& '&$ )4!)e!e &-%e

-e *ae 4*-#%(/a "#%e# e!ge2e, #a!'e2e 8( -#%&g6e2e, a%#%. -&%e!()e -e /e*ea a)eea0

I

UN NEAM DE MARINARIT+(a, a)&* %e( $&%e 'e a!(, 4! /ea)& a ^VI.ea, -e /e*ea&( L&'#/() a ^V.ea, $&-a!&*(% 8( Regee S#ae, &! a!&*eC#!(( Ba%, 'e "e '(! D&!e&e, -#% a Maea M4!e)((0 Ea &!/e)6( *a(!a, )a *a( %#( #)&(%#(( 'e -e a)ee *eeag&(, ag#!(.$(!'&.8( %a(& '(! -e$)&(% 4! ag& *+(( 8( a #)ea!&&( : *e$e(egea 8( -e()&#a$+0 Da 4!'ee%!()((e, -e a)ee /e*&( *a( )&$ea*+, !& 8( e aegea !(*e!( 'e /#(e, )( $((% 'e !e/#(e0 P+*(!.

%& ea /+#$, !($(-#$ 8( *a( *&% $%e-0 C(!e !& 'e-(!'ea *e8%e.



8&g& -e$)&(%&&(, -e /e*e 3&!+ $a& -e /e*e 'e "&%&!+, )(!e!& ea 4! $%ae $+ &-%e 4*-#%(/a e)6(!(# 8( a -(a(# +*4!ea&! )e8e%# 8( &! *&(%# 'e "#a*e0D(! 3&!() 4! %a%+ 8( 4! "(&, 'e )4!' 48( )&!#8%ea $e*(!(a,

"a*((a Ba% '&$e$e # &-%+ a-(g+ -e!%& a.8( ag#!($( /(aa 8( *&('(! !ea*& #, '&-+ )e 3+%&$e+ *+(e 4!/e)(!a%e, 48( g+$($e+*#*4!%& 4! a'4!)& #0 C(!e -e)a a%&!)( -e *ae, !& ea$(g& )a $e *a( 4!%#a)e a)a$+0Pe 4!g+ a)e$%e ge&%+( ae %a(&&(, $e a'+&ga& +23#a(ee -e*ae, )ae !& *a( )#!%e!ea&0 Pe a)ea /e*e !ea*&(e ea&a%"e 4*-+(%e 'e)4% a)&*0 A!g(a ea # a+ *()+, Oa!'a F #a+ *ae, (a -&%eea )ea *a( %e*&%+ a &*(( 'e a%&!)( $e '#/e.

'ea S-a!(a, )ae $%+-4!ea # 3&!+ -a%e '(! E&#-a 8( )ee '#&+A*e()(0Pe /e*ea a)eea !& $e )&!#8%ea& 4!)+ !()( *a8(!(e )& a3&(,!e)&* *#%#aee )& 3e!2(!+0 Va$ee &*3a& )& -4!2e 8( ea&*(!a%e 'e /4!% 8( 'e #-+%a(, (a -&%eea # $e $#)#%ea '&-+ !&.*+& )a%age# 'e )ae a%4!a& -4!2ee0 Se a"a& -e -&!%e %&!&('e 3#!2, (a g6(&eee, 2/(%e 'e 23&)!(ea -a"&&( 'e -&8)+, $e

"a3()a& -e -&!%e 8( !& 3+%ea& -ea 'e-a%e, 'e8( -#)!ea& )& -&%ee0 (!%ee ea& -&(! !&*e#a$e, (a a'e/+a%ee &-%e $e'+'ea& %#% )a -e &$)a%, *a( *&% )& $&(a, )& $a3(a 8( )& 3a'a,*a(!a(( !+/+(!' -e -&!%e '&-+ )e /a$& '&8*a!&&( ea 4!e.

-e!(% )& )+!g(e0A$%"e 'e &-%e '&$e$e 8( !ea*& &( Ba%0 +( )a A!g(a,a!a 8( Oa!'a, !ea/4!' # "#%+ *ae 8( -&%e!()+, %(*(%ea& 4!ag )4%e &! /a$.)#$a, )ae &-%a -e +$-&!'eea )#*a!'a!%&&(

8( a(!ea )aea /a-#ae# )e /e!ea& $a& $e 4!'e-%a& $-e a%e )#!.%(!e!%e 4!)+)a%e )& *+"&( 8( a&0 Pa'a $e 4*-+ea a-#( 4!%e)#*a!'a!%& )#$a 8( $&/ea!& +(( e$-e)%(/e0A8a a 4!)e-&% -&%eea A!g(e(, -4!+ )e a (23&%(% $+ 'ea "#)"#%e( $-a!(#e0C#!(( Ba% '(! D&!e&e !& "&$e$e )#*a!'a!% 'e /a$, 'a,)a *a(!a, &a$e -a%e a *a( *&%e &-%e -e a-+ 4*-#%(/a /e)(.!(# +(( $ae : A!g(a 8( Oa!'a0 Ag#!($(!' #ae)ae a/ee,

3+%4!& *a(!a /#(a $+.8( -e%ea)+ )e( '(! &*+ a!( a( /(e(( 4!



(!(8%e a+%&( 'e 3a;(!a 8( 6a!()a &( $#(e0Da $#a%a e '+&($e &! )#-(, -e *()& Jea!, )ae, a '#($-e.2e)e a!(, a+%a $e*!e 'e /a;!() *a(!a0 Ea *4!'& 8( 4!)+-+.4!a%0 U! a$e*e!ea &*a8 !& -&%ea "( $-e (!(8%ea -+(!(#0

I!%4(& $e*! a "((( 3+(a%&&( $e a+%+ !& *&% '&-+ )e 4*-(!($e8a-%e a!(0Ve)(!& )a$e( a/ea # 3&)a%+ 'e (/a'+ )& -#*( "&)%("e(,

-&%e!() 4!+'+)(!a( 4! -+*4!%& &$)+)(#$ a +*&&(0 4! a!& 4!)ae #a*e!(( !& 4!g+8a& -+*4!%&, )#-a)(( '+'ea& #a'e *()(,$e)(, $a& +*4!ea& $%e-(0 U! *+, # -a+, # -&!+, a/ea& a$%"e&! -e 'e$%& 'e ('()a%, (a 6#(( 'e "&)%e, 'a)+ !& -+%ea& )&/(aa !eeg(&(ea #, ea& -(!8(, ega( )#32+ 8( $((( $+ 'ea a

-(*+(e # 'e$-+g&3(e *ae, '&-+ )e $e aegea& *a( 4!%4( )& # 3+%a(e )&!%+0 Da )+&( )#-( !&.( a$+ g&a a-+ '&-+ "&)%ee'(! (/a'a /e)(!&&( A8a )+ 8( *()& Jea! )+2& 4! ($-(%+0 4!%.'

3&!+ 2( "& -(!'(% 8( g+$(% 4! /("& &!&( -&!, )& $4!& -(! 'e"&)%e )#a-%e, *4!)4!' -e 4!%e)&%e0Ve)(!& 4!a*a% )& # "&)+ aeg+ a -#*& I! )ae $e )#.)#a$e %46a&0 Da !& (23&%( $+. )#3#ae '(! )#-a)0 A%&!)( aeg+

4!%.&! $&"e% a -+(!(( )#-(&&(, )+#a ( $e -4!$e0 F Ce /e( $+ "a)e*, /e)(!e )+&%a $+. 4*-a)e C#!(( Ba%,$)+-(!4!'&.$e 4! 3a3a.( a+ 'e /e)6( *a%e#%0 E )#-(< Da)+ !&%e e-e2ea( )& "&)a a e, -#a%e )+ $e '+'ea 'e 3&!+/#(e ;#$'(! -#* <

F Da 'e &!'e < "+)& /e)(!&0 N()( !.a /&% $+ a&'+0 S-&!ea)+ *a( 3(!e +*4!e %#a%+ !#a-%ea 4! )#-a) 'e)4% $+. 3a% 8( $+.((a& -&!ee '(! $(!0

F B(!e, -&!ee # $+ ( e -+%e$) < 3#*3+!( %a%+ a*+4%0 S+"( 4!)e)a% $+ %e &)( '&-+ e, -#a%e )+ $e 'a ;#$0 F Va( 'e *(!e < Se 4!%4*-a # !e!##)(e, +$-&!$e /e)(!&0Jea! *(.a $%(ga% )+, 'a)+ *+ a-#-(( 'e -&! 8( 4!)e) $+ *+ &),$e a&!)+ 'e a)##, '(! /4", 'e-% 4! a)& 'e a -#aee (/e2(( <>Ma( 3(!e *#%, 'e)4% $+ *+ '&)( a -(*+(e )a $+ a;&!g 'e 4$&&*((<? $-&!ea -#)e%&0B+%4!& C#!(( Ba% 48( -(/( a*a!()& /e)(! *a( *&% )&

)#a'a #)6(&&( 8( +$-&!$e, -(/(!' 4! a%+ -a%e0



F N& e /(!a &( < A8a e $-(a a$%a a !#a$%+0 A"&($(% !ea*,/e)(!e < Ma( 3(!e /e* $+ )+-+* !#( +8%(a, '(! "a*((a Ba%, 'e)4%$+ a;&!ge* 'e 4$& a%#a0C#-(& Jea!, )& #3a;(( 4!"+)+a(, )& *4(!(e 8( -()(#aee

2'e(%e, 'a )& $4!& -(! 'e -&!e, $e 4!%#a$e a)a$+, '&-+ *(e2&!#-((, )4!' $e 4!)e'(!a )+ !&. *a( -4!'ea !(*e!( 8( (/a'a ea -&$%(e0D&-+ )4(/a a!(, 3+%4!& C#!(( Ba% a/& 8( a '#(ea $e*! )+Jea! !& $e*+!a 'e#) )& )e(a( )#-((0Ea 4! %#(& /e((0 B+%4!& 8e'ea 4! -($-a )a$e(, "&*4!'&.8(

-(-a, $)6(*34!' aa )4%e # /#3+ )& 3+%4!a 3a;(!+ )ae %#)ea a"&$0 De#'a%+ a&2( !(8%e 2g#*#%e )ae $e a-#-(a&0 Ve# FQ 'e

#a*e!( '(! D&!e&e $e 4!g+*+'(+ a -#a%+, g++g(#8(0 La4!)e-&% !& 4!eegea !(*() '(! $%(g+%ee 8( -#%e$%ee #0 e*e(e,)& 'e#$e3(e, -+ea& a%4% 'e "&(#a$e, )+ !e/a$%a &( C#!(( Ba% $e$-e(e 8( "&g( 4! )a$+, -(/(!' 'e a)##, -e "eea$%+, a )ee )e a/ea&$+ $e 4!%4*-e0B+%4!& Ba% e "+)& $e*! )& -(-a $+ $e (!(8%ea$)+ 8( $+g+(a$)+ &!& )4%e &!&0 A8a a"+ 'e$-e # !#&+ ($-a/+ a "(&&( $+&0

B+(a%&, )ae 4*-(!($e '#($-e2e)e a!(, !e*&&*(% )& ;#)&.(e )#-(+e8%(, ($)#'($e &! ;#) 'e #a*e!( *a(, &! ;#) -e()&#$,'a )ae a/& -&%eea $+ a'&!e 4! ;&&.( -e %#( )#-((( '(! D&!.e&e0 De$-(!$e$e 3+)(e -e$)a(# '(! #'g#a!ee )ae e (!ea&

-(!$e 'e +* 8( -#!($e )& ee 4! ag0 A)( )#-((( $e 4*-+(+ 4!'#&+ %a3ee, "(e)ae )& "a*&a e(, $e 4*-#'#3(+ )& )6(/ee 'e64%(e 8( )& $+3(( 'e e*! 8( -#!(+ a &-%+, # %a3++ 4*-#%(/a)ee(a%e0 Jea! Ba%, )&* ea 'e a8%e-%a%, )#*a!'a &!a '(! %a3ee

8( &-%a )#-((# ea 4! %#(, )4!' #)&(%#(( '(! D&!e&e, 4!$-+(.*4!%a( 'e +)!e%ee 8( (-e%ee 'e -e *ae, '+'&+ "&ga a +*,)e24!'&.$e a*e!(!a( 'e /e# !+/a+ a e!ge2(# $a& a #a!'e2(.#0 S-e &(*(ea #, /+2&+ )+ ea /#3a 'e # &-%+ -e )ae #'&)ea&, 4!%e e(, )#-((( '(! D&!e&e, 4! "&!%ea )+#a $e a"a%#% !ea$%4*-+a%& 'e Jea! Ba%, #'a$a &( C#!(( Ba%0D(! "e()(e, *aea ea 4! e"&5 8( &-%+%#(( )ae )+'ea& 4! (*ae $e aegea& !&*a( )& # 3a(e $+a%+ -4!+ a g&*a;(0 Da /a&.

(e a*e!(!a& $+ )ea$)+ 8( &-%+%#((, 4! "#)& ;#)&&( #, 48(



-&%ea& -(e'e /(aa )& %#((0I! 2a'a $%(ga+ 3+3a(( 8( "e*e(e 'e -e +* a >)#*a!.'a!%& e$)a'e(? $+ 4!)e%e2e &-%a 8( $+ $e 4!%#a)+ a)a$+ 'egea3a4 a*e!(!a+ )+. /# -(!'e 8(. /# '&)e a -(*+(e, &!'e /a "(

)&!% 3+%&%0 C#*a!'a!%& Jea! 4*-e&!+ )& %#/a+8(( $+( 48(/e'ea& *a( 'e-a%e 'e ;#a)a # -(*e;'(#a$+, 'e#ae)e 3+%+(a !&$e ($-+/($e 4!)+, -(! a&!)aea '&8*a!&&( 4! *ae 8( )a-%&a.ea /a-#ae# a 3+)(# 'e -e$)&(%0 A%&!)( #)&(%#(( '(! D&!.e&e, '($-ea( 'e 4!)+-+4!aea 3+(a%&&(, aega+ 4!%.&!$&"e% $-e #)&(!a -+(!(# $+(, )a $+ $e -4!g+ 'e -&%aea &(0B+%4!& C#!(( Ba% 48( -&$e e-e'e 3ee%a 'e /e)6( *a(!a,48( *a( &*-& # 'a%+ -(-a )& %&%&! 8(, &*a% 'e -+(!(( $-e(a(, $e0

4!'e-%+ $-e +*0 B+%+(a ea 8( a)&* 4! %#( )& )4%e/a )+!g( 'e"(e, %#/a+8(( &( Jea! -(!$e$e+ 3+)(e >'&8*a!&&(1, 4! /e*e)e a(( 4!)e)a& $+ $a+.! ee, &!'e %e3&(a $+ $e 4!)(!g+ # &-%+)#- a )#-0

F Jea! < +)!( 3+%4!& *a(!a, )& ga$& &( 'e a%+'a%+0)ae +23($e 'e a%4%ea #( -(! 2g#*#%& /a&(# +$)#(%e 'e "&.%&!(0 Jea! < Jea! <

Ne/4$%!()& &-%+%# a&2( ga$& %a%+&( 8( 4!%#a$e )a-& $-e+*0 C4!' '+'& 'e )6(-& &( 4!)&!%a% 8( *a( 2+( 8( *&(*eaa'&!a%+ 4! ;&&.(, -()e-& %#% )e $e 4!%4*-a$e0 +)& &! $e*! 'e4!)e%ae a &-%e( 8(, &!a )4%e &!a, 3+)(e -e$)+e8%( )ae ea& )(%

-.a)( $+ "(e +$%&!a%e )& "&!'& 4! $&$ -e$%e >&-%+%#((? 4!/(!8(,$e 4!a-#(a+ )&*(!( a +*0C& *ae ge&%a%e, Jea! Ba%, )a-& %&%&# +&%+(#, $)+-+'e "&(a #)&(%#(# '(! D&!e&e0

I! a)eea8( $ea+, 4! /e*e )e Jea!, I! #'+(a &(, g4"4(a "&(#$, -&!4!' a )ae 4! g4!' # !#&+ 3+%+(e -e *ae, *&% *a( 'e-a%e'e +*, )a -+(!(( $+ !& *a( -(!'+ 'e /e$%e, 3+%4!& C#!((Ba% $%+%ea 'e /#3+ )& /e)6(& &( -(e%e!, -a$%#& %4g&&(0

F Ce $+ *+ "a) )& e, -+(!%e 000 $e %4!g&(a %a%+, 4! /e*e)e *a*a, a*+(%+, "++ $+ a$e "&(#& '(! *4(!(, )+%(!a '(! )a-0T()+#$&&( +$%&(a, 'e8( !.ae !()( '#($-e2e)e a!(, !&.( *a( a;&!ge&$)a%& -e!%& ;#)&(e &( )+-(a%e0 A)&* $.a a-&)a% $+ $e +23#.

(a$)+ -e *ae, )& a( 'e3e'e( 'e.a( $+(0 N& 8%(&, 2+&, )&* # $.a



$)#% a )+-+%4( )& e 8( 'e a)eea %e.a* )6e*a% $+.*( 'a( &! $"a%0S+. eg 4! -(/!(+ )& "4!g6(( 8( $+.( 'a& # &!+ !&*a( a-+ 8( -4(!e S+. %(*(% $+ %a(e e*!e a -+'&e S-&!e.*(, )e $+ "a) P+(!%ee $#3( '(! /(!& 'e *ee 'e -e *+$&a '(!a(!%ea &(,

$e 8%e$e )& # 3a$*a a%+ -e$%e 3&2ee $&3(( 8( g+( -e.!'ee%e : F M(e *( $e -ae, -(e%e!e C#!((, )+ "(& %+& !& *e(%+ !()(&!a '(! -e'e-$ee 'e )ae -#*e!e8%(0 E &! 3+(a% $+!+%#$, ($%e 8(

-(! 'e /ag+0 E& )e' )+ /a a;&!ge &! #* 'e $ea*+0 Da -e!%&a8a %ea3+ !& %e3&(e $+. %(*(( $+ %a(e e*!e 4! -+'&e, )( *a('ega3+ a # 8)#a+ 'e $"(!( -+(!(, &!'e $+ 4!/ee 8%((!ee &*((8( 4!/++%&a D#*!&&(0 N&*a( '&-+ a)eea -&%e* $+ ;&'e)+* )4%e4!$&8(( $4!% 4! *(!%ea 8( $&"e%& &( Jea!0

F Da 8)#aa e )#$%($(%#ae, -+(!%e <000 D(! )e a* ag#!($(%a3(a !e (!e* 3+%4!e(e, e& 8( )& *&(eea *ea0 G4!'ea* )+ Jea!$+ !e *a( "(e 'e a;&%#, (a !& $-e -ag&3+0

F N&*a( )(!e $-a+ 3(!e !($(-& '+ 'e g+&!ee 'e a&, a%.*(!%e( +*4!e %#% !($(-, +$-&!$e -a$%#& 8( *a( $#3( # 'a%+ '(!

3+&%&a '&)e.a)(8#a+0 E -+)a% 'e a& <000 A* $+.( 'a& 3+(a%&&(# $)($#ae )+%e &! -+(!%e (e2&(%, 'e a 8)#aa 'e )ae (.a* -#*e.

!(%, )a $+ "(e -(*(% a)## )& # -a%+ *a( *()+0 Ş( '&-+ &! a! # $a/e2( )e a "+)&% 8)#aa '(! e !.# $+. *a( e)&!#8%(000 A$)&%+.*+)e.( $-&! <000C4%e/a a)(*( )&$e+ 'e -e #3a;(( 3+%(!e( *a*e 4! "&(#&'e 4!+, )+)( *a*ee -4!g 8( )4!' $4!% "e()(%e, 8( )4!' $4!% 4!'&e.a%e, 4! /e*e )e 3+%4!& C#!(( Ba%, )& )6(-& 4!)&!%a%, $#)#%ea4! *(!%e )4( 3a!( 'e a& /a %e3&( $+ )6e%&(a$)+ -e!%& 4!/++%&a&( Jea! 8( 'a)+ !& )&*/a a&!)a a)e8%( g##ga!( 4! /4!%0

IIJEAN BART LA ŞCOALĂ4!%.a)ea /e*e, )#-((( 4!/+a& 4! 8)#( 4!%e*e(a%e 'e (e2&((,&!'e, 4! a"a+ 'e )a%e, ea& $&-&8( a # /(a+ a$-+, -e!%& 4!*&.(eea )e3()e(0 C&* 6a!a -ea 4*3e8&ga%+ F $e 2()ea F 4!.'e*!a a e!e, )#-((( !& -(*ea& 'e)4% a%4% )4% $+.8( (e $&"e%&0C48%(ga, 4! "e& a)e$%a, 8( a'*(!($%a(a F )6e%&(e(e "((!'

*a( *()(0



La 8)#aa &!'e "&$e$e g+2'&(% !+$%&8!()& "(& a &( C#!((Ba% '(! D&!e&e, '(e)%#& g+$($e 4!)+ &! *(;#) 'e a "a)e e)#.!#*(( '(! 6a!a )#-((# : e '+'ea a %#a%e *e$ee !&*a( "a$#e0Da #()&* a "( "#$% -eg+%(%+ "a$#ea F ea %#% "a$#e +*4!ea0

Ş( )4!' &!e#( !& ea 3(!e "(a%+, )#-(((, 4! #) 'e "a$#e, )e'ea&)+ ( $e -&$e$e '(!a(!%e 8( %e3&(a& $+ *e$%e)e -(e%()ee "(e%e0Jea! Ba% 8%(& $+.8( )48%(ge, )a 8( a D&!e&e, -(e%e!(a )a.*aa2(# 'e 8)#a+, 3&)&#8( $+ (!%e 4! ;#)&(e ($)#'(%e 'e e0C4!' 48( '+'& $ea*a 'e a'e/+a%a -()(!+ a *e$e( # $+a)e, *4!.'(a &( 4!!+$)&%+ $e +2/+%(0 4! #a 'e e)ea(e, 4! )&%ea 8)#((,a'&!+ )#-((( 4! ;&& &( 8(.( 4!%e3+, 4! /e*e )e )+&g+& -e'a.g#g, )ae.( $&-a/eg6ea, )e'ea )+ 4!)e-ea&, )a 'e #3()e(, &!

;#) !#& : F M+ 3+(e(, )e.a* *4!)a% !#( aa%+(e( F a$#e < +$-&!$e+ %#( 4! )#0 F Da (e( F T#% "a$#e < F Da a2( )e a/e* a *a$+ F a$#e <

F A-#( a;&!ge )& a%4%a "a$#e <000Da !()( &!& '(! )#-(( !& g+$( *(;#)& 'e a "a)e -e (!%e!'e!.%& 8)#(( $+ a'&)+ a%"e 'e 3&)a%e0U! 8)#a 4!%42(a% 4! &%(*& a!, &! /+;ga! /()ea! 8( e.!e8, 2($e :

F C+!' /+ $+%&a( 'e "a$#e, "a)e( 8( /#( )a *(!e : $-&!e()+ $4!%e( 3#!a/(, )+ /+ '#ae )a-& $a& 4! g4%000

F La )e 3&! 4!%e3a+ )4(/a, )&(#8(000

F P#8%(#, a (!"(*e(e !e '+ *4!)ae *a( 3&!+0 A)## a**4!)a% $&-+ 'e g+(!+ <000 F S&-+ 'e g+(!+ $e *(+ &!&0 E 'e !e4!)6(-&(%0 Pe!%&a8a )e/a a8 "( 4! $%ae $+ *+ a&!) 'e -e a)#-e(8& 8)#((0Jea! Ba% 4 -(/( )& &(*(e 8( +$-&!$e :

F Ca /()e!(e, ('eea a$%a !& e 'e#) ea < N&*a( )+ !.# -&.%e* "##$( 'e)4% -e 4!'0 Da)+ %e)e* %#( a (!"(*e(e, e)#!#*&e 4! $%ae $+ !e 'ea 8( a)## %#% "a$#e, $a& $+ !& !e *a( 'ea !(*(),

'(! )a&2+ )+ $4!%e* 3#!a/( 8( 3#!a/(( !& %e3&(e $+ *+!4!)e0



F A%&!)( )e.( 'e "+)&% F U(%e )e "a)e* : a2(, a -4!2, /#* /+$a )& %#(( -e ;#$ "a."&(a )& )(#3+ 'e "a$#e <

F Da )&( (.e "#a*e 4!%e3+ &!& *a( -(-((&0

F S+ )a-e < $e +$%( a e Jea! Ba%0 T#( %e3&(e $+ $e $&-&!+0T#( -e!%& &!& 8( &!& -e!%& %#( < A8a $e )48%(g+ # 3+%+(e <0004!%.a'e/+, %#( )#-((( 4! 2(&a a)eea e-+'a+ *4!)aea a &!$e*! a 8e"&&( +2/+%((#0E)#!#*&, 4! $&%a!a &( !eag+ 'e )+&g+, %e)& -(! $&"a.ge(a )& -#'ea&a $)+'a%+ 'e $&-+ 'e "a$#e 8( 2($e :

F M( $e -ae )+ a2( !& /+ e "#a*e0 A( *4!)a% -ea *&%a$ea+0 N& "a)e !(*()0 O $+ /+ "(e "#a*e *4(!e0 S+ $e a'&!e "a$#.

ea 'e ;#$ <000 -#&!)( e 3&)+%a(#04!)e)aea &( Jea! Ba% '+'&$e ge80 Da !& $e +$+ 3+%&%04!'4;(ea "+)ea -a%e '(! "(ea &(0 A'&!+ )a*aa2((:

F A)&* )e.( 'e "+)&% 4!%e3+ e, )a $+ a"e *a( 4!%( -+e.ea )e#a(0

F S+ !e.!%#a)e* 4! $&"age(e, $+ a'&!+* "a$#ea 'e -e ;#$8( $.# *4!)+* < -#-&$e ee/& -(-((& 8( "+*4!'0

Jea! Ba% 4 -(/( )& '($-e : F T& a( $+ "(( $&g+ < 4( 2($e0 A-#( $e 4!%#a$e )+%e )e(a( :/#( !.a/e( -#"%+ $+ *(!)a( 'e -e ;#$, !&.( a8a

F N()( /#3+ < +$-&!$e+ %#( 4!%.&! ga$0 F A%&!)( /e( a$)&%a 'e *(!e F A$)&%+*< F Ca $+ -&%e* $)+-a 'e "a$#e, !& !e *a( +*4! 'e)4% '#&+*(;#a)e : $a& -e)+* '(! 8)#a+, $a& '+* "#) *aga2(e( 'e "a$#e0

F I( '+* "#) <000 +$-&!$e+ )a*aa2(( 4!%+%a( 'e g4!'& &(Jea! Ba%0I! a)eea8( $ea+, 4! '#*(%#& ee/(#, Jea! Ba% "+)& $e*!)a*aa2(# $+ !& *a( 'e$)6('+ /#3a -4!+ '&-+ %e)eea (!$-e).(e( -e )ae # "+)ea, 'e '#&+ #( -e !#a-%e, -+(!%ee.-#%a0 ((!'# !#a-%e -#(#a$+, -+(!%ee %e)& %42(& -(!%e )ee '#&+ 4!'&('e -a%&( ae )#-((# )6e(e &( $&!a+ a 34&, (a -a-&)(( 'e e*!

-#)!(+ -e -#'ea 'e a &! )a-+% a )e+a% a '#*(%#&&(0 La &8a

'(! "&!' $e #-(, *a( a&!)+ # -(/(e a$&-a -a%&(# a(!(a%e, 4!



)ae ee/(( -+ea& a '#*( (!(8%((, 8( (e8(0Jea! Ba% $e ('()+ 4!%.&! )#% 8(, )a $+ $e 4!)e'(!e2e 3(!e

-(/( $-e &8a '(! "&!'0 P+(!%ee.-#%a '($-+&$e 4!%.a'e/+0A-#( )6e*+ *a( *&% )& +$&"aea, 'a 'e$%& 'e -&%e!() )a $+

"(e a&2(% : F R#3(! < J&e$ < Ma%6(e& <Te( %(!e( ('()a+ 4!)e% )a-e%ee 'e $&3 a)#-e+*4!%, $e $%e.)&a+ a"a+ '(! -a% 8( /e!(+, 4! /4"& -()(#ae#, $-e -a%& &(Jea! Ba%0

F Te3&(e $+ "(* )& 3+gae 'e $ea*+000 8#-%( e0 Da)+ $4!%e*$&-(!8(, !& /#* *a( -&%ea 4!'e-(!( -a!&, !e /#* aege !&*a()& -e'e-$e gee, !#(, )a-(( +$)#ae(, (a )a*aa2(( !#8%( /# "(

$(((, 3(e((, $+ $e 6+!ea$)+ *a( 'e-a%e %#% )& "a$#e0 U!& '(!%e!#( %e3&(e !ea-+a% $+ /eg6e2e a &8a '(! "&!' 8( $+ !e "a)+ $e*!)4!' $.# 4!%#a)e -+(!%ee.-#%a $a& a3a%ee.'(e)%#0

F M+ '&) e& < 2($e R#3(!0Ş( "++ a *a( a8%e-%a a% +$-&!$, $e e-e2( $-e &8a '(! "&!',)& &e)6ea a -4!'+0J&e$, &! %4!+ 4!a%, )& 3&2e %e*&+%#ae 8( ga$ $&3(e, 2($e

)a* 8#/+(e!() : F Jea! Ba%, 8( e& $4!% 'e -+ee )+ %e3&(e $+ -e'e-$(* -e(!%e!'e!%& 8)#(( 8( $+. $((* $+ !e 'ea # 6a!+ *a( 3&!+0 M( $e

-ae 4!$+ )+ e -e()&#$ $+ !e ;&)+* )& "#)&000 S.a -&%ea $+ $ea-(!'+ %#a%+ 8)#aa, )6(((e -+(!(#000 Te3&(e $+ g+$(* a% *(;.#) )ae0004! -a%& 4!/e)(!a% (23&)!( # %&$e -&%e!()+, 4!%e%+(a%+ 'e$&g6(&(0

Ce( %e( )a*aa2( 4!%#a$e+ )a-& 4!%.a)##, )a # -e/e$%(e, F E -()6(!'e& a)ea 'e A"e' <000 T#%'ea&!a %&8e8%e, )4!'aeag+ -ea *&% -e$%e 2( <000 4( +*&( Ma%6(e&0

F N& $4!% 'e -+eea %a < 2($e Jea! Ba% )& a$-(*e, )+%eJ&e$0 O()4% a "( "#)& 'e -e()&#$, !& /+' a% *(;#) )a $+ $)+-+*'e *aga2(a )& $a)(( 'e "a$#e, *a( ae$ )+ e (2#a%+0 Sa)(( %e3&(e$+ a'+ -4!+ a &!&, 'a)+ /e* )a 'e *4(!e 4!a(!%e $+ !( $e 'eaa%+ 6a!+ <

M()& A"e' %&8( '(! !#&, a-#( $e 4!%#a$e -e -a%ea )eaa%+0



F N& )&*/a A"e' +$%a !e $-(#!ea2+ 4!%e3+ Jea! Ba%0 F N& )e' < "+)& Ma%6(e&0 A"e' !& e a%4% 'e /()ea!000 F P(! &*ae $4!%e* 4!ee8(< /#3( Jea! Ba% )& 6#%+4e0E& 8( Ma%6(e& a'&)e* '#&+ 3('#a!e )& -e%# '(! '#$& 3&)+%+(e(

8( e a$)&!'e* a()(, $&3 -a%& *e&0 Ia '&-+.a*(a2+, )4!' ee/((/# "( 4! 3($e()+, a $-#/e'a!(e, %&, J&e$, 8( )& R#3(! /+ "&(8a(,&a( -e%#& 8( $%#-(( -ee(( 'e e*! a( *aga2(e(0 Seaa, 4!a(!%e'e a *ege a *a$+, "(e)ae '(! !#( a&!)+ -e !e/+2&%e &! )6(3(%a-(!$ -e )4%e &!& '(! -ee(( 'e e*! a( *aga2(e(0 Da)+ /e&!&'(! /#( !& $e $&-&!e, $.# $-&(e 'e -e a)&*0H#%+4ea &( Jea! Ba% '+'& )&a; 8( )e#a( )a*aa2(0 N&$e *a( -&%ea& 4*-#%(/(0 E /& $+ e *a( 'ea )4%e/a +*&((, 'a

R#3(!, 'e a &8a '(! "&!'& '#*(%#&&(, e "+)& $e*! )+ $e a-#. -(a& '(! !#& -a8( $%+(!(0 C4% a( )(-( '(! #)6(, J&e$, Ma%6(e&, R#. 3(! 8( Jea! Ba% $e $%e)&a+ 4! a8%e*&%&(e # 8(, )4!' a3a%ee.'(e)%# %e)& -(! '#*(%#, !()( !& 3+!&( )+ -a%& -ee)6( 'e#)6( 4 &*+ea& '(! &*3+0>De )e (.e "()+, !& $)a-(?, $-&!e &! /e)6( -#/e30 B+!&(aa&( Jea! Ba% $e a'e/e(0 M()& A"e' %+$e$e )& &e)6ea 8(, g(!.

'(!'&.$e )+ /a "( +$-+%(%, $-&$e a '#&a 2( a3a%e&(.'(e)%# %#% )ea&2($e 4! a;&!0 Ne-&%(!' )e'e 4! a$e*e!ea 4!'+2!ea+, '(e)%#&+$+ -e )e( '#( ee/( $+ $&$%ag+ 3('#a!ee )& -e%# 8( $+ Ie a$)&!'+(! '#*(%#0 Da (e8( 4!%& 4!%4*-(!aea )e#a( '#(, )4!' $e 4!.'e-%a& )& 3('#a!ee -(!e $+ e /e$e -e -ee(( *aga2(e( 'ea(*e!%e0Ce( -a%& +2/+%((, 4! "&!%e )& Jea! Ba%, "&+ '&8( 4! )a!.)ea(e, &!'e *+%&($(+ %#%&0

Jea! Ba%, #a-& +2/+%((#, !& *a( -&%ea +*4!e 4! 8)#a+,'e8( e)#!#*& -(*($e -#&!)+ $+ -eg+%ea$)+ 'e a)( 4!a(!%e -e!.%& )#-(( 8( a%e "e&( 'e *4!)ae0A8a $e 4!%4*-+ )+, a !&*a( )4%e/a &!( '&-+ -e)aea 'ea)a$+, Jea! Ba% "& a'&$ 4!a-#( a D&!e&e 'e &!& '(! )+&g+(((e2&((0C#!(( Ba% 3+!&(, 'e )&* 4( /+2&, )+ "(& $+& (a "+)&$e /e#

-#2!+0

Da )+&g+&, *(!%e ($%ea+, $e -()e-& $+ 4!*#a(e "&(a -+.



(!%e&( 8(, &(!'&. )& 3(!(8#&, -e 'e-a%e, 4( $-&$e : F Jea! e &! 3+(a% 3&!, )& *&%e )a(%+(0 Ae # (!(*+ 'ea-%+, 3&!+, 'a 8( )4%e/a 4!$&8(( -ea *a(, $-e a *a( -&%ea &*a )&$&.(e 8)#(( !#a$%e : e -ea *4!'& 8( -ea )&a;#$0 Te3&(e $+.( g+.

$(( # 4!'ee%!()(e -#%(/(%+ )& "(ea &( '42+0 Ş( a%&!)( /a a;&!ge(* #* 'e $ea*+ <000C+&g+& !& $e 4!8ea$e0

F Ce' )+ !& e #$% $+ $)#% )e/a '(! -a*a%(a a$%a 'e 3+(a%,2($e %a%+ a*+4%0 O $+ a;&!g+ +&, /a( 'e )a-& &( < D&-+ )e $#)#%(?4! "e 8( )6(- )e $#a%+ $+.( )#(a$)+, 4 '+'& -e !&!a &!&( -(e%e!,R#3e%, /e)6( *a(!a, $+. "a)+ 8( -e e *a(!a 4!'ee%!()(egea, -e()&#a$+, a*a!()+, 'a $(!g&a -#%(/(%+ )& "(ea -(!+ 'e

h)&a; 8( 'e *4!'(e a 3+(a%&&(0

IIIMARINARUL JEAN BARTVe*e 'e &! a!, Jea! 4!/++ *e$e(a )& %#a%+ 3&)&(a 8( -a.%(*a $4!ge&( $+& "(e3(!%e0 N& 4*-(!($e 4!)+ 8a($-e2e)e a!(, )4!'(23&)!( 4!)+ &!& '(! !&*e#a$ee +23#a(e -e *ae 4!%e A!g(a 8(

a!a0 Jea! Ba% !& /& $+ *a( +*4(e -e /a$& -e$)+e$) 8( (23&%($+ "(e -(*(% )a a;&%# F 'e8( ea a%4% 'e %4!+ F a )#*a!'a!%&&(&!&( /a$, 4!'+2!e&0 Me!(ea /a$&&( ea 'e a -a%&a 4! a-eeM+(( N#'&&( )a $+ $&-a/eg6e2e *e$& /a-#ae# e!ge2e 8(%e)eea # -(! Pa$& Caa($0C& a)e$% -(e;, Jea! Ba% $e a+%+ 'e # 4!'+2!ea+ )ae +.*a$e 'e -#*(!+ 8( )ae "+)& $+ 'e/(!+ &!& '(! )e( *a( 'e $ea*+*a(!a( a( a!e(0

4!%.# '&-+.a*(a2+, /a$& 4!'+2!e&, -e )ae Jea! Ba% $ea"a )a $e)&!', $e a'+-#$%($e 4! -ea;*a )a-&&( G($.Ne2, -4!'(!'/a$ee e!ge2e )ae )&%e2a$e+ a %e)e -(! $%4*%#ae0 B+%ea &!/4!% -&%e!()0 Pe )e $e a'&!a& !#( !eg(, %(/(( )& '&!g( g+3&(0Va&(e, +$)#(%e 'e /4!%& 'e a-&$, $e ('()a& %#% *a( 4!a%e, -+./+(!'&.$e 4! )a$)a'e 'e $-&*e "&(#a$e0

F D#*!&e )+-(%a!, 2($e Jea! Ba%, # $+ a/e* "&%&!+ *ae0 F N& -ea )e' < S.a -&%ea $+ 4!)e%e2e /4!%& 8( a%&!)( $e

(!(8%e$) 8( /a&(e0



F N#(( )& '&!g( ga3e!e 4!$ea*!+ %#%'ea&!a "&%&!+, '#*.!&e )+-(%a!0 O 8%(& 'e a D&!e&e, &!'e -e$)&(a* 4! ag )&*e8%e& R#3e%0

F Da)+ e a8a, a%&!)( $+ !e %age* 4!$-e -#%& ($$a!%,

)ae !& e -ea 'e-a%e, +$-&!$e )+-(%a!&0 A)## /#* "( *a( aa'+-#$%0C#*a!'a!%& '+'& -#&!)( #a*e!(# 'e -e -&!%e0 C4!' /a$&$e -&$e 4! *(8)ae, "&%&!a $e 8( 'e2+!&( 8(, 4! 3+%a(a /4!%&&(, $+.%4!' -e /a&(e 4!a%e, -+ea a)&* # 3(a%+ )#a;+ 'e !&)+, ga%a $+ $e+$%#a!e0 C+-(%a!& 4!ee$e )+ /a$& $+& !& a/ea -&%ee $+ 4!."&!%e -+-+'& !+-a$!() 8(, )a $+ !& "(e 2'#3(% 'e $%4!)(e 'e a+* $a& 4!e)a%, 4 4!'e-%+ 4! '(e)(a /4!%&&(, )ae.( &*"+ a$%"e

-4!2ee '(! $-a%e, g#!(!'&. )& (&eaa g4!'&&(, )4!' -e -($)&(,)4!' -(! -+-+$%((e /a&(#04!'+2!e& g#!( /e*e 4!'e&!ga%+ $-e +$+(%, (e8( '(! Pa.$& Caa($8( $e -#*e!( 4! Maea N#'&&(0 N#a-%ea 4!)e-& $+ )a'+,(a "&%&!a !& $+3ea 'e#)0 D(! /4"& &!&(a '(! )a%age $e a&2('e#'a%+ ga$& *a(!a&&( 'e ga'+ :

F Se /+' -4!2e <

C+-(%a!& 4!%e3+ : F 4!)#%# F Pe -a%ea 'ea-%+ < F Ş( 4! )e '(e)(e -&%e8%e /a$& F N& $e /e'e0 Pa)+ a $%a -e #) < +$-&!$e *a%e#%& '(!/4"& )a%ag&&(0

F E *ae *a( 4!%e3+ )+-(%a!&0 F N&0

4!%.a'e/+, 'e -e -&!%e, )+-(%a!& 8( #a*e!(( 'e $e/()(& 2+.(+ 4! )&4!' -(/(!' -(! &!e%e &!g( &! /a$, )& '#&+ )a%age,a-#a-e !e*(8)a%, !& 'e-a%e 'e +*& )ae -+ea # '&!g+ !ea.g+ 4! !#a-%e0

F E &! /a$ e!ge2 'e )#*e, 2($e )+-(%a!& $.a a-#-(a% 'e+*, '(! -()(!+ )+ !& *a( -&%ea !a/(ga0 P4!2ee a& )+2&% 4!%.#

-a%e0 N.a/e* 'e )e $+ !e %e*e*0 C&* $.# *a( -#%#( "&%&!a,!e.!%#a)e* (a a )a-& G($.Ne20

Da #a*e!(( 'e $e/()(& $e &(%a& )& -+ee 'e +& a /a-#&



e!ge2 -e )ae a%4% 'e &8# a "( -&%&% -&!e *(!a0Jea! Ba%, 4!'e#$e3(, !e(!(8%(%, $e a-#-(e 'e )+-(%a!0

F D#*!&e )+-(%a!, 2($e, a "( -+)a% $+ -(e'e* # -a'+ a%4%'e 4!$e*!a%+0

C+-(%a!& a/ea 4!$+ &! $&"e% 'e $&;3a8, !& &! $&"e% 'e *a.(!a0 D&-+ # )(-+ 'e g4!'(e, +$-&!$e : F Ş%(( 3(!e, )a*aa'e Ba%, )+ Î!'+2!e& !& e &! /a$.)#.$a, )( !&*a( &! /a$ 'e -a%&ae0 Sa)(!a !#a$%+ e 'e a $&-a./eg6ea Ca!a& M4!e)(( 8( 'e a (!"#*a /a$ee 'e &-%+ "a!)e2e'e$-e *(8)+(e "#%e( e!ge2e0 A%4% 8( !(*() *a( *&%0 Da)+ !&!e.a "( $((% "&%&!a 'e a'(!ea&(, !()( !& !e.a* "( )(!%(% 'e a#)& !#$%&0 Te3&(e $+ !e 4!%#a)e* !&*a('e)4%0

Jea! Ba% !& ea 4!$+ #*& )ae $+ "(e *&&*(% )& &! a$e.*e!ea +$-&!$0

F D#*!&e )#*a!'a!%, $%+&( e, !(*e!( !& !e /a (!e 'e+& 'a)+ 4*-e;&aea !e a;&%+ $+ #/(* -e e!ge2(, )a-%&4!' &!&'(! /a$ee # 'e )#*e0

F A$%a a8a e, +$-&!$e )+-(%a!&, 'a )(!e 4*( gaa!%ea2+ )+,4!)e)4!' $+ -&! *4!a -e /a$& e!ge2(#, !& /#( -(e'e # -a%e

'(! #a*e!(( 'e $e/()(& 8( -#a%e )6(a /a$& Jea! Ba% $e $)a-(!+ '&-+ )ea"+ : F D#*!&e )#*a!'a!%, $+ !e "##$(* 'e 4!%&!e()& !#-(( 8($+ )e)e%+* *a( 'e a-#a-e /a$& e!ge2(#0 N& 'e a%a, Sa e

3(!e $+ 8%(* 8( !#( )a* )e )a&%+ -e +*& a!e( 8( )4% e 'e -&.%e!()0

F A$%a 'a < A$%a e 8( *e!(ea !#a$%+, $e 4!/#( )+-(%a!&a*(!%(!'&.8( )+ /a$& $+& $e !&*e8%e Î!'+2!e&0

F A%&!)(, '#*!&e )#*a!'a!%, 2($e Jea! Ba%, %e*&4!''e "e()(e, 'a(.*( /#(e $+ -e) )& # 3a)+ 8( )((/a #a*e!( $+ )e.)e%e2 /a$& e!ge2 8( a-#( /e( 6#%+4 '&*!ea/#a$%+ )e a/e* 'e"+)&%0

F B(!e, '&.%e, Jea! Ba%< V+' e& 3(!e )+ (( *#(8 $+.( -&( -(eea a $aa*&+0 Da "(( )& 3+gae 'e $ea*+, $+ !& -(!'+ 'e/e$%e e!ge2(( 8( $+ /+ +$%#a!e 4! a-+ 4!a(!%e 'e a "( (23&%(% $+ /+a-#-(a( 'e /a$& #0

Jea! Ba%, )ae a/ea &! g4!' *&% *a( )&%e2+%# 'e)4% 3+!&(a



)#*a!'a!%&, 48( ae$e '#($-e2e)e *a%e#( /#(!()(, )ae 6a3a !.a/ea& )e e "()a 8( )#3#4 )& e( 4!%.# 3a)+, &!'e a'&!+ %#-#ae,$+3(( 8( )+!g( )& *(!ee &!g(0 A-#(, 4! %+)ee, $e 4!'e-%+ $-e/a-#& e!ge2 )ae $e eg+!a -e /a&(0

E!ge2(( -+ea& a '#*( %#( -e /a$& #, 'e-a%e 'e #()e %i*e( 8( 'e g(;(0 U! )a%ag "&$e$e $"+4*a% 'e "&%&!+0 Jea! Ba%8%(a )+ &! a$e*e!ea /a$ 'e '#&+ )a%age !.a/ea !()(#'a%+ -ea*&( #a*e!(04! #) 'e a $e 4!%#a)e )a $+ a-#%e2e )+-(%a!&&( )ee /+2&%e,$e 6#%+4 $+ -&!+ *4!a -e /a$, )& #()e ($)0 Pe!%& a$%a a/ea !e./#(e 'e a;&%#& *a%e#(#, 'e %#% )&a;& #,

F B+(e(, e 8#-%( e, /e( $+ !+/+(* -e -&!%ea /a$&&( 8( $+

'+* &! (&e8 4! e!ge2( N& e # %ea3+ -ea gea, 'a %e3&(e )&. Ia; 8( 6#%+4e0 C(!e !& /ea, $+ +*4(e 4! 3a)+0

F Mege* )& %#((, +$-&!$e+ *a%e#(( 4!$&"e(( 'e )&.a;& &( Jea! Ba%0 - I

F A%&!)(, 4!a(!%e < S$$$% < ++ !()( &! 2g#*#% < N.a* "+.)&% !()( # $)#"a+ 'a)+ -(!'e '&8*a!& 'e /e$%e < S+.( &+* )a '(! #a+ <

Ba)a $e a-#-(e -e !e$(*(%e0 Oa*e!((, 4! "&!%e )& Jea!Ba%, 4!a*a( )& $+3(( 8( $e)&(, $e )++a+ -e /a$& 'e e*! -4!+$&$, -e -&!%e0Ş&(ea%& /4!%&&( 8( *&ge%& /a&(# a)#-eea&, )a a )#. *a!'+, 2g#*#%ee -()(!&(%e, "++ /ee, 'e ag+aea )+!g(#0Ce( '(/a e!ge2(, )ae $%+%ea& 'e /eg6e -e -&!%e, "&+ '#3#. (4( !&*a('e)4%0 U! #"(e e!ge2, 'e $&3 -&!%e, '+'& aa*a, 'a Jea! Ba%, a;&%a% 'e -(#(( $+(, 4!)6($e %#a%e &8(e 8( "ee$%&()(e0

Nea/4!' %(*-& $+ $e 4!a*e2e 8( $-e(a( *a( )& $ea*+ 'e a%a)& -(! $&-(!'ee a "a!)e2(#, e!ge2((, )ae *a( +*a$e+ 4!/(a+, $e '+'&+ -(2#!(e(0E( )e2&$e+ )+.( a%a)a$e e)6(-a;& !&*e#$ a &!&( /a$ 'e +2.

3#(0 C4!', *a( %2(&, )#*a!'a!%& e!ge2 8( $e)&!'& $+& 48( '+.'&+ $ea*a )+ "&$e$e+ )a-%&a( !&*a( 'e # *4!+ 'e -(#(, 4!"&!%e )& &! 3+(e%a!'& 'e 1 a!(, %&3a& 'e )(&'+ 8( "+)ea&$-&*e a g&+0 T#%&8( $-&!ea& )& *4!(e :

F P&8%(& +$%a e 'e # 4!'+2!ea+ "++ *ag(!(0 N& (.a $%a



+& $+ %+(a$)+ -e "&!'& *+((0Jea! Ba% '+'& -#&!)+ #a*e!(# $+( $+ -e(a )#!'&)eea/a$&&( e!ge2 8( a$%"e $e a-#-(a+ 'e /a$& "a!)e2 'e -a%&aeÎ!'+2!e&0

Ma%e#(# !& e /e!ea $+ )ea'+ 4! &-%& )a-&&( )+ Jea!Ba% 4!6+a$e /a$& '&8*a! 8(. a'&)ea a)&* -e8)6e80 Da )4!' 42+(+, -e -&!%ea 'e )#*a!'+, "&%&4!' %()##& "a!)e2, (23&).!(+ 4! &ae )a a-&)a( 'e # !e3&!(e !+-a$!()+0

F Ua < Ua < T+(a$)+ Jea! < Ua <4!$&8( )+-(%a!& aeg+ 8(, 4*3+(84!'&., 3ea% 'e 3&)&(e, 4$+&%+ -e a*4!'#( #3a;(( :

F Ba/#, %(!ee, $4!% *4!'& 'e '&*!ea%a 8( %#% a%4% 'e

*4!'+ /a "( 8( aa -e )ae # $&;e8%( )& a%4%a $&"e% <000D&-+ $"48(%& +23#(&&(, Jea! Ba% -++$( /a$& 'e -a%&ae0D#/e'($e )+ a/ea # (!(*+ 'e a'e/+a% *a(!a0 Te3&(a $+.8(&*e2e )aea0

IVIN SLUJBA OLANDEI

Pe a)ea /e*e Oa!'a ea &!a '(! +(e )ee *a( 3#ga%e '(!&*e, (a "#%a e( a;&!$e$e -e )4% 'e /e$%(%+, -e a%4% 'e %e*&%+0Jea! Ba% 48( "+)& $#)#%eaa )+ !&*a( 4!%.# "#%+ )a a #a!.'e2(# a -&%ea $+ '#34!'ea$)+ &! a!g 8( # "a(*+ /e'!()e 'e 4!.$&8((e $ae0

N& $%+%& *&% -e g4!'&( 8(, 4!%.# 3&!+ 2(, -e)+ a R#%%e'a*,*aee -#% #a!'e2 8( a)## $e 4!"+(8+ a*(a&&( R&%e, )#*a!.'a!%& $&-e* a "#%e(, &g4!' $+. -(*ea$)+ a $&;( Oa!'e(, )a

$(*-& *a%e#%0 F C&* %e )6ea*+ 4!%e3+ a*(a& R&%e0 F Jea! Ba%, 'e "e '(! D&!e&e0 F N& )&*/a e8%( 3+(a%& &( C#!(( Ba%, )#$a& )ae !e.a"+)&% a%4%a $4!ge +&, 4!%4( !#&+, #a!'e2(#, 8( a-#( e!ge2(#

F Da, '#*!&e a*(a0 F N& )&*/a %& a( "#$%, a)&*, 'e )&4!', a;&%# -e /a$& 'e -a%&ae 4!'+2!e&

F Da, '#*!&e a*(a0



F T& a( )a-%&a% '#a )& # *4!+ 'e #a*e!( &! /a$ e!ge2, 4! -&%eea !#-(( F E&0 Y F C4( a!( a(, " +)+&e 4

F Şa($-e2e)e, '#*!&e a*(a0 F Ba/#, 3+(e%e < 4*( -a)(, -e egea *ea < E8%( &! a'e/+a%*a(!a, "((!')+ (( *a( *&% a ($-a/+ 'e)4% a /(a+0 Te (a& -e

3#'& /a$&&( *e&0A*(a& R&%e ea 4! *+$&+ $+.8( 'ea $ea*a )+, 4! *a(!+,$&"e%& *a(!a&&( "+)ea a'e$ea *a( *&%, -e!%& )(8%(gaea &!e(

3+%+((, 'e)4% !&*+& )a%age# 8( %&!&(# 'e -e 3#'0Te)&+ 8a$e a!( 'e )4!' Jea! Ba% $e a"a 4! $&;3a *a(!e(

#a!'e2e0 4! a)e$% %(*- &a$e -a%e a *a( *&%e &-%e -e *ae 4*. -#%(/a "#%e( e!ge2e, %#%'ea&!a 3(&(%# -(! 4!'+2!eaa 8( '($. -e& 'e *#a%e -e )ae. a+%a$e0 N()( &! *a%e#% '(! -ea;*a &(!& -&%ea $+ +*4!+ a8, /+24!' )&a;& 8( 3+3+(a %4!+&&( )#.*a!'a!%0La Q1 (&(e 1, e!ge2((, "&(#8( -e #a!'e2( )ae e a(!ea&)aea -e %#a%e '&*&(e *+(#, %(*($e+ -e *aee a*(a M#!e,

4! "&!%ea 4!%eg(( # "#%e, $+ a%a)e -e R&%e0 I! %(*-& 4!g#2(.%#ae( &-%e '(!%e )ee '#&+ "#%e &(a8e, a*(a& M#!e 4*-(!$e4*-#%(/a /a$&&( -e )ae $e a"a a*(a& #a!'e2, &! *() /a$ (!. ,)e!'(a, 4!)+)a% )& e5-#2(3( 8( )ae %e3&(a $+ (a "#) a )ea '(!%4(a%(!gee )& /a$& a%a)a%0 De8( /a$& &)(g+%# a/ea 4!"+(8aea &!e($(*-e "ega%e, R&%e 4!ee$e -e()#&, '&-+ "e& )&* $e 4!.'e-%a )#!'&$ !&*a( 'e )4(/a #a*e!( 'e $a)("()(&, (!%+ )+%e /a.$& a*(a0 C& $4!ge e)e, )a 'e #3()e(, a*(a& #a!'e2 +$+ I!

*ae -a%& 8a&-e )& )4%e '#($-e2e)e *a(!a(, )ae $+ 4!)e)e $+a3a%+ /a$& '&8*a! '(! '&*, 4! a8a "e )a $+ !& e5-'e2e4! a-#-(ee0 Ea # 4!)e)ae *a( *&% 'e)4% -e()&#a$+, -e!%&4!'e-(!(ea )+e(a $e )eea !& !&*a( )&a;, '($-e 'e *#a%e, 'e./#%a*e!%, 'a 8( *&%+ )6(32&(!+, # $(!g&+ *(8)ae ge8(%+ "((!'4! $%ae $+.( a&!)e -e %#( 4! ae0Cee -a%& 8a&-e $e 'e-+%a$e+ 3(!(8# 'e /a$& a*(a, )4!'Jea! Ba% 2($e a*(a&&(:

F D#*!&e a*(a, )& )e /.a* ge8(% 'e !& *(.a( 4!)e'(!.



a% *(e )#!'&)eea )e# -a%& 8a&-e V.a* 'e2a*+g(% /e#'a%+ Ce'e( )+ )e(a( #a*e!( $4!% *a( -()e-&( )a *(!e

F Jea! Ba%, %& e8%( &!& '(! )e( *a( 3&!( #"(e( a( *e( 8(%#)*a( 'e a)eea !& %e.a* %(*($ 4*-#%(/a &!&( /a$ '&8*a! a%4%

'e -e()&#$0 N& /ea& $+ %e -(e' < 4!eeg( F D#*!&e a*(a, 'a)+ +*4! -e -&!%ea /a$&&( a)e$%&(a)e'e( )+ $4!% *a( a a'+-#$% Da(.*( )e -&(! 3&)&(a 'e a.*(

;e%"( /(aa &-%4!' -e!%& g#(a Oa!'e( 8( a a*(a&&( e( <A*(a& 8%(a )+ Jea! Ba% a/ea 'e-%a%e : &! a'e/+a% *a.(!a !& a8%ea-%+ $+ *#a+ &!g(% 4! -a%, e %e3&(e $+ *#a+&-%4!'0

F D&.%e 8( (a )#*a!'a )e# -a%& 8a&-e < -#&!)( a*(a&

R&%e0 Ş( !& &(%a )+ $#a%a /a$&&( a*(a 8( 4!$+8( $#a%a Oa!'e(a%4!+ 4! a)ea$%+ )(-+ 'e &! "( 'e -+0 Da 'a)+ !& &)e2( )&*ae 3+gae 'e $ea*+ 8( )& $4!ge e)e, %#a%+ /(%e;(a %a /a "( 4!2a'a <4! %(*-& a)e$%a /a$& (!)e!'(a $e a-#-(a %#% *a( *&% 'e/a$& a*(a0 C4(/a *a(!a( e!ge2( )#3#4+ 4! 3+)(, $#)#%(!')+ !&*a( ).# $(!g&+ #-(!%(e, /# -&%ea -()(!&( "a%aa )(#)!(e0

A*(a& R&%e )ae &*+ea )& a%e!(e %#a%e *(8)+(e (!a*()&.&(, -(!%.# *a!e/+ '(3a)e 8( !ea8%e-%a%+, %a$e 4!a-#( /a$& $+&,+$4!' )ae 'e$)6($+ /a$&&( '&8*a! )ae ea 4*-(!$ 4!a(!%e0 4!a)ea8( %(*- )ee -a%& 8a&-e #a!'e2e, $&3 )#*a!'a &( Jea!Ba%, 4!)#!;&a+, a '($%a!+, /a$& (!)e!'(a0

F #) < +$&!+ )#*a!'a )&a;#$&&( Jea!0O g6(&ea -#!( '(! g&a &!&( *() %&! 'e 3#' 8( 4! )(-a a)eea# "#*('a3(+ e5-#2(e )&%e*&+ /+2'&6& -4!+ 'e-a%e 4!"(#.

4!' a-ee0Va$& (!)e!'(a "&$e$e 2/4(% 4! ae0 F Pe!%& )&a;& 8( 'e/#%a*e!%& 'e )ae a( 'a% '#/a'+, %e!&*e$) )+-(%a! 'e /a$, 4( $-&$e a*(a& )4!' Jea! Ba% $e 4!%#a$e

3(&(%#0Da $#a%a !& 4!g+'&( /(%ea2&&( "+)+& $+ &*e2e -4!+ a)a-+% )a(ea g#(#a$+ -e )ae # 4!)e-&$e 4! *a(!a #a!'e2+0L&'#/() a ^V.ea 4!)e-& +23#(& )& Oa!'a0 Jea! Ba% "& -&$

4! gea )&*-+!+ : $a& $+ +*4(e 4! *a(!a #a!'e2+, &!'e 4!%.#



3&!+ 2( a "( -&%&% $+ a;&!g+ )#*a!'a!%& e( $&-e*, $a& $+&-%e 4*-#%(/a -a%(e(

N& $%+%& *&% -e g4!'&(, )+)( !& a/ea 'e ae$0 Jea! Ba% 48(a+%+ 8( 'e a$%+.'a%+ *+e(a &( $&"e%ea$)+ : $e ;e%"( -e $(!e0 C&

%#a%e $%+&(!ee 4!a%&&( )#*a!'a!% #a!'e2, )ae '#ea $+. -+$%e2e 4! *a(!a &(, %4!+& #"(e 48( '+'& 'e*($(a $-&!4!': F Pe"e $+ +*4! $(*-& *a(!a 4! a!a, 'e)4% $+ a;&!ga*(a 4! Oa!'a0T#%&8( Jea! Ba% 8%(a )e. a8%e-%a, 'a)+ a "( *a( +*a$ 4!Oa!'a0 T#( "a!)e2(( '(! *a(!a 8( a*a%a #a!'e2+ )ae !& /#(a&$+ +*4(e a -#$%&(e #, %e3&(a& $+ "(e ae$%a(0 Jea! Ba% '+'&

-e$%e &! )a*aa', a!&*e Be%(e, )a 8( e 'e -e )#a$%a 'e *(a2+.

!#a-%e a a!e(0 F Be%(e, 4( 2($e, *+.!%#) 4! a!a0 V(( )& *(!e F De$(g&0 D#a !.# $+.*( -&! -(eea a $aa*&+ -e!%&#a!'e2(0

F #a%e 3(!e < Ha( $+ -e)+* 4*-e&!+ <000Ş( )4!' /e!( *(e2& !#-((, )e( '#( )a*aa2( $e "&(8a+ 'e

-e /a$& #a!'e2 &!'e $&;ea& 8(, a&!)4!'&.$e 4! a-+ "++ 2g#*#%,

4!#%a+ -4!+ a *a0 F A)&* %e3&(e $.# &+* e-e'e a -()(#, 2($e Be%(e, -4!+!& -(!' 'e /e$%e #a!'e2((0

F Da, a* -&%ea %age # "&g+, +$-&!$e Jea! Ba%, )+)( a/e*!e/#(e $+ !( $e &$&)e 6a(!ee 'e -e !#( $4!% &'e e#a)+0Ş( -#!(+, 4!%&! $&"e%, 4!'e-%4!'&.$e $-e -a%(e0 D&-+)4%e/a )ea$&( '(e &*3e%, a;&!gea& 4!%.&! )+%&!0 A)##, a&!)4!'&!("#*ee 'e *a(!a, $e 4*3+)a+ 4! 6a(!e )(/(e0

A3(a '&-+ # $+-%+*4!+ ea& a D&!e&e0 A)(, &4!'&.8(+*a$ 3&! &!& 'e a a%&, $e 'e$-+(+0

VPRINS DE ENGLEZIC4!' 4!)e-& '(! !#& &-%a 4*-#%(/a e!ge2(# 8( #a!'e2(#,&!(( 'e a$%+.'a%+ 4*-#%(/a a!e(, Jea! Ba% a/ea 'e a!(0A)&* ea )&!#$)&%, ( $e '&$e$e /e$%ea -e%&%(!'e!( 'e$-e

($-+/(e 8( )&a;& $+&0 De a)eea, )&* a;&!$e a D&!e&e, ( $e



'+'& )#*a!'a &!&( /a$.)#$a0U! a$e*e!ea /a$ !& e %#% &!a )& &! /a$.-(a%0 Pe )4!' /a$&

-(a% &*3a '&-+ ;a"&( 8( %46+((, )a $+ 4*3#g+ea$)+ -e )+-(%a!,/a$&.)#$a &*+ea '#a !(*()(ea /a$e# '&8*a!e -a%(e(0

C#*a!'a!%& &!&( /a$.)#$a &)a -e +$-&!'ee -#-(e, )&($)& /(e(( $ae0 S(!g&a +$-a%+ ea g#(a 8( e)&!#a8%eea*e(%e#0Pe %#% )&-(!$& +(# N#'&&(, $e $(*( !&*a('e)%, )a #4!"(#ae, )+ Jea! Ba% &-%+ a)&* 'e -a%ea a!e(0 De8( )#*a!'a&! /a$ *() 4!a*a% !&*a( )& '#&+ %&!&( 8( ea a;&%a% 'e &!e)6(-a; a)+%&(% '#a '(! %e(2e)( 8( 8a$e 'e #a*e!(, -&$e *(!a0

-(!%.# #/(%&+ 4!'+2!ea+, -e &! /a$ #a!'e2 )& #-%$-e2e)e

%&!&( 8( )& &! e)6(-a; 'e 8a(2e)( 8( )(!)( 'e *a%e#(0A$e*e!ea ($-a/+ !.# -&%ea "+-%&( 'e)% &! !+2'+/a! )aJea! Ba%, )ae )+&%a -(*e;'(a )& &*(!aea 8(.8( 3+%ea ;#) 'e*#a%e, 4!"&!%4!'.# -e%&%(!'e!(,Re!&*ee $+& )e$)& a8a 'e *&%, 4!)4% a*a%#(( '(! D&!.e&e 4 -&$e+ 4! "&!%ea &!e( e$)a'e 'e )(!)( /a$e.)#$ae0C4!' Jea! Ba% &+ )#*a!'a a)e$%e( e$)a'e, $e a'e$+ e)6(.

-a;&&( $-&!4!': F E(, a8a *a( -#% +$&"a 8( e& 4! /#(e000 A)&*, 3+(e(, a%ea3+< S+ a+%+* %&%&# )+ !e -()e-e* 4! *e$e(a !#a$%+000000Ş(, 4!%.a'e/+, $e -()e-&+ 'e *(!&!e, /44!' $-a(*a 4!e!ge2(0 I! *a( -&(! 'e # &!+0 )a-%&a+ 1 /a$e (!a*()e 8( $)&."&!'a+ %#% -e a%(%ea0I$-+/(e &( Jea! Ba% "&+ )&!#$)&%e 4! )&4!' 8( a )&%eaRege&(.S#ae, )ae 4 !&*( )+-(%a! 'e /a$ 8(.( %(*($e 4! 'a #

*e'a(e 8( &! a! 'e a&0B&)&4!'&.$e 'e 4!)e'eea 'e-(!+ a $&/ea!&&( a!e(,Jea! Ba% 48( +$-4!'( "a(*a 'e &-%+%# !e4!"()a% -e %#a%e *+(e,&-%4!' 4*-#%(/a %&)(# a Age, a $-a!(#(#, a e!ge2(# 8(a #a!'e2(#0Da &! )&a; a-#a-e !e3&!e$) )a a &( Jea! Ba% !& e %#%.'ea&!a 4!)&!&!a% 'e 3(&(!+0 T#%&8( $&"e%& e#&&( $e /+'( %#%a%4% 'e (*-e'e, 'e '42, 'e !ea%4!a%0 'e 4!)e2+%# 4! *e!(ea &(

8( 4! )ea$&(e gee 'e 4!)e)ae0



I!%.# &-%+ 4*-#%(/a e!ge2(#, "#%(a -e )ae # )#*a!'a4*-e&!+ )& a% e#& a *+(#, )& #3(!, "& 4!"4!%+ 'e # e$)a'+*&% *a( !&*e#a$+0 D&-+ # 3+%+(e 4!'4;(%+ 'e )4%e/a 2(e 8()4%e/a !#-( -e # *ae 4!"&(a%+, #3(! 8( Jea! Ba% "&+ +!(( 8(

a$%"e )+2&+ -(2#!(e(0C4!' 48( '+'&+ $ea*a )e $e 4!%4*-a$e, ea& 4!)6(8( 4! "#%+.eaa 'e a P*#&%6 4*-e&!+ )& a( -(2#!(e( "a!)e2(0Oa*e!( )a Jea! Ba% 8( )a #3(! !& $e -&%ea& 4*-+)a 'e#))& g4!'& 'e a +*4!e *&%+ /e*e 4! -&%eea e!ge2(#0 4!%.#!#a-%e, #3(! a&2(, a+%&( 'e -a(ee -e )ae 2+)ea, -e Jea! Ba%,)ae #"%a0

F N& '#*( 4 4!%e3+ #3(!0

F N&, +$-&!$e Jea! Ba%, !& -#% $+ 4!)6(' #)6(( # )(-+0 M+g4!'e$) *ee& a %#/a+8(( 'e a D&!e&e, )ae 6a3a !.a& 'e$#a%a !#a$%+0 E( /# -#!( a a%e &-%e, 4! /e*e )e !#( 3#(*a()(, )a *&(e(e0

F N()( e& !& -#% '#*(, -(e%e!e0 M+ #a'e )a &! /(e*e 3&)&(a %()+#8(# +$%#a 'e e!ge2(, )ae !e (! 4!)6(8( a()(, )a -e!(8%e )a%4(0

F (( -e -a)e, !.# $+ $e 3&)&e -ea *&%+ /e*e0 F De )e F Pe!%& )+ %e3&(e $+ !e &+* %+-+8(a0 Ş( a$%a )(% *a(e-e'e, -4!+ !& "a)e* -&()(0

F La a8a )e/a *+ g4!'ea* 8( e& $+ !e 4!%#a)e* 4! a+ <*&*&+ #3(!, )a.!%.&! /($0

F C& #()e -e < a'+&g+ Jea! Ba%0 F C6(a )& -e& /(e(( < 4!)6e(e #3(! g4!'& a*4!'#&a0

((!' )& #)6(( 4! -a%&, )e( '#( -(2#!(e( )e)e%a+ %#a%e &(.g6eee 4!)6($#((, !+'+;'&(!' $+ g+$ea$)+ /e&! *(;#) 'e $)+-ae0Da 2('&(e ea& g#a$e 8( e( !.a/ea& &!e%e $+ e $-ag+ (! %(*-&!#-((0 De '#&+ #( -e 2(, -(2#!(e(( ea& $)#8( 4! )&%ea 4!)6($#((,a ae, )a $+ !& 'ea -e$%e e( /e# *#(*+ 'e )ae $.a "( -&%&%*#(-$( -a2!()(( e!ge2(, )4% 8( )e(a( #)&(%#( a( #a8&&(0 C&%eaea 4*-e;*&(%+ -e %e( a%&( )& &&)( 4!a%e, (a &!a '(! a%&('+'ea $-e *ae0

F U(%e, #3(!, -e a()( e $)+-aea, 8#-%( Jea! Ba%, )+%4!'



&!g -e 4!%(!$& a-e#0Ca*aa'& !&.( +$-&!$e, 'a $e 4!ee$e+ 'e$%& 'e 3(!e -e'ea$&-a /#3e# 8( -+ea& )+ $e "ee$) &!& 'e a%& )a $+ !& 'ea'e 3+!&(% -a2!()(# $a& &!#a '(!%e $-(#!(( )ae $e a"a& -(!%e

)e( 4!%e*!(a(04!%.# $ea+, -e )4!' )&%ea 4!)6($#(( ge*ea 'e -(2#!(e(,Jea! Ba% "+)& $e*! &( #3(! $+ $e a-#-(e0 P(/(!' 4! a%+ -a%e,4( 8#-%(:

F Ve2( 2('& +$%a Da)+. $+(*, $4!%e* $)+-a(0 F (e8%e, 'a)+. $+(* < +$-&!$e .#3(! N&*a( )+ 2('& e4!a% 'e )e -&(! 8a$e -()(#ae 8( "a) -((("(#ae )+ *ag(!ea 'e $&$e -e$+a%+ )& )(#3&( 'e $%()+0 N()( 'a).a* "( -($()( !.a* -&%ea

$+( '(!)##0 S+ !e &+* g4!'& 'e a 2('& +$%a, "+(#ae000Jea! Ba% !& $e +$+ 4!/(!$ :

F A% '&* !.a/e*, #3(! < Ş( 'a)+ !.a/e* a%&, /a %e3&($+. "##$(* -e +$%a0

F Ne %e3&(e # $)a+ < ++ $)a+ !& "a)e* !(*()0Jea! Ba% $)#*#!( -+*4!%& )& /4"& 4!)++*(!%e( 8( '&-+# )(-+ 'e g4!'(e 8#-%( :

F V#* a/ea 8( $)a+, $)&*-& *e& #3(!0Jea! Ba%, a"a% 4! -&%eea /4$%e(, ea &! 3+3a% "&*#$, )&#)6(( 4!"+)+a( 8( a/ea &! ga$ )4!' -#&!)(%#, )4!' *#a%()8( )a'0B+%4!& -a2!() a/ea # !e/a$%+, # *()+ e!ge2#a()+ ($%ea+ 8((&%e )a # /e/e(+ -e )ae -+(!(( # *+(%a$e+ 4!a(!%e 'e /e*e

-e!%& a &8&a # )a$+ -(!+ 'e )#-((0 S#(a !e/4$%!()+ !.a/ea a%+%ea3+ 'e)4% $+ $-ee &"ee )a$e( 8( $+ a'&)+ 3+3a%&&( e( )(!a, 4!

$e(e )4!' -a2!()& ea 'e ga'+ 4! )+*+&a '(!+&!%&< 4!)6($#((0##$(!' # )(-+ -(e!()+, 4!a(!%e 'e a (!%a )& )e(a( -(2#.!(e( 4! 4!)6($#ae, Jea! Ba% 8#-%( %(!ee( $#((, )ae +$a$e #)6((4! ;#$, 4! -ag& )+*+&e(:

F S4!% $(g&, "&*#a$+ '#a*!+, )+ a/e( # (!(*+ *(#a$+ <Da(.*( # *4!+ 'e a;&%#, $+ !& *# a()(, 4! *(2e(e, N.a* "#$%%46a a '&*& *ae, a* "#$% *a(!a, )+-(%a! 'e e$)a'+0 De #&!+ !.a* *a( &a% # 3+&%&+ )a'+0 A'&)e(.*( *4(!e $ea+ #

)ea8)+ 'e /(! "(e%0 V#( -+%( -e& 4!'#(%000 M+ !&*e$) Jea! Ba%0



F Jea! Ba% 8#-%( "++ /#(e, )& a'*(a(e, "e*e(a, )ae 'e(!&% a&2($e /#3(!'&.$e 'e ($-+/(e e#&&( *+(#0 Ş(, "++ a 'a/e&! +$-&!$, )&-(!$+ 'e %ea*+, "&g( 4! "&!'& )+*+&e(0

F M4(!e $ea+ 3e* /(! "(e%, #3(! <000 2($e Jea! %#/a+8&&(

$+& 4! 4!%&!e()& 4!)6($#((, 4! -&%eea !#-((0 F E8%( !e3&! Sa& /($e2( 000 +$-&!$e #3(!04!%.a'e/+, 4! !#a-%ea &*+%#ae )e( '#( -(e%e!( 3+&+ 4!%e2('&(e e)(, -e 4!%&!e(), # $%()+ 'e /(! !eg&, "(e% )& 2a6+ 8( )&(8#ae0A '#&a 2( -a2!()& %(*($e a e a)a$+, a $-a% e*!e, %e( -(.2#!(e( -(!%e )ae $e a"a 8( Jea! Ba%0 e*e(a, )4!' 4 /+2&, !&.(/e!( $+ )ea'+ #)6(#0 E *&!)( '(! ge&, %+(!' e*!e 4!%.&!

8#-#! 8( &)4!'&.e 4! -#'& )a$e( -e # $)a+ &!g+, 'e '#&+2e)(8( )(!)( 'e %e-%e0

F I( *&&*e$) -e!%& /(!& 'e !#a-%ea %e)&%+ < 4( $-&$eJea! Ba% 4!a(!%e 'e -e)ae0 Ş%(( 3(!e )+ 3a!( !& /e( -(*( 'e a*(!e0 P(*e8%e, 4!$+, 'e-% *&&*(e, a)e$% )ea$#!() 'e ag(!%)ae, a "(e)ae *(e2 'e !#a-%e 8( *(e2 'e 2(, )4!%+ # *e#'(e 8($%(g+ )&.)& <

Ne/e$%()a -a2!()&&( -(*( 'a& 4!#8(!'&.$e 8( *+%&($( )4%4( -+ea 'e +& )+ *aee &-%+%# Jea! Ba% e $#%(% -(e((( 4!4!)6($#ae0

F A8 /ea $+ %e a;&%, 'a !& 8%(& )&* < 2($e ea -(/(!'&.'e-% 4! #)6(0 M(.e "()+ $+ !& "a) 3+3a%&&( *e& /e&! +&, 8(!()( $+ a'&) +(( *ee /e# !e!##)(e0

F J& )+ !& *a( $)&"&!' !()( # !a/+ e!ge2+, 'a)+ 4*( e.Y)a-+% (3e%a%ea -(! *(!a '&*(%ae < 2($e e-e'e Jea! Ba%0

F C&* $+ "a) 000 8#-%( 4!)&)a%+ %4!+a e!ge2#a()+0 F S+ !& "a)( !(*()0 S+ *+ a8( !&*a( $+ (a& )& *(!e $)aaa$%a &!g+0

F N&*a( a%4% 000 $e *(+ ea0 F A%4%0Ce( %e( -(2#!(e( (!%#'&$e+ 4! )&%ea 4!)6($#((, 4! $eaaa)eea, # $)a+ &!g+ 'e )(!)( -()(#ae -e )ae )e'ea& )+ # )e&$e

-a2!()&0

La )4%e/a 2(e '&-+ a$%a, Jea! Ba% 2+( 4! )&%ea 4!)6(.



$#(( )4%e/a g+*e2( 'e !($(- 8( )++*(2( a'&$e -e!%& !(8%ee-aa((0

F Da, )+%(!+ e '(! )a-, *(!&!a% &)& <S-e $ea+, )4!' -(2#!(e(( (!%a+ (a 4! )+'(ea 4!%&!e.

)#a$+ &!'e %e3&(a& $+.8( -e%ea)+ !#a-%ea, "+)& $e*! &( #3(!,a+%4!'&.( )& #)6(( *#*a!& 'e !($(- 8( 'e )++*(2(0 F E #$% $.# 8%ege* a)a$+ <#3(! 4!ee$e : 4! !#a-%ea a)eea %e3&(a& $+ e/a'e2e <4!%.a'e/+, 4! /e*e )e -a2!()(( $e $%+'&(a& $+ /4e -e -(.2#!(e( 4! 4!)6($#ae, )e( '#( )a*aa2(, "##$(!'&.$e 'e 4!g6e$&(a+8( 'e &*3ee a*&g&&(, $e $%e)&a+ 3(!(8# -(!%e *#/(ee 'e!($(- 8( 'e )++*('+ 8( $e 4!%(!$e+ -e 3&%+ )a $+ !& "(e /+2&(

'(!$-e 4!)6($#ae0C4!' +*a$e+ $(!g&(, Jea! Ba% )& ga$& 4!"(g&a% 'e!e+3'ae, 8#-%( -(e%e!&&( $+& :

F Ş( a)&* e-e'e, #3(! < A-e& $e "a)e 4! 4!)6($#ae '&-+4*-+(ea -4(!((0 Da)+ -4!+ a%&!)( (23&%(* $+ "&g(*, !& /# *a(

-&%ea -&!e *4!a -e !#( < F Re-e'e <000 8#-%( #3(!, %44!'&.$e -e 34!)( -4!+ a

-()(#aee 2('&&(04! )&%e !& *a( ea !(*e!(0 Pa2!()(( 4*-+ea& -(2#!(e(# $"e%& 'e -4(!e -e!%& *a$a 'e $ea+0 De )eaa%+ -a%e a 2('&&(,/a&(e *+(( $e a&2ea& $-+g4!'&.$e 'e *a&(0Se 4!%&!e)a$e 3(!e0 De '(!)## 'e *#*a!& 'e !($(- 8( 'e)++*(2(, Jea! Ba% %a$e $)aa 'e e*! 8( # -#-%( 'e -ee%ee4!a%0 I! ga3+, )e( '#( -(2#!(e( $e &)a+ -4!+.! /4"& &&)(( 8('e a)( 48( '+'&+ '&*&, a-#a-e 4! a)ea8( %(*- -e *a& !($(-#$

a *+((0A-#( $e a&!)a+ 4! a-+0 F #3(!, -(e%e!e, 2($e Jea! Ba%, -4!+ a)&* a *e$ $%&!+0Te3&(e $+ !e 'e-+%+* )4% *a( *&% 'e 2('&(e 4!)6($#((0Ce( '#( -(2#!(e( e/a'a( a "( $)+-a% &8#, 'a)+ a "( a/&%

-e/e'eea $+ %ag+ $)aa '&-+ e(0 Da, 4! ga3+ 8( 4! $-a(*a"&g((, &(%a+ 'e ea0 Ma(!a(( e!ge2( )ae "+)ea& 'e -a2+ 4! %&!&4!)6($#(( !& a&2(+ 2g#*#%& )+'e(( )e# '#( "&ga(, '(! -()(!a

%&*&%&&( a-e#0 Da -a2!()& )ae %#)*a( (e8ea '(! 4!)6($#ae,



'&-+ 4*-+(ea -4(!((, 2+( $)aa -#-%(%+ 'e -ee%e, 4!ee$e %#%&8( '+'& aa*a04!'a%+ e!ge2(( a'&$e+ -e *ae # 3a)+ &!g+, 4! )ae 4!.)+-ea& -a%& *a%e#( -&%e!()( )ae 'e$"+8&a+ -4!2a a%4!a%+ 'e

&! $)&% )a%ag0 &ga(( ea& 'e-a%e, &-%!' )& /a&(e *+((,)4!' 2+(+ "e(!a& a-(!$ 4! /4"& )a%ag&&(, )ae $e 4!'e-%a$-e e(0

F M( $e -ae )+ !e.a& /+2&% < g4"4( #3(!, )ae 4!#%a 4! a-#. -(eea &( Jea! Ba%0T F N()( !& e 'e *(ae0 A +$+(% &!a 8( !#( 4!#%+* &!&a+%&( 'e )e+a%0

F S+ *+ 'e-+%e2 4!%e3+ #3(!0

F A)&* e -ea %42(&, +$-&!$e Jea! Ba%0 P#( $+ *a( 4!#(# ;&*+%a%e 'e #+ 000

F Ş( '#&+ < +$-&!$e #3(! 4!'4;(%0 F B&! < C#%e8%e a)&* $-e 'ea-%a, *a( $-e +*0 Da)+ !&/#* -&%ea a%"e, 4( +$+* )& 3a)a -e a-+ 8( !#( # &+* a "&g+ -e&$)a%0 Ca)+ a-a 4! #)0 P+$%ea2+.( -&%e(e0 P#a%e !e /#* 3a%e)& e( 4! a-+0

Ce( '#( 4!#%+%#( )#%(+ $-e +*0 Ba)a 4( &*+0 C+)a+ a-a4! #)0 e(!a& 'e -e )a%ag $e a-#-(a 8( *a( *&% 'e e(0 F N&*a( 'e !.a %age )& -($%#aee 4! !#( < "+)& #3(!,$)#4!' )a-& '(! a-+0

F 4*( -ae +& 'e e( <000 2($e Jea! Ba%0 A* "+g+'&(% *()((e!ge2#a()e, $#(e( -a2!()&&(, )+ !& *a( $)&"&!' !()( &! /a$ e!ge20M(.e %ea*+ )+ !& *+ /#( -&%ea (!e 'e )&/4!%000 Da !& '(!/(!a *ea0

U! -#)!e% $&', a-#( # 48!(%&+ -&%e!()+ 'e a-+0 E!ge2((%+gea& )& -($%#& 4! "&ga(04!#%+%#(( $e 'e-+%a+ &!& 'e a%& 8( (!%a+ $&3 a-+0 P#).!e%ee $e 4!*&(+0 #3(! -(e'& &*a -(e%e!&&( $+&0 S-e&(*(ea &(, Jea! Ba% $(*( $&3 -()(#ae !& 'e-a%e 'e +* &!

3a!) 'e !($(-0 O ('ee $a/a%#ae 4( $%+3+%& *(!%ea : 'a)+ (23&%ea$+ a%ag+ -e &*+(%#( $-e $(!e, $e -&%ea $-(;(!( -e 3a!)& 'e!($(-, $-e a e +$%&!a -e !ea8%e-%a%e 3a)a0 Ş( a%&!)( ea $)+-a%0

C& ($)& 'e a "( #/(% 'e g#a!e, Jea! Ba% (e8( a $&-a"a+,



&!'e $e (!& *&%+ /e*e )& ge$%&( ag( 'e 4!#%, )a $+ "(e 3(!e/+2&%0 E!ge2(( !& *a( %a$e+ "#)&( a$&-a &(, )e24!' )+. /#

-&%ea -(!'e /(&0 Da )4!' /a&(e 3+)(( a;&!$e+ -4!+ a e, Jea!Ba% $e $)&"&!'+0 U*+(%#(( /4$(+ -&%e!() $-e e0 Jea! Ba% I

0*a( (e8( # 'a%+ a $&-a"a+, 48( &*-& -+*4!(( 'e ae 8( $)&"&!.'4!'&.$e, $e -#-%( )& a*4!'#&+ -()(#aee -e 3a!)& 'e !($(-0C4!' $(*( 3a)a 'ea$&-a &(, 48( 4!)#'a %#a%e -&%e(e 8( )& # I

-&%e!()+ #/(%&+ 'e &*+ 4!%.# -a%e, # +$%&!+ 8( a-#( ge I4!'e-%+ e-e'e $-e *a0 E!ge2(( $e -#*e!(+ 4! a-+, )& 3a)a I

-e$%e e(0C4!' a;&!$e a +*, Jea! Ba% 48( a*(!%( 'e #3(! 8( -(/( I4! ;&0 4!a-#(a 3+)(( +$%&!a%e, 4!#%a )& -&%ee $-e *a, #3(!,

a3(a %+g4!'&.8( $&"e%&0 F M( $e -ae )+ $.a& 4!e)a% < "+)& e )4!' a;&!$e 4!g+Jea! Ba%0

F C6(a 'a)+ a& $)+-a% )& /(a+, !& *a( $4!% 4! $%ae $+(!e -(!'+ < 2($e0Ş( -#!(+ 4! g#a!+ *ae0 D&-+ # ;&*+%a%e 'e #+, a;&!$e+a *ag(!ea &!e( -+'&( 'e 3a2(0 A)( '+'&+ -e$%e )4(/a #a*e!( c

a$)&!8( '&-+ )#-a)(0 F N& )&*/a $4!% -a2!()( e!ge2( "+)& #3(!0 F N& )e' < 8#-%( Jea! Ba%0 R+*4( #)&&(0 M+ '&) $+ /+')e.( )& e(0Se a-#-(e 4! /4"& -()(#ae#, $((!'&.$e $+ !& "a)+ !()( &!Y2g#*#%0 Ea& /e# )(!)( "a!)e2(, "&g(( *a( 'e *&% '(! 4!)6(.$#(e e!ge2e8%( 8( )ae, "+*4!2( 8( e3eg(( 'e "(g a8%e-%a& -(.e;& 'e a -&!e *4!a -e # a*3a)a(&!e )a $+ %ea)+ 'e -a%ea

)eaa%+ a Ca!a&&(0 F S4!% 'e.a( !#8%(, #3(! < S4!% "a!)e2(<000 8#-%( Jea! Ba%0Ce( '#( )#*a!'a!( "&+ 4!%4*-(!a( )& )6(#%e 'e 3&)&(e 'e)+%e "&ga(0

F V#( !e a'&)e( $)+-aea, $%(ga+ e( )&-(!8( 'e !+'e;'e0 F Ca*aa2( < e 2($e Jea! Ba%0 De a()( 4!a(!%e $4!%e* (a (3e(0 N& %e3&(e $+ &(%a( 4!$+ )+ $4!% '(! !#& )#*a!'a!%&/#$%&0 Te3&(e $+ *+ a$)&%a( #3e8%e, 'a)+ /#(( $+ a;&!ge*,

%e"e( a !#( a)a$+, $%+-4!( -e /(e(e !#a$%e0 Da )e -4!'ea(



a()( 000P(2#!(e((, $)+-a( )a -(! *(!&!e, 4( $-&$e+ )+ #)6($e+ a+*& *+((, 'e -a%ea )eaa%+ a -+'&()((, # 3a)+ 4! )ae $eg+$ea& )4(/a -e$)a( 8( *a%e#( e!ge2(0

F A%&!)( )e $%a( )& *4(!(e 4! $4! S+ *ege*, $+ -&!e**4!a -e 3a)+ < 2($e e-e'e Jea! Ba%0 A/e* !e/#(e 'e ea, 'e)(%e3&(e $+ "(e a !#a$%+0Se 4*-+(+ 4! '#&+ g&-e, &!a $&3 )#*a!'a &( Jea! Ba%,)eaa%+ $&3 )#*a!'a &( #3(!0 Jea! Ba% -&$e a )ae a%a)&4*-#%(/a -e$)a(#, a$%"e )a, 4! )a2 'e 4!"4!gee, $+ !& )a'+ %#(

-(2#!(e(0 P#!ea a a%a) Jea! Ba% )& %e( #a*e!(, (a '&-+ )4%e/a*(!&%e e $+ea 4! a;&%#, 'a)+ a *a( "( "#$% !e/#(e, #3(! )&

)e(a( '#( #a*e!(, a$%"e )a e!ge2(( $+ )ea'+ )+ $4!% 4!)#!;&a('e &! *ae !&*+ 'e "a!)e2(, )ae -#!($e+ 4*-#%(/a # 4!g&-&(0Tea3a *e$e *&% *a( &8# 'e)4% 48( 4!)6(-&($e+0 4! 3a)+'#*ea& a'4!) /e# 2e)e e!ge2(, )ae 6a3a !.a/ea& 'e -(*e;'(a)e.( a8%ea-%+0 L&a( -e !ea8%e-%a%e 8( 3&(*+)(( 'e $#*!, !()( !&*a( 4!)e)a+ $+ $e a-ee, )( $e -e'a+ !&*a('e)4%, 3&)&#8( )+

$)+-a& )& /(a+0 &+ ega( )#32+ 8( 4!%(!8( -e (a3+ a *ag(!ea -+'&((0A-#( )e( 8a-%e "a!)e2( /()%#(#8( $e &)a+ 4! 3a)+ 8(, #-+.%4!' )& -&%ee, $e %#-(+ 4! !#a-%e, -e 4!%(!$& "+*4!%a% a *+((,4! '&* $-e aa #0Se &*(!a 'e 2(&+ )4!' a;&!$e+ a Sa(!%.Ma#0

VI

CURAJUL ÎNRNGE VICLENIADa Jea! Ba% !& ea #*& )ae $+ (e%e &*(((e $&"e(%e 4!4!)6($#aea 'e a P*#&%60 4! "&!%ea &!e( e$)a'e -&%e!()e e#/( )& $e%e )#a$%ee A!g(e( a+%4!' '&8*a!(# )+ Jea! Ba% !&

-(e($e0 C& &! *ae !&*+ 'e /a$e e!ge2e8%( )a-%&a%e, $e 4!'e-.%+ $-e Bege!, -#% !#/eg(a!0 A)( '+'& -e$%e &! )+-(%a! 'e/a$ e!ge2, )ae !& $e -&%& #-( $+ !&.;L aa%e a'*(a(a -e!%&)&a;& 8( "a-%ee 'e *a(!a ae &( Jea! Ba%0

F A)( $4!%e* 4!%.&! -#% !e&%&, 4( 2($e )+-(%a!& e!ge2,



a$%"e )+ %e #g $+ -(*e8%( %#a%e "e()(%+(e *ee0 Ş( *.a8 $(*( )&'e#$e3(e #!#a% 'a)+, &(%4!' -e!%& # )(-+ '&8*+!(a %e)+%#ae'(!%e +(e !#a$%e, a( /e!( *4(!e $+ (e( *a$a 'e -4!2 -e 3#'&/a$&&( *e&0

Jea! Ba% +*a$e # )(-+ -e g4!'&(, a-#( +$-&!$e : F A8 "( -e"ea% $+ !e 4!%4!(* 4! ag& *+(( 8( $+ !e #"e.(* &!& a%&(a #3&2ee %&!&(# !#a$%e0 Da )&* !.a8 /ea $+

-a( *a( -#(%()#$ 'e)4% &! *a(!a a a!e(, -(*e$) (!/(%a(a'&*(%ae0A '#&a 2(, 4! &!("#*+ 'e )ee*#!(e, 4!a*a% !&*a( )& &! I

-($%#, Jea! Ba% $e (/( -e -&!%ea /a$&&( e!ge2, &!'e &! 8( 'e I$a!%(!ee 4 $a&%a+ )& e$-e)%0 A-#(, )a a # )#*a!'+ !e/+2&%+ I

4!)6($e+ '&*& $-e $)aa 'e )#3#4e $-e +* 8( 4!%(!$e+ Ia*ee a$&-a )#*a!'a!%&&( "a!)e20

F Jea! Ba%, e8%( -(2#!(e& *e& < $%(g+ )+-(%a!& e!ge2, Ia-#-((!'&.$e0 I!%4(a #a+ a( $)+-a%0 A)&* )e' )+ !& /e( *a( I$)+-a0 I! 4!)6($#aea '(! %&!& L#!'e( a& *a( +*a$ 4! 2('&( # I

-ee)6e 'e a!&( -e!%& *4(!(e 8( -()(#aee %ae 8( &! 3&%&) I!&*a( 3&! -e!%& )a-& +$%a -ea 4!'+2!e0

Jea! Ba%, &&(% # )(-+, -(/( 4! ;&0 F P(2#!(e& %+& A$%a !()(#'a%+, )+-(%a!e <A+%&( 'e e $e a"a &! 3&%#( )& -a" 'e -&8)+ '(! )ae $e4!)+)a& %&!&(e 'e 3#!2 ae /a$&&(0 C& # *(8)ae $)&%+,6#%+4%+, Jea! Ba% $)#a$e -($%#& 8( )& ea/a -e )a-a)& 3&.%#(&&(, 2($e :

F Da)+ # $(!g&+ *4!+ $e.!%(!'e $-e *(!e, a&!) %#% /a$&4! ae < T#( $e &(%a+ $-e e0 Ge$%& -e)($, "(g&a 6#%+4%+ '#/e.

'(+ e!ge2(# )+ Jea! Ba% !& g&*ea0 E ea ga%a $+.8( 'ea /(aa <'e)4% $+ )a'+ -(2#!(e0 V()e!(e( e!ge2e8%( 4( +$-&!'ea, )&* $e ;)&/e!ea, )&a;& e#&&(04! )#-(+(e, Jea! Ba% !& $e -&%a$e a%"e0 A)ea8( $&"e% ;"&$e$e ga%a $+ $e $a)("()e, 'e)4% $+ $&"ee # &*((e0 N& /#($e #ae)#-(& 'e #'(!(#a+ $+ $e a&!)e 4! a) '(! /4"& &!&( -&!, 'e)4%$+ "(e -(!$ 'e -#-(e%a& (/e2(( 8( '&$ a -(*+(e Ma(!a(( "a!)e2( 'e a +*, a&2(!' ga$& )#*a!'a!%&&(

# 8( /+24!' *(8)aea $a!%(!ee# e!ge2e, !+/+(+ 4!a*a(, [



#)&-a+ /a$& e!ge2 8( e(3ea+ -e )#*a!'a!%& #0 N& *&% '&-+ a)ea$%+ ($-a/+, L&'#/() a ^V.ea )6e*+ -eJea! Ba% a )&%ea $%+&)(%#ae 'e a Ve$a(e$0 E#& !#$%& )ae ('&$e$e # /(a+ a$-+ 'e *a(!a, !& a/ea *a!(ee -#e(%e 'e $a#! ;

8( 'e a)eea $(*-(%a%ea &( $%4!( '(!%& 4!)e-&% 6a2& )&%e!(# g+&!#8( a *(!%e 8( "+a!()(0Regee 4( $-&$e 4! a&2& %&%&# :

F C+-(%a!e Jea! Ba%, !e.a( a'&$ 8( !#&+, 8( a!e(,$e/()(( !e-e&(%e 'a%#(%+ )+#a "a(*a /#a$%+ $.a +$-4!'(% -e$%e+( 8( *+(0 V+ "e()(% -e!%& *+eee "a-%e 'e a*e 8( /+ !&*e$)'e a$%+2( )#*a!'a!% 'e e$)a'+0

F B(!e "a)(, $(e, +$-&!$e Jea! Ba% $-#!%a!, )&* 4(

ea "e&0C&%e!(( 8( '#a*!ee '(! $aa %#!&&( (23&)!(+ 4! 6#6#%e'e 4$0

N.a/ea& 'e )e 4'e0 E#& g+(!' a$%"e !& a+%a$e 4!g4*"ae'e #* a;&!$0 E 4!$&8( $e *(+ /+24!' )&* 6#6#%ea& "++ -#%#(e0

F Ce /.a a-&)a%, "4%a(#, 'e 4'e( a8a Z+(!' # '#a*!+ )ae $e %#-ea 'e 4$, $e a-#-(e 'e ea

8(.( 8#-%( : F D&*!ea%a, #)6(#a$#, %ae.*( -a)( )&* 42(000 Pe egea*ea )+ %e.a8 &a 'e !e/a$%+ )& )&!&!(e000 Ce 2()( La a&2& a)e$%e( -#-&!e(, )&%e!(( *a( $+ )a-e 'e 4$0 Re.gee.S#ae e "+)& $e*! $+ $e -#%#ea$)+ '&-+ )ae $-&$e :

F Rege%, Jea! Ba%, 'a '&)e$a 'e M#!%e$-a! e000 "a/#.(%a *ea0

F Mae !##) a(, $(e < S+ *a( 2()+ +8%(a )+ !#( '#( !.a/e*

g&$%&( ae$e <VIIÎN UNDUL MĂRIIE#& *+(# 4*-(!( 8( a%e "a-%e %#% a%4% 'e $%+&)(%e -e!%&)ae L&'#/() a ^V.ea 4 4!!#3(a "+)4!'&. )a/ae a #'(!&&(S"0 L&'#/()0 4! 17 (23&)!( &!& '(! )ee *a( *a( +23#a(e )aea/ea& $+ $)6(*3e 4!"+(8aea -&%e(# *a(%(*e0 Jea! Ba%, )ae%e)&$e 'e 'e a!(, $e 4*3#!+/( ge& 8( !& *a( a-&)+ $+ &-%e0

Z+)ea 4! -a% 8( $e /+()+ea :



F Ce $#a%+ )&'+ 8( !e*(#a$+ De )e #ae a* "#$% #$4!'(%$+ *# 4! -a% )a *&(e(e De )e !& *.a a%(!$ !()( $a3(a, !()(g#!&, !()( g6(&ea&a L&a(.*+, !& /ea& $+ *# 4! -a% <

F L(!(8%e8%e.%e, Jea!, 4 4*3(a $#(a &(, !& %e3&(e $ %e ag((

'a)+ /e( $ %e "a)( 3(!e0 F N& *+ a*+g(, 8%(& )+ a* $+ )a-0 Da !&.*( -a$+0 A$)&%+,"e*e(e, "(( )& &ae a*(!%e a )eea )e.( $-&! : '&-+ )e.#( 4!)6('e#)6((, $+ !& *+ 4!g#-a( )+.( -+-+' : (e$ '(! g#a-+ 8( /+ $&g&*

-e %#(0 S+ *+ '&)e( 4! ag& *+(( 8( $+.*( a&!)a( $%4/& 4!a-+0 A)##, 4! "&!'& *+(( e #)& *e&0 A)## *+ /#( $(*( 3(!e8( # $+ a* *&% 'e &)&0 Te3&(e $+ g+$e$) *+)a )4%e/a )#+3(('(! a)eea -e )ae e.a* $)&"&!'a%0 Vea& $+ e (a&, )+)( $4!% ae

*ee0 Ba8)a a* # g+*a'+ 'e -(e%e!( )ae *+ a8%ea-%+ a)##000000A8a $.a $"48(% Jea! Ba%, e#& *+(#0 C#-& $+& !e4!$&."e(% a "#$% 4!)e'(!a% /a&(#, -e)&* 4( "&$e$e &%(*a '#(!+0

N&*ee $+& -&%e8%e 4!$+ 8( a2( -e$%e *+(e -+*4!%&&(, )a # 3(&(!+ a )&a;&&( 8( a /(%e;(e(0 ALRED NOBEL

UN MESAGER AL PĂCIIA "#$% #'a%+000 &! %4!+ $&e'e2,)& /#(!+ '42+ 8( )& # (!%e(ge!+ $)(-(%#ae0 T#% )+&%4!' 4!*(!%e &! *(;#) *a( -a)%() 'e a 4!+%&a %+(a $%4!)(# '(! )aea)#!$%&)%#(# 'e '&*&(, a !+$)#)(% %e(3(a '(!a*(%+0Se !&*ea A"e' N#3e0 G4!'& &(, (!/e!%4!' '(!a*(%a, ea'#a $+ a;&%e a %+(eea '&*&(# -(! *&!(( 'e -(a%+0 Da #a*e!((, 4! !e/#(a # 'e a &)('e 4! +23#a(e, a& &*-&% )& ea

%#-(ee 8( 3#*3ee0C4!' A"e' N#3e 8(.a 'a% $ea*a )e a*+ '+)ea$)+ a -&$ 4!*4!a #a*e!(#, # $a3(e e)e 'e 'e2!+'e;'e (.a $%+-&!$ (!(8%ea$&"e%ea$)+0 Ş( a%&!)(, )& 3a!(( )48%(ga( '(! '+)ea$)a !+$)#)(e, a4!"((!a% Pe*(& N#3e, )ae e$%e, 'e 3&!+ $ea*+, &! -e*(& a

-+)((0V(aa &(, -(!+ 'e %&'+, -4!+ )4!' a e&8(% $+.8( /a'+ (!./e!(a 3(&(!', a "#$% '&-+ a)eea 4!e)a%+ 'e # )&*-(%+ a*++.

)(&!e0 I!/e!%a%#& N#3e a "#$% 'e-+8(% 'e -#-(a $a (!/e!(e 8(



a)ea$%a e$%e *aea %age'(e a /(e(( &(04!ge& -+)(( a 'e/e!(%, "++ $+ /ea, 4!ge& Neg& a +2.

3#(&&(, a8a )&* ea -#e)(%, -e )4!' %+(a, 'e )+%e '&8*a!(( $+(0I

AUDIENA LA ÎMPĂRATU! %4!+ 4!a%, $&3(e, )& #)6(( a3a8%(, $)+-++%#(, 'a )ae$e a)#-eea& &!e#( 'e # a'4!)+ *ea!)#(e, a$e*e!ea &!&( )e 'e

-(*+/a+ !+-+'(% 'e !#(, '+'ea #)# -aa%&&( ega '(! *(;#)&Pa($&&(0 De %e( 2(e 4!)e)a $a (!%e a #"(e& 'e $e/()(&, $-ea )ee # a&'(e!+ 4*-+a%&&(, 8( 'e "(e)ae 'a%+ ( $e +$-&!'ea )+($%a a&'(e!e# 4! a)ea 2( ea 4!)6e(a%+0Se 4!$)($e$e )& !&*ee, a%4% 'e -&(! )&!#$)&% -e /e*ea

a)eea, >A"e' N#3e, (!g(!e 8( (!/e!%a%#?0 V#(a $+ -e2(!%e*a;e$%+(( $ae (*-e(ae Na-#e#! a III.ea &! -#(e)% 'e &2(!+

-e!%& "a3()aea e5-#2(3(e#, 8(, %#%&8(, !& (23&%ea $+ "(e *+)a %e)&% -e ($%a 'e a&'(e!e0T4!+& a/ea 4!)e'ee 4! -#(e)%ee $ae 'e )ae a%4!a !&!&*a( /((%#& &(, 'a 8( *4!%&(ea 4!%eg(( "a*((( : %a%+, *a*a 8(%e( "a(, -e )ae.( +$a$e 4! -a%(e $++)(( 8( a*e!(!a( 'e )e'(.

%#(, 4! &*a a"a)e(# !e!##)#a$e ae %a%+&(04*-+a%& Na-#e#! a III.ea ea -e /e*ea a)eea )e *a( -&%e!() $&/ea! a E&#-e(, )e( *a( 3#ga% 8(, 4! a)ea8( %(*-, )e*a( 'a!()0 Da)+ !()( e !& /e!ea 4! a;&%#& %4!+&&( $&e'e2,A"e' N#3e ea -(e'&%0 A% )a- 4!)##!a% !.a "( 4!ee$ /a#aeaa)e# -#-&!e(0A %e(a 2( -(*( 'e a -#a%a -aa%&&( a)ea8( +$-&!$ :

F L($%a a&'(e!e# $.a 4!)6e(a%, *#!$(e&0 Te)e( *4(!e0

F Te) 'e %e( 2(e < $e.!)&*e%+ $+ +$-&!'+ %4!+&LO" (e& 'e ga'+ ('()+ '(! &*e( 8( *a( -(/( # 'a%+ -e %4!+.& $&e'e20

F C&* a( $-&$ )+ /+ !&*(( 000 4!%e3+ e, )&)e(% 'e )a'a$e(#2(%a%e 8( e!eg(a *($%e(#a$+ a %4!+&&(0A"e' N#3e $e %e*& $+ !& "(e -(e; 'e 3a%;#)&+0 T+)& #)(-+, a-#( +$-&!$e :

F N#3e, A"e' N#3e 8( /(& '(! S%#)6#*0

O"(e& 4!)&!%+ $-4!)e!ee $+.8( a'&)+ a*(!%e 'e a)e$%



!&*e )ae $&!a a%4% 'e )(&'a%, a-#( 8#-%( : F L&a( #) -e 3a!)a 'e (!g+ 6a/&2, *#!$(e&0 V+ a'&)4!'a%+ +$-&!$&0U(*(% 'e a)ea$%+ !ea8%e-%a%+ 3&!+/#(!+, %*+& $e 4!'e-%+

$-e 3a!)a a)eea &!'e '#( )#-((, &! 3+(a% 8( # "a%+, $&3 $&-a/eg6e.ea &!e( 3#!e, $e ;&)a& '4!' '&*& -e a-a 3a2(!&&( &!# /a-#.a8e 'e 64%(e0 A)ea$%+ ga(#a$+ 8( #'(6!(%#ae -(/e(8%e 4( a*(!%(,

-(! )#!%a$%, 23&)(&*& &( '(! &%(*(( a!(, &-%a '($-ea%+ a %a%+.&( $+& 'e a !& 'a "a(*e!%, !+'e;'ea "a*((e( )ae a8%e-%a 'e ae $a/aea0Se a8e2+ -e 3a!)a '(! "aa 6a/&2&&( 8(, ('()!' )a-& $-e)e, $#3( a'(!e ae& )&a% a g+'(!(( -aa%&&(0 A-#( $e a&2(

#$%(!' $(!g&, )& ;&*+%a%e ga$, 'a )& 6#%+4e $+3a%()+ : F Da)+ !& (23&%e$), !& *+ *a( 4!%#) a)a$+0A)e$% g4!', (2/#"% '(!%.# $&-e*+ '($-eae, 4 (!(8%(, )+)(8%(a )e a/ea 'e "+)&%0O"(e& 'e ga'+ $e 4!%#a$e '&-+ # ;&*+%a%e 'e #+, 2+( -e%4!+& $&e'e2 )ae, )& -a8( e-e2(, 4( (e8ea 4!%& 4!%4*-(!ae 8( 4("+)& $e*! $+ $e #-ea$)+ 4! '#$& &!&( %&"(8, 4!"#(%0 A)( 4( $-&$e:

F Ve( "( -(*(% 4! a&'(e!+, *#!$(e&0 Da %e3&(e $+ a(+3'ae /e# '#&+ $+-%+*!(0 N&*ee '&*(%ae e 'e aa%+(e( -e)a!e%& 'e a&'(e!e a *a;e$%+((.$ae0T4!+& +*a$e &&(%0

F Da !()( !.a* /#3(% 4!)+ ag6(#%a!%&&( 'e $e/()(&000 34(g&( e, '&-+ # )(-+0 F N.ae a "a)e, *#!$(e&0 (.a( 'a% !&*ee, e 'e a;&!$0 Se8%(e )+ a( &! -#(e)% 'e (!%ee$ *((%a0 Da, )a $+ a;&!g( 4! "aa

$&/ea!&&(, &*+ #"(e& 'e ga'+, e !e/#(e 4!%4( 'e &! a-#%a 8a*3ea!&&( a$&-a %e)&%&&(, )aa)%e&&( 8( ea((# '&*(.%ae0 E !& -#a%e "( a)+%&(% 'e)4% 4! 3a2a e"ea%&&( -e )ae. /a"a)e a$&-a '&*(%ae *(!($%& a!e(, 'e a S%#)6#!, )ae 8( eae !e/#(e 'e &! a-#% a age!(# 'e (!"#*a((, )ae000

F A* Î!ee$ 8(.( *&&*e$), '#*!&e #)#%e!e!%0 V#(a8%e-%a0

F A8a $+ 8( "a)(, *#!$(e&0 4*-+a%& !#$%& %e /a 4!eege

'(! '#&+ )&/(!%e 8( %e /a a;&%a0 Ae # (!(*+ 3&!+, *#!$(e&0



Ş( 4!%(!$e %!+&&( O *(!+ -(e%e!ea$)+0A" e' N#3e $&($e 8( 2($e :

F 4*( -ae +& )+ !& $4!% "#a $a& )#"e%a0 A8 "( -&%&% %(.*(%e "a*((e( '&*(%ae )4%e/a 3&)6e%e 'e "#( $a& )4%e/a %#%e )&

"(8)a, 'e-% *&&*(e -e!%& a;&%#& 8( $"a%& -e )ae *( e.a('a%0 Da )eea )e "a3() e& 4! S&e'(a !& $e -#a%e %(*(%e -(e%e!(# 8( 3(!e/#(%#(#000

F Ş( 'e )e !&, *#!$(e& F E& "a3()000 %(a2#%a% 'e g()e(!a0 E )e *a( -&%e!() e5. -#2(3( '(! )4%e $e )&!#$) -4!+ a2(0O"(e& 4$e '(! %#a%+ (!(*a, '4!'&.$e a # -a%e :

F N&, !& <000 Te #g $+ !& %(*(( "a*((e( *ee a$e*e!ea

'a&( L,Pe$%e '#&+ $+-%+*!(, &! age!% 'e -#((e a'&$e 4! #)&(!a%4!+&&( A"e' N#3e # (!/(%a(e )& (!$(g!ee )a$e( (*-e(ae,

-(! )ae #"(e& 'e $e/()(& 4 /e$%ea )+ -e$%e #-% 2(e, a #a !#&+'(*(!eaa, /a "( -(*(% 4! a&'(e!+ 'e *0 $0 Na-#e#! a III.ea 8()+ a&'(e!a /a '&a )(!)( *(!&%e0B&)&(a %4!+&&( "& !e+*&(%+0 Ca 8( )&* a "( 8( (23&%(% $+

)#!/(!g+ -e 4*-+a% 'e /a#aea e5-#2(3(&&( $+&, A"e' N#3e'e%e "&ga $-e -#8%+, $+ %(*(%+ 8( "a*((e(, a S%#)6#!, /e$%ea)ea 3&!+ "a*((e( )ae a8%e-%a )& a%4%a !e+3'ae 8( )ae -#a%e'e *&% -(e'&$e #()e !+'e;'e0 Da $e #-( #)&&(, I! *(;#)&%#%&a&&(, )a #/(% 'e %+$!e%0 Ce /a -&%eK $-&!e 4*-+a%&&( 4!%(*- 'e )(!)( *(!&%e C&* /a 4!eege 4*-+a%& !&*a( 4! )(!)(*(!&%e /a#aea "++ -ee)6e a !#&&( e5-#2(3( 000 Se /a 6#%+44*-+a%& !&*a( 4! )(!)( *(!&%e $+ -&!+ a '($-#2((a %4!+&&( 8(

!e)&!#$)&%&&( $&e'e2 $&*a &(a8+ !e)e$a+ )#!$%&((( &!e("a3()( 'e %(a2#%a% 'e g()e(!a A"e' N#3e /+2& 3(!e )+ !& /a -&%ea "a)e !(*(), )+ a&'(e!aea a))e-%a%+, 'e$(g&, 'e 3&!& $&/ea!, !&*a( '(! )&(#2(%a%e000Ce ea 'e "+)&% D#a !& /e!($e a Pa($ )a $+ $%4!g+ *4!a 4*-+.a%&&( < A)a$+, a S%#)6#!, %a%+, *a*a 8( "a((, a8%e-%a&, )&$&"e%& a g&+, )a A"e' N#3e $+ /(e 4!a-#( )& *4(!(e 4!)+)a%e'#'#a 'e a& &)(%#000

T4!+& $e 4!%#a$e e-e'e 4! )a*ea &( 8( $e -&$e !&*a('e)4%



-e &)& : $)($e &! &!g *e*#(& 4! (*3a $&e'e2+ -e )ae a-#( ((%a'&$e, )&* -&%&, 4! (*3a "a!)e2+, -e!%& a. 4!*4!a 4*-+.a%&&(0

F Da)+ !& /a /#( $+ *+ a$)&%e, )e -&(! $+ )(%ea$)+ -()(!a

-e!%& )ae a* /e!(% a Pa($ < 48( 2($e %4!+& $-e 2(&+, '&-+ )e$)($e$e %#a%+ !#a-%ea0 Ş( 4!%(!24!'&.$e 4*3+)a% 4! -a%, a'#*( 3&8%ea!0Ce $e -e%e)&$e 4! a)e$% %(*- a -aa% 000Şa*3ea!& -e2e!%a$e $&/ea!&&( a-#%& 'e a S%#)6#*a *(!($%&&( "a!)e20 Na-#e#! a III.ea, )ae !& -e/e'ea +2.

3#(& )& Ge*a!(a, +23#( )ae a/ea $+ (23&)!ea$)+ -e$%e )4(/aa!(, 4! 17, )(%( %e5%& 4! )ae $e -#/e$%ea ($%#(a "a*((e( &(

N#3e '(! S&e'(a, )& &8&(!a )& )ae a "( )(%(% &! #*a!0 A-#(,'#(%# 'e a )&!#a8%e -e &!& '(! *e*3(( a)e$%e( )(&'a%e 8( 23&)(&.*a%e $-(e 'e #a*e!(, a-#3+ a&'(e!a &( A"e' N#3e04!%.a'e/+, 23&)(&*a%+ $-(+, 'e )ae 4*-+a%& /#3( 4!%.#$ea+ 8( "&*#a$e( 4*-++%e$e E&ge!(a, )ae 'e a$e*e!ea '#( $+)&!#a$)+ -e %4!+& $&e'e20000E*a!&e N#3e, 4!%e*e(e%#& "a*((e(, !e*&&*(% 'e $+.

+)(a -a%(e(, )ae e *a( *&% a)#-e(%+ 'e 2+-e2( 8( &!'e #a*e!((%+(e$) # ;&*+%a%e a! '(! %+(eea e*!e# 8( )eaa%+ ;&*+%a%e '(!)#!$%&)(a /a-#ae#, -e)+ 'e %(*-&(& 4! Eg(-%, &!'e &)+ )aa6(%e)% a g&/e!a%#&&(0 Eg(-%&, #) 'e 4!%!(e a %e( )#!%(.!e!%e, !& 4*3#g+ea 4!$+ -e #()(!e0 E*a!&e N#3e, !e!##)#$,$e 4!%#a$e 4! -a%(e, &!'(e 'e/e!( -#"e$# a U!(/e$(%a%ea '(!S%#)6#*, )a $-e)(a($% 4! a6(%e)%&+ 8( )#!$%&)(( *e)a!()e0 4! R&$(a ( $e -#-&$e &( E*a!&e N#3e $+ 4!%e*e(e2e &!

a%e(e 'e )#!$%&)(( *e)a!()e 4! a-#-(ee 'e Pe%e$3&g, )ae'e/e!( "a3()+ 'e *(!e 8( 'e %#-(e0I23&)!($e +23#(&0 R&$(a %e3&(a $+ $e a-ee 4*-#%(/a "#%e.# a!e( 8( A!g(e( a(a%e0 Ce%+&(a `#!$%a'%, '(! "aa Pe%e$.

3&g&&(, %e3&( $+ $&-#%e a$e'(& '&8*a!(#0 T#% a$%"e 8( Se./a$%#-#& 'e a Maea Neag+0 M(!ee 8( %#-(ee, )ae (e8ea& '(!"a3()a &( E*a!&e N#3e, a;&%a& R&$(a $+ e2($%e a%a)a%#(#0Da '&-+ 4!)e%aea +23#(&&( )#*e!2(e $%a%&&( $)+2&+0

A$%"e $e 4*-&(!a+ 8( /e!(%&(e "a3()(# N#3e, )ae %e3&(e



%#%&8( $+ 'ea 'e &)& a *(( 'e &)+%#(0B+%4!& )#!$%&)%# $e g4!'( $+ 4!%e*e(e2e # $#)(e%a%e 'e!a/(ga(e -e "&/(& V#ga, )e *a( &!g )&$ 'e a-+ '(! E&#-a 8($ "a3()e /a-#ae -#%(/(%e "&/(&&(0 Da a"a)eea !& -(!$e,

"(*a '+'& "a(*e!%0D&-+ *a( 3(!e 'e 2e)e a!(, 3+%4!& N#3e $e.!%#a$e4! -a%(e0A"e' N#3e, &!& '(! "((( (!g(!e&&(, a &)a% -4!+ a 8a-%e.$-e2e)e a!( 4! a%e(eee '(! R&$(a ae %a%+&(, )& g4!'& 'e a'e/e!( 8( e (!g(!e )#!$%&)%#0 A-#( F -e)&* ea #3()e(& 4!"a*(((e $&e'e2e F %4!+& A"e' "& %(*($ $+ $e -e"e)(#!e2e (a8a!%(eee !a/ae '(! A*e()a, ae )ee3&&( (!g(!e $&e'e2 J#6!

E()$#!, -(e%e!& '(! )#-(+(e a &( E*a!&e N#3e0T4!+& A"e' &)+ a)( -4!+ a /4$%a 'e 'e a!(, )4!' $e4!a-#(e 4! R&$(a, &!'e %#)*a( (23&)!($e +23#(& C(*ee(0 D&-+)e $e -+3&8(+ 4!%e-(!'e(e -+(!%e8%(, $e.!%#a$e+ )& %#(( 4!S&e'(a0A)( 4!%e*e(a+ # "a3()+ 'e e5-#2(3(e, )ae, $-e a -&%ea

-#'&)e )a!%(%+( 4!$e*!a%e 'e *a%e(a, a/ea !e/#(e 'e a;&%#&

&!# *a( )a-(%a(8%(0De &!'e -&%ea $-ea "a*((a N#3e $+ g+$ea$)+ 3a!(( !e)e$a()a "a3()a $+ !& 'ea "a(*e!% 8( 4! S&e'(a 000 De$(g& )+ 4! a!.a, )ae, -e /e*ea a)eea, ea 4! -(!+ -#$-e(%a%e, )+)( a)## $e$%4!$e$e+ )e( *a( 'e $ea*+ )a-(%a(8%( a( )#!%(!e!%&&(0I! '(*(!eaa 4! )ae $e -e2e!%+ a -aa%, %4!+& A"e' N#3ea/ea 4! 3&2&!a& (!%e(# a 6a(!e( &! a*+!&!(% *e*#(&, 4!)ae 'e$)(a -e$-e)%(/ee e)#!#*()e, -#(%()e 8( *((%ae ae &!e(

*a( "a3()( 'e e5-#2(3(e, 4!%e*e(a%e )& a;&%#& a!e(0U! a)6e& 4! "(e%&( 4 )#!'&$e '(! )a*ea #"(e&&( 'e$e/()(& -e &! ga!g &!g 8( 4!%&!e)#$0 Pa8(( $e 4!"&!'a& 4!%.&!)#/# *#ae, *+%+$#$0 4! 'e-%& &!e( &8( $)&-%a%e, A"e' N#3e"& $a&%a% 8( &a% 4! -(*(e 'e a( '#( a)6e( )ae %e)&+ )& e

-(!%.&! $a#! /a$%, )& -ee(( a)#-e(( 'e %a3#&(, -e )&#(e)+#a ;&)a& &*(!(e $#ae&( 'e '(*(!ea+ )e -+%&!'ea -(!"ee$%ee 8( -e'eee 'e 6#3#%+ a3+0

4! *(;#)& $a#!&&( $e a"a # *a$+ #%&!'+, a&(%+ 8( 4! ;&.



& e( $)a&!e )& $-e%e2e 4!)#/#(a%e, '(! e*! $)&-%a% 8( *+. I%a$e /(8(!(e0Ce( '#( a)6e( 4 -++$(+ a()(,, "++ a.( $-&!e &! )&/4!% 8( '($. I

-+&+ -e '#&+ &8( #-&$e0 Pe$%e '%e/a '(-e $e (/( # '#a*!+ )& I

%e!+ &!g+, )& # "(2&+ 3+a(e, 4!a%+, )& $&4$ ag -e$%e '(!((a3(, )ae /e!( )& *(!a 4!%(!$+ $-e %4!+& $&e'e20A3(a )4!' "&*#a$a 8( ga(#a$a '#a*!+ $e a-#-(e 'e e,A"e' N#3e 2+( '(a'e*a 'e '(a*a!%e *()( 4!"(-%+ 4! 3&)e,'ea$&-a "&!((, 8( 4!ee$e )+ $e a"a 4! "aa 4*-++%e$e( E&ge!(a0T4!+& "+)& # -e)+)(&!e a'4!)+ 8( $+&%+ )& /4"& 3&2e#,e*#(#!a%, *4!a a3+, )a%("ea%+ a $&/ea!e(0

F (!ea* $+ %e )&!#$), '#*!&e N#3e, 2($e 4*-++%ea$a,

'&-+ )e $e a8e2+ -e &!& '(! $)a&!ee $)&-%a%e, 4! %(*- )e %4!+&+*a$e !e*(8)a% 4! -()(#ae0 E8%( &! %4!+ a)%(/0 A( /(2(%a% )e -&.(! %e( +(, S%a%ee U!(%e ae A*e()((, R&$(a 8( a)&* a!a0 T(.!e(( !#8%( -a(2(e!( a3(a 'a)+ "a) # )++%#(e -4!+ a Ve$a(e$,)a $+ /a'+ #)&(e 'e -e%e)ee ae Rege&(.S#ae 8( $e.!%#) !&.*a('e)% a Pa($, a /(aa &8#a+ 8( $(*a!'()#a$+0T4!+&, 4! "aa 4*-++%e$e(, %+)ea, "+*4!%4!' 'ege%ee 'e.a

&!g& -a!%a#!(#, !e8%((!' 'a)+ ea 4!'a%#a% $+ +$-&!'+ )e/a0 F N.a( /ea $+ +*4( a !#(, 4! a!a A( "( # -('+ 3&!+'e &*a%< 2($e 4*-++%ea$a, -(/(!'&. 'e-% 4! #)6(0A"e' N#3e +$-&!$e :

F 4! a!a $a& 4! S&e'(a, e a)ea8( &)&, *a;e$%a%e0 G4!.'& -e )ae. &*+e$) 4!$+ (! $+. 4!"+-%&(e$) 4!%4( a *(!e a)a$+,&!'e /#( a/ea a;&%#& %a%e( 8( a "a(# *e(, *a( -()e-&('e)4% *(!e0

F O < Ce *#'e$%(e < e5)a*+ 4*-++%ea$a, %#)*a( 4! )(-a)4!' $e 'e$)6($e &8a '(! "&!'0U! ge!ea 4!a%, $&3(e, )& *&$%+( *a( 8( 3a3(8#!, $ea-#-(e 4!)&!%a% 'e %4!+& $&e'e2 8(.( 4!%(!$e *(!a0 Ea Na-#.e#! a II.ea0 4!a-#(a &( /e!ea &! a)6e& )ae '&)ea # $e/(e%+

-(!+ )& a)%e, (a 4!a-#(a a)6e&&( &! a% #"(e, 4! /4$%+ 8( &!'#*! 4! !eg& )& *#!#)&0A"e' N#3e $%4!$e *4!a 4*-+a%&&(, 4!)(!4!'&.$e a'4!)0

F D&*!ea%a e8%( $&e'e2& )& e5-#2(3(e 000



A"e' N#3e !& a-&)+ $+ +$-&!'+, )+ 4*-+a%& &*+ : F I'eea '&*(%ae e (!%ee$a!%+ 8( 'e /((%#, 'e$(g&, 'a)+/e( a'&)e #ae)ae 4*3&!+%+(( a)e$%&( %(a2#%a% 'e g()e(!a0 A*(*-e$(a )+ e "#a%e -e()&#$, 4! -(*& 4!' -e!%& )e( )ae 4

*4!&(e$)0 Ce' )+.! a)ea$%+ '(e)(e %e3&(e $+ $e 4!'e-%e $"#.+(e '&*(%ae0A"e' N#3e a "( /#(% $+ aa%e 4*-+a%&&( )+ e5-e(e!ee8%((!("()e $4!% "#a%e )#$%($(%#ae, (a "a3()a(a %(a2#%a%&&( 'eg()e(!a %e3&(e $+ -e*eag+ 4*3&!+%+((( e(0 Da 4*-+a%&)ae, 4!)&!%a%, !& ('()a$e 4!)+ -(/((e 'e -e )#/#, -+ea "#a%eg+3(% 8( &*+ :

F A( "+)&% 3(!e )+ *( %e.a( a'e$a% *(e0 S4!% %#%'ea&!a

3&)&#$ $+ eg !&*ee *e& 8( a a!e( 'e $"#+(e )ae -eg+.%e$) -#ge$&0T+)& # )(-+, a-#( /& $+ -e)e0 Da $e +2g4!'( 8( -(/( 'e-%4! "a+ -e %4!+& $&e'e20 M#'e$%(a 8( $"(()(&!ea &( 4( -+.)&+0 Ş#-%( :

F S+ )e( #"(e&&( 'e $e/()(& $)($#aea -e )ae (.a* +.$a%.#0 N.a( !e/#(e 'e *a( *&%0

Ş( )& -a8( *a( $e.!'e-%+ $-e 4*-++%ea$a E&ge!(a, -e )ae -4!+ a%&!)( -a)+ !()( !.# /+2&$e, 4( #"e( 3a& ).&! $&4$ )a''e e)&!#a8%ee 8( a*4!'#( (e8(+ '(! $a#!0 La)6e&, #"(e& 3+.%4! 8( '#*!& )& *#!#)& 4( &*a+, "++ a a&!)a # -(/(e %4!+.&&( A" e' N#3e0A&'(e!a (!&$e e5a)% )(!)( *(!&%e0A" e' N#3e -(/( 4! ;&, !e*a(8%((!' -e )ae &8+ $+ -e)e0Da )e( '#( a)6e( $e (/(+ (a 8(, )& a)ea8( )ee*#!(a )a *a(

4!a(!%e, 4 '&$e+ -4!+ a #"(e& 'e $e/()(&0 T4!+& ea a*+4%0 N& "&$e$e 4! $%ae $+ /#3ea$)+ &! $(!g& )&/4!%, !& "&$e$e +$a%# /#3+ $+ #$%ea$)+, (a *e*#(&, -e )ae. $)($e$e )& a%4%a 4!."(g&ae, $e a"a %#% 4! 3&2&!a& &(0Da -#a%e )+.! $)($#aea 4*-+a%&&( $e a"a )e)& )& &! *(.(#!000 '#&+000 $a& )6(a )(!)( *((#a!e 'e "a!)(, )& a;&%#& )+#a$+ 4!%e*e(e2e 4! S&e'(a 8( *a( %42(& 4! a!a )4%e/a "a3()( 'e%(a2#%a% 'e g()e(!a0

O"(e& 'e $e/()(& 4 4!*4!+ &! -() *ae, -e )ae $e a"a&



(!$(g!ee a!e(0 A"e' N#3e /+2& '(!%.# a&!)+%&+ 'e #)6()+ -e -() !& $e a"a !&*ee &(, )( &!& $%+(!0O"(e& 'e $e/()(& 4 +*&( :

F S)($#aea e -e!%& 3a!)6e& Pee(e0 O /e( '&)e 3a!.

)6e&&(0A"e' N#3e $e $(*( )&-(!$ 'e # 3&)&(e "++ *ag(!(0 N&*a( 4!)+-ea !()( # 4!'#(a+ )+ 3a!)6e& -(*ea &! #'(! '(!

-a%ea 4*-+a%&&( $+ /e$e a'&)+%#&&( $)($#(( $&*a !e)e$a+ -e!%& 4!%e*e(eea &!e( "a3()(0 F Da !& /+' a'e$a &( Pee(e000, "+)& %4!+&, )ae -(./ea )& #)6( *a( -()&, (!4!'&. 3(!e )& a*4!'#&+ *4(!(e0

F N& e !e/#(e 'e a'e$+ < +$-&!$e #"(e& 'e $e/()(& 24*.

3(!'0 Ba!)a Pee(e ae "((ae 4! %#a%e )a%(eee *a( 'e $ea*+ aePa($&&(, (a )e!%aa e 4! B&e/a'& Sa(!%.Ge*a(!0 Te '&)ea)## #()e %+$&+0A"e' N#3e a;&!$e a )e!%aa 3+!)(( Pee(e -e a #a&!$-e2e)e 4!a(!%e 'e a*(a2+0 La 4!)e-&% !& /& $+ 'ea $)($#aea'e)4% '#*!&&( Pee(e, Da '!' a"+ )+ '#*!& Pee(e !& -(.*e8%e -e !(*e!( 4!a(!%e 'e a 8%( 'e$-e )e e$%e /#3a, %4!+& 'e%e

$)($#aea 'e a 4*-+a%0D&-+ )%e/a *(!&%e, '(! 3(#& '#*!&&( Pee(e (e8( a)ea8("&!)(#!a )ae.( &a$e $)($#aea 8(.( 2($e :

F D#*!& '(e)%# Pee(e /+ #ag+ $+ %e)e( '&-+ #a&!&0 I! a)e$% *#*e!% e "#a%e #)&-a% )& age!(( 'e 3&$+0 Sa&'a)+ !& -&%e( a2(, 4! #()e a%+ 2(, 4!a(!%e 'e #a !#&+ '(*(!eaa$a& '&-+ #a &!&0A"e' N#3e &&(% # )(-+, 'e -a)+ .a "( #/(% )(!e/a 4!

*#aee )a-&&(, e$-(+ a'(!e, a-#( +$-&!$e '(2 : F V#( a8%e-%a -4!+ a #a &!&0Ş( +*a$e 4! -()(#ae I! $aa 'e a8%e-%ae 'e a -(*& e%a;a $#*-%&#a$e( )+'(( 4! )ae $e a"a& 3(#&(e )ee3e( 3+!)( Pe.e(e d C#0, -(! )ae %e)ea& *ee& %#% "e& 'e (!8(, )& "(g&( 4!.)&!%a%e, -e#)&-a%e, %#( "#a%e g+3((0A3(a a #a '#&+ "++ &! $"e%, A"e' N#3e "& (!%#'&$ 4!

3(#& '#*!&&( Pee(e0

Ba!)6e&, &! 3+%4! $)&!', )& -+& a3, )& "aa #a)6e8+, a%



4! $-a%e 8( )& *4(!(e $)&%e -e )ae %#% %(*-& e (!ea $&3 3(#&'e -a)+ a$)&!'ea )e/a, ('()+ -(/((e 'e -e 64%((e '(!a(!%ea&(0 +)& &! $e*! )& )a-& a+%4!' !#&&( /e!(% &! "#%#(& ag'(! a-#-(eea 3(#&&(0

++ a #$%( &! )&/4!%, A"e' N#3e &+ #)0B+%(!& Pee(e *a( )e)e%+ # )(-+ 64%((e, 'e -e 3(#&, ea'&!+ e-e'e, /e!( 'e $e a8e2+ 4! a% "#%#(&, 4! "aa *&$a"(&&(0Se 3+%& )& a*!'#&+ -a*ee 'e ge!&!)6( 8( (23&)!(:

F S+ /e'e* a)&* )e -&%e* "a)e -e!%& '.%a <000 A* )(%(%$)($#aea $&/ea!&&( !#$%& 8( %e "e()(% -e!%& "a-%& )+ (.a( )&.)e(% 3&!+/#(!a0 (! $+ %e a!&! 4!$+ )+ $&/ea!& !#$%&, )aeae # (!(*+ e5)ee!%+, $e -()e-e "#a%e -&(! 4! a"a)e(, a8a )+000

Ba!)6e& #"%+, a-#( &*+ : F D(! (!"#*a((e -e )ae e a*, e(e$e )+ "a)( -a%e '(!%.#"a*((e 'e %e6!()(e!( $&e'e2(, )+ a( a/&% # 4!%e-(!'ee 'e )#!.$%&)(( *e)a!()e 8( &! a$e!a 4! R&$(a, 8( )+ a( 'a% "a(*e!%0A-+$4!' -e &%(*& )&/4!%, 3a!)6e& $e #-( # )(-+ 8( -(/(a$)&(% 4! "(g&a $e(#a$+ a %4!+&&( $&e'e2, )ae 8( 'e 'a%aa)ea$%a +*a$e *&%,

Ba!)6e& #"%+ (a, a-#( &*+ : F S&/ea!& 4*( $)(e $+.( 'a& %#% $-(;(!& 'e )ae a( !e/#(e -e!%& 4!%e*e(eea &!e( "a3()( 'e e5-#2(3(e 4! S&e'(a, )+%e -()e-( a %(a2#%a%& 'e g()e(!a, 'e )ae !#( -a(2(e!(( 6a3a !.a/e*, 8( )+ a!a /a "( #'a%+ *4!'+ 'e a;&%#& -e )ae ( .a'a%0 A$%a.*( $)(e $&/ea!&.00 Da 'e )e !& %e a;&%+ a!a 000 De)e %e %(*(%e $&/ea!& a *(!e 000 (23&)!( 3+%4!& 3a!)6e0Ş( ('()4!'&.$e, 4!)e-& $+ &*3e ag(%a% -(! 4!)+-ee, $%4!.

g4!'&.8( !e/#$ *4(!(e a $-a%e0A"e' N#3e $e ('()+ 8( eL F N&, !& -e)a <000 2($e 3a!)6e& a-#-((!'&.$e e-e'e 'ee0 S)($#aea $&/ea!&&( e )a%eg#()+ : '#e8%e $+.( 'a& # *4!+'e a;&%# 8( $&/ea!& !& -#a%e "( e"&2a%0 Ia #), %e #g, 8( $+ )6(3.2&(* -&(! < *a( a'+&g+ 3a!)6e&, 'e 'a%a a)ea$%a )& ga$ 3a;(!,&4!' #) 4! "#%#(&0A"e' N#3e $e a8e2+ 'e a$e*e!ea0

F a*((a '&*(%ae a *a( 'a% # 'a%+ "a(*e!%0 Vea $+ 'ea



8( a '#&a #a+, $&3 !&*ee '&*(%ae 000 F I! )6e$%(a %(a2#%a%&&( 'e g()e(!a, '#*!&e Pee(e, !& -#a%e 'a "a(*e!%< 2($e )& 6#%+4e A"e' N#3e0 A* &! -#)e.'e& )ae "a)e *a( -&(! -e()&#a$+ )a -4!+ a)&* *!&(ea &(0

T4!+& 48( %a$e ae 4! -(e-% 8( &*+ )& 8( *a( *&%+4!)e'ee : F C& *e%#'a *ea, %(a2#%a%& 'e g()e(!a /a 'e/e!( &! e5. -#2(3( "##$(%# %&%&# (!g(!e(# 8( !e)e$a a3$#&% %&%&# )#!.'&)+%#(# 'e a*a%e0 V+ a$(g&, '#*!&e Pee(e, )+000Ba!)6e& 4 #-( )& &! ge$% $)&%:

F U! #* 'e a"a)e( !& /4+ &! )a-(%a a%4% 'e *ae )4% )ee4!%e*e(eea &!e( (!'&$%((, !&*a( -e %e*e(& &!e( *e%#'e 4!)6(.

-&(%e, 4!)+ !eea(2a%e0 P()e-(, '#*!&e N#3e 000 P&!e.( *e.%#'a 4! -a)%()+, "+.!e '#/a'a )+ *e%#'a e 3&!+ 8( a%&!)(000

F 4*( /e( 'a $&*a 4!%eag+ 'e )ae a* !e/#(e 4!%e3+%4!+& )& %#a%+ ga3a0Ba!)6e& ('()+ 4! ae *4!a 'ea-%+ 8( a-e)+ -&(! )a-&4!%.# -a%e :

F A$%a 'e-(!'e 'e 4*-e;&+(0 Ve2( '&*!ea%a, 4! a)e$%

*#*e!% )ee *a( 4!$e*!a%e )a-(%a&( $e '&) )+%e $#)(e%+(e 'e)ae "ea%+, )ae $4!% a%4% 'e $(g&e, $e 4!*&e$) -e "(e)e 2( )e %e)e8( 'a& )48%(g&( a%4% 'e *a(0 4*( /e( $-&!e )+ %&!e&(e !& /#

-&%ea "( $%+-&!$e "++ a;&%#& %(a2#%a%&&( 'e g()e(!a000:F 4!%#)*a(< 2($e A"e' N#3e0

F Da %&!e&(e $4!% *&% *a( -&(!e 'e)4% !&*+& #)#.*#%(/e#, /ag#a!e# 8( !&*+& (#*e%(# 'e 8(!e )ae %e.

3&(e )#!$%&(%e &ge!%0 N& /ea& $+ %e 'e$)&a;e2, '#*!&e N#3e0

S.a -&%ea )a *e%#'a '&*(%ae $+ "(e "#a%e 3&!+0 Ia%+ 4( /#( 'a -(e;& $.# e5-e(*e!%e2(, )e/a *a( %42(& )6(a a()(, 4!%.&! a. 3#a%# '(! 4*-e;&(*(e Pa($&&(0 La$+ 'e # -a%e (!'&$%(a%(a2#%a%&&( 'e g()e(!a0 Ş%(& )+ a( &)a% 4! A*e()a, 4! R&$(a000Te /+' -(! 'e e!eg(e, 'e '#(!a 'e a e&8( 4! /(a+0 Ce.a "( $++*4( 'e#)a*'a%+ a *(!e, 4! 3a!)+, a 4!)e-&% a $e/()(&'e )#e$-#!'e!+ )& $%+(!+%a%ea, )e/a *a( %42(& )a age!% 'e

3&$+ 8( 'a)+000

F N&, '#*!&e Pee(e < 4 4!%e&-$e A"e' N#3e, ('(.



)4!'&.$e 'e a #)& &(0 N.a* /e!(% $+ /+ )e # $&;3+0 A* /e!(%$+ /+ #g $+ $-(;(!(( 4!%e*e(eea &!e( "a3()( 'e e5-#2(3(e,)ae, $4!% $(g&, )+ /a a'&)e 4! )&4!' 3e!e"()(( %#% a%4% 'e *a( )a8( $#)(e%+(e 'e )+( "ea%e0 Pe!%& a)ea$%+ "a3()+ a* /e!(% a

Pa($ 8( a* )e&% a&'(e!+ 4*-+a%&&(0 Da)+ 4!$+000B+%4!& 3a!)6e 4 -#%#( )& &! ge$% a *4(!(( : F N&.*( -#*e!( (a 'e $&/ea!& !#$%& <000 Da)+. a*e$%e.)+* 8( -e e, $#)#%e(e 8( )6(32&(!+ !#a$%+ !& *a( "a) '#&+ -a.ae < V#(a* $+ %e "ee$) -e '&*!ea%a 'e !#( $&-++( "(!a!)(ae,'&-+ )ee $&"e(%e 'e %a%+ '&*(%ae, 8( $+ #)#%e$) 8( 3a!(( *e( 'e&! ($) -e )ae. /+' a%4% 'e *ae, )+ e a-#a-e ega )& # -(e'ee0O "a3()+ 'e e5-#2(3(e !& $e -#a%e 4!%e*e(a "++ # ;&*+%a%e 'e

*((#! 'e "a!)( )e -&(!0. F O < M(e 4*( %e3&(e *a( -&(! < +$-&!$e A"e' N#3e0 F Ş( )&* !.a8 -&%ea /+$a $(!g& # ;&*+%a%e 'e *((#! 'e"a!)(, a "( !e/#(e 'e a)+%&(ea &!e( $#)(e%+( -e a)(&!(000 Pe 'ea%+ -a%e, $&/ea!& *+ #ag+ $+ !& %e a*(! 8( $+.( 'a&

3a!(( !&*a('e)4%0 F O < 4*-+a%& e -ea 3&! < "+)& A"e' N#3e0

F C& '&*!ea%a, 'a < Ma( -&(! 4!$+ )& 3a!(( *e( <000 2($e 3a!)6e& a&!)4!' # -(/(e -(e2(8+ $-e )6(-& (&*(!a% 'e "e(.)(e a %!+&&(0 O $&%+ 'e *(( 'e "a!)( 4( a;&!g 000T4!+& +*a$e # )(-+ -e g4!'&(0

F Da < +$-&!$e e $)&%, *&&*(%0 F B(!e <000 e5)a*+ 3a!)6e& %#% a%4% 'e *&&*(%0 I( 'a&# $&%+ 'e *(( 'e "a!)(, 'a a* # &g+*(!%e, &!a $(!g&+ : a(

3a!( $+ !&.*( *a( )e( 8( !()( $+ !&.*( $)(( )e.a( "+)&% )& e(0 N&.(

$)#% '(! )a$(e(a 3+!)((, (.( 'a& '(! 3&2&!a& *e&0 4*( 4!)6(-&()+ a* ;&)a% a )+( 8( (.a* -(e'&%0Ş( 3a!)6e&, "++ a *a( a8%e-%a +$-&!$& %!+&&(, %e)& a

3(#&, $)#a$e '(! $e%a& 'e a *(;#) &! )a!e%, )#*-e%+ &! )e))& # $)(ee *+&!%+, 4!g(;(%+, 8(. 4!%(!$e &( A"e' N#3e, "++a *a( ('()a -(/((e0

F N& %e3&(e $+ /+ -a+ +&, '#*!&e Pee(e, 2($e %4!+&$&e'e2 &4!' )e)&0 V#( "##$( 3a!(( a)e8%(a )& %#a%+ )6(32&(!+0

Ş(000 -#a%e /e( a&2( 4! )&4!' 'e -#'&$ee "a3()(( *ee0



F I! #()e )a2 4( &e2 !##) < 2($e 3a!)6e&0 F M&&*e$) < +$-&!$e %4!+&, 4*-+%&(!' )e)& 8( /44!.'&. )& g(;+ 4! -#%*#!e&0

F N.a( 'e )e $+.*( *&&*e8%(0 N##)& '.%ae e 8( 4! (!%e.

e$& *e&0 N& /e( *a( %e)e -e a Na-#e#! a III.ea $+.( 'ea$)($#( 'e e)#*a!'a(e, (a 3a!)6e& Pee(e !& /a *a( "( $((%$+ -+%ea$)+, '(! 3&2&!a& &( -e$#!a, #!#aea 'e a "( a*()&$&/ea!&&(<

IIE^PLOZII < E^PLOZII <0>e()(%, %4!+& N#3e $e.!%#a$e 4! -a%(e 8( ea ga%a, 4*.

-e&!+ )& )e( %e( "a( a( $+(, $+ 4!)ea-+ )#!$%&)(a "a3()(( 'e e5. -#2(3(e0 Da 3+%4!& N#3e $e 4*-#%(/(0 F N& a/e( /#(e, 2($e e "((# $+( !e+3'+%#(, $+ 'a( ge80A"e' a (23&%(% $+ a'&)+, -(! 3&!+/#(!a &( Na-#e#! a III.ea,# $&%+ 'e *(( 'e "a!)(0 N& e # $&*+ -ea *ae, 'a a%a !& /a*a( g+$(, 'a)+ 4!)e)aea a$%a !& e&8e8%e0 (( 'e)( )& *ae 3+.gae 'e $ea*+0 T(a2#%a%& 'e g()e(!a %e3&(e -e$)6(*3a% 4!%.#

*a%e(e $#('+, )ae $+ !& e5-#'e2e a )ea *a( *()+ a%(!gee, )(a # #/(%&+ *a( -&%e!()+, 4! a8a "e )a a)e )ae &*3+ )& ea $+a(3+ -&%(!a $+ $e 'e-+%e2e )4% *a( *&%0 A%"e, $+(* 4!ae )& %#((0A"e', )ae $e '#/e'($e *a( ($)&$(% 'e)4% )e(a(, 4!)e-& $+)a&%e # *a%e(e -(! )ae $+ $%(!g+ # -a%e '(! "#a %(a2#%a%&&('e g()e(!a 8( $+.( 'e 4! a)ea8( %(*- )aa)%e& &!&( )#- $#('0D&-+ !&*e#a$e )e)e%+(, 4!%.# *aga2(e '(! "&!'& )&((,

-&!4!'&.8( /(aa 4! -e()# )& "(e)ae 4!)e)ae, A"e' N#3e $e#-( a -a"& 'e )+3&!e0 T(a2#%a%& 'e g()e(!a a "#$% (*-eg!a% -e -a"& 'e )+3&!e, )ae $e g+$e8%e *a( &8# 4! #()e )a!%(%+(, -e &! -e *()0 N#& a*e$%e) ae 4!$+ &! -+)a%: (a "#) !&*a( 4!a%(!gee )& # "a)++ '(! a"a+, "a-% )ae -&!e 4! *ae !e$(g&.a!+ /(aa )e&( )e a *4!&( e5-#2(3(&0Da, g4!'(!' 4!'e&!g, %4!+& )6(*($% g+$( &! ea) 8( a)e$%&(

3e%e8&g0 V44 &! "#)#$ '(! -a" 'e -&8)+, 4!+&!%& g6(&ee( 'e

%(a2#%a% 'e g()e(!a a*e$%e)a%+ )& )+3&!e0 4! "e& a)e$%a e5-#.



2(3(& $+ea 4! ae !&*a( a%&!)( )4!' ea #/(% )& -&%ee $a& )+'ea'e a 4!+(*e048( 3e/e%+ !#&a (!/e!(e 4! S&e'(a 8( "a*((a $e -&$e -e &)&,#ga!(24!' 4! a*+!&!(*e # "a3()+ 'e e5-#2(3(e, -e %e*e(&

a)e$%e( (!/e!((0 4!%e-(!'eea 4!)e-& $+ -#'&)+ e5-#2(3(e 4!(&(e 1 8( )#*e!2(e /e!(+ 4!'a%+ 'e -e%&%(!'e!(, 4!'e#$e3('e a $#)(e%+(e *(!(ee 8( 'e a $e)((e 'e %&!e&( ae 4!%e-(!.'e(# 'e )ae "ea%+04! &!a a&g&$%, )#*e!2(e ea& a%4% 'e !&*e#a$e, )+, -4!+ a)#!$%&(ea &!e( "a3()( !#(, # -a%e '(! ee "&+ a*4!a%e0 U!!&*+ *ae 'e &)+%#( $4!% a!ga;a( a $"48(%& &!((, $((( $+&)e2e 4!%.&! $-a(& $%(*%0 A"e' N#3e, )ae.8( &*a e5-e(.

e!ee 4! *aga2(a '(! )&%ea #)&(!e( "a*((e(, !& /+2& )& #)6( 3&!( +)#*(a "a(# 8(, 4!%.# $ea+, a )(!+, e 2($e : F A %e3&( $+ $)+'e( !&*+& &)+%#(# )ae $4!% -ea4!g6e$&(( 4! "a3()+0 S+ +*4(e !&*a( a%4( )4% $+ -#a%+ &)a a'e-+%ae 'e &! *e%& &!& 'e a%&0 A%"e # $(!g&+ *(8)aege8(%+ a &!&(a /a -&%ea $+ -#'&)+ # )a%a$%#"+0

F S4!% )a* !e+3'+%#( 3+(e((, 2($e 8( 3+%4!& N#3e0 Da

)e $+ e "a)e*, A"e' 000 S+ "(( !&*a( )& 3+gae 'e $ea*+ -4!+.! -(*+/a+, )4!' /#* )#!$%&( a+%&( 4!)+ # "a3()+0La Q $e-%e*3(e 1, '#&+ &!( 'e a 4!%e*e(eea 4!%e-(!.'e(#, %e*e(e &( A"e' $e.*-(!(+0 U! e5-#2(3( )+2& '(!*4(!(e &!&( &)+%# $%4!ga)(, "a3()a $+( 4! ae 8(, $&3 &(!ee e(,48( g+$(+ *#a%ea &! *ae !&*+ 'e &)+%#(, -e)&* 8( &!& '(!"a(( N#3e, 4! /4$%+ 'e '#&+2e)( 8( %e( 'e a!(0A-#a-e &! a! 3+%& A"e' N#3e '&*&(e -e a a&%#(%+(e

$&e'e2e $-e a '#34!'( 4!/#(ea $+ )#!$%&(a$)+ # !#&+ "a3()+ 'ee5-#2(3([e 4! S%#)6#*0 Da -#-&a(a "&$e$e a%4% 'e 4!g#2(%+ 'e -(*a e5-#2(e, )+ !(*e!( 4! S%#)6#* !& a/& )&a;& $+ $e*!e2e(!/e!%a%#&&( # a$e*e!ea 4!/#(e0

Ne/#(a 'e e5-#2(3(e ea 4!$+ -ea *ae, )a %4!+& $&e'e2 $+$e a$e 'e$)&a;a% a%4% 'e &8#0 Neg+$(!' !()( &! #) 4! S&e'(a, &!'e$+.8( 4!%e*e(e2e "a3()a, A"e' N#3e )&*-++ &! /a-# $%+/e)6(8( -e)+ )& e 4! *(;#)& a)&&( Maea, &!'e 4!$+ !& +*a$e

*&%+ /e*e, '(! -()(!a #)&(%#(# 'e -e *ag(!ea a)&&(, 4!.



g#2(( 'e '+)ea$)a (!/e!(e0a*((a N#3e 4!)e-& $+ )&!#a$)+ (a 2(ee a*ae ae $++)(e(0Da 4!$e*!+%a%ea e5-#2(3((# ea -ea *ae, )a (!/e!(a &(A"e' $+ +*4!+ $%ea-+0 B#g+%a8(( $&e'e2( 4!%e*e(a+ )& "a*((a

N#3e # $#)(e%a%e a!#!(*+ 8( # "a3()+ 'e e5-#2(3(e 'e-a%e 'e#()e a8e2ae #*e!ea$)+0 T#a%+ )a!%(%a%ea 'e e5-#2(3( '(! a)e a!"& )&*-+a%+ 'e # $#)(e%a%e 'e )+( "ea%e '(! S&e'(a, )ae %e3&(a$+ $%+-&!g+ &! %&!e04!)e-&+ a /e!( )ee( '(! $%+(!+%a%e0 A"e' $e "e( $+.8(*+ea$)+ "a3()a '(! S&e'(a, 'a 4!%e*e(e '#&+ "a3()( !#(, &!a 4!

N#/eg(a, a%a 4! Ge*a!(a, !& 'e-a%e 'e Ha*3&g0T4!+& (!/e!%a%# !& ea *&&*(% 'e )eea )e (!/e!%a$e -4!+

a%&!)(0 4 3+%ea g4!'& $+ 'e$)#-ee &! e5-#2(3( )ae, +*4!4!'$#(', $+ a(3+ -&%eea 'e e5-#2(e a %(a2#%a%&&( 'e g()e(!a0

N&*e#a$ee &( 4!)e)+( !& (23&%(+0 N()( &! a*e$%e) !& a/ea4!$&8((e '#(%e %#a%e $&3$%a!ee 'e )ae $e "##$ea %+(a& '(!

-&%eea %(a2#%a%&&( 'e g()e(!a0O 4*-e;&ae !e-e/+2&%+ -&$e -e A"e' -e '&*& )e

3&!0 U!e( $(*-e 4!%4*-+( 'a%#e8%e #*e!(ea (!/e!%aea )e&(

*a( -&%e!() e5-#2(3( )&!#$)&% -4!+ a%&!)(: '(!a*(%a0T(a2#%a%& 'e g()e(!a ea e5-e'(a% 'e #3()e( 4! +2( )& -e.e( )+-%&8(( 3(!e )& &%0 I! *aga2(a 'e e5-e'((e $e a"a %#%'ea.&!a -e ;#$ &! $%a% $&3(e '(! &%& 4!%e3&(!a%0 N#3e 3+g+ 'e$ea*+ )+ -()+%&( 'e %(a2#%a% 'e g()e(!a )+2&%e -e &% $e 4!.)6ega$e+ 4!%.&! a*e$%e) a-#a-e $#('0 I( /e!( g4!'& $+ )e)e.%e2e -&%eea 'e e5-#2(e a a)e$%&( a*e$%e) 8(, $-e &(*(ea &(,/+2& )+ ea a-#a-e )4% a %(a2#%a%&&( 'e g()e(!a0

C+&%+ a%&!)( # $&3$%a!+ 4!&'(%+ )& a &%&&(, *a( )&a%+ 8()ae $+ a3$#a3+ %(a2#%a%& 'e g()e(!a0D&-+ )4%e/a 4!)e)+( g+$( '(a%#*(%& $a& ($eg&&, )ae $ea"a 4! *a( )a!%(%+( 4! S&e'(a 8( )ae a/ea 4!$&8(ea !ea8%e-%a%+'e a a3$#3( 'e %e( #( *a( *&% %(a2#%a% 'e g()e(!a 'e)4% *a$aa)e$%&(a 3a -&%eea 'e e5-#2(e a !#&&( a*e$%e) 'e-+8ea -e a%(a2#%a%&&( 'e g()e(!a0D(!a*(%a ea (!/e"(%a%+0 S4!%e* 4! a!& 10

4!%eaga #*e!(e a"+ 'e e5($%e!a '(!a*(%e( -(! %e(3(ee



e5-#2(( )ae 4!)e-&+ a $e (/( 4! %#a%e )#&(e &*((04! 2(aee %(*-&&( a-+ea& '+( 'e $ea*+ $e!2a(#!ae a$&-a(!"e!ae( 'e$)#-e((0Ia%+ )e $e -e%e)ea a Ne_ j# <

4!%.# 3&!+ 2( 'e$)(!$e a &! *ae 6#%e '(! #a8 &! '#*!'e )&(!' $#$(% '(! E&#-a0 I! a"a+ 'e 3aga;ee #3(8!&(%e, *a(a/ea # +'(+ 'e /e# )(!)( (#ga*e -e )ae )& *&%+ g(;+a -&$.# 4!g+ -&-(%& -#%a&&(, &g4!'&. $+ !& 4!g+'&(e !(*+!&($+ $e a%(!g+ 'e ea0 Ne3+!&(!' !(*() ga/, -#%a&, '&-+ -e)a.ea e&#-ea!&&( -(! #a8 '&-+ %e3&(, 48( "+)& g6e%ee -e +'(+*($%e(#a$+, $e a8e2+ -e ea 8(.8( a-(!'e -(-a, 48( $)&%&+ $)&*&)& $)4!%e( 'e *ag(!ea +'(e( 8( 3ag+ 'e $ea*+, )e/a *a( %2(&, )+

'(! +'(+ 4!)e-e $+ $e ('()e &! "( $&3(e 'e "&* #8&, 4!g#2(%,'a "++ a.8( -(e'e $4!gee e)e, -#%a& 48( a*(!%e8%e 'e -e./e$%(ea -a$age&&( 8( $)#a%e e-e'e 4! *(;#)& $%+2(( +'(+ 3&.)&)a8+0 A-#( $e e-e'e 4! 6#%e0 N.a;&!$e 3(!e a -&-(%& &(, )+# g#a2!()+ e5-#2(e a/& #) 4! *(;#)& $%+2((0 Se $-a$e+ %#a%egea*&(e, -4!+ a e%a;ee )ee 'e *a( $&$, (a -(e%#a(ee, a$"a%& 8()(*e!%&, &!'e $%+%&$e +'(+, "&+ a&!)a%e 4! %#a%e -+(e, +$4!'

4! #) # ga&+ ag+ 'e '#( *e%( 8( a'4!)+ 'e &!&0E&#-ea!& !& $e *a( -e2e!%+ !()(#'a%+ $+.8( (a 3aga;ee 'ea 6#%e0

N& *&% '&-+ a)eea, 2(aee '(! %#a%e )a-(%aee &*(( /e$%(+# !#&+ ($-a/+ a )(&'a%e( *a%e((0G&/e!& '(! Pe& "+)&$e "a3()(( A"e' N#3e # )#*a!'+'e '#&+ $&%e 'e 3&%#a(e '(!a*(%+, !e)e$a+ )#!$%&((( 'e 8#$ee 8('&*&( 4! a)ea a+ *&!%#a$+ 8( -(e%#a$+0 4!)+)+%&a $e "+)& !&

"++ ge&%+( -e &! /a-# 3&!, )ae '&-+ )4%e/a $+-%+*4!( 'e)++%#(e a;&!$e 4! 'e-%& )a!a&&( Pa!a*a, -e &!'e %e3&(a $+%ea)+ 4! O)ea!& Pa)("() 8( $+.8( )#!%(!&e a-#( )++%#(a $-ePe&0 D(! -()(!( )ae a& +*a$ !e)&!#$)&%e, /a-#& )& %e(3(a4!)+)+%&+ !& a;&!$e 3(!e 4! -#%& 'e (!%ae a )a!a&&(, )+$+( 4! ae, -e$)6(*3a% 4! -a" 8( "&*0 N(*() !& $e *a( ae$e '(!e 8( '(! )e( -a%&2e)( 8( 8a-%e 'e #a*e!( )ae $e a"a& a 3#'0I! a)ea8( a!, 1, $+( 4! ae "a3()a 'e '(!a*(%+ 'e 4!g+

Ha*3&g, -e)&* 8( &! %a!$-#% 'e '(!a*(%+ -e!%& Sa! a!.



)($)#0 Pa!()a $e 4!%(!$e )&-(!24!' 4! -+(e!;e!(8& e( %#a%+ $&-a."aa g#3&&(0 D#)6e(( '(! L#!'a !& /#(a& $+ *a( 'e$)a)e '(! /a.

-#ae +2(e )& '(!a*(%+0 C#*e!2(e "+)&%e 'e M(!($%e& 'e R+23#(a A&$%(e( $4!% a!&a%e, 'e8( A&$%(a $e g+$ea 4! a;&!& +23#(&&(

)& P&$(a0 O"(e(( '(! $e/()(& 'e *&!((( a (*-e(&&( a&$%(a)!& /#(a& $+.8( e5-&(e /(aa a -(*(ea '(!a*(%e(0A"e' N#3e, )ae $e a"a 4! a)e %(*- 4! A*e()a, &!'e (/a%e( $&%e 'e 3&%#a(e 'e '(!a*(%+ -e 2( !&*a( &!e( $#)(e%+( 'e )+((ea%e, e -(/(% )a # "((!+ a (a'&&(, (/(%+ 4!%e #a*e!( -e!%& !e!#.#)(ea #0 M&%e 6#%e&( e"&2+ $+.( 'ea #$-(%a(%a%e 8( (!/e!%a.%#& '(!a*(%e( e $((% $+ $e $&;ea$)+ 'e a)%e "a$e, )& !&*e "a$e0Da a)e$%e !&*e#a$e 8( 4!g#2(%#ae e5-#2(( a& 8( # -a%e

3&!+0 Ee '#/e'e$) *ee& /a#aea 'e$)#-e((( &( N#3e0 Ma(e4!%e-(!'e( 'e *(!e 'e "(e, 'e )+3&!(, )+(e "ea%e )ae %e3&(e$+.8( "a)+ '&* -(! *&!(, $e/()((e -#%&ae )ae %e3&(e $+a&!)e 4! ae $%4!)(e $&3*a(!e, *(!($%eee 'e +23#(, )&-(!$e%#a%e 'e "(g&(e +23#a(e# a-#-(a%e, "a) '(! '(!a*(%+ &! -#.'&$ a3$#&% !e)e$a )& %#a%e !e!##)((e 8( -e()#ee ega%e 'e e0+(e *a(, 8( 4! )&4!' %#a%e +(e '(! &*e, $4!% $((%e $+

4!)&a;e2e 4!%e*e(eea 'e "a3()( 'e '(!a*(%+ -e %e(%#(& #, -e 3a2a 3e/e%&&( &( A"e' N#3e0 T#( )a-(%a(8%(( )e a)&* (!/e!.%a%#&&( $&e'e2 -(/(eg(& 'e a &a -a%e a 4!%e*e(eea 4!%e.

-(!'e(# 'e '(!a*(%+0 I!/e!%a%#& e *a( *&% -e '&*&(,$-e a 4!+%&a -(e'()(e 'e %#% "e& )ae $e *a( -&! 4! )aea &(0S#)(e%+(e -e!%& "a3()aea '(!a*(%e(, )ae $e a)+%&(e$) -e %#%g#3&, a)#'+ (!/e!%a%#&&( &! !&*+ *ae '(! a)(&!(e #,$-e a $e -&%ea "##$( 'e 3e/e%& '(!a*(%e(0

Da a)e$% &(a8 !&*+ 'e "a3()(, )ae &)ea2+ (!'e-e!'e!%&!a 'e a%a, 4!)e- $+.8( "a)+ # )#!)&e!+ -+g&3(%#ae0 A"e' N#3e )6e%&(e8%e *&( a!( '(! /(aa &( $-e a ega $#)(e%+(e 4!%eee 8( a &)a $&3 # $(!g&+ )#*a!'+, $-e a $e -&%ea "##$( %#a%e'e 4*3&!+%+((e %e6!()e &%e(#ae0A3(a 4! 1, A"e' N#3e (23&%( $+ &!ea$)+ )ee *a( *&%e'(! $#)(e%+(e 'e '(!a*(%+ 4! '#&+ *a( g&-&(, &!& '(! ee )&)e!%aa a L#!'a0

I!/e!%a%#& #)&(e8%e *a( *&% a Pa($, &!'e 48( #ga!(2a$e



&! a3#a%# 'e )e)e%+(, )+)(, *a( *&% 'e)4% a"a)e(e )#*e)(ae,*(!%ea &( e 4!)+ -e#)&-a%+ 'e *($%eee a)e$%e( *a%e(( e5-#2(/e0#a%e 3#ga%, N#3e !& '+ -ea *&%+ a%e!(e a"a)e(# )ae)e$), )48%(g&(# )ae /(! -e !&*ee &( '(! %#a%e )#&(e &*((0

B+3a% $e/e, )& #)6(( 4!'&ea( 'e # %a(!()+ $&"e(!+ $&"e.%ea$)+, )& "(g&a 4!)a'a%+ 'e # 3a3+ $)&%+, 'e $)6(*!(), &!e#(, -e.!$ea%, (e8ea $(!g& a -e&*3ae -e $%+2(e -(!e 'e /(a+ae Pa($&&(0 ++ /#(e -a8(( 4 '&)ea& $-e -#a%a 'e -(a%+ a

-aa%&&(, -e )ae -a(2(e!(( 4 !&*e$) 8( a2( Paa($.R#a, &!'e )&'#&+2e)( 'e a!( 4! &*+ a8%e-%a$e $+ "(e -(*(% 4! a&'(e!+ 'e

Na-#e#! a III.ea0 C4%e $.a& *a( $)6(*3a% 'e a%&!)( < B&!&$&/ea!, 4! &*a +23#a(e# )& Ge*a!(a, 48( -(e'&$e %#!&,

a-#( /(aa0 E a-&)a$e $+ /a'+ )+ a;&%#& -e )ae. '+'&$e %4!+.&&( (!/e!%a%# $&e'e2 !& "&$e$e 2a'a!() 8( )+ a)&* !&*ee &(ea )&!#$)&% 4! %#a%+ &*ea0U!'e ea /()ea!& 3a!)6e Pee(e Ş( e -e)a$e '(! a)ea$%+&*e, 'a &*a8(( &(, )ae $e a"a& a )e!%aa 3+!)(( '(! Pa($ 8(4! )ee *a( 'e $ea*+ $&)&$ae ae A*e()((, ea& a)(#!a( aa-#a-e %#a%e "a3()(e 'e '(!a*(%+, %+g4!' )48%(g '(!%.# $&.

-+ae a 3+%4!&&( 3a!)6e )ae !& -e/+2&$e !##)& )e /a 4!.%#/++8( -e A" e' N#3e0Seaa, %42(&, 4! /e*e )e -a(2(e!(( -++$ea& 3(#&(e, &2(.!ee, "a3()(e 8( $e 4*-+ea& 4! )ee '#&+ *a( %a3ee ae Oa8&.&(.&*(!+, %a3+a )e# )ae.8( &a& #'(6!a 3(!e *e(%a%+ 8( %a3+a)e# )ae 4!)e-ea& /(aa 'e !#a-%e a -e%e)e(#, A" e' N#3e 48()#!%(!&a 4! a3#a%# *&!)a 4!'4;(%+ 8( a%4% 'e #'!()+0

N(*(), 4! a"a+ 'e $e%ea 'e 8%((!+, !&. a'e*e!ea $+.8( )6e%&.

(a$)+ e!eg(a, $+.8( '+&(a$)+ &%(*ee "#e0 B#ga% ea 4!'e$%&,&!& '(! )e( *a( 3#ga( #a*e!( a( &*(( 8( 3#g+(a &( )& "(e)ae a!,)& "(e)ae &!+, )& "(e)ae #+ !& 4!)e%a $+ )ea$)+0Ş( %#%&8( A"e' N#3e a *a( '+&(% #*e!((( )4%e/a 'e$)#-e.((0 A 3e/e%a%, -e!%& #)#*#%(/e 8( "a3()(, &! )a2a! )ae $+ !&e5-#'e2e !()(#'a%+, a g+$(% &! *(;#) !#& 'e -e-aae a a)('&.&( $&"&(), a%4% 'e !e)e$a 4! (!'&$%(e 8( a )#!$%&(% # "4!+ a&%#.*a%+ -e!%& %e!&(e a-('e, )ae 4!)e-&$e+ a 4*-4!2( 4!%eg

g#3&, 4!g+'&(!' a$%"e $+ $)a'+ !&*+& a))('e!%e# 'e )ae



"ea%+0T#% N#3e (!/e!%+ -&3eea "++ "&*, $a& "&*()#%#!&,'(!%.&! a*e$%e) 'e "(e 'e 3&*3a) %a!$"#*a% 4! -a" 8( # a!&.*(%+ )a!%(%a%e 'e %(a2#%a% 'e g()e(!a0

O 4!%4*-ae "e()(%+ 4 a;&%+ $+ (!/e!%e2e # /a(e%a%e 'e '(!a.*(%+ 8( *a( -&%e!()+, 'e *ae "##$ 8( )ae a "#$% 4!%e3&(!a%+ -e!%& 4!%4(a #a+ a $%+-&!geea %&!e&&( Sa(!%.G#%6a', )aeeag+ I%a(a 8( E/e(a 'e a!a0R+!(!'&.$e 4!%.# 2( a &! 'ege%, N#3e a)#-e( a!a, $-e a #"e( 'e !e)&+e!((, )& &! $%a% $&3(e 'e )##'(&0 4! -&%eea!#-(( '(! -()(!a '&e((, %e)& '(! 3(3(#%e)+ 4! a3#a%#, $-e a&)a 8( a &(%a 'e '&ee0 Pe *a$+, '(!a(!%ea &( $e a"a # $%()&+

)& %(a2#%a% 'e g()e(!a0 4!%(!'e !&!a 8( #)6(( 4( )a' -e 'ege%&+!(% a)#-e(% 'e )##'(&0 U! g4!' 4( $%+3a%e *(!%ea0 Ce.a "( $+a*e$%e)e )##'(& )& %(a2#%a%& 'e g()e(!a A*e$%e)& )e !#& '+ # gea%(!+, )ae 'e/(!e )e *a( -&%e!()e5-#2(3( '(! /e*ea a)eea0Da !& %#a%e 4*-e;&+(e 4( $4!% -(e!()e0 4! 2(aee -a(.2(e!e a-a # $e(e 'e a%()#e (!;&(#a$e 4*-#%(/a ge!(a&&( (!.

/e!%a%# $&e'e20 E a)&2a% )+ a /4!'&% 3e/e%& 'e "a3()ae a -a"&&( "++ "&* +(# 4!/e)(!a%e, *a( 4!a(!%e 'e a. "( #"e(%a!e(0 Pa%(*a -#(%()+ e a%4% 'e 4!/e!(!a%+, )+ A"e' N#3e $e/e'e a*e!(!a% )& 4!)6($#aea0 La %#a%e a)e$%e !e-+)e( $ea*e$%e)+ $)a!'a&, +*a$ 'e -#*(!+, )& $#)(e%a%ea Pa!a*a, &!'e*&( #a*e!( -#(%()( "a!)e2( 8(.a& -(e'&% e-&%a(a0 C& (!(*agea 'e *46!(e, -++$e8%e Pa($&, 'e )ae. ega& a*(!%(( a%4% 'e$)&*-e 8( &!'e #)&(a 'e *a( 3(!e 'e #-%$-e2e)e a!(0

4! 191 48( )#!$%&(e8%e # /(+ 8( &! a3#a%# a Sa! Re*#,4! I%a(a0A"e' N#3e ae a)&* )(!)(2e)( 8( #-% 'e a!(0 Da)+ -&%e(e%&-&&( $4!% 4! $)+'ee, !& $e -#a%e $-&!e a)ea8( &)& 'e ($%i(*ea *(!(( &(0 Ce)e%+%# !e#3#$(%, e )a&%+ $+ g+$ea$)+ &!*(;#) &8# 'e -e-aae a )a&)(&)&&( 4! a3#a%#, -e)&* 8( a*+%+$(( a%("()(ae0 4!)e)+(e &( !.a& '&$ a e2&%a%& '#(%, 'a a& a+%a% )aea )ea 3&!+ )e)e%+%#(# 'e *a( %42(&0

Ceea )e $&-(!'e 4! /(aa a%4% 'e 23&)(&*a%+ a a)e$%&( #* e



(-$a &!# -(e%e!(, a &!e( "a*(((, a &!e( (&3((, )ae $+.( "( 4!"&.*&$ea% #ee 'e #'(6!+, )ae $+.( "( 4!'&)(% a*++)(&!(e, $+. "(+$-+%(%, a%"e 'e)4% )& a& 8( 3a!)!#%e, -e!%& *&!)a &( "++

-ege%0

N(*e!( !.a "( -&%&% $-&!e )+ a /+2&% /e#'a%+ -e A"e' N#3e a # -e%e)ee 4! %#/++8(a &!# -(e%e!( $a& -e &!a '(!ae(e &*3#a$e ae "&*#$&&( -a), B#($ 'e B#&#g!e, '(!

-ea;*a Pa($&&(, a # -e&*3ae )& # "e*e(e (&3(%+0S+ "( "#$% /(aa &( N#3e a%4% 'e $%ea-+ Ş( %#%&8( ge!(a& (!/e!%a%# a a/&% # (!(*+ $(*(%#ae, *a($(*(%#ae )6(a 'e)4% a *&%# -#e(, )+)( ea $++8&(%+ 'e # 'e(.)a%ee )ae a -e$)6(*3a% /(aa &( (!%(*+ 4!%.# %a(!+ 'e !e-+%&!$0

O $(!g&+ 'a%+ a (&3(% A"e' N#3e, 'a a)ea$%+ (&3(e, *a($)&%+ 'e)4% /(aa &!# %a!'a"((, (.a &*-&% %#% e$%& 2(e# 8(*($%e& a +*a$ 4!)+ !e'e2ega% -4!+ %42(& '&-+ *#a%ea &(0e*e(a -e )ae a (&3(%.# a a/&% a$&-a &(, 8( a$&-a #*e!(((4!%eg(, # 4!&(e !e3+!&(%+0 A)ea$%a ea Be%a `(!$0Be%a `(!$, $e)e%aa &(, 8(.a $)($ a*(!%((e $-e $"48(%&/(e((0 Ea -#/e$%e8%e -(*a e( 4!%4!(e )& A"e' N#3e 4! "e&

&*+%# :>Ea* ($%#/(%+, /e'ea* )++%#(( '(! ;&& *e& )ae $e 4!.'e-%a& -e -e#!& ag $-e (e8(ea g+((, )a -(!%.# -4!2+0 N&)e'ea* )+.! a)ea *&(*e /#( "( e)&!#$)&%+ 'e )(!e/a 8( *++$a* '&$+ 'e /a& 'e #a*e!(, )& &! $(!g& g4!' : $+ a;&!g *a('ega3+ 4!%.# )a*e+ 'e 6#%e )a $+ -#% '#*(0 Da !& "+)&( *a(*&% 'e '#&+2e)( 'e -a8(, )4!', 4! a-#-(eea #)#*#%(/e(, )(!e/a4*( a%(!$e &*+& 8( 4*( &+ /a(2a "++ $+ -#% $)6(a # 4*-#%(/(+

4! "aa *ea ea &! '#*! 4!%e '#&+ /4$%e, )& #)6( &*(!#8(,a3a8%(, )& "aa $e(#a$+ "++ a "( $e/e+, 4!%&!e)a%+ 'e # 3a3+$)&%+ 8( 4*3&!a%+ 'e &! $&4$ 4!'&ea%0 Ea 4!$&8( A" e' N#3e0Ve!($e )6(a e 4!%& 4!%*-(!aea "e*e(( !e)&!#$)&%e )ae -++.$($e -a%(a, "a*((a -e!%& a $&;( &!&( #* 'e a )e+a% )a-+% a)#!%(!e!%&&(0?Be%a `(!$ a/ea -e a%&!)( a-#a-e 'e a!( 8( ea 'e$-+.(%+ 'e 3a#!& S&%%!e, )& )ae a/&$e$e # )+$!()(e $)&%+, !e.

e&8(%+0



C#!%e$a Be%a 4 -e2(!%+ -e A"e' N#3e )a -e &! $a/a!% -e#)&-a% a-#a-e !&*a( 'e -#3e*ee &( 8%((!("()e, -e%e)4!')ea *a( *ae -a%e a %(*-&&( 4! a3#a%#& 4! )ae (!%a a'e$ea4!a(!%e 'e a $e &*(!a 'e 2(&+ 8( '(! )ae !& (e8ea 'e)4% %42(&,

!#a-%ea, $a& a '#&a 2(0De a a-a((a "&*#a$e( /(e!e2e, #)&(!a #*&&( 'e 8%((!+48( $)6(*3a$e )& 'e$+/48(e 4!"+(8aea0 Pe'eee 'e/e!(+ *a(a3e, *#3(a *a( $%+&)(%#ae, )+(e '(! 3(3(#%e)+ 48( e&a+#'(!ea "(ea$)+, a *a$+ 8( -(! %#a%e 4!)+-e(e $&4'ea& 4! "(e.)ae 2( "#( -#a$-e%e0A"e' N#3e a/ea !e/#(e 'e # %#/a+8+ 'e /(a+, 'e # a%*#.$"e+ (!%(*+, ge& 'e 2+*($(% 4!$+ a /4$%a &( )#!%e$a /(e!e2+

/e!($e a Pa($ (2g#!(%+ 'e "(ea 'e8&)6ea%+ a &!e( *+'(e 'ege.!ea%e, 'e # '($-eae )+e(a (.a "( &*a% $(!&)('eea0 N& /e!($e

-e!%& 'ag#$%ea 'e a)e$% $a/a!% )&*(!%e, a%4% 'e 3#ga%, a%4% 'e(!%e(ge!% 8( 'e *+$&a% 4! ge$%&(, 'a )ae !& "&$e$e !()(#'a%+4! $%ae $+ a-(!'+ $(*(ea &!e( "e*e(0A"e' N#3e 4!ee$e 4!'a%+ )+ )eea )e. 'e#$e3ea 'e %4!+a8( "&*#a$a )#!%e$+ ea !e-#%(/(ea 'e %e*-ea*e!% 8( 'e /4$%a,

a )ae $e *a( a'+&ga &(a8a a/ee a'&!a%+ '(! "a3()aea &!&( -#'&$ (!"e!a, a '(!a*(%e(, )ae -#/#)a &! $e!%(*e!% 'e g#a2+%a(!()+ #()&( $e a-#-(a 'e )a$a &(0Be%a 8( A"e' N#3e $%+%ea& a'e$e#( 'e /#3+, 4! $e(e&*e'e 'e (a!+, a g&a )+*(!&&(0 C#!%e$a, )&-(!$+ 'e # !#$.%ag(e )6(!&(%#ae, -#/e$%ea a*(!%(( '(! )#-(+(a e(, 2&g+/ea"(g&( )&!#$)&%e a )&%ea (*-e(a+, a*(!%ea )6(a 'e !e3&.!ea$)a.< "&g+ a )a$%e& 'e a He*a!!$'#" 4! %#/++8(a a)e&(

)(&'a% 3a#! 'e S&%%!e, )ae $-ea )+ a "( -&%&%.# "a)e a%4% 'e"e()(%+ <000 A"e' N#3e $&"eea -e!%& a)ea$%+ /(a+ 4!)ae %+($e $&3%(a /(e!e2+ '(! "aa &( 8( '(! )ae e (-$($e,a&!ga% -e %#a%e '&*&(e -+*4!%&&( 'e 'e*#!& !e(!(8%(( $ae0

N& )&%e2a $+.!%e3e 'a)+ $(g&a!a )+*(!&&( 'e a)&*, (-$a 'eg(;(, *&!)a &8#a+ 'e $e)e%a+, -&%ea 4!#)&( '&)eaa a*(!%((.# /(e(( 'e #'(!(#a+0 Ş%(a 3(!e )+ !&0 Ş( a*++)(&!ea '(! $&"e%&&( A"e' N#3e $e "+)ea 8( *a( a*a+, (a )&%ee 'e2a*+g((( $e

a'4!)ea& 8( *a( *&% 4! )#&(e g&((0



Se $(*ea %#% *a( ega% 'e %(!eeea, 'e -#$-e(*ea Be%e(, -e )ae # a&2ea &!e#( " e'#!4!' $e!%(*e!%aee )4!%e)e /(e!e2e 4!%(*- )e e &)a 4! a3#a%#0 A%&!)( +$a 'e # -a%e e-&3e%ee8( )6(*()aee 8( %()&(a a )#& *e$e( )4%e/a $%4!ga)e $%(6&( 'e

(&3(e -e )ae, a a*(a2+, )#!%e$a e 'e$)#-eea $&3 8e/e%& e(0 F O I M(.a( $)($ # -#e2(e 'e 'ag#$%e000 &*#$ '(! -a%ea&!&( $a/a!% <000 g&*ea %4!+a /(e!e2+, /44!' 64%(a 4! )#$a;0Ce.a "( $.# -&3() 4!%.&! 2(a, a -ag(!a (%ea+ )& !&*ee4!%eg : A"e' N#3e T#% Pa($&, %#a%+ &*ea a "a)e 6a2 'e(!(*a $e!%(*e!%a+ a "a3()a!%&&( 'e '(!a*(%+ <000

F E !&*a( # g&*+, Be%a, +$-&!'ea $a/a!%& #8(!'0Vea& $+.( a+% )+.! #()" #* 3a%e &!e#( # (!(*+000 /(e!e2+0

A%e#(, N#3e *+%&($ea $e)e%ae( $ae : F Ş%(&, Be%a, )+ 4!'ee%!()(ea *ea e g#a2!()+ 8( )+ *((.#a!e 'e #a*e!( a& "#$% &)(8( )& '(!a*(%a 'e$)#-e(%+ 'e *(!e, )+a%e *((#a!e 'e #a*e!( "( /# )+'ea ;e%"+0 Ş%(&, 'e a$e*e!ea, )+%e)+%#((, 'a)+ *.a e)&!#a8%e -e $%a'+, a %e)e -e %#%&a&)e+a%, "e(!'&.$e )a 'e egee (a'&&( 8( )+ &!ee e/($%e (&$%a%e*+ !&*e$), 4! 3+%a(e 'e ;#), >egee *#((?0

F Oa*e!(( "+)ea& +23#a(e 8( $e *+)e+ea& 4!%e e( 8( 4!a(!%e'e 'e$)#-e(ea '(!a*(%e( < +$-&!'ea $e)e%aa, $-e a &8&a )#!.8%((!a 3&!&&( e( -(e%e!0

F O6 < Oa*e!(( &(%+ )+ '(!a*(%a a "#$% )ea%+ 'e *(!e -e!.%& a%e $)#-&(: -e!%& &)+(e *(!(ee, -#%&ae, -e!%& $+.

-aea 'e %&!e&( 8( %#% "e& 'e &)+( )ae &8&ea2+ 8( 4!"&*&.$eea2+ /(aa !#a$%+ -e -+*4!% < g+(a $a/a!%& )& # )+'&+ )aeaa $e (/ea 4! ga(& $+&0

Ş(, '&-+ # )(-+ 'e g4!'(e, &*a )& "&!%ea 4!)&!%a%+ : F Va %e3&( $+ (!/e!%e2 # *a8(!+ a%4% 'e *#%a+, &! e5. -#2(/ a%4% 'e '($%&g+%#, 4!)4% !()( &! -#-# $+ !& *a( 4!'+2.!ea$)+ $+ -#/#a)e +23#(&, 'e %ea*+ )+ '&8*a!& (.a -&%ea"a)e &! +& %#% a%4% 'e *ae, a )4%e/a *(!&%e !&*a( '&-+ 'e.)aa(a 'e +23#(0A"e' N#3e 4!)e-& $+ (a$+ )& "&*#a$a &( $e)e%a+ a%ea%&, a #-e+, 4! e$%a&a!%ee "a$%&#a$e ae Pa($&&( 8( )6(a

a &!ee 3a&( ae *a(( "(!a!e0 A;&%+ Be%e( $+.8( "a)+ -(e%e!e,



$+ a(3+ ea(( 'e $#)(e%a%e, )a %4!+a /(e!e2+ $+ &(%e %e)&%& 8( $+$e $(*%+ %#% *a( 3(!e 4! %#/++8(a $a0Da %#a%e 4!)e)+(e $e '#/e'(+ 2a'a!()e !e-&%4!'&.(a&!ga Be%e( !#$%ag((e0 N#3) #3$e/+ a'e$ea &*3ee )ae %e.

)ea& -e$%e )6(-& 'e )#-(+ a Be%e(, 4!%&!e)(!' "a*e)ee e( a%"%'e -&e0Ş( %e*e(e $a/a!%&&( $e 4*-(!(+ *a( )&(!' 'e)4% $ea8%e-%a0P&$e$e )6e*a% &ge!% 4! S&e'(a 'e # %eega*+ a ege&(, )ae/#(a $+ )#!$%&(a$)+ # !#&+ "a3()+ 'e e5-#2(3(e (! a-#-(ee 'eS%#)6#*0 A"e' N#3e -++$( Pa($&, g4!'(!' $( $e 4!a-.)4% *a( e-e'e0 R+*a$e a S%#)6#* #-% 2(e, )a $+ -&(e a )ae

4!%e*e(eea "a3()((0 Da )4!', a 4!a-#(ee, (!%+ 4! )a*ea (! )ae$e a"a 'e #3()e( Be%a, !& g+$( -e !(*e!(0 La 4!)e-&% )e2& )+"&$e$e -#a%e a ga+, $+. a8%e-%e, 'a 8( a)ea$%+ $-ea!+ $e ($(-()&(!'0 Pe *a$a 'e &)& a )#!%e$e(, $a/a!%& g+$( a)e$%e 4!'&(

-e &! -e%() 'e 64%(e0>N& "( $&-+a% )+ a* -e)a% "(( $+ %e /e$%e$)0 Da)+ a("( "#$% 'e "a+, !.a8 "( a/&% -&%eea $( %e -++$e$)0 N& *a( -&%ea*

+*4!e "++ $+ %e "a) $+ $&"e(, "++ $+ $&"+ e& 4!$+*(0 O*& '(!)a&2a )+&(a 4*( -++$($e* -a%(a *(.a $)($ # &!g+ $)($#ae*+%&($(e a $e!%(*e!%e# &( '&-+ -e)aea *ea 8( !.a* -(e2($%a )6e*+((0 M(.a* 'a% $ea*a )+ !& Î!)e%a$e* 'e a.)& %#a%+ )(&'+e!(a "((( $ae0 P#a%e )( 'e (!'& a)e$%a 48( /a (!e"+g+'&(aa0 Ne /#* )+$+%#(0 M(.a %(*($, 4! a)ea8( -()0 &!'e %e! -4!+ a V(e!a 8( '#&+ 3(e%e 'e %e!, -e!%& *(!e 8( e

-4!+.! C(*eea, a'e/+a%a !#a$%+ )++%#(e 'e !&!%(0

M+ 'e$-a% 'e #)&(!a a)ea$%a )& *&%+ -+ee 'e +&, a#g $+ )e2(0 N& "( $&-+a%0 P+$%e2 # )a'+ a*(!%(e (!(*(( '&*(%aeae$e 8( %#a%+ -e&(ea -e!%& #*& 'e 8%((!+0 Be%a `%(&X)?0A"e' N#3e )(%( 'e '#&+ #( 3(e%& "&*#a$e( /(e!e,

-(/( &!g, )& #)6(( 4*-+(e!;e!(( 'e a)(*(, a-#( II 4*-+%&( 8(./4 4!)e% I! -#%*#!e&D&-+ -e)aea Be%e(, $a/a!%& '&$e # /(a+. 8( *a( e%(

4!)e%+ a-#a-e #()e eg+%&( -e$#!ae )ae !& ea& a*e$%e)ae



4! /e&!a '(! 4!%e-(!'e(e &( 8( !&*a( aae#( $e *a( a -(! $a#a!e (%eae 8( *&2()ae0I! "(e)ae a! $e '&)ea a S%#)6#*, a a!(/e$aea 2(e( 'e!a8%ee a 3+%4!e( &( *a*e, &!'e $e (!%(!ea )& )e(a( '#( "a(0

Ş( e( 'e/e!($e+ "#a%e )&!#$)&(, a-#a-e %#% a%4% 'e 3#ga( eaA"e' N#3e0 Se a-&)a$e+ 'e -#$-e)%+( 'e %ee!&( -e%#(."ee, 4!%.# /e*e )4!' -e%#& 'e/e!ea &! )#*3&$%(3( *a( (e".%(!, *a( 3&! 8( *a( &8# 'e "##$(% 'e)(% )+3&!((0 Ia 171 'e$)#.

-e($e+, a *ag(!ea M+(( Ca$-()e, a Ba&, # eg(&!e -e%#("e+, "+)&$e+ "#a;e )ae '+'&$e+ 3&!e e2&%a%e0 4! )&.4!' -&&(e 'e -e%# '(! Ba& $e '#/e'(+ &!ee '(! )ee *a(

-#'&)%(/e '(! &*e0 Ce( '#( "a( N#3e !& $e *&&*(+ )& e5.

%ageea *a%e(e( 3&%e a $#!'e#0 4!%e*e(a+ -e #) )4%e/a a."(!+((, )ae +*a$e+ *&%+ /e*e )a *#'e 'e -e"e)(e %e6!()+0

N()(#'a%+ A"e' N#3e !& &(%+ *(!&!a%ee 2(e -e )ae e -e%e)&$e )& Be%a `(!$0 A'e$e#(, 4! )ea$&(e 'e +ga2 g4!'ea: F Da)+ Be%a a "( a()(, a)&*, a)ea$%+ #'(6!+ $.a -e.$)6(*3a 4! "e()(e0P(*( )4%e/a $)($#( '(! -a%ea e(, $e*! )+ !()( ea !&. &(%a$e,

)& %#a%+ )&geea a!(#0 &*#a$a /(e!e2+, '&-+ 4!%4(e 'e2a*+.g(( ae )+$+%#(e( )& 3a#!& 'e S&%%!e, "& )&-(!$+ 'e &! !#3($(*+*4!% : 'e a a'&)e -a)ea 4! a)ea$%+ &*e, -ea a'e$ea %&3&.a%+ 'e )a%a$%#"ee +23#(&&(0 T#a%+ e!eg(a -e )ae # *a( a/ea,/#(a $.# )6e%&(a$)+ &!(!' 4!%.# a)(&!e -a)("($%+ %#a%e $-((%ee!#3(e '(! &*e, -e!%& $%4-(ea )aa*(%+(( +23#(&&(0I! a)e$% $e!$ $)($e /e)6(&&( e( -(e%e!, N#3e, ae )+&(

-+e( e )&!#8%ea 8( a )+&( (!(*+ 'e()a%+ # -e&(a0

4! 19, Be%a 'e S&%%!e -&3()+ # )a%e, -e )ae # +$-4!'(4! %#a%+ &*ea, &! #*a! -a)("($%, J#$ +23#(&0 A"e' N#3e$)($e a&%#ae( # $)($#ae e!%&2(a$%+, "e()(%4!'.# -e!%& a)(&!eae(0 Ma( *&% : a'+&g+ &! )e) 'e )4%e/a $&%e 'e *(( 'e "a!)( -e!.%& $&$(!eea #ga!(2a((# -a)("($%e '(! *e%#-#ee )e# )(!)()#!%(!e!%e0

N#3e ea, %#%&8(, &! #* a ea(%+(#0 E 48( '+'ea $ea*a )+a)(&!ea #*a!%()+ a Be%e( !& /a a/ea &! e2&%a% -a)%(), 'a

!& /#(a $+ (-$ea$)+ 'e a # &-%+ $-e )ae 4 4!'e*!a& *a(



)&4!' $(*+*(!%ee &( #*e!e8%(, 'e)4% (!%ee$ee "a3()(# $ae04! 19 a/& #) a Z&()6 &! )#!ge$ a -a)("(8%(# '(! 4!.%eaga &*e0 4! "&!%ea # $e a"a "&*#a$a /(e!e2+0 N#3e !&

-(e'& -(e;& 'e a # e/e'ea0 Se '&$e a )#!ge$0 Be%a 4 -(*(

)& a)ea8( $&4$ 4!)4!%+%# 8( )e( '#( /e)6( -(e%e!(, '&-+ 8e'(!.ee )#!ge$&&(, "+)&+ &!g( -e&*3+( -e *a& a)&&( Le*a!0 F Ş( '&*!ea%a, 8( e&, 2($e #'a%+ 3a#!ea$a 'e S&%%!e,/e)6(&&( e( -(e%e!, !& *a( $4!%e* a 4!)e-&%& /(e((0 T#% )e !e*a( +*4!e 'e "+)&% e $+ +$+* &*a8(# # &*e *a( -&("()a%+,*a( #*e!ea$)+0 A/eea '&*(%ae, 'a)+ a "( 4! *4(!(e *ee, a8)6e%&(.# 4! 4!%eg(*e -e!%& $%4-(ea +23#a(e#0

N#3e +$-&!$e :

F La "e a8 "a)e 8( e&, $)&*-+ -(e%e!+, 'a)+ a&& a -&%ea"a)e -e #a*e!( *a( 3&!(0 Da !& )e' a)e$% &)&0 De #3()e(a&& 4( 4!+(e8%e, 4( 4!/+;3e8%e. Ce' *a( )&(!' )+ # -a)("()aea #*e!((( a -&%ea /e!( '(!%.# !#&+ #(e!%ae a e!eg((# !#a$%e0 M+ g4!'e$) a a%4%ea 4!%e-(!'e( 4!'+2!ee )ae *a(+*4! 'e "+)&% -e -+*4!%0 A( a&2(% 'e $&e'e2& A!'e

F N&, +$-&!$e Be%a0 Da $4!% 3&)&#a$+ $+ a&' 'e e, 'a)+

e 4! $%ae $+ !e a'&)+ /e&! "##$ 4! )#*3a%eea +23#a(e#0 F N& 8%(& 'a)+ ae -e#)&-+( -a)("($%e, &*+ N#3e, 'a 4 3+%ea g4!'& $+ )&)eea$)+ P#& N#', "##$(!' &! 3a#!0 O a$e.*e!ea "a-%+ 4!$ea*!+ *a( *&% -e!%& -#ge$& #*e!((( 'e.)4% # )&)e(e *((%a+0 A!'e ae !e/#(e 4!$+ 'e &! 3a#! "#a%e)#$%($(%# 8(.( (-$e$) *(;#a)ee0 M.a* g4!'(% $+ (a& a$&-a *ea)#!$%&(ea a)e$%&( 3a#! 4! '($)&((e #, Be%a 'e/e!ea &!e#( !e+3'+%#ae :

F E 'e !e-()e-&%, $-&!ea ea, )+ #a*e!( 'e $ea*+ )a '&*.!ea%a 8( )a a(( !& (!%a( "+(8 4! &-%a 4*-#%(/a $-((%&&( +2. 3#(!() 8( +$a( a)ea$%+ a)(&!e "e*e(#, -e#(# 8( -#e(#0 N#3e %+)ea a # a$e*e!ea *&$%ae 8( $e *&&*ea $+8#-%ea$)+ :

F C(!e 8%(e 'a)+ %#)*a( &2(!ee *ee !& /# -&!e )a-+% +2. 3#a(e# *a( )&(!' 'e)4% %#a%e a)e$%e )#!ge$e 4! )ae $e /#3e8%e -ea *&% <



VIPREMIUL NOBELS+ "( "#$% )&/(!%ee Be%e( S+ "( "#$% -#-((e $ae g4!'&( S+ "( "#$% '#(!a 'e a "( -e -a)& $(!g&e( "e*e( )ae.( 4!"&.

*&$ea$e )4%e/a '(!%e 2(ee /(e(( $ae -(!+ 'e $%+'&(!( 8( (-$(%+'e 3&)&(( 000I!)e%.4!)e%, A"e' N#3e a;&!$e a 4!)e'(!aea )+ *((#a.!ee $ae )ae $e a'&!+ a! 'e a!, a-#a-e "++ !()( # $"#ae, a %e3&( "##$(%e 4!%.&! $)#- )ae $+ 'e-+8ea$)+ /(aa &( -#-(e0Pe!%& 3(!ee #*e!(((, -e!%& -a)ea &*((, $e g4!'( $+ 4!%e*e(e2e)4%e/a -e*(( a!&ae -(! )ae $+ "(e +$-+%(%e &)+(e )ee *a(

-(e!()e -+)(( &!(/e$ae0

4! (a!&a(e 19Q, $)(e Be%e( S&%%!e )+ $.a 6#%+4% $+ a$e # -a%e '(! a/ee 4! /e'eea a)+%&((( &!&( -e*(& a -+)((, )ae $+"(e a)#'a% '(! )(!)( 4! )(!)( a!(0

N#3e !& )e'ea )+ ('eea -+)(( 48( /a "a)e '&* a%4% 'e &8#0 N& )e'ea !()( 4!%.# (*e'(a%+ 'e2a*ae ge!ea+ $a& 4! a&%#(.%a%ea &!&( %(3&!a (!%e!a(#!a )ae $+ ;&'e)e !e4!eege(e'(!%e -#-#ae0

4!%e %(*-, N#3e !& 4!)e%+ 'e a &)a 4! '#*e!(& $+& 8%((!.("()0 C#!$%&( 4! S)a!'(!a/(a &! a3#a%# )ae /a 4!%e)e )& *&%a3#a%#aee $ae 'e a Pa($ 8( Sa! Re*#04!%e %(*- 48( a$#)(e )4(/a %(!e( $a/a!( $&e'e2( 8( 4!)e-& $+&)e2e a)&* 4!%.&! (!&% !#& a 8%((!e(: ee)%#)6(*(a0 Da /(aa 23&)(&*a%+ '&$+ -4!+ a%&!)( -(!$e a.8( a+%a )#((0 N#3e$(*( )+. a$+ -&%e(e0 N& *a( -&%ea $+ e$-(e 3(!e0 I!(*a ( $e

-#%()!ea )a $+ -#!ea$)+ a-#( 4!%.&! ga#- "&(#$0

N#%e:1 A"e' N#3e $e /a (!e 'e )&/4!%: /a a;&%a -e $&e'e2& A!'e $+.8('&)+ -a!& a 4!'e-(!(e, "a-% )ae $.a 4!%4*-a% %#)*a( '&-+ &! a! 'ea *#a%ea >ege&( '(!a*(%e(0 D(! !e"e()(e e5-e'((a !.a e&8(%,e5-#a%#& g+$(!'&.8( *#a%ea 4! g6e&(e -#ae0++ a (!e $ea*+ 'e a)e$%e $e*!e -e/e$%(%#ae ae $"48(%&&(, e)#!%(!&+ *&!)a 4!'4;(%+ 8( *a( )& $ea*+ 4!)e)+(e a$&-a &!#

a*e$%e)&( !#(, )ae $+ 'e-+8ea$)+ -&%eea e5-#2(/+ a '(!a*(%e(0



C& )4%e/a 2(e !&*a( 4!a(!%ea *#(( 3e/e%+ # !#&+ (!/e!(e:a # $&%+ '#&+2e)( 8( !#&a < Va "( &%(*a <S(*(!'&.$e #3#$(% '(! )ae.a"a+, N#3e -e)+ 4! I%a(a, aSa! Re*#, )a $+ $e #'(6!ea$)+0

La 1 'e)e*3(e 19, "& g+$(% *#% 4! )a*ea &( 'e &)&'(! /(a 'e a Sa! Re*#0A/ea !&*a( Q 'e a!(0La 'e$)6('eea %e$%a*e!%&&( $e /+2& )+ $a/a!%& 'e-+8($eg4!'& &( '(!%4( : 'e a +$a &! -e*(& )ae $+ "(e '+&(%, # 'a%+a )(!)( a!(, 'e-% +$-a%+ -e!%& &)aea )ea *a( &*a!(%a+0 E+$a$e &(a8a &( a/ee 'e -e$%e %e(2e)( 'e *((#a!e )##a!e 'e a&

-e!%& 3(!ee 4!%eg(( #*e!((0

E $e g4!'($e !& !&*a( a $%4-(ea +23#a(e# '(!%e -#-#ae,'a 8( a -#ge$& e( %e6!(), 8%((!("()0 4! %(*-& /(e(( *+%&(.$($e a'e$ea )e'(!a )+ -()(!a %&%&# +23#a(e# %e3&(e )+&%a%+4! $&"e(!ee 8( *(2e(a a -ea *&%e *((#a!e 'e #a*e!(0 4!+%&.4!' (-$a, $e 4!+%&+ -()(!a )ea *a( 'e $ea*+ a !e4!eege(# '(!%e #a*e!(0 Ş( $++)(a !& -#a%e "( 4!+%&a%+ 'e)4% -(! -#.ge$& %e6!()(( 8( +$-4!'(ea 8%((!e(0

A"e' N#3e )&ge%a$e 4!'e&!g 4!a(!%e 'e a.8( a)+%&( %e$%a.*e!%& )ae a/ea $+ -#'&)+ a%%a &(*(e -e /e*ea a)eea 8( 'e)ae $e -#*e!e8%e 4! "(e)ae a!, 4! %#a%e 2(aee 'e -e $&-a"aag#3&&(, )& -(e;& '($%(3&((( -e*((#0I! "(e)ae a! F 8( !& # 'a%+ a )(!)( a!(, )&* a/&$e$e 'e g4!'Ia 4!)e-&% F N#3e a 6#%+4% $+ $e 4*-a%+ '(! /e!(%& &(a8e( 6((a/e( )(!)( -e*(( 8( a!&*e : -e!%& 'e$)#-e((e )ee *a( 4!$e*.!a%e 4! '#*e!(& "(2()((, )6(*(e( 8( *e'()(!e(, -e!%& #ea *a( 3&!+

#-e+ (%ea+, (a a )(!)(ea -e*(&, a'e/+a%& -e*(& a -+)((, -e!%& )e )ae /a "( &)a% )& *a( *&% $&))e$ a 4!"+(ea -#. -#ae#, a e'&)eea 4!a*+(# $a& a $&-(*aea # %#%a+0A)e$%e -e*(( $e #"e+ %&%&# )e# *e(%&#8( 4! '#*e!((e*a( $&$.a*(!%(%e, '(! #()e !a(&!e a "a)e -a%e0P&!eea 4! a-()ae a %e$%a*e!%&&( $.a #/(% 4!$+, 'e a4!)e-&%, 'e !&*e#a$e ge&%+( )ae a& "#$% 4!+%&a%e *&&*(%+g&/e!&&( $&e'e2, 4!eeg+%# a 4!a%&&( g4!' a &( A"e' N#3e0

A$%"e $.a a$(g&a% # $%a%#!()(e "#!'&(# +$a%e 'e *aee $a/a!%,



e(3ea%e -e!%& %#%'ea&!a 'e '("ee!ee 'e )&$ ae *#!e'e#0 Nea*&(e 4!'e-+%a%e ae &( A"e' N#3e a%a)a+ %e$%a*e!%& 4!"aa %(3&!ae#, 'a $a/a!%& "&$e$e -e/+2+%# : +$a$e &'e# $+a)e *a( *&% 'e &! *((#! 'e )##a!e a&0 Ia a $)(eea %e$%a.

*e!%&&( &a$e *+%&(a a '#( )#!)e%+e!( )ae a& a'e/e(% 4! "aa%(3&!a&&( )+ A"e' N#3e "&$e$e 4! 'e-(!+%a%ea *(!(( 8( )+'e)aa$e, 8( 4! "aa #, )+ &%(*a.( '#(!+ ea $+ )ee2e # "&!.'a(e )& $)#- &*a!(%a0

F N& $4!% -e!%& *#8%e!(( -ea *a(, $-&$e$e #'a%+ N#3e4! )e)& "a(# 8( !e-#(# &(0 V(aa !e aa%+ )+ )e( )ae a&*#8%e!(% a/e( *a( !.a& 8%(&% !()(#'a%+ $+ $e "##$ea$)+ 3(!e 'eee0 A& '&$ # /(a+ e!e/#a$+, a& )+2&% 4! 'e$%+3+ae 8( a&

a;&!$ a 'ege!eae, &(!+ 8( *#a%e0 A/e(e *a(, )48%(ga%e -(!*#8%e!(e !& -(! *&!)+, $4!% 'e2a$%&#a$e -e!%& )e( )ae e*#8%e!e$)0 E( 48( -(e' #()e e!eg(e, #()e -&%ee 'e /(a+, #()e4!'e*! a $%+'&(!e 8( a )ea(e0 P&%eea !#a$%+, !#(, #a*e!((,a* '#34!'(%.# &-%4!' '(! ge& 4*-#%(/a !a%&(( '&8*+!#a$e0

N()( $++)(a !& e 3&!+, ea $+3e8%e -e #*, 4 &*(e8%e 8(. Ia$+ -a'+ %&%&# 3#(# 8( -+)a%e#0 U*a8(# a %e3&( $+ ( $e a$e

!&*a( # *()+ -a%e '(! a/eea -+(!%ea$)+, a%4% )4% e !e/#(e )a $+4!)ea-+ a $e $%+'&( e( 4!8(8(, 'e a.8( )#( $(!g&( '&*& 4! /(a+,48( -+$%ea2+ 3(!e a/eea !&*a( )e )ae a '#34!'(%.# )& $&'#aea"&!((0Ca-(%a& &!'a(e( N#3e $e ('()+ a2( a -e$%e Q *((#a!e)##a!e a&0 E e a)+%&(% '(! e!%e 'e $%a%, /a#( )#*&!ae 8( (-#.%e)(, a$%"e )+ /e!(%& e -e 'e-(! a$(g&a%0I! "(e)ae a! $e '($%(3&(e 'e )+%e &! )#*(%e% 'e $a/a!(

$&e'e2(, -e2('a% 'e 4!$&8( egee S&e'(e(, -e*(( 4! /a#ae 'e -e$%e 'e )##a!e, (a $%a%& $&e'e2 -(*e8%e 8( e %#% -e a%4%0La 1 'e)e*3(e 191, )& -(e;& a!(/e$+(( *#(( &( N#3e,$.a& '($%(3&(% -(*ee -e*(( :C6(*($%& #a!'e2 Ia)#3&$ He!()&$ /a!Y% H#"" 1F1911,

-e!%& 'e$)#-e(ea eg(# -e$(&!(( #$*#%()e "(2()(a!& ge*a!(6e* `#!a' R#e!%ge! 1F19Q, -e!%& 'e$)#-e(eaa2e# ^ *e'()& 8( 3a)%e(##g& ge*a! E*(. /#! Be6(!g

1F1917, -e!%& )#!%(3&(a $a a )eaea $e#%ea-(e( -#e%&



"a!)e2 R0 S& P&'6#**e 1Q9F197, -e!%& (%ea%&+e/e(a!& H0 D&!a!% 8( "a!)e2& 0 Pa$$, -e!%& -a)e04!)e-4!' )& a!& 199 $e a)#'+ -e*(& N#3e 8( -e!%&8%((!ee e)#!#*()e0 La&ea(( a)e$%&( -e*(& a& "#$% #a!'e2&

J0 T(!3ege! 8( !#/eg(a!& R0 ($)60E 'e-% )+ -a)ea &!(/e$a+ a +*a$ 4!)+ &! /($ !e4*-(!(% a#*e!(((0 Pe*(& -+)(( a "#$% '+&(% &!# #a*e!( -#(%()( )ae a&&-%a% 4!%.a'e/+ -e!%& -a)e, 'a )ae !.a& (23&%(% $+ *()8#.e2e 4!a*+(e ge!eae, !e)&* $+ 4!"+ea$)+ -#-#aee0S.a& ('()a% &!e#( ga$&( 4*-#%(/a "e&&( )&* $e '($%(.

3&(e -e*((e N#3e0 Se -ae )+ *aee $a/a!% $&e'e2 a &*+(% )&%#%& a%)e/a, )4!' a 4!%e*e(a% )ee )(!)( -e*((0

De a)ea$%+ -+ee ea& 8( )e( '#( *a%#( -e )ae N#3e (.% a/&% )4!' 8(.a $)($ %e$%a*e!%&0Pe*((e $e a)#'+ 4! ge!ee &!# )ee3(%+( (!%e!a(#!ae,&!# #a*e!( 3#ga(, )& /(aa a$(g&a%+ 8( )ae !.a& !e/#(e 'e !()(&! a;&%# )a $+.8( &*e2e )e)e%+(e0 N#3e %e3&(e )+ $.a g4!'(%*a( 'ega3+ a 4!)e-&%&(e gee ae %(!ee(( $ae, )4!' "&$e$e $((%$+ )ea+ $-(;(!& &( Na-#e#! a III.ea 8( a 3a!)6e&&( Pee(e

E '#($e 'e 3&!+ $ea*+ $+ /(e 4! a;&%#& a)e# $a/a!( (-$(( 'e*(;#a)e, )ae a -&%ea 4!%.a'e/+ )& 17 $a& "a!)(a& $+.8( a$(g&e -#$(3((%a%ea $%&'((# 8( a )e)e%+(# #0U!& '(! a)e8%( *a%#( a 'e)aa% 4! "aa %(3&!a&&( )+A"e' N#3e a "( 2($ : >S#)#%e$) )+ "a) -a%e '(! "a*((a *ea a'e./+a%+ !&*a( a)e( #a*e!( )ae &)ea2+ )a 8( *(!e0 N& /ea& $a/(& )& a/eea *ea 4! a;&%#& &!&( #* 'e a)(&!e F )ae 'e "a-%!.ae !e/#(e 'e a/eea *ea F )( 4! a;&%#& &!&( /($+%#, &!&(

I'ea($%, #a*e!( )ae a%4% 'e ge& 48( "a) #) 4! /(a+?0Da)+ !+2&(!ee &( N#3e !.a& "#$% 4*-(!(%e 4! 4!%eg(*e,!& $e -#a%e a$)&!'e "a-%& )+ -e*((e )ae $e 4*-a% %! "(e)aea! a S%#)6#* a& &! +$&!e% 4! %#a%+ &*ea 8( 'a& )&a; %&%&# a)e# !e)&!#$)&( )e)e%+%#( 8( ('ea(8%(, 4! $%+'a!(a )+#a $%+Î!$&8( /((%#& #*e!(((0 CUCERITORII

VĂZDUHULUI



LEONARDO DA VINCIRANCESCO LNARA" MONTGOLIER CONTELE ZEPPEUN

OTTO LIUENTHAL LEONARDO DA VINCISURSUL GIOCONDEIL a L&/&, 4!%e a%e %a3#&()ee3e, $e a"+ 8( -#%e%& G(#)#!'e( 'e Le#!a'# 'a V(!)(0 I&3(.%#( 'e a%+ /e!(( '(! %#a%e )#&(e &*(( $e #-e$) )a $+ a'*(e

-e M#!a L($a0 E( $4!% a%4% 'e *&(, 4!)4% -a2!()& 4! "(e%&(

F -&$ a!&*e -e!%& #-ea &( Le#!a'# 'a V(!)( F e $((% $+.(a$e$e a (!', '#( )4%e '#(, "++ a e 4!g+'&( $.# -(/ea$)+ -ea *&%+/e*e0 M#!a L($a a "#$% +-(%+ 'e &! )(&'a% 4!'+g#$%(%, )ae, '&-+)e %#( 'e%e)%(/(( &*(( a& 4!)e)a% $+. -(!'+, "++ a (23&%(, a a'&$e 4!$&8(0 4!a-#(, -e(#$& %a3#&0a*e)& G(#)#!'e( e )&)e(%# 8( $%a!(&0 aa.( -e&!g+,

-(!+, 'e *a%#a!+ 4*-+)a%+ )& /(aa, e 4!$&"e(%+ 'e &! $&($

a3(a 4!)e-&%, )ae F !& 8%(( 3(!e F a$)&!'e $a& 4!)e-e $+ *+%&.($ea$)+ # %a(!+ a (!(*((P#a%e )+ %#)*a( a)ea$%+ (!)e%(%&'(!e 4*-&*&%+ "(g&(( e(a%4% 'e )a*e 8( 'e !e%e'e, *($%e& )&)e(%# 8( )a', '(!a(!%ea)+&(a "((!a !#a$%+ $e #-e8%e )& &(*(e, 'e$"+%ae 8( !e(!(8%e000De &!'e /(!e a)e$% $&($ 000 Ce $e a$)&!'e 4!a-#(a &( 000 La)e $e g(!'($e "&*#a$a M#!a L($a, )4!' -()%#& a $&-(!$ -e)6(-& e( 4!)e-&%& 'e *+%&($(e $a& $-ea!+ a &!e( a-#-(a%e 8(

%a(!()e "e()(( 000I$%#()(( !.a& 4!ee$ a)e$% $&($, !& .a& +*&(%0 P()%#(( !&.a& -e&(% a a'e/+a%a /a#ae 8( !()( &! -#e% $a& #*a!)(e !.a4!)e%a% $+ 'e2/+&(e, )& a;&%#& (*ag(!a(e( )ea%#ae, /(aa (!.%(*+ a *a;e$%&#a$e( "#e!%(!e, a )+e( $&($ -e!e& &( Le#!a'#'a V(!)( !( .a %a!$*($ )& a%(%a -e)(2(e, /(a+ 8( )+'&+0C(!e $e #)&-+ 4!$+ 'e *a!&$)($& )& '#&+ *(( 'e "(e, +*a$'e -e &*a -()%#&&( )ae "&$e$e, 4! a)ea8( %(*-, 8( &!& '(!%e

)e( *a( 'e $ea*+ %e6!()(e!( 8( #a*e!( 'e 8%((!+ a( &*((, -#a%e



a/ea !##)& $+ 3+!&(a$)+ 8( 4!ee$& $&($&&( G(#)#!'e(000J4e a"+* a R#*a, 4! 17, 4! -(!+ Re!a8%ee, S%+/e)6(&#a80 4! a)ea '&*(!()+ 'e -(*+/a+, e )#-e8(% 'e 2/#!&(e /(e((C#-#%ee *&%e# 3($e()(, 4!%e )ae a 3a$(()e( S"4!%& Pe%a, $e

a*e$%e)+ 4! /+2'&6, e$4!' # -4!2+ /#(#a$+ 'e $#!#(%+(, *e!(%+*a( *&% $+ 4!/e$eea$)+ a&2& )#-((#, 'e)4% a 3+8%(!a8(# *a%&(0E #a 2e)e '(*(!eaa0 4! *a!$a'a &!e( )+'(( )& %e( )a%&(,

-e *a& 'e-% a T(3&&(, $)(e a *a$a $%(*%+ 'e a "ee$%&()+,4! &*(!a -&%e!()+ a $#ae&(, &! %4!+ -a(' 8( 2/e%0De8( gea*& e 'e$)6($, !()( &!& '(! 2g#*#%ee *ae&( #a8!&. %&3&+. E $)(e *ee&, )& "&!%ea 4!)#'a%+, )& 3&2ee

$%(!$e, 'e -a)+ '&)e )& *(!%ea.( a$)&(%+ # &-%+ )(!)e!+0C(!e .a -(/( 'e a-#a-e a /e'ea )+ %4!+& $)(e )& *(!a$%(!g+ 8( &!e#(, )4!' 8%ege /e&! )&/4!%, 4 )e)e%ea2+ 4!%4( 4!e"e5& &!e( *(e' #g(!2( #%&!'e, -e )ae # ('()+ 'e -e "(a 'ea+%&(0 A-#(, %#% )& *(!a $%(!g+, $)(e *a( 'e-a%e0E a%4% 'e a'4!)(% 4! a)ea$%+ )(&'a%+ 4!'ee%!()(e, )+ !& a&'e

3+%+(e 4! &8+ 'e)4% '&-+ )e ee $e -e$)6(*3+ 4! #/(%&( -&%e.

!()e )& -&*!&0 T4!+& $e ('()+ 'e -e $)a&!, a&!)+ # 6a(!+'ea$&-a *e$e(, (a 4! *4!a $%(!g+ # -ae%+ -e )ae )&#(e 4!)+ $4!% -#a$-e%e, 4! 'ea-%a &! -e!e 8( 'e$)6('e &8a0E $&;!()a P&)6e(a, )ae.( a'&)e &! )#a) 8( # )a%(+ )&a-%e, 6a!a -e a)ea 2(0

F P4!+ *4(!e !& *a( /((, a8a e 000 # 4!%ea3+ %4!+& *#"&20Ş( a-#a-e # 4*-(!ge a"a+0

F N&, !& *a( /(& <000 S+ !& $e $&-ee a '#!!a '#a*!a L

Le#!a'# 'a V(!)( F )+)( e ea F 4!)e-&$e a R#*a -#%e.%& G(#)#!'e(, a/ea $+. )#!%(!&e a #e!a 8(, '&-+ )e /a "( I&)a% a e '#($-e2e)e a!(, 4 /a '+&( &!&( -(e%e!0P()%#& a/ea !&*a( '#&+2e)( 8( '#( 'e a!(, 'a, -e a)ea/e*e F )4!' /(aa ea a%4% 'e %&*&%&#a$+ 8( 'e)( a%4% 'e $)&%+ F

-&%ea "( $#)#%(% 4! -(!+ *a%&(%a%e0U!(( -(e%e!( 'e /4$%a &( Le#!a'#, )ae ae$e$e+ )a(eaa*e#, ea& )e( *a( *&( -a" 8( -&3ee, &)(8( 'e '&8*a!(0 A3(a

)4(/a a;&!$e$e+ g&/e!a%#( %e*&( a( )e%+(# 8( -#/(!)((#



)&)e(%e e#()0 N&*a( Le#!a'#, -e#)&-a% *a( *&% )& a)ee *($%e(#a$e"(e 4! )ae $)(a )& *4!a $%(!g+, 'e !& e -&%ea )(%( 'e)4% e, !& ag#.!($($e -4!+ a a)ea /4$%+ !()( # e$)a(e 8( ea )&!#$)&% a R#*a

'#a -(! )4%e/a %a3#&(, a3(a 'e#$e3(%e 'e ae )e#a( -()%#(0 N()( )a #* !& ea -ea 3(!e /+2&%0 N& $e )+$+%#($e, !& $e a%a.8a$e 'e !()( # "a*((e, &!'e $+.8( g+$ea$)+ a'+-#$%, $-(;(! 8( (&3(e04! 3a$(()a S"4!%& Pe%& $e (/ea a 8( !&*a( 4! $+3+%#(e )4!'ea a%4%a &*e, )+ $e -#*e!ea &!e#( a-#a-e $%(/(% 'e )#&*!a&!'e #3(8!&(a $+ $%ea e2e*a%0 Se 4!)6(!a &!e#( )& *4!a $%(!g+,$-e &(*(ea 'e-%.)e'(!)(#8(# 8(, 4! %#% %(*-& $&;3e(, %+gea*a( *&% )& &e)6ea a $&!e%ee )4!%e)e# e(g(#a$e, 'e -a)+ /#(a

$+ )e)e%e2e "e& )&* $e ($(-e$) ee 4! '("e(%ee &!g6ee0Se /#3($e #'a%+ 4! )#!)a/& -a-a 'e a)e$% !+$%&8!() -().%#, $-(;(!(% 'e &! /e)6( -(e%e! a -a-e(, *#!$e!(#& Ze#!e G#."(!$0 A)e$%a ea )+$+%#(% )& M#!a L($a0 Le#!a'# -()%a$e -a"#!&

-aa%&&( G#"(!$, (a $#(e( *#!$e!(#&&( 4( -+)&$e+ %ae *&%4*3(!+(e 'e )&#( )a 8( "#*ee 4!)6(-&(%e 'e !e)&!#$)&%&*ae$%&0

Pa-a a "( /&% $+ "a)+ /#(a -(e%e!&&( $+&, 'a 4!%eg& )#!.)a/ $e 4*-#%(/(0 Le#!a'# 'a V(!)( '&)ea # /(a+ )(&'a%+, aae.#( ea /+2&% 4! %#/++8(a )&(/a, %+(a $(!g&a%() 8( )(!e 8%(e 'a)+!& $e #)&-a 8( )& /+;(%#(a $a& a$%#!#*(a -+g4!ea$)+0Pa('& $)((%# 'e a *a$a 'e 3a' )&!#8%ea %#a%e a$%ea, 'a !& $e $(!)6($ea0 E 4!$&8( a "( &ga% -e *#!$e!(#& G#" (!$ $+ !&$e #$%e!ea$)+ a.( g+$( 'e &)&, -e!%& )+ !& &*+ea !()( a/&(e,!()( g#(e0 L(!(8%ea *a!$a'e( ea )ea *a( -(e!()+ #)&-a(e( %a(.

!()e )+e(a 4( 4!)6(!a$e /(aa0S)(a e-e'e, )& !e+3'ae0 C#-#%ee 48( %a$e+, &!& '&-+a%&, -4!2ee $#!#e '(! /+2'&6 8(, -e !ea8%e-%a%e, 4! &*(!a -&.%e!()+ a $#ae&( 'e a*(a2+, # (!(8%e *ae $e a8%e!& -e$%e Ce.%a%ea $"4!%+0A)ea$%+ (!(8%e, !e#3(8!&(%+ a&2&&(, 4 %e2( -e Le#!a'# '(!g4!'&( 8( $)(e(0 Se &(%+ 4! ;&0 A-#(, a-e)4!'&.$e -e$%e -e/a2&&!()e( "ee$%e, 4!)e-& $+ "&(ee e-e'e, )& 4!%e%+(e( $)&%e, &!

ga( 'e $&!e%e a$)&(%e, a$e*e!ea &!&( )((-(%0



4! )&(!' "eea$%a "& !+-+'(%+ 'e /+3(( 8( 4!'&!ee0 Le#.!a'# e +$+ $+ $e 64;#!ea$)+ 4! &*(!a '(! "aa "ee$%e(, %e)&4! '#$& 8e/ae%&&(, 'e &!'e $e 4!%#a$e )& # ;&*+%a%e 'e )#a),4!)e-& $+. "+*(e2e 4! -a*+ 8( a&!)+ "((*(%&(e -e *ag(.

!ea "ee$%e(, &!'e a'e*e!ea -e *&$a"((( 23&+%#(0I! %(*- )e -+$+eee $e a&!ga& &!a -e a%a, )a $+ )(&g&ea$)+"((*(%&(e, -()%#& a *a$a 'e 3a', )& %4*-a e2e*a%+ 4! -#.'& -a*e( 'e-%e, -(/ea )& &ae a*(!%e *(8)+(e #, "e& )&*$e ('()+ # a(-+, )&* $e a$+ a%a, )&* 3+%ea& a*4!'#&+, )4!'

-a$+ea /#(a $+ $e 4!ae, $+ $)#3#ae, $a& $+ "a)+ # *(8)ae #.%&!'+, a-e)a%+ -e # '&!g+ a a(-e( 8( # )&3+ $)&%+ a )#2((0A-#( 'e$e!a e-e'e )& *4!a $%(!g+ 8( $)(a )e/a 'e'e$&3% )&

(%ee *+&!%e, !&*a( 'e e )&!#$)&%e0Se /e'ea 3(!e )+ ea ($%#/(% 'e a)ea$%+ *&!)+ 8(, !&*a( -(!.%.&! e"#% a /#(!e(, (23&%ea $+ *a( &)e2e0 T42(&, '&-+.a*(a2+,'&-+ )e -+$+(e $e 4!%#$e$e+ -e a )&(3&(e #, Le#!a'# $e 4!.%(!$e, -e -a%& $)&!' 8( $%(*%, )& "aa 4! $&$0 A "( &)a% *a( 'e.

-a%e, 'a)+ !&.8( a*(!%ea )+, 4! a)eea8( !#a-%e, %e3&(a $+ &*+.ea$)+ *e$& &!e( $%ee -e )ae # 'e$)#-e($e 4! 'e-%& -(*e(

#(, '(!$-e *(a2+!#a-%e, a Ca&&( Mae 8( $+ *+$#ae '($%a!a -e )ae # $%+3+%&$e )a-& &!e( )#*e%e, 4! a-#-(eea $%ee# Ge*e!e0C&* 4!)6($e #)6((, a'#*(0Pe $ea+, )4!' -4!2ee a*&g&&( 4!%&!e)a+ *()a 4!)+-ee,a&2( -a%& #/(%&( $)&%e 4! &8+0 P()%#& $+( 4! -()(#ae0 48( %e)&*4(!(e -e$%e #3a;(, )a $-e a a&!ga '&6&(e $#*!&&( 8( *a(a$)&%+0 Cee -a%& #/(%&( $)&%e, 'e$-+(%e 'e -a&2a ega+, $e

a&2(+ (a0U! $&4$ 'e "e()(e &*(!+ "(g&a -a('+ a &( Le#!a'#0De$)6($e &8a )& 3+gae 'e $ea*+ 8(, 4!%.&! "484(% ge& 'e )a%("ee,$e $%e)&+ 4!+&!%& # 4!a%+ 8( -ea "&*#a$+ '#a*!+0

F N.a* $+ *a( -#% /e!(, Le#!a'# < 8#-%( )& ga$ a'4!) 8(4!'&ea% M#!a L($a0Le#!a'# # -(/( )a'0

F N&.( -ae +& )+ !.a* $+ *a( /(! 000

Le#!a'# 48( ('()+ "&!%ea, # -(/( )& $e%e, )a 8( )&* a "(



/#(% $+.8( &*-e $&"e%& -e!%& %#%'ea&!a )& (*ag(!ea e(, a-#( #'&$e )+%e $)a&!& &!'e #3(8!&(a $+ $%ea 'e /#3+ 8( &!'e M#!aL($a +*4!ea )& 3aee 4*-e&!a%e, )4!' -#2a0

F 4!%4( $+.*( $-&( 'e )e !& *a( -#( /e!(

F Le#!a'#, 8%(( 3(!e )+ !& /ea& $+ $e /#3ea$)+ 'e *(!e4! R#*a, 'e8( $#((e !#3((#, 8( *a( ae$ )ee '(! $-(a G#"(!$,(! a%4% 'e *&% $+ $e /#3ea$)+ 'e ee0P()%#& a-(!$e &*(!aea '(! $"e8!()& 'e -e *a$+ 8( a%e'#&+ &*(!+( g#a$e, "(5a%e a )ee '#&+ )a-e%e ae 8e/ae%&&( -e)ae $e a"a -#%e%& a3(a 4!)e-&% a (&3(%e(0M#!a L($a $e a-#-(e 'e -()%#0

F N& /ea& $+ $e /#3ea$)+ 'e *(!e, Le#!a'#, 'a !()( !&

/ea& $+ %e -(e' < Le#!e $.a )e%a% )& /e)6(( &( -(e%e!(, )ae)#*-#%a& 4*-#%(/a -a-e( 8( /#(a& $+ -&(e 4! #)& &( -e e-($)#.

-& B#/(0 N& *a( -ea)+ $eaa 'e a)a$+0Le#!a'# -(/( 4! ;#$, 4!)&!%a%, a-#( a8e24!'&.$e a 8e/ae%,&+ -ae%a, -e!$&ee 8( 4!)e-& $+ -()%e2e /#3(!' a, )& 4!.%e&-e( :

F S)&*-a *ea, %e #g $+ $&42(000 N& *a( -#% -()%a )6(-&

%+& )& g6eaee $&-++(( 4!"(-%e 4! e000 F Da, Le#!a'#, !& -#% $&4'e, 'a)+ %& -(*e8%( )& a%4%a$e!(!+%a%e 'e$-+(ea !#a$%+0

F De$-+(ea 000 %e$+( Le#!a'#, -e-a4!' )&#(e -e -ae%+ 8( a&!)4!' # -(/(e *(a%+ $-e M#!a L($a0 N&, !& !e/#* 'e$-+( !()(#'a%+ $a&000 !&*a( a%&!)( )4!' /e( /#( %&0 Da

-4!+ a%&!)(, a* $+ /(! e& a %(!e0 F Da -e &!'e /e( a;&!ge 4! (a%a)& *e& P#(e )&(( $e

4!)6(' '(! /e*e, (a &8(e )a$e( e 4!)6('e )6(a Le#!e, 4!a(!%e'e )&)ae0 F E& !& /#( (!%a -e &8(, G(#)#!'a, 2($e Le#!a'# 4!)e-4!'$+ -()%e2e0 C( -(! &)a!a 'e -e a)#-e(80 V#( /e!( 4! 23#,a'+&g+ e )& $e(#2(%a%e0C& %#a%+ $&-+aea, M#!a L($a !& $e -&%& e(!e: (2.

3&)!( 4! 4$0 F De #e 42( 0:

F R4' )a $+ !& -4!g, 'ag& *e& <000 +$-&!$e ea0



F S4!% 4! a8%e-%aea &!&( $_($, M#!a ($a < A%"e !& *a( -#% -()%a0 A* !e/#(e 'e $&4$& %+&000 (.a* $-&$ )+ !& *+ $(*%4! $%ae $+ %e -(e' /e#'a%+0 Z(e 4!%eg( a* -(/(% 8( a* 4!$e*!a%4! $)($, )& 'e$e!e, )&* 23# -+$+(e0 Le.a* '+&(% )ea *a( *ae

-a%e '(! 6a!a *ea, )a $+ 23#ae -e '(!a(!%ea "ee$%e(0 Ş( )e')+ a* (23&%(% $+ 'e$)("e2 $e)e%& 23#&&( #0 A2( '&-+.a*(a2+a* *a( /e("()a% # 'a%+ 'e$e!ee a-aa%&&( *e& 'e 23&a%0 C4!'%e 6#%++8%( $+ $&42( 000M#!a L($a a$)&%a 4!)#'a%+, )& 3&2ee $%4!$e0 Le#.!a'# &*+ :

F Pa$+ea 23#a+ -e!%& )+ ae -e!e 8( a(-(0 C(!e 48( -#a%e -&!e a(-( 8( -e!e /a 23&a 8( e )& $(g&a!+, 'a)+ 4!/a+ $+ $e "#.

#$ea$)+ 'e ee0 P&(( 4!/a+ *&%+ /e*e, 4!a(!%e 'e a (23&%( $+23#ae 3(!e0 De'a a )#(% "(&&( $+& I)a # -ee)6e 'e a(-( *a(,a8a )&* !e $-&!e ege!'a ee!+, 'a a2ee $#ae&( a& %#-(% )eaaa(-(# 8( I)a a )+2&% 4! *ae0 De a)( a* 4!/+a% )+ a(-(e *ee%e3&(e $+ e "a) '(! *+%a$e 8( '(! -(ee, )a $+ "(e *#( 8( %a(, (a !&'(! /e&! *e%a, )ae a "( -ea ge& 8( $.a -&%ea 4!'#( #( $%4*3a0A* *a( 3+ga% 'e $ea*+ '("ee!a 'e ge&%a%e a ae&&( )ae a-a$+

a(-(e 'e $&$, $a& #(2#!%a0 Pa$+ea 4! 23# )a&%+ )&e!%& 'e ae )ae $.# -#a%e0 De)(, /a %e3&( $+ 23# 8( e& *a( $&$, $a& *a( ;#$0Z3#& -a!a% e )e *a( &8#0 Pe()#& )e *ae /(!e %#% 'e a 3+.%a(a /4!%&&(, )4!' e 3&$) $a& 'e a /4%e;& 'e ae, )ae $e "#.*ea2+ *a( )& $ea*+ 'ea$&-a -+-+$%((# F a'()+, -e!%& *(!e,4! $%+2(e )& )a$ee -ea 4!a%e0 C4!' $e a'&!+ !#(, /a %e3&( $+*+ ('() 'ea$&-a #, &!'e !& $4!% (23(%&( 'e ae 8( &!'e.*( -#%"e( a(-(e 'e ge&%a%ea -#((0 A(-(e #*e!e8%( %e3&(e !ea-+a%

)#!$%&(%e '&-+ *#'e& a(-(( 'e ((a), )ae e 8( e &! *a*(."e ge&0 F A( $+ )a2( < A( $+ )a2( <000 $%(g+ '($-ea%+ M#!a L($a0Le#!a'#, )ae 4!%e %(*- -()%a$e )& g(;+, $e #-( 8( a&!)+a$&-a (&3(%e( # -(/(e &(*(%+ :

F De )e $+ )a' 4!%e3+0 F E8%( ge& < +$-&!$e ea0 P+$+(e $4!% &8#ae0D&-+ # )(-+ 'e g4!'(e, -()%#& e&+ )& a)ea8( ga$ (!(8%(%

F S4!% 8( -+$+(e gee0 N.a( /+2&% !()( &! &(& )& # g+(!+



4! g6eae $a& &! /&%& )& &! *(e (! )(#) 000 Ş( &(&, 8( /&%&&$4!% a%&!)( 'e '#&+.%e( #( *a( ge( )a 'e #3()e( 8( %#%&8( 23#&# !& e *a( -&(! $(g&0 P&%eea -()(#ae# !#a$%e #*e!e8%( e*&% *a( *ae 'e)4% a/e* !e/#(e )a $+ !e *(8)+* '(! #)0 Ca

*4(!(e 8( -a%ea 'e $&$ a %&-&&( $+ +*4(e (3ee 4! 23#, )a $+.*( -#% (!e e)6((3& 8( "a)e #)#&(, *.a* g4!'(% $+ -&! 4! "&!)(&!ea(-(e )& a;&%#& -()(#ae#, -&!4!'&.e 4! eg+%&+ -(! '#&+e8a"e &! )a- a e8a"e( e ega% 'e 4!)e-&%& a(-(#, )e+a%

-(!$ )& # ;a%(e+ 'e %a-a -()(#ae#0G(#)#!'a 4 -(/( 'e-% 4! #)6(, )a $+ /a'+ 'a)+ !& $)a-++4!+&!%& # # $)4!%e(e 'e !e3&!(e0 4!%e3+, *a( *&% 8#-%(%:

F Ş(, 4! a"a+ 'e !#( '#(, *a( 8%(e )(!e/a 'e a)ea$%+ *a8(!+

)& a(-( Le#!a'# e4!)e-& $+ -()%e2e :

F O < N& < S)&*-a *ea, %e #g $+ !& -#*e!e8%( !(*+!&('e a$%a <000 C& a%4% *a( -&(! $+ -#!&!( !&*ee *e& 8( a8a $4!%'e$%& 'e 6&(% < Ş%(( 3(!e )(!e $%+ 'e /eg6e 8( (!e )#!$"+%&(( $e.)e%e, '&-+ )ae '+ -#&!)+ $+ $e ('()e &g&(e000 I!)6(2((a < J" V# $-&!e )+ &*+e$) $+ 4!"4!g 8( $+ 3a%;#)#e$) >4!'&(aa &(

D&*!e2e& <?000 De a)eea a* 8( "+)&% 4!$e*!+(e )& *4!a $%(!g+,4!%.&! a"a3e% )ae !& -#a%e "( )(%(% 'e)4% -(! #g(!'+0 Ş(, )a $+!& "(& 3+!&(% 'e a$e*e!ea -e#)&-+( -e )ae I!)6(2((a e $#)#.%e8%e !eeg(&(%e, 4! )a2 )+, %#%&8(, )(!e/a '(! a)e( -(#8( )(*(!a(a (23&%( $+.*( 'e$)("e2e *a!&$)($&, a* a'+&ga% 4! "(e)ae -a.g(!+ (!/#)a(( "(e3(!( )+%e Ma()a D#*!&&( 8( Ta%+ Cee$)0M#!a L($a, )& #)6( *a( 8( g&a 4!%e'e$)6($+, a$)&%a, a&2ea8( !&.( /e!ea $+ )ea'+0

F Ş(000 8(000 3434( ea e*#(#!a%+, /e( /e!(000 4! 23#0S)a # -a$+e 000 F Da, )6(a a8a, M#!a L($a < +$-&!$e Le#!a'# )& "e*(.%a%e 8( )#!%(!&+, "&gea% 'e &! g4!' !#& :

F 000Ş(, 'a)+ %& /e( $+ -e)( )& *(!e 4! 23#, $+ 23&+* 4*. -e&!+, $&3 a% )e, $+ -#-#$(* -e a% -+*!%000T+)&+ 4!"()#8a( 'e a)e$%e )&/(!%e0Le#!a'# $e a-#-(e 'e ea0 G(#)#!'a $e ('()+ 4!)e%0 4!

-ea;*a # &*(!+(e -4-4(a&0



C4!' Le#!a'# e4!)e-& $+ -()%e2e, M#!a L($a, "++ a "( -ea)#!/(!$+ 'e !+$)#)(ea -(e%e!&&( e(, 2($e :

F A$)&%+, Le#!a'#, a* )(%(% 4!%.# )a%e, a'&$+ '(! a!a,# ($%#($(e, *( $e -ae 'e )#!()a& #(!a%0 E -#/e$%e8%e )&*

&! &)e!() ($%e 8(.a )#!$%&(% # -ee)6e 'e a(-(, )& a;&%#& )+ #a /#(a $+ 23#ae0 C#!%ee 'e a!'a 8( ga(#a$a.( $#(e /e!(+$+ /a'+ 4!)e)aea 'e 23#, a Vae!)(e!!e$0 D&-+ )e.8( eg+ a(.

-(e 'e &*e(, &)e!()& $e &)+ 4! )#-#%!(a 3($e()((, 'e &!'e %e. 3&(a $+.8( 'ea '&*&0 C4!' /& $+.8( 'ea '&*&, $-a(*a )&. -(!$e,0, !& -e &)e!()& 23&+%#, )( -e ga(#a$a )#!%e$+0 Ea $#. 3#2( &! (-+% 8( &g+ 3+(a%& $+ !& 23#ae 'e -e %&a 3($e()((, )a$+ )a'+ 8( $+.8( "4!g+ g4%&0 Ma( 3(!e $+ )a&%e &! #) )& a-+, &!

4& $a& &! (a2, )a $+ )a'+ -e *#ae, 'a)+ !& /a e&8( $+ 23#ae0A8a $e -&$e a )ae &! 23# `!g+ # a-+ )&g+%#ae 8( &)&(e $e

-e%e)&+, Le#!a'#, 4!%#)*a( )&* -e/+2&$e )#!%e$a0 A3(a $ea&!)+ &)e!()& 4! 23# 8( )+2& 'e-% 4! a-+ <000P()%#& 4$e &8#, a-#( 2($e, -e-a4!' # a%+ )&#ae -e $&.

-a"aa -ae%e( : F M.a* g4!'(% 8( a a$e*e!ea 4!%4*-ae, M#!a L($a < A*

8( )#*a!'a% a &! &*3ea &! )#% 4! -a%& )#&(, )& &! *(!e )ae $e -#a%e ag+a 'e )&ea&a 'e *(;#)0 Da)+ *( $e $%()+ a(-(e$a&, -(!$ 'e # "&%&!+, a8 #3#$( 8( !.a8 *a( "( 4! $%ae $+ 23#, )&a;&%#& &*3ee( 4! -a%& )#&(, a* $+ -#% )#3#4 'e a )ea *a(*ae 4!+(*e, "++ $+ *( $e 4!%4*-e !(*(), 'a)+ !&.*( -(e'$4!gee e)e0 N& )&!#$) 4!)+ %e*-ea%&a a *a(e 4!+(*( 8( !()('a)+ a(%a%ea ae&&( 'e a)## e -e()&#a$+0 Da '&-+ 4!%4(& $a&a '#(ea 23#, /#( a/ea 8%((!+ a$&-a 23#&&( a '("e(%e 4!+(*(,

a$&-a "e&&( )&* a8 -&%ea -&%( "++ $+.*( #3#$e$) -()(#aee,!&*a( )& a(-(e 4!%(!$e, 8( )&* a8 -&%ea $+ *+ 6+!e$) 4! 23#,)a $+ -#% +*4!e 4! /+2'&6 *a( *&% 'e '#&+$-e2e)e #e0Ba$*& &( Le#!a'# 4!)4!%+ a%4% 'e *&% -e G(#)#!'a, 4!)4%$(*( )+.! -(e-%& e( 3a%e a)&* # (!(*+ )#-(+ea$)+0

F O < Le#!a'# < =% a8 "( 'e "e()(%+ )a %#% )e.*( $-&( $+$e -#a%+ 4!"+-%&( <Ş( 4! '#(!a e( 'e a )e'e )& (!(*a )eea )e !& -&%ea )e'e

)& *(!%ea, # &*(!+ )(&'a%+ ( $e a8%e!& -e "a+0



F Da)+ a%&!)( )4!' e8%( 4! /+2'&6 !& /e( 4!%4!( !()( # a'(ee)ae $+.( $&$(e a(-(e, )e "a)( 000 N& )a2( ;#$ 000 Sa& a8%e-( $+

3a%+ /4!%& F O < N&, G(#)#!'a <000 Z3#& *e& !& (!e 'e /4!%, !ea-+.

a%, )+)( a* ($)#'(% %e( a(-( *()( "(5a%e -e # $(!g&+ a5+ 8( )ae -#% 2+*($( &! )&e!% 'e ae *a( -&%e!() 'e)4% /4!%& #3(8!&(%0A)ea$%+ a5+, '(!a-#(a a(-(#, # /#( -&!e 4! *(8)ae )& &! 3a$a& a*!'#&+, '&-+ )&* /ea& $+ 23# *a( e-e'e $a& *a( 4!)e%0

F A%&!)( /e( -&%ea /e!( a *(!e < 8#-%( M#!a L($a, +-(%+)a 'e "a*e)& &!e( $-ea!e 4*-(!(%e0Ş(, -e $e!(!+%a%ea )6(-&&( e( a-+& &! %a(!() $&(($0

F N& *(8)a < S&42( *ee&\, a8a, $%(g+ Le#!a'# 8(, 4!%#.

)4!'&.$e $-e -4!2a 'e -e 8e/ae%, -()%a $&4$& G(#)#!'e(0 N(*e!( !& 8%(e 'a)+ Le#!a'# 'a V(!)( a "+&(% )& a'e/+a%*a8(!a 23&+%#ae, ae )+e( 'e$e!e !e.a& +*a$ 4! *a!&$)($ee'e$)("a%e )& a;&%#& #g(!2((, $a& 'a)+ #3$e/a((e &(, a%4% 'ee5a)%e a$&-a 23#&&( -+$+(#, 8( -e )ae /((%#(( 23&+%#( e.a&e'e$)#-e(%, a& +*a$ !&*a( 4! %e5%& )(&'a%e# -ag(!(0 E -#$(.

3( )a )ee3& -()%# $+ "( -&)e$ a e5-e(e!e, "+)&%e 4! )ea *a(

*ae %a(!+, $-e a !& "( 'e!&!a% I!)6(2((e(0S4!%e* )&-(!8( 'e &(*(e /+24!' )& )4% %e*e( 8( )& )e g(;+&!& '(! )e( *a( 'e $ea*+ #a*e!( a( %&%&# %(*-&(# a )e)e%a%8( a "#*&a% %#a%e -#3e*ee a/(a(e(, )& )4%+ #g()+ 8( e5a)%(%a%eLe#!a'# 'a V(!)( 'e$)#-e+ )ee %e( ee*e!%e "&!'a*e!%ae ae#()+e( *a8(!( 'e 23&a% : -a!#aee, e()ea 8( -aa8&%a0Ce -+)a% )+ a)%(/(%a%ea &( a%4% 'e '(/e$+, ($(-(%+ 4! a-#a-e%#a%e '#*e!((e a%e( 8( 8%((!e(, !& (.a 4!g+'&(% $+.8( )#!)e!%e2e

"#ee a$&-a -#3e*e( 23#&&( )a $+.( "( 'a% # 'e2egae 'e"(.!(%(/+0 I!$+ !&.( *a( -&(! a'e/+a% )+ -&%e(e 4!%&!e)a%e aeE/&&( Me'(&, -e;&'e)+(e 4!a*a%e )& "+)(( 8( $e)&(, (.a& -&$

-(e'()( -ea *a(0,

RANCESCO LNABARCA ZBURĂTOARE

I e( $&%e 'e a!( *a( %42(&, 4!



17, (&$%& "(#2#" G#%%"(e' (6e* Le(3!(2 g+$e8%e # $)(.$#ae '(! -a%ea &!&( (e2&(% '(! a!a, )ae $e*!a a!)e$)#L!a0 Ea %#)*a( 4! a!& )4!' "(#2#"&, !&*(% -e8e'(!%e a A)a.'e*(e( 'e 8%((!e '(! Be(!, $e #)&-a $+ g+$ea$)+ -e )e( *a( 3&!(

)#!'&)+%#( a( '("e(%e# $e)(( 8%((!("()e, a$%"e )a $+ !&.8( $&-ee -(e%e!(( 8(, 4! a)ea8( %(*-, $+ !& ;(g!ea$)+ 8%((!a04! )a*ea &( 'e &)&, /e$%(%& "(#2#" -(*( 4! a)e a! *a(*&%e /(2(%e )a.! %#% e$%& /(e((04! -a!%a#!( $)&(, )& -a!%#"( 'e *+%a$e, )& 3&)ee 3#ga%eae -e&)(( a3e )+a!'&.( ag -e &*e(, )& 'a!%ee a *4!e)( )aea;&!gea& -4!+ a-#a-e 'e /4"& 'ege%e#, Le(3!(2 $e ($%#/( 4!)+&%aea "#*&e# 'e -#(%ee, )a $+ e"&2e $&%ee 'e )a!'('a%&(0

S)($#aea -+(!%e&( a!)e$)# L!a +*+$e$e *&%+ /e*e!e'e$"+)&%+0 Nea/4!' +ga2& 'e a.8( a&!)a #)6(( a$&-a e(, e!e./a%, # a&!)+ 4!%.&! $e%a, "++ a $e g4!'( $.# *a( )(%ea$)+ /e#.'a%+, 4!%.a'e/+, )4!' #*e!(ea -+8ea -e )+(e -#ge$&&( 8%((!.("(), )e 4!$e*!+%a%e *a( a/ea $)($#aea &!&( )+&g+, 34!%&(% 'e%#a%e '&6&(e, )&a%e $a& !e)&a%e 000Pe$%e )(!)( a!(, '&-+ )e #ga!(2a$e A)a'e*(a 'e 8%((!e 8( a8.

%e-%a )a *e*3(( e( $+.!)ea-+ # !#&+ e+ 4! ($%#(a )&%&(( &*a!e F )eea )e $e.!%4*-+ *&% *a( %42(& F Le(3!(2 '+'& '(! !#& -e$%e $)($#aea &( a!)e$)# L!a, -e )ae # )(%( )& *ae *(ae0Ie2&(%& ea &! #* 'e 8%((!+ < Se a'e$a$e ge!(&&( 'e a Be(!,)& # (!%&((e 8%((!(" ()+, 3a *a( *&% 'e)4% a%4%: )& # (!/e!(e $&.

-(!2+%#ae <000De %e( #( 4! '(*(!eaa a)eea, 4! "aa "ee$%e( )ae '+'ea$-e G+'(!a B#%a!()+, Le(3!(2 )(%( $)($#aea, (!'(g!a%, &&(%,

e!%&2(a$*a%:>000Da(.*( /#(e $+ /+ $&-&! &! -#(e)% : -#(e)%& 'e 23# a/a$e# -&%(%#ae 8( &! -a! : -a!& 3+)(( 23&+%#ae0Pe)&* $e -#a%e /e'ea 4! 'e$e!& a+%&a%, 3a)a -e!%& /a.&(, a)eea8( 4!)+-ee &!g&(a+, a)eea8( -4!2e, &8# 'e *4!&(% 8(

-e )ae, &*"4!'&.e /4!%&, *(!a #*&&(, )a 8( -e a-+, e -#a%e)4*&( 4! #()e '(e)(e a /ea0Cea *a( gea -#3e*+, )ae.( 4!+aea 4! /+2'&6, a* e

2#/a%.# -(! a)eea )+ ae& !& -#a%e $&$(!e #3(e)%e *a( gee 'e.



)4% e 'e)4% 'a)+ ( a$+ 4! )6(- "(e$) $+ $e ('()e0 I! a)e$% $)#- F -e)&* $e /e'e, 'e a$e*e!ea, +*&(% 4! 'e$e!& a+%&a% .Ja* a8e2a% 3a)a 23&+%#ae -e -a%& g6(&ee *a(, a )+# (!%e.(# e$%e /('0

Re&8(%a $%+ 4! *+(*ea a)e$%# g6(&ee0 C+)( *a%e(a& '(!)ae /#* )#!$%&( g6(&eee %e3&(e $+ "(e "#a%e $#(' )a $+ !& $e$-ag+ &8# 8( $+ !& "(e %&%(% 'e a-+$aea ae&&( 8(, )&* !()( !&$e g+$e8%e &8# # a$e*e!ea *a%e(e, )ae -e 'ea$&-a $+ "(e 8(&8#a+, *.a* g!'(% $+ 4!#)&(e$) %#a%e a)e$%ea -(! *+(*eag6(&ee#0La 4!)e-&% a* )e2&% )+ a %e3&( )#!$%&(%e g6(&ee 'e)&-& 'e g#$(*ea &!&( %ae 8( )& &! '(a*e%& 'e 1Q 'e -()(#ae0

A-#(, 4! "aa a)e$%# '(*e!$(&!( *#!$%&#a$e -e!%& # 3a)+, a*+*a$ -e g4!'&( 8( *( $.a -+&% )+, 'a)+ a* $&"a !(8%e 3a#a!e'e $%()+ -e )ae e.a* g#( 'e ae, ea $.a ('()a 4! $&$ 'e a $(!e0Ce' 4!$+ )+ )ee *a( 3&!e g6(&ee a %e3&( )#!$%&(%e 4!"e& *a!'#(!e#, '(! "48(( 'e e*! &8#, 'a e2($%e!%, 4! "#*+#%&!'+, -e )ae ea* 4!/e( a-#( 4!%.# )+*a8+ e2($%e!%+ 'e

-(ee0 46 "e& a)e$%a 8( /('& '(!+&!%& g6(&ee# a *a( -&%ea

"( #)#%(%0M+ /e( 4!%e3a, *&% $%(*a%e '#*!&e "(#2#", 'e )e !.a*4!)e)a% e& 4!$&*( $+ )#!$%&(e$) a(e/ea # 3a)+ 23&+%#ae, '&-+

-a!&(e 'e$e!a%e a)( a+%&a% 8( '&-+ )#!/(!ge(e *ee0 Sa& !&)e' -e 'e-(! 4! )eea )e *(!%ea *(.a a+%a%, '&-+ 4!'e&!ga%+)6(32&(!+, )+ $e -#a%e 4!"+-%&( a8a )e/a 4! a)ea$%+ &*e a &)&.(# )#!)e%e0D(*-#%(/+, )e' )& %+(e )+ 3a)a 23&+%#ae $e -#a%e )#!.

$%&( )& &8&(!+0 Ceea )e *.a 4*-(e'()a% $+ %e) a &)& a "#$%$%aea *ea 'e -e#%000C+ 'a)+ A%#%-&%e!()& a 2+*($(% "+-%&( )ae $+ $e %4a$)+

-e -+*4!%, a%ee )ae $+.!#a%e 4! a-e, (a a%ee )ae $+ *eag+8( a%ee )ae $+ 23#ae, -e $e*!e a 4!'&(% %#a%e a)e$%ea 4! /e'eea&!&( e, +*a$ !#&+ #a*e!(# 4!)+ !e)&!#$)&%0 A8 -&%ea e& #ae,4! 4!g4*"aea *(!((, $+.!"&!% 4!ee-)(&!ea %a%+&( )ee$) 8( )&!(*()!()(a *ea $+ $)6(*3 #'(!ea "(ea$)+ a &*(( 000

M&%e !#-( !.a* 4!)6($ #)6((, )& $&"e%& '#3#4% 'e 4!'#(e(,



-4!+ )4!', *(#$%(/(!'&.$e '&6& $"4!% 'e !e%e3!()a *ea "+-%&+,*(.a 'a% $"a%& $+ /+ $)(& a)e$%e 4!'&(, $+ /+ %(*(% 4!)6(-&((ea )ae a* &)a% a!( 4!'e&!ga( F )eea )e a* "+)&%0 A*(! <?Le(3!(2 )(%( 'e )4%e/a #( $)($#aea 8(, g4!'(!' a$&-a e(, 48(

'e%e $ea*a )+ !& a/ea 'e.a "a)e )& &! !e3&!0 P+(!%ee a!.)e$)# L!a $e '#/e'ea )&!#$)+%# a eg(# !a%&(( 8( 4!2e$%a%)& &! 'e#$e3(% $(* -a)%()0 P#a%e )+ 'a)+ !& (!%e/e!ea "a!a.%($*&.( e(g(#$, a "( )ea% a(e/ea 3a)a &( 23&+%#ae0C&-(!$ 'e -+e( 'e +&, "(#2#"& -&$e $)($#aea 4! -() 8(# %(*($e, )& # a%+ $)($#ae, )+%e -e8e'(!%ee $e)(e( 'e "(2()+A A)a'e*(e( 'e 8%((!e0Pe8e'(!%ee $e)(e( 'e "(2()+ )(%( $)($#aea a3a%e&( L!a,

4$e )& -#"%+, # a+%+ &!# *e*3( a( $e)(e( )a $+ 4'+ 8( e(, 4$e+a-#( )& %#(( 8( # a&!)a+ a a6(/+, 4!%e a%e 2e)( 'e *(( 'e *a.!&$)($e0

N(*e!( 'e a%&!)( !& $.a *a( #)&-a% *&%+ /e*e 'e g4!'&&( a!)e$)# L!a 8( 3a)a 23&+%#ae +*a$e # 2+*($(e -e64%(e:

RAII MONTGOLIER BALONUL CU ŞI ARA CRMAI'eea 'e a 23&a a$e*e!ea -+.$+(# )e&&( !.a -++$(% !()(#'a%+ *(!%ea #*e!ea$)+0 I! /ea)&a ^VIII.ea, )6(a a 4!)e-&%& &(, 4!)e)+(e 'e a 23&a $e 4!.*&e$) 4! a$e*e!ea *+$&+, )+ !& e -&%e* -#*e!( 8( 'e$)(e -e%#a%e0I!%4(a 4!)e)ae 'e a 23&a )& 3a#!& # 'a%#+* &!&( 3a.

2((a!, a!&*e La&e!)# G&$*+#, )ae, 4! 179, /e!( a L($a3#!a8( -e2e!%+ )&(( egae &! $-e)%a)#, -e a%&!)( !e*a(-#*e!(%0C#!$%&($e &! 3a#! 'e 64%(e, $&3 )ae ag+a$e # g#!'#+ *()+'(! e*! 'e -#-, e*!& )e *a( &8#0 U*-& 3a#!& )& ae 4!.)+2(% 8( a-#( $e &)+ 4! g#!'#+0 La&e!)# G&$*+# $e 4!++ 4!%.a.'e/+ 4! /+2'&6, $-e &(*(ea 8( 4!)4!%aea $-e)%a%#(#0 D(! "e.()(e F -e!%& )+ a%"e a "( "#$% #/(% -#a%e 'e # !e!##)(e *a(*ae, )ae .a "( )#$%a% /(aa F G&$*+# !&.8( *4!&( -ea 3(!e

3a#!&, )ae, ag+4!'&.$e 'e # $&(+ 'e "(e 'e -e %&!& )a$%e.



&&( ega, $e 'e2&*"+ 8( )+2& a -+*4!%0 S&/ea!((, $-e)%a%#((8( 4!'+2!e& G&$*+# $e ae$e+ !&*a( )& $-a(*a0D(! a)ea$%+ -()(!+, La&e!)# G&$*+# "& (-$(% 'e g#(a 'e a"( )#!$('ea% )a -(*& )#!$%&)%# 8( 23&+%# )& a;&%#& 3a.

#!&&(0A)ea$%+ #!#ae e/e!( "a(# M#!%g#"(e, J#$e-6 8( E%(e!!e,)ae ea& '#a "a3()a!( 'e 64%(e 8( !.a/ea& !()( # eg+%&+ )&a$#)(a((e 'e $a/a!( '(! a)ea /e*e0 4! %(!eee $%&'(a$e+ )&*&% 2e *a%e*a%()a, *e)a!()a 8( "(2()a0 a%ee *a( *(), E%(e!!e,$e '#/e'($e &! a6(%e)% -()e-&%, (a J#$e-6 !+$)#)($e )4%e/a &!e%e*e)a!()e, -e&(%e 8( a2(0Pe a)ea /e*e, 4! a '#&a ;&*+%a%e a /ea)&&( a ^VIII.ea,

4! -e2(&a *a(( e/#&(( "a!)e2e, (&3(%#(( 'e 8%((!+ "&+ -e.#)&-a( 'e $%&'((e )6(*($%&&( P(e$%e a$&-a )#*-#2((e( ae.&&(0De a)( e /e!( "a(# M#!%g#"(e ('eea 'e a )#!$%&( &!

3a#!, )& a;&%#& )+&(a $+ $e -#a%+ ('()a 4! /+2'&60 a3()a # 'e 64%(e $e a"a !& 'e-a%e 'e L#!, 4! -(%#ea$)a eg(&!e a #+.8e&&( A!!#!!a0 A)( $e a'&!a+ a 4!)e-&%& &( (&!(e 17Q e.

-e2e!%a!(( -#/(!)(e( V(/aa($ 8( !& *()+ e "& *(aea -(*(!' -e!%& 2(&a 'e (&!(e # (!/(%a(e a 4!)e)aea &!e( >*a8(!( ae#.$%a%()e00

N(*e!( !& )&!#8%ea a'e/+a%& $)#- a a)e$%e( 4!)e)+(I!/e!%a%#(( a!&!a+ )+ a/ea& 'e g4!' $+ &*-e *a8(!a )&&! ga2, )& a;&%#& )+&(a $e /# &)a -4!+.! !#(0 La 4!ee-&%>*a8(!a a/ea 4!"+(8aea &!&( &(a8 $a) *#%#%#(%, )+-%&8(% )&64%(e, )ae 4!)e%.4!)e% $e &*"+ 8( &+ "#*a &!&( 3a#!0 C4!' "&

e(3ea% 'e " 4!g6((e )ae. (!ea& ega% 'e -+*4!%, 3a#!& $e &)+4!%.a'e/+0 R+*a$e 4! ae !&*a( /e# 2e)e *(!&%e, a-#( $e +$+(a -e -+*4!%0I! a"a+ 'e 'eega(( -#/(!)(e( V(/aa($, *a( ea& 'e "a+a&%#(%+(e )#*&!ae 8( &! !&*e#$ -&3()0 4!)e)aea )e# '#("a3()a!( 'e 64%(e &(*( 8( (!%ee$+ -e %#( $-e)%a%#((0 Da !(*+!&( !&.( %e)& -(! *(!%e, !()( )6(a "a(# M#!%g#"(e, )+2(&a 'e (&!(e 17Q 4!$e*!a 4!)e-&%& &!e( ee !#( 4! ($%#(a

#*e!(((0



D(! a-#%& F )ae $.a -+$%a% F a "a(# M#!%g#"(e e(e$e )+ 3a#!& "&$e$e )#!$%&(% '(! *a( *&%e 3&)+( 'e -4!2+,4*3(!a%e )& !a$%&( 8( )6e&%#(0 Ga2& )& )ae "&$e$e &*-&% !&ea a%)e/a 'e)4% ae 4!)+2(%0 A)e$% >ga2? $.a $)&$ a"a+ '(! 3a#!

-(! )6e&%#( 8( >*a8(!a ae#$%a%()+? &a%+ 'e /4!%& &*e', )ae 3+%ea '(!$-!e *(a2+2(, )+2& !& 'e-a%e 'e #)& 'e -#!(e, 4!%.#/(e >"++ a "( '+&!a% 4! /e&! "e /(e(?0Ve$%ea 4!)e)+(( $e!2a(#!ae a "a(# M#!%g#"(e $%+3+%&4! )&4!' 4!%eaga &*e0 N&*e#8( "&+ a)e(a )ae $e a-&)a+ $+.((*(%e0 4! 2(&a 'e 1 $e-%e*3(e a a)e&(a8( a! $e e-e%+ 4!)e)aeaa Ve$a(e$, 4! "aa )&(( 8( a ege&( L&'#/() a ^VT.ea0 M&.(*ea $e a'&!a$e 8( a)(, /e!(!' '(! Pa($ 8( 4*-e;&(*(0

D&-+ a)ea$%+ 'a%+, 4! 'e)e*3(e, )ee3& "(2()(a! "a!)e2J0 A0 Ce$a C6ae$ )#!$%&( &! 3a#! -e )ae, &*-4!'&. )& 6(.'#ge!, 4 4!)e)+ -e =*-(a &( Ma%e '(! Pa($0T#a%e a)e$%ea a;&!g4!' a )&!#8%(!a &*(( 4!%eg(, 4!)e-&(a $e "a)e 4!)e)+( )& 3a#a!e a-#a-e -e%&%(!'e!(0 Re!&*(%&)6(*($% '(! Be(!, A)6a', )ae 'e$)#-e($e "a3()a(a 2a6+&&('(! $"e)+, "+)& 8( e # e5-e(e!+ )& 3a#!&0

O+8e!(( $#)#%ea& a)e$%e e5-e(e!e )a "#a%e $-e)%a)&#a$e8( $e a'&!a& g+*a'+, )a a -a!#a*ee '(! (a*a#a)e0 N&*a(+a!(#, 34!%&(( 'e -e;&'e)+(, /+24!' 23#& 3a#a!e#, ( $e

-+ea )+ &!a )+2&$e '(! )e0 4!g#2((, # &-ea& a "&g+0 A$%"e)4%e/a 3a#a!e "&+ '($%&$e 'e e( )& -a( 8( "&)(0Maee $)((%# G#e%6e, "#a%e (*-e$(#!a% 'e a)e$% !#& *(;.#) 'e #)#*#(e, )ae e(3ea -e #* 'e %(a!(a -+*4!%&&(, $)($e4! 17 '#a*!e( C6a#%%a /#! S%a! a$&-a &!e( 4!)e)+( )& 3a.

#!& 8( a$&-a (*-e$((# -&%e!()e -e )ae e e$(*($e )& a)e$% -(e;0 N& e$%e e5)&$ )a 4!$&8( ge!(a& -#e% $+ "( "+)&% # a$)e!.$(&!e )& 3a#!&, -e!%& )+ '(! a%+ $)($#ae, )& 'a%a 'e 19 *a(,a"+* &*+%#aee :>Ce' )+ a( +*a$ )e'(!)(#a$+, *(e 8( g+'(!((0 P#a%e !e /#*&)a 8( !#( )& 3a#!&, Da !& $-&!e !(*+!&( !(*(), )a $+ !& "(*'e -#/e$%e 8( $+ (!%+* 4! g&a &*((0?I! 17, (%2, "(& C6a#%%e(, "((!' 4! /(2(%+ a *a*a &(

G#e%6e, a /+2&% )& #)6(( &( &)aea )& 3a#!& a )ee3&&( >a/(a.



%#? Jea!.P(ee Ba!)6a' 4*-e&!+ )& -(!& *#8%e!(%# 'eHe$$a0 D&-+ #ae)a( 4!%2(e(, &)aea a/& I#) 4!%.a'e/+ aQ #)%#*3(e, 3a#!& -&%(!' 4! /+2'&6 # ;&*+%a%e 'e #+, -4!+a # 4!+(*e 'e 'e *e%(, '&-+ )ae a%e(2a )& 3(!e a

e(3&g0M&% *a( $(g&+ -ae # )++%#(e 4! 3a#! a &( G#e%6e, 4! %#./++8(a $a/a!%&&( S#**e(!g, )ae a "##$(% -e!%& 4!%4(a #a+)&e!%& ee)%() a %a!$*(%eea %eega*e# -(! "( *e%a()0 Dea)eea -#a%e 8( "e& 4! )ae Me"($%#"ee$ aa%+ &( a&$% )&* /# 23&a #a*e!(( e a%4% 'e a$e*+!+%# )& e/#&(a &!&( 3a#!0I!%e %(*-, 4! a!a $e &)a 'e 2# a -e"e)(#!aea 3a#a.!e#0 De a$e*e!ea 8( #a*e!(( 'e 8%((!+ 4!)e-&+ $+ "##$ea$)+

3a#!& -e!%& %#% "e& 'e e5-e(e!e0A$%"e )&!#$)&%& )6(*($% J#$e-6 L#&($ Ga.L&$$a) $e &)+'e *a( *&%e #( )& 3a#!&, $-e a )e)e%a )#*-#2((a ae&&( a'("e(%e 4!+(*(0 Cea *a( 4!$e*!a%+ e5-e(e!+ a a/&% #) 4! 2(&a'e 9 $e-%e*3(e 1, )4!' 3a#!& a%(!$e 4!+(*ea 'e 7 1*e%( O *&(*e 'e )&!#8%(!e 8%((!("()e, 'e )e *a( *ae (!%ee$,a'&!+ Ga.L&$$a) 4! a)ea$%+ )++%#(e ae(a!+, )ae a '&a%

8a$e #e0Se )e'ea 3&!+#a+ )+, a *ae 4!+(*e, ae& )&-(!'e &!"e 'e >ga2 e5-#2(/?, '(! )ae &a& !a8%ee "&%&!(e, %+$!e%&8( "&ge&< Ga.L&$$a) '($%&$e a)ea$%+ ege!'+, a+%4!' )+ ae&)&e$ a Q 'e *e%( 8( )e)e%a% 4! a3#a%#, -e -+*4!%, a/eae5a)% a)eea8( )#*-#2((e )& ae& 'e a $&-a"a+0T#% e #3$e/+ )+ %e*-ea%&a ae&&( $)+'ea -e. *+$&+ )e

3a#!& $e 4!+a 8( a!&*e )& &! ga' a "(e)ae 17 'e *e%(0

O3$e/+, 'e a$e*e!ea, )+ *(8)+(e a)&&( *ag!e%() 4! /+2'&6$4!% ('e!%()e )& )ee 'e -e -+*4!% 8(, 4! $"48(%, *a( )&e$e !&*e.#a$e #3$e/a(( -e(#a$e )& -(/(e a "(2(##g(a #*&&( 4! /+2.'&6, a 3+%a(a -&$&&(, a e$-(a(e e%)0 T#a%e a)e$%ea !&*a( 4!8a$e #e <Pe!%& *e%e###g(e, 3a#!& 'e/e!( &! (!$%&*e!% 'e )e.)e%ae 'e )ea *a( *ae 4!$e*!+%a%e0 M&%e #3$e/a(( 8( )&!#8.%(!e 4! a)e$% *($%e(#$ '#*e!(& F )ae !.a "#$% 4! 4!%eg(*e

+*&(% !()( -4!+ 4! 2(ee !#a$%e F e 'a%#+* $-((%&&( 'e )e.



)e%ae a e#(# 8%((!e(0 U!(( a& -+%(% )&a;& )& -e& /(e((A(( '(!%e a)e8%( )e)e%+%#( 4!'+2!e(, 4!%e )ae %e3&(e $+ -#.*e!(* 4! -(*& %!' -e $a/a!%& ge*a! '0 He!( Beg$#!, $.a&('()a% -4!+ a 9 'e *e%(, 4!+(*e a )ae $(*&(e #*e!e8%(

48( -(e' '(! -&%ee, (a e$-(a(a $e "a)e 4! *#' a%("()(a0Te6!()(e!(( )ae &)a& -e!%& a*a%+ a& 4!ee$ !&*a('e)4%"##a$ee )ae $e -#% %age '(! "##$(ea 3a#a!e#0 4!)+ '(! 179Q,

3a#!& a "#$% 4!%e3&(!a% )a *(;#) 'e #3$e/a(e, -e )4!' )e%a%ea

CONTELE ZEPPELINCAVALERIST ŞI ZBURĂTOR La (&(e 1Q, /+2& &*(!a

2(e( a )#!a)& *#8(e( -+(!%e8%( 'e 4!g+ C#!$%a!a E/e(a e.'(!a!' /#! Ze--e(!, )ae a3(a 4! a '#&a ;&*+%a%e a /(e(( a/ea$+ 'ea !&*ee $+& &!e(a '(! )ee *a( e5%a#'(!ae !a/e ae(e!e0A)( 48( -e%e)& e a!(( )#-(+(e(0 P#"e$#& $+& 'e )a$+, &!$e*(!a($%, "+)ea )& e &!g( -e&*3+( -(! 4*-e;&(*(e )#!a.)&&(, !e4!%e&-%e e5e)((( 'e 4!#%, 'e )a!#%a; 8( 'e )++(e, 4!)+'e -e a%&!)( $e /e'ea )+ *()& e'(!a!' a/ea # 'e#$e3(%+ -+.

)ee -e!%& $%&'(& !a%&(( 8( a %e6!()(( 4! ge!ea0A8a )+ -+(!((, 4! 4!eegee )& %4!+& -#"e$#, 6#%+4+ $+. -eg+%ea$)+ -e!%& )a(ea 'e (!g(!e0 & 4!$)($ a ()e& ea '(!S%&%%ga%, a-#( a 8)#aa -#(%e6!()+ '(! a)ea8( #a8, &!'e #3(!&'(-#*a0D&-+ a)eea F )a %#( %(!e(( '(! )a$a !#3(+ a Ge*a!(e( .HJ(!%+ 4! 8)#aa 'e +23#( 'e a L&'_(g$3&g0 D#34!'( ga'& 'e$&3#)#%e!e!% 8( "& %(*($ a &! eg(*e!% 'e (!"a!%e(e '(! &.

%e*3eg0 Da $&-e(#(( &( 3+ga+ 'e $ea*+ )+ 8%((!a 8( )&!#8(!%ee %e6!()e ae %4!+&&( $&3#)#%e!e!% -&%ea& "( *a( 'e "##$a(&ea 'e)4% 4!%.# )a2a*+, 8(, 4! a!& &*+%#, 4 %(*($e+ a)#-& 'e ge!(& 'e a U*0 De a)( "& %e)&% a *aee )a%(e(ge!ea0I! 1Q (23&)!e8%e 4! A*e()a +23#(& )(/(, 4!%e $%a%ee 'e!#' 8( )ee 'e $&', *(!&!a% -(e; -e!%& &! $-((% 4!'+2!e )aa &( e'(!a!' 'e a $e "a)e )&!#$)&% 8( 'e a *a( $)6(*3a -&(!

*#!#%#!(a $e/()(&&( *((%a '(! %(*- 'e -a)e0



Ce& &! )#!)e'(&, -e)+ 4! S%a%ee U!(%e 8( $e 4!#a 4! 4!.'&(e a*a%e( 'e !#'0 L&+ -a%e a !&*e#a$e &-%e 8( $e e.*a)+ *a( ae$ 4! a)(&!(e 'e -a%&ae, &!'e )&%e2a!a )eea #*(!%e age+, 4! $%ae $+ ;&'e)e # $(%&a(e 8( $+.( g+$ea$)+ -e #) #

$#&(e0 T#%&8( #'a%+ $)+-+ '(! *4(!(e (!a*()&&( !&*a( *&&.*(%+ 4!#%&&( -e )ae 4 -a)%()a$e '(! )#-(+(e0 A%+'a%+ $e $a/+'a%#(%+ $4!ge&( e)e 8( -()e-e(( )& )ae 8%(& $+ $e $%e)#ae )+.ae -(!%e '&8*a!(0I! %(*-& &-%e# '(! A*e()a, $e -e%e)& &! e/e!(*e!%)+&(a %4!+& &-%+%# ge*a! !&.( 'e%e a%&!)( %#a%+ a%e!(a, 'a )ae.( +*a$e 4! a*(!%(e 8( "& 6#%+4%# -e!%& %#% e$%& /(e((,4! %#(& 3+%+(e(, a*e()a!(( 'e !#' 4!%e3&(!a+ 3a#a!e )a-%(/e,

-e!%& a a"a -#2(((e (!a*()&&(0 I! "e& a)e$%a )#!%ee Ze--e(!a"+ !& !&*a( 'e$-e "e& )&* $e "##$e$) 8( $e *4!&(e$) 3a#a.!ee, 'a 4!)e)+ 8( $e!2a((e &!e( a$)e!$(&!(, -e )ae !.' /a &(%a!()(#'a%+0R+23#(& 'e $e)e$(&!e $e 4!)6e(e -(! 4!"4!geea $%a%e# '(!$&' 8( %4!+& /#&!%a "& $((% $+ $e 4!a-#(e2e 4! -a%(e0Da e!eg(a )#!%e&( e'(!a!' /#! Ze--e(! 48( g+$( 4!%e.

3&(!ae 8( 4! E&#-a0 4! 1 (23&)!e8%e &! +23#( 4!%e P&$(a8( A&$%(a0 C++e& 'e #'(!(#a+, -e 'e *a&(e a)&&( C#!.$%a!a, $e e/('e!(a2+ *a( ae$ 4! a)(&!(e 'e -a%&ae, )ee *a(

-e()&#a$e0 A$%"e $a/ea2+ '(/(2(a #(g(!a+ '(! &%e*3eg'(!%.# $(%&a(e )a%a$%#"a+, 'a e )4% -e.a)( $+.8( -(a'+ /(aa, %e.)4!' 4!#% 4& Ma(!$0 U! 8&/#( 'e a-+ 4 a&!)+ -e *a a-#a-ee8(!a%0

N&*ee $+& 4!)e-e a "( )&!#$)&% 4! %#a%+ Ge*a!(a, a-#( )a'e

'(! !#& 4! &(%ae, 4!'a%+ '&-+ 4!)6e(eea -+)((0Te) a$%"e )(!)( a!(0 La Q (&(e 17, (23&)!e8%e +23#(&"a!)#.ge*a!0 La (&(e 4!%.&! 2(a "a!)e2 a-a &*+%#aee4!'&(, $e*!a%e 'e *a(#& B#!(e, '(! a*a%a "a!)e2+ :>C6(a '(! -(*ee *#*e!%e ae +23#(&&(, )a/ae(a ge.*a!+ !e '+ # '#/a'+ a 'e$%#(!()(e( 8( (!%e(ge!e( e(, a ga!(a 'e+$+(%0 C& # 4!'+2!ea+ !e*a(a&2(%+ %e) "#!%(ea, )a/ae(8%()a-a3((, -()e-&(, 4! !&*+ 'e )(!)( $a& 8a$e !&*a( < I!%.#

g#a!+ !e3&!+, a-e)a( -e )a(( #, %e) -(! %4g&(, $-e $-a(*a



#)&(%#(# "a!)e2(, '($%&g eg+%&(e %ee"#!()e, %e) )a /4!%&,%#% *a( a'4!) 4! %e(%#(& !#$%&?0A)&* $e a"a$e )(!e ea& )a/ae(8%((, e*a)a( 'e *a(#&B#!(e : # *()+ -a%&+ a)+%&(%+ '(! )4(/a 'ag#!(, $&3 )#*a!'a

&!&( #"(e 'e a $%a%& *a;# '(! &%e*3eg0 A)e$%a ea )+-(.%a!& )#!%e e'(!a!' /#! Ze--e(!0U*+ # -a)e 'e %e( 'e)e!((0 C#!%ee Ze--e(! "& !&*(% a*.

3a$a'#& '&)a%&&( 'e &%e*3eg, 'e a 1 -4!+ a 190 )4!'$e e%a$e )& ga'& 'e ge!ea0 Da e%ageea -e!%& )#!%eeZe--e(! !& 4!$ea*!+ e%ageea '(! a)%(/(%a%e, )( !&*a( $)6(*.

3aea a)%(/(%+(( $ae0A/ea 'e a!(, # /4$%+ a )ae *&( )a&%+ #'(6!a0 E !& -+.

+$($e -e#)&-+(e )& )aa)%e 8%((!("() 8( 'e *&% $e g(!'ea a)#!$%&(ea &!&( *ae 3a#! )& a*+0Ce 4!'+2!ea+ ea 4!%.# a$e*e!ea !+2&(!+ !e -&%e* 'a$ea*a 'a)+ !e g(!'(* a !e4!$e*!a%ee $&))e$e #3(!&%e -4!+a%&!)( 'e 3a#a!e04!)e)+(e 'e a )#!$%&( &! 3a#! )& )4*+ $e (/e$) #'a%+ )&a-a((a 3a#!&&(, 4! 17, 'e#ae)e ea a *(!%ea #()&( )+ &!

>ae#$%a%? +$a% 4! /#(a &(, $&-&$ )a-()(&&( /4!%&(# 8( "&%&.!(#, !& -&%ea "( &! *(;#) $(g& 'e %a!$-#%0 La 4!)e-&%, -#.!(!' 'e a /a-#aee )ae $-(!%e)+ /a&(e "+*!%a%e 'e /(;e((8(.8( -+$%ea2+ '(e)(a 'a%#(%+ *4!&((( '(3a)e a )4*e( 8( a -4!.2e#, $.a a;&!$ a )#!)&2(a )+ 3a#!& a %e3&( -e/+2&% )& -4!2e8( )4*+0 D&-+ )e %#a%e a)e$%e a$e*+!+( $e '#/e'(+ !e-a)%()e,$e (/(+ ('e( )ae 'e )ae *a( !+$%&8!()e0 U!(( )#!$%&(( 3a#a!e4! "#*a &!&( 8&&3 )ae, 4!/4%(!'&.$e 4! /+2'&6, $+ 4!a(!%e2e

a$e*e!ea 8&&3&&( 4! e*!0 Se 4!)e)+, 'e a$e*e!ea, $+ $e -&(e 3a#!& 4! *(8)ae -(! ea)(a ga2e# &!&( e5-#2(/ $a& a a3&.&&( )ae $+ #/ea$)+ -&%e!() -4!2ee 4!%(!$e ae 3a#!&&(0 A$%"e'e !+$)#)(( (-$(%e 'e #()e $e(#2(%a%e 8%((!("()+ !& '&$e+ a !()(&! e2&%a%, )&* ea 8( "(e$)0P(*& %e6!()(a! )a!e 4!ee$e !e)e$(%a%ea )a 3a#!& $+

-&%ea$)+ (!'e-e!'e!% 'e 3+%a(a /4!%&&( 8( )6(a 4*-#%(/a &( 8()ae -#!( $+ e2#/e -#3e*a -e %e*e( 8%((!("() "& $a/a!%& "a!.

)e2 He! G(""a'0



E (!%#'&$e e()ea 4! )#!$%&)(a 3a#!&&(, -#!(!' 'e ae5-e(e!ee )ea$#!()a&&( P0 J&(e!, 4! 1, 8( 'e$)6($e a$%"e# e+ !#&+ 4! ($%#(a a/(a(e(0G(""a' )#!$%&( &! 3a#! &!g 'e 'e *e%( 8( g#$ 'e

1 *e%(, 4!2e$%a% )& # *a8(!+ 'e a3&( 'e %e( )a( -&%ee, )ae $+ -&!+ 4! *(8)ae # e()e )& %e( a(-(0 G#!'#a, $-e a "( "e(%+ 'e"#), "& a%4!a%+ "#a%e ;#$, a 1 *e%( $&3 (!(a 'e *(;#) a 3a#.!&&(0 A5a 6e()e( ea a 1 *e%(04!)e)aea a)e$%&( 3a#! a/& #) a Q $e-%e*3(e 1 8( $e/+2& )+ 3a#!& 4!a(!%a "#a%e 4!)e%, )a* %e( *e%( -e $e)&!'+0P()(!a %e3&(a )+&%a%+ 4! "a-%& )+ e()ea $e a"a -ea 'e-a%e 'e)#-& 3a#!&&(0

G(""a' )6e%&( %#% )e 3&*a a/&$e$e -e!%& )#!$%&(ea a-a.a%&&( $+&0 R+*a$ $+a), 48( 4!'e-%+ g4!'& $-e a%e &)+( %e6.!()e0 N+$)#)(!' # -#*-+ )& a3&(, )48%(g+ e-e'e )4%e/a *((#a!e0A%&!)( $e a-&)+ 8( )#!$%&( &! !#& 3a#! )& )4*+, &!g 'e 7 'e*e%(0 E5-e(e!a a/& #) 4! 1, 'a !()( 'e 4!'& a)e$%a !&#3(!& # /(%e2+ *a( *ae0 De$)&a;a%, $e +$+ -+g&3a80Ce/a *a( %2(&, 4! 17, (!g(!e& Pa& Hae!e(! '(! Ma(!2

)#!$%&( &! 3a#! )& )4*+, -e/+2&%, -e!%& 4!%4(a #a+, )& &!*#%# $-e)(a0 D(! !e"e()(e, Hae!e(! $e )a* g+3($e, -e!%& )+a "( %e3&(% 4! -(*& 4!', $+ $e "a*((a(2e2e -e -+*4!% *a( 4!%4()& "&!)(#!aea &!&( a$e*e!ea *#%#0M#%#& )& )#*3&$%(e (!%e!+ a "#$% *#!%a% -e '((;a3( 'eA0 Sa!%#$.D&*#!', 4! a!& 19, 8( )& a)e$%a a "+)&% &! )ee3&#)# ae(a! T&!&&( E(" " e0

PRIMELE ZEPELINED&-+ )&* a* /+2&%, 3a#!& )& )4*+ !& "+)&$e 'e#) -#.ge$e, )(!' )#!%ee Ze--e(! $e g4!'( $+ )#!$%&(a$)+ 8( e &!&0Ceea )e $e ea(2a$e -4!+ a%&!)( !& -+ea 'e#) 4!)&a;a%#0 N&*a(&! #* )& e!eg(a 8( #-%(*($*& "#$%&&( )a/ae($% -&%ea )e'e )+/a (23&%( 4!%.&! '#*e!(& 4! )ae 4!)e)+(e a '#&+ /ea)&( '&.$e$e+ a e2&%a%e a%4% 'e $a3e0 C#!%ee Ze--e(! a+%a 4!$+ *a(*&% 'e)4% &! %e6!()(a! #-%(*($% : ea )e *a( #-%(*($% '(!%e #-.

%(*(8%(, 8( !&*a( a$%"e (23&%( $+ 4!"4!g+ -(e'()( &(a8e, )ae.(



/e!(+ *a( )&4!' '(! -a%ea #a*e!(# 'e)4% a *a%e(ae# -e)ae e "##$ea0S&))e$& &( $e 'a%#e8%e 'e$(g& 8( *(!(( $ae (!/e!%(/e, 'a,4! -(*& 4!' F -e)&* $e /a /e'ea 4!'a%+ F 4!$&8((# $&"e.

%e8%( -e )ae e a/ea : /#(!a, +3'aea 8( -e$e/ee!a0Pa!&(e )#!%e&( Ze--e(! ea& )&%e2+%#ae0 E 48( -#-&!ea$+ )#!$%&(a$)+ &! 3a#! )& )4*+, )ae $+ -#a%+ *ege 4! %#a%e'(e)((e 8( $+ $e -#a%+ *e!(!e 4! ae %(*- 'e )4%e/a 2(e0 A%"e!.a/ea !()( # /a#ae0 Ba#!& %e3&(a $+ a(3+ "#a 'e a $e &)a#()4% 'e $&$0 Cee )4%e/a $&%e 'e *e%( $%+3+%&( 4! /+2'&6, 4!1, !&. *&&*ea& -e )#!%ee Ze--e(!0 I! $"48(%, &! a$%"e 'e

3a#! )& )4*+ %e3&(a $+ 'e/(e &! /a$ ae(a! 'e +23#(, 4! $%ae

$+ %a!$-#%e &! !&*+ 4!$e*!a% 'e $#'a(, $a& # )a!%(%a%e (*. -#%a!%+ 'e a*e 8( *&!((( a # *ae 'e-+%ae0A$%"e 'e -a!&(, -e a)ea /e*e, a/ea& 'a& 'e a )#*-#.*(%e, !& 'e a 2+*($( # "a(*+0 C#!%ee Ze--e(!, )ae.8( e5-(*a$e

-+eea $a a$&-a &!&( /((%# 3a#! )& )4*+, %e)ea, 4! #)6(( *&.%#a, 'e-% !e3&! $a& 4! )e *a( 3&! )a2 &! 4!g4*"a% )ae -(e'&$e$(*& ea(%+((0

. P+ea 'e$(g& a3$&' )a &! ge!ea 'e )a/ae(e, a -e!$(e, $+ -#-&(e &)&( )ae )#!%a2()ea& )ee *a( ee*e!%ae eg( ae!a%&((0, I! '#*e!(& ae#$%a%()((, %e)ea, -e a%&!)(, 'e-% >a&%#(%a%e?,"(2()(a!& He*a! /#! He*6#%2, )ae $)($e$e !(8%e >Re"e5((?%e#e%()e a$&-a )++%#(e( )& 3a#!& )& )4*+, 8( '#/e'($e )+ &!a$e*e!ea 3a#!, 4! -#-#(( *a( *a(, ea )e/a 4! a"a+ 'e ea(.%a%e0 E 48( $-(;(!( )#!/(!geea -e &*+%#aee a(&!(: &! 3a#!

a-e 4! )6(- "a%a # *ae $&-a"a+ 8(, "((!' -&$ 4! *(8)ae )& a;&%#.& *a8(!(#, ae& $e "ea)+ 'e 3a#! -e %#a%+ a)ea$%+ $&-a"a+,(a "e)aea e a%4% 'e -&%e!()+, 4!)4% *a8(!(e !& /# -&%ea !()(.#'a%+ $+ )(!%ea$)+ '(! #) 3a#!&<A)ea$%a ea )#!/(!geea "(2()(a!&&( He*6#%2, a&%#(%a%e 4! I*a%e(e0 N& *a( 4!)+-ea 4!'#(a+ F $-&!ea #-(!(a -&3()+ F ge.!ea& ea !e3&! <T#%&8( e'(!a!' /#! Ze--e(! $e "##$ea 'e a(&!e *a( I

*&% 8( *a( 3(!e 'e)4% )#!%e*-#a!(( &(0 Nea/4!' *(;#a)ee !e. ;



)e$ae -e!%& 4!"+-%&(ea -a!&&( $+&, )&* ea 8( "(e$), $e a'e$+ IM(!($%e&&( 'e +23#(0M(!($%& )(%( e"ea%& ge!ea&&( 8(. %(*($e, $-e a.8( 'aa/(2&, a&%#(%+(( 4! *a%e(e, "(2()(a!&&( He*6#%20 Ş( $e (!%(*. I

-+ a)ea$%+ !ea8%e-%a%+ *(!&!e : ag&*e!%ee ge!ea&&( 4!+. " %&a+ )ea *a( *ae -a%e '(! 4!'#(e(e "(2()(a!&&(0 He*6#%2 I+$-&!$e M(!($%e&&( 'e +23#( )+ -a!&(e )#!%e&( Ze--e(! Ia/ea& $#( 'e (234!'+ 8( )+, 4! #()e )a2, # 4!)e)ae $e -&%ea "a)e0D(! !e"e()(e, He*6#%2 *&( %#)*a( a%&!)( 8( *(!($%& 'e I+23#(, (!4!' $ea*+ 'e *a(e $&*e )ae ( $e )eea&, $e a'e$+a%# )4%#/a $#*(%+( 8%((!("()e : %#a%e +$-&!$e+ a "e 8( a!&*e)+ &! a$e*e!ea -#(e)% !& ea 'e)4% # $(*-+ !+&)(e0 A8a'a,

-#-&!eea ge!ea&&( "& e$-(!$+0U! $(!g& #* 4! %#a%+ Ge*a!(a )e'ea 4! ('eea )#!%e&( Ze-.

-e(! : $&/ea!& &%e*3eg&&(0 Da )& %#a%+ 3&!+/#(!a a)e$.%&(a 8( '&-+ )e 3+%& a %#a%e &8(e 4!a-#(a )+#a $e a"a& )a$ee 'e"(e, ge!ea& 6#%+4 $+ $e a'e$e2e #-(!(e( -&3()e0 C#*-&$e &!a-e -e!%& 4!%e*e(eea &!e( $#)(e%+( 8( a)ea$%+ $#)(e%a%e &+"((!+ <

Ne!&*+a%e "&+ -(e'()(e )e $e (/(+ a 4!%e*e(eea $#)(e.%+((0 T#%&8( $e $%4!$e+ 4! )&4!' $&*ee !e)e$ae, $#)(e%a%ea a!#.!(*+ 4!)e-& $+ "&!)(#!e2e, (a $&/ea!& &%e*3eg&&( 4( -&$e ;a '($-#2((e &! %ee! a Ma!2e, 4! a-#-(ee 'e a)& C#!$%a!a0Ş( a$%"e 4!)e-& )#!$%&)(a -(*&&( 2e-e(!0S4!%e* 4! a!& 1990 Pe a)& C#!$%a!a "&+ a!)#a%e 9 'e

-#!%#a!e -&%(%#ae -e )ae $.a )#!$%&(% 6a!ga& 'e &)& a&(a8& 3a#!0 Ge!ea& a ae$ &! a) 8( !()('e)&* -+*4!% $#('

-e!%& )#!$%&)(a !a/e(, -e!%& )+ !&*a( &! 6a!ga a!)#a% a&!& '(! )a-e%e $e a$+ *(8)a% 'e 3+%a(a /!%&&(, a )+&( '(e)(e# (a %#%'ea&!a0 C4!' 3a#!& /a (e8( '(! 6a!ga, !& /a 4!%4*-(!ae2($%e!a /!%&&( -e &(a8a $&-a"a+ a )#-&&( 23&+%#, )( /4!.%& /a a&!e)a -e "a!)&(e &(, 4! '(e)(a 23#&&(0 A$%"e 8( *(.!&(ea 3a#!&&( /a "( *a( &8#a+0P(*& 2e-e(! $.a )#!$%&(% 4! 190 Ba#!& a/ea # &!g(*e'e 1 'e *e%( 8( # +(*e 'e 11 *e%(0 S)6ee%& ea '(! a&*(!(&,

&!& '(! *e%aee )ee *a( &8#ae 8( *a( e2($%e!%e0 Ba#!& "&



&*-&% )& 6('#ge!, 'e a$e*e!ea, ga2& )e *a( &8#0 Da 3a#!&'#34!'( # 4!!#(e )ae $e '#/e'( e5)ee!%+ 8( )ae "& -+$%a%+ 8(*a( %42(&0 A%(!geea $&-a"ee( 3a#!&&( 4!%.&! $(!g& #) -#.'&)ea # $-+%&+ -e &!'e $e ($(-ea %#% ga2& 8( 3a#!& $e -+.

3&8ea0 &!'& /a-#ae# e 4*-+(% 4! *a( *&%e )#*-a%(*e!%e,$-e a 4*-(e'()a &*-eea #, 4! )a2& &!e( #/((0 A-a )ae (!%+4!%.&! )#*-a%(*e!% a /a$&&( -#/#a)+ !&*a( # a-e)ae $a&# a'4!)(e a &(, -4!+ )e a-a e e(*(!a%+ )& a;&%#& -#*-e#0C#!%ee Ze--e(! 4*-+( 8( e )#-& 3a#!&&( 4! 17 4!)+-e(0I! "(e)ae '(! a)e$%e 4!)+-e( $e a"a &! 3a#! $e-aa%, &*-&% )&ga20 4! )a2 )+ &!& '(! a)e$%e 3a#a!e *a( *()( 48( -(e'e ga2&,+*4! )eea%e 1 8( '&) ae#!a/a *a( 'e-a%e0 C6(a 4! )a2&

)4!' '#&+ $a& *a( *&%e 4!)+-e( 48( -(e' ga2&, 3a#!& !& $e -+3&8e8%e0S&3 )#-& -(*&&( '((;a3( $e a"a& "(5a%e '#&+ g#!'#e 'ea&*(!(& '&3&, 4!)+)a%e )& a-+, 'e-% 3aa$%0 Cee '#&+ g#!'#e)#*&!()a& -(!%.&! ga!g a$%"e 4!)4% $e -&%ea %e)e &8# '(! &!a4! )eaa%+, )6(a 4! %(*-& 23#&&(0S-e a &)a $a& a )#3#4, 3a#!& !& a/ea !e/#(e 'e 3aa$%&

'e a-+ a*(!%(% *a( $&$ 8( !()( 'e /e!%(ee )& )ae )ee 17 3a#a!e(2#a%e ea& -e/+2&%e0 U)aea 8( )#3#4ea $e "+)ea& *a( )&4!' -e )ae '(!a*()+, a'()+ -(! "#a *#%#ae# )& 3e!2(!+ )ae -&.%a& 3a#!& 4!a(!%e0P(*& 2e-e(! 48( &+ 23#& 4! 2(&a 'e (&(e 190La #a 7 8( ;&*+%a%e $eaa # $&%+ 'e $#'a( %a$e+ ae#!a/aa"a+ '(! 6a!ga, -4!+ )e a;&!$e 'ea$&-a a-e(, -e # &!g(*e 'e1 *e%(0 C#*a!'a!%& ae#!a/e(, )#!%ee Ze--e(!, '+'& #'(!

'e -#!(e0 E()ee 4!)e-&+ $+ $e 4!/%ea$)+, /4"& 3a#!&&( $e('()+ 4! $&$ 8( 4! a-a&2ee e!%&2(a$%e ae *&(*(( a'&!a%e -e*a& a)&&(, ae#!a/a $e 4!++ 4! /+2'&60 De8( -&%( # /e*e4*-#%(/a /4!%&&(, $e ('()+ -4!+ a 'e *e%(0 A%e(2a 4!$+)&4!' 8(, -e a *(e2& !#-((, "& a'+-#$%(%+ (a HI 6a!ga0P(*& 23# e&8($e0 Ma( *&% !& $e -&%ea )ee )ee( '(!%4(4!)e)+(0C4!' ae#!a/a "& (!%#'&$+ 4! 6a!ga, (!$%aa(a 'e e(!ee

a 3a#!&&( !& "&!)(#!a 3(!e, '(! -()(!a !ea%e!(e( &!# &)+.



%#( 8( # -a%e a 3a#!&&( $e $"+4*+0 Re-aa((e (!&+ -4!+ 4!#)%#*3(e, )4!' $e "+)& # a '#&a 4!)e)ae0De 'a%a a)ea$%a '((;a3(& 3+%ea e)#'& /(%e2e( %&%&# 3a.#a!e# )& )4*+ )&!#$)&%e -4!+ a%&!)(: e 4!a(!%a )& 9 *e%(

-e $e)&!'+0 Ea &! *ae $&))e$, 'a %e3&(e $+ (!e* $ea*a )+*#%#aee ae#!a/e( !& a/ea& "#a *#%#ae# 'e a2(S&))e$& *#a $e '#/e'( 8( *a( *ae0 O-(!(a -&3()+ 4!)e-&$+ )ea'+ 4! eLMa( ea& %#%&8( &!(( )ae g+$ea& !ea;&!$&( '((;a3(&&(0 De

-('+, #3(e)%a& )+ ae#!a/a 'e a a)& C#!$%a!a !& /a -&%ea "("##$(%+ 'e)4% -e a-+, )+ !& /a -&%ea -#!( !()(#'a%+ 'e a &! -&!)%$#('0 C#!%ee Ze--e(! $&$(!ea )#!%a(& 8(, -e!%& )+ !& "+)&$e

4!)+ '#/a'a, a$&-a a)e$%e( )6e$%(&!( -&%ea 4!)+ # 4!'#(a+0D&-+ )ee '#&+ 4!)e)+( 'e 23#, ge!ea& 48( 'e%e $ea*a )+'e"e)%& ae#!a/e( $%+%ea 4! $+3()(&!ea *#%#ae#, )ae !.a/ea&a%&!)( *a( *&% 'e 8a($-e2e)e )a( -&%ee0 Ba!( -e!%& )#!$%&)((!#( !& g+$( !()( *+)a a )e( )ae )e'ea& 4! -#(e)%ee $ae0C#!%ee Ze--e(! $e a'e$+ '(! !#& #-(!(e( -&3()e0 4!%.&!*a!("e$% e*#(#!a!% a+%+ )+ ae#!a/a )#!$%&(%+ '#/e'ea 'e"(.

!(%(/ -&%(!a 'e a )++%#( -e )aea ae&&( 8( )+ !&*a( 4!)e)+(e-e%a%e /# '&)e a (234!'+0De 4!'& a)e$%a )#!%ee Ze--e(! "& )&!% 'e2a*+g(%0 S&3.$)(e(e !& 'e-+8(+ $&*a 'e 1 'e *+)(0Ş( (a %e)&+ )(!)( a!(, -4!+ )e (23&%(, -(! $%+&(!e $&-a.#*e!e8%(, $+ )#!%&(a$)+ # ae#!a/+ *a( -e"e)(#!a%+ "a+ 'e)ea '(!%4(0La 17 (a!&a(e 19, a/& #) -(*& 8( &%(*& 23# a a)e$%e(

ae#!a/e0 P(!$+.! 23# 'e # "&%&!+ $+3a%()+, )#*a!'a!%& e( $e/+2& $((% a a%e(2a0 A;&!$ -e $#, a-aa%& "& +$%&!a% 'e "&(a/(;e(e( 8( -e"+)&% 4! +!'+(0 E)6(-a;&, 4! "&!%e )& 3+%4!& ge.!ea, $)+-+ )& /(a+ )a -(! *(!&!e0 D(! +*+8(ee ae#!a/e( !&*a( -&%ea "( /#3a $+ $e )#!$%&(a$)+, *+)a -a(a, a%a !#&+0A8a )+ $-ea!ee -&$e 4! '((;a3(e $e $-&3ea+ '(!%.#'a%+0 O()(!e 4! #)& ge!ea&&( a "( '($-ea%, )& a%% *a( *&%)& )(% !& /e'ea !()+(e( -&%(!a 'e a a'&!a -e!%& a %e(a #a+

$&*ee &(a8e )e&%e 'e )#!$%&(ea &!e( a$e*e!ea ae#!a/e *a(



ae$ '&-+ !ea8%e-%a%a )a%a$%#"+0 Se *a( a'+&g+ &! !e!##) : '(.(;a3(& "&$e$e 2'#3(% 'e -+*4!%, "a-% )ae '+'ea 'e-%a%e a'/e.$a(# )ae $&$(!&$e+ )+ 2e-e(!& !& -#a%e a%e(2a -e $#, )(!&*a( -e a-+0 Za'a!() $&$(!ea ge!ea& )+ ae#!a/a a%e(2a$e

)& 3(!e, "++ a $&"e( !()( # $%()+)(&!e, 8( )+, *&% *a( %42(&, '&-+)4%e/a #e, # (23(%&+ a "&%&!(( # ('()a$e 'e -e $# 8( # (23($e 'e)#-a)(, $"+4*4!'.#0 Ga$& )#!%e&( Ze--e(! $&!a 4! -&$%(&0T#%&8(, 4! "aa &(!e#, e +*a$e !e2'&!)(!a%0 N()( # a3a.%ee !& ( $e )(%ea -e "a+0 S&"e%& $+& 'e /e)6( *((%a +*a$e'42, )&a;#$, 4!)e2+%# 4 C& %#a%e #/(%&(e $#a%e(, )& %#a%+ 'e.2e%aea -(e%e!(# 8( $&$(!+%#(#, -#!( a ea(2aea &!&( a%'((;a3(0

Ma( )&4!%" 'e)(% $e a8%e-%a e 4!$&8(, -&%& 23&a '(! !#&0 La9 #)%#*3(e 19 3a#!& $+& -#!( 4! /+2'&6 8( 4! '#&+ #e $%+.

3+%& 9 'e (#*e%(0 4! !a)e+ $e *a( a"a& !#&+ -e$#a!e0 Laa)ea$%+ a$)e!$(&!e "&+ 'e "a+ eg(!a 8( $&/ea!& ((%e*3e.g&&(, )&%ea 8( # *&(*e (*e!$+ 'e #a*e!(0 D((;a3(& "& )#!.'&$ 'e )#!%ee Ze--e(! 8( 'e (!g(!e& $+& D((0 De8( 4*-#%(/a/4!%&&(, $e.!'e-%+ $-e C#!$%a!a E/e(a, 23&a+ 'ea$&-a #.

)a(%+(# 4!)#!;&+%#ae, a-#( $e 4!%#a$e+ a (e'e()6$6a"e!,a%e(24!' 4! &aee "e!e%()e ae -&3()&&(, )& # ga(#a$+ -&%(e -a!a%+0A '#&a 2(, '((;a3(& 23&+ '(! !#& 8( 'e 'a%a a)ea$%a 4! '#&+#e $%+3+%& 11 (#*e%(0 C#!%ee Ze--e(! "+)&$e '#/a'a )+a-aa%& &( -&%ea "( "##$(% -e!%& $)#-&(e -e )ae 8( e -#-&.$e$e, 4!)e-& $+ &)e2e a -e"e)(#!aea &!# a*+!&!%e %e6!()e0A$%"e %e)& 4!)+ &! a!, -4!+ )4!' a/& #) &! !#& 23#0

I! %#a*!a a!&&( 197, ae#!a/a 4!%e-(!$e *a( *&%e 23#.&(, "#a%e e&8(%e, T3( )e( )ae *a( 8#/+(a& $+ e)&!#a$)+ /a.#aea '((;a3(&&( 48( $)6(*3a+ -+eea0Ze--e(! "+)& # )#*&!()ae 4! "aa &!e( )#*($(( a Re()6$%a.g&&( a$&-a ae#!a/e( $ae 8( )#*($(a /#%a, 4! &!a!(*(%a%e, $+.8(4!$&8ea$)+ 3e/e%& 'e (!/e!(e a )#!%e&(0 P+ea )+ 'e a)( 4!a(!%e!(*() !& $e /a *a( -&!e 4! )aea -#ge$&&( 8( Ge*a!(a /a "(

-(*a a+ 4!2e$%a%+ )& # "#%+ 'e '((;a3(e k( )& (!(( ae(e!e e.

g&a% $e/(%e, 4!%#)*a( )a %e!&(e, )a /a-#aee0 C#!%ee Ze--e.



(!, 'e8( a;&!$ a 4!a(!%a%e 3+%!e(, !& /#(a $+ a$e #-ea 4!.)e-&%+ -e *4!a a%#a0 A!( 'e 2(e "&$e$e -(*& )ae /e!ea -e8a!%(ee, &%(*& )ae -e)a0 Ş( )4!' &! %4!+ )#a3#a%# $-&$e)+.( a'*(a "#a 'e e2($%e!+ a )a-+%& /(e((, ge!ea& +$.

-&!$e : >U!(( a& a)ea$%+ "#+, a(( !.# a&0 Ce e 'e *(ae ?Ze-e(!& a -a%&ea ea &(a80 A/ea # &!g(*e 'e 1Q 'e*e%( 8( '#&+ *#%#ae Da(*e a 11 )a( -&%ee, )ae %e3&(a& $+.('ea # *ae /(%e2+0 Re2e/#& 'e 3e!2(!+ )&-(!'ea 'e (%(,4!'e$%&+%# -e!%& # )++%#(e 'e %e(2e)( 'e #e0La a&g&$% 19 '((;a3(& (e8( '(! 6a!ga& 'e a (e'e.()6$6a"e! 8( "+)& # )++%#(e )ae (!& Q1 'e #e 8( 1 *(!&%e,$%+3+%4!' /+2'&6& -4!+ a Ma(!2 8( 'e a)( 4!a-#(, a S%&%%ga%0

T#( )++%#(( 'e a 3#' a/&+ $(*+*4!%& &!e( 'e-(!e $(g&a!e,a$e*&(!' )++%#(a )& # -e&*3ae -e *ae, -e &! /a-# *#.'e!, )& 'e#$e3(ea )+ -(/e(8%ea +(( /+2&%+ 'e a 4!+(*e a/ea&! a% "a*e) 'e)4% 4!%(!$& *#!#%#! a a-e#0Da 'e$%(!&, )ae 'e a%4%ea #( #/($e -4!+ a%&!)( 4! 4!)e)+.(e 8( e!eg(a )#!%e&( Ze--e(!, -4!'ea, '(! &*3+0 4!a(!%e 'ea a;&!ge a S%&%%ga%, *e)a!()(( 'e -e ae#!a/+ #3$e/a+ &! 'e.

"e)% a *#%#ae0 C#*&!()a+ (*e'(a% )#*a!'a!%&&(0 F A* -&%ea %e)e *+)a '(!)## 'e S%&%%ga% S+ !e /a'+8( #)&(%#((, )ae !e a8%ea-%+ 'e a%4%a /e*e, 2($e )#!%ee Ze--e(!,

-(/(!' )& #)6ea!& )+'((e #a8&&(, )ae $e a-#-(a& -e !e.$(*(%e 'e ae#!a/+0

F N& )e', '#*!&e )#*a!'a!%, +$-&!$e &!& '(! *e)a.!()(0 M( $e -ae )+ !e 8( a-e)+* $-e -+*4!%0C#*a!'a!%& &+ &!e%a 'e a #)6( 8( -(/( -e "eea$%a ag+

a )a3(!e(0 4!%.a'e/+000 P+ea )+ -+*4!%& &)+.!)e%.4!)e% $-e'((;a3(0++ a *a( -(e'e # )(-+, 'e%e #'(!e 'e a%e(2ae 8( /e$%(

-a$age((, $-e a !& $e -#'&)e -a!()+0Pe # )4*-(e 'e )&4!' $e)ea%+ '(! "aa S%&%%ga%&&(, '((;a.

3(& a%e(2a "++ !()( # 2'&!)(!+%&+04! )&4!' $#$(+ '(! #a8 %+$&(, )ae &a+ -e )++%#( 4!a"a+ 'e )#*a!'a!%0

E +*a$e )& )4%e/a a;&%#ae 4! -ea;*a ae#!a/e(, $-e a



$&-a/eg6ea a!)#aea 8( 4!'&(ea #a*e!(# 'e -a2+, )& a%4%*a( *&% )& )4% )e& 4!%&!e)a% -e/e$%ea "&%&!+0 T42(&, '&-+ #a2e)e, 4!)e'(!a% )+ %#%& ea 4! #'(!e, ge!ea& 8( &!& '(!%e*e)a!()( # -#!(+ -e ;#$ $-e S%&%%ga%, 4! 3+%a(a &!&( /4!%

)+'()e )ae /e!ea '(! a-&$0 Da, '&-+ *(e2& !#-((, (23&)!( #"&%&!+ a%4% 'e )&*-(%+, )+ 3+%4!& )#!%e $e %e2( '(! $#*!, 4!%e. 34!'&.$e 'a)+ '((;a3(& !& /a "( $*&$ )&*/a '(! a!)#e 8( +$.%&!a% 'e /4!%0 O ;&*+%a%e 'e #+ %e)& -(!%.# !e(!(8%e -e )ae!.# *a( )&!#$)&$e 4! /(aa &( a%4% 'e 23&)(&*a%+0 D&-+ a$%a,/(;e(a $e *&(e0 C#!%ee Ze--e(! $(*( )+.( e/(!e 4!)e'eea 8(,4! )&4!', ($%#/(% 'e #3#$eaa a!(# 8( 'e *&!)a 2(e(, a'#*(000A '#&a 2(, '&)4!'&.$e a #)& 'e a%e(2ae, /+2& )& #)6(( &(

)a%a$%#"a 'e )ae $e %e*&$e0 4! #)& *4!'&&( '((;a3( '(! a;&!,!& *a( g+$( 'e)4% &! *#*a! 'e &g(!+ 8( 'e )e!&8+ '(! )ae 4!)+*a( (e8ea "&*0 V(;e(a $*&$e$e '((;a3(& '(! a!)#e, 4 #$%#.g#($e 'e )4%e/a #(, -4!+ )e 6('#ge!& &a$e "#), *($%&(!' %#%&4! )4%e/a *(!&%e0Pe!%& a '#&a #a+ $e a"a )#!%ee Ze--e(! 4! "aa &(!e# !+'e;'(# &( 'e # /(a+ < D#&+ 'e)e!(( $e $%+'&($e, &-%4!' 4*.

-#%(/a !e8%((!e( #a*e!(# 8( a "&(e( !a%&((, -e!%& a '+&(Ge*a!(e( 8( #*e!((( &! !#& *(;#) 'e a 3(&( '($%a!ee, 'e a)&)e( $-a(& 8( 4!+(*(e0 Ş( a)&*, $e a"a '(! !#& $(!g&, 4!*(;#)& )4*-&&(, )& )ea *a( -e(#a$+ a/&(e a *(!(( 8( $&"e.%&&( &( "+)&%+ 2#3 'e "#ee -#%(/!()e ae !a%&((0

N()( 'e 'a%a a)ea$%a 3+%4!& )& -+& a3(% !&.8( -(e'& 4!.)e'eea0 S(*ea )+ ae 'a%#(a $+ )a&%e *(;#a)e !#( -e!%& !#()#!$%&)((0 E 4!/(!$ !&*a( )e )ae )e'e )+ e 4!/(!$ < Da )&(

$+ *a( )ea+ $&*ee %#% *a( *a( !e)e$ae )#!$%&((( &!e( ae#.!a/e, )& %#a%e -e"e)(&!(e '#34!'(%e '(! e5-e(e!ee 'e -4!+a%&!)( 000S%ea&a 3&!+ a 'e$)#-e(%#(# $e (/e8%e, 4! $"48(%, 8( -e!.%& e0Se a'&!+ 4! $)&% %(*- !ea8%e-%a%a $&*+ 'e 8a$e *((#a!e 8(

;&*+%a%e 'e *+)(0a!()& ge!ea 48( /e'ea $"48(%& /(e(( 4!)&!&!a% 'e $&))e$,

$(*ea 4! ;&& &( (&3(ea )a'+ a &!&( 4!%eg -#-#0



000S.a& )#!$%&(% *&%e '((;a3(e e)&!#$)4!'&.$e -e%&%(!.'e!( /a#aea #0 O 'e#$e3(%+ "a(*+ a a/&%.# 23#& 2e-e(!&&(,,Z0R0 III?, )ae a "+)&%, "++ !()( &! (!)('e!%, )++%#(a '(! E&#-a4! A*e()a0 La 1 #)%#*3(e 19, #a ,Q '(*(!eaa, *+eaa

ae#!a/+ 8(.a &a% 23#& 'e a (e'e()6$6a"e!0 D&-+ 7 'e #ea;&!$e a Ne_ j#, $%+3+%4!' "++ 4!%e&-ee 'e (#.*e%(0 Ae#!a/a a/& 'e &-%a% )& "&%&!( -&%e!()e, 'a $%+3+%&%#a%e /4%e;&(e ae&&( +$)#(%, "++ a $&"e( )ea *a( *()+ $%(.)+)(&!e 8( "++ )a, 4! )a3(!ee #, )++%#(( $+ "( 3+ga% 'e $ea*+)+ !a/(ga& 4! -(!+ /(;e(e #)ea!()+0 T#% %(*-&, '((;a3(& "&$e$e4! eg+%&+ )& -+*4!%&, -(! %eega"(a "++ "(0C#!%ee Ze--e(! !.a a/&% -a%e $+ *a( /a'+ a)ea$%+ (*-e.

$(#!a!%+ ea(2ae a '((;a3(e# )#!$%&(%e 'e *(!%ea &(0 I.a"#$% 'a% $+ 4!)6('+ #)6(( -e!%& %#%'ea&!a a *a%(e 1917, )4!'aa $a ea 4! -(! +23#(0P#(e)%ee )#!%e&( Ze--e(! a& "#$% (*(%a%e 'e a*e()a!(,)ae a& )#!$%&(% '#&+ >'((;a3(e? &(a8e0 A*4!'#&+ "&+ *($.%&(%e 'e "#)0Ae#!a/ee a/ea&, 'e)(, )4%e/a 'e"e)%e "&!'a*e!%ae, 'e

/e*e )e *a( %#a%e $"48ea& a "e0 A'()+ $e a-(!'ea& )& -ea*&%+ &8&(!+, (a '(! -()(!a )#-&&( # /a$%, ea& -a'a&8#a+ a "&%&!(#0 D(! a)eea8( -()(!+ !.a& -&%&% "( "##$(%e a%a!$-#%& %&-e#, $)#- -e!%& )ae "&$e$e+ (*ag(!a%e 'e )#!.%ee Ze--e(!0 ((!' -ea *a( 8( -ea /(2(3(e, a "( "#$% # (!%+&8#a+ -e!%& %&!&(e a!%(ae(e!e0S.a 2()e )+ ee a& *&(% '&-+ *#a%ea )e&( )ae e.a 'a%/(a+0 A& +*a$ 4! $)6(*3 4! ($%#(a )&)e((( /+2'&6&&(0

OTTO ULIENTHALOMUL ZBURĂTOR U a -#(e)%ee &( Le#!a'# 'aV(!)(, !&*a( )4(/a e!%&2(a8%(, -(!%e )ae Gea' 17,Dege! 19, `a&"*a!! 1, $.a& *a( #)&-a% 'e >#*& 23&.+%#?, )ae $+ "##$ea$)+ -#-(a -&%ee, a$e*e!ea -+$+(#, -e!.%& a $e ('()a 4! /+2'&60 E( a& "+)&% '("e(%e -#(e)%e 'e #!(%#.

-%ee, )ae !.a& "#$% '&$e -4!+ a )a-+%0 Ha2a'& a /#(% )a -#.



3e*a a/(a(e( $+ "(e )e)e%a%+ 8( 'e2ega%+ #'a%+ )& 'e$)#-e(ea*a8(!(#, )ae a& 4!#)&(% 8( a& 'e-+8(% )& *&% "#a *&8)6(&a+04!)e)+(e "a(# (g6%, ae &( Be(#% 8( ae #*!(# !#8%( V&(a 8( Va()& a& 4!$e*!a% # 3(&(!+ a *#%#ae#, !& a

"#e( #*&&(0P#3e*a 23#&&( #*e!e$), a'()+ -&%(!a 'e a 23&a )& 4!.'e*4!aea )& )ae *ege* -e 3()()e%+, a +*a$ !ee2#/a%+

-4!+.! 2(ee !#a$%e, !&*a( '(! -()(!a )#!)&e!e( -e )ae !e.a&"+)&%.# *#%#aee, 4! $-e)(a *#%#aee )& 3e!2(!+0Ş( -e)&* )e'ea Le#!a'# 'a V(!)(, 'a)+ -a$+ea -#a%e23&a, )& a%4% *a( *&% /a -&%ea 23&a #*&, 4! 2(&a )4!' /a g+$(*(;#)& 'e a "##$( -&%eea *&8)6(&a+ $-e a $e ('()a 4! /+2'&60

De a)ea$%+ -+ee ea 8( (!g(!e& O%%# L((e!%6a 1F 19 )ae !& $#)#%ea !e)e$a a;&%#& *a8(!(#, $-e a 23&a0E5e*-& -+$+(# "#a%e *a(, )ae %#%&8( 23&a& )& (&eaa 8($(g&a!a 4!'&!ee#, -&%ea "( # -('+ 6#%+4%#ae -e!%& #()e*(!%e (-$(%+ 'e -e;&'e)+(0Da L((e!%6a g4!'ea )+ !& ea 'e a;&!$ $+ (*(%+* -+$+(e,)a $+ -&%e* 23&a, )( ea !e/#(e 'e a!( 4!'e&!ga( 'e $%&'(& a

ee*e!%e# 23#&&( 8( 'e a'a-%aea # -()e-&%+, *(!&(#a$+,(!ge!(#a$+, a $%&)%&a 8( "#*a )#-&&( #*e!e$)0 Pa$+ea 8%(e$+ 23#ae '(! (!$%(!)%0 A)e$% (!$%(!)% (-$e8%e #*&&( 8( e %e3&(e4!#)&(% -(!%.&! e5e)((& a-#"&!'a%, a$e*+!+%# )& e5e)((&

3()()e%e(0L((e!%6a 4!)e-& 'e)( -(! a "a)e $%&'(( a$&-a "e&&( 'e 23# a -+$+(# 8( -(! a "a)e e 4!$&8( e5e)((( 'e 23#0 Ş(.a )#!$%&(%&! a-aa%, -#!(!' 'e a #3$e/a(a )+ -+$+(e *a( )4!' /# $+ $e

('()e 4! ae, 48( >(a& /4!%? aeg4!' -e -+*4!% -#/#a)+ 'e)( # -e$(&!e a ae&&( $&3 a(-(e #0 Ş( !&*a( '&-+ a)eea, -(!%.# -()e-&%+ 3+%a(e '(! a(-(, $e ea2e*+ 'e ae& )#*-(*a% $&3a(-(, -(! "&ga -e -+*4!%, 8( $e ('()+ 4! /+2'&60L4!g+ Be(!, a G#$$.L()6%e"e'e 8(.a ('()a% a!&*e #)#(!+, -e )ae 48( "+)ea e5e)(((e0 A)( >48( &a /4!%?, aeg4!',a-#( -&%ea )& a-aa%& 8( a;&!gea 4! /ae, 4! 23# (!0 4! %(*-&e5e)((&&(, )+&%a $+ $e "a*((a(2e2e, $+ $%+-4!ea$)+ a-aa%&,

$-e a $e -&%ea 4!'e-%a )& e 4!)#%# /#(a0



P(!$e 'e /e$%e )+ 23#& &( e&8ea *a( ae$ )4!' 23&+%#.& $e 'e-a$a 4*-#%(/a /4!%&&(, )ae 4!$+ !& %e3&(a $+ "(e -ea

-&%e!()0 C4!' e -ea -&%e!(), 23&+%#& e$%e $((% $+.8( $)6(*3e -&!)%& 'e ga/(%a%e 8( -#2((a a(-(#0

La 4!)e-&%, a-aa%& &( L((e!%6a ea -e/+2&% )& '#&+a(-(, &!a 4! 'ea-%a, a%a 4! $%4!ga0 C& %(*-&, 23&+%#& $e/+2& $((% $+.8( &!gea$)+ a(-(e, a$%"e )+ *4!&(ea # 'e/e!(*a( gea0 48( $-&$e a%&!)( F 8( -e 3&!+ 'e-%a%e F )+ 4!%&a%(!ge # $&-a"a+ a "e 'e *ae, 'a)+ 4! #) 'e # a(-+ &!g+ /a"##$( '#&+ a(-( *a( $)&%e, &!a 'ea$&-a )ee(a%e0 Ş( -#!(!''e a a)e$% -(!)(-(&, 48( )#!$%&( &! !#& a-aa%, &! 3(-a!0L((e!%6a e$%e -(*& #* )ae a )#!'&$ 4! 23# &! a-aa%

*a( ge& 'e)4% ae& 8( a e5-e(*e!%a% # -(*+ *e%#'+ 'e -(#.%ae a &!&( -a!#0 E5-e(e!ee $ae 'e 23#, e"e)%&a%e 4!%e 1918( 19 $($%e*a%(), )& +3'ae 8( "##$(!' )(%e(( #(g(!ae 'e )e.)e%ae, (.a& e/('e!(a% )+ )eea )e #3(!ea -(! a!$ae 'e -e #%a*3&(!+ -&%ea ea(2a -(! )#3#4ea 4! "&g+ a &!e( -a!%e, )&a(-(e 'e$)6($e >4! )#!%a? /4!%&&(0I!g(!e& L((e!%6a a 4!ee$ )+ 'e)#aea -#a%e "( *&%

a;&%a%+ 'a)+ -(#%& F >#*& -a$+e? )&* ( $e $-&!ea -e a%&!)( F 8%(e $+ "##$ea$)+ )&e!(( '(!a*()( 'e -a!%+, a)e( )&e!( )ae a-a -e -a!%a #()+&( 'ea a%&!)( )4!' /4!%& 3a%e $-e 'ea0De$(g&, 4!eege(( &!# a$e*e!ea eg( 8( #3$e/a(( 8%((!(."()e %e3&(a& $+ ( $e a$#)(e2e )&a;&, 4!'e*4!aea, ;&'e)a%a d

-('+ 8( $(g&+, 'e#ae)e e)6((3& 4! 23# -&%ea "( *e!(!&% '#a 'a)+ -a!#& ea '((;a% -(! *(8)+( )#e$-&!2+%#ae ae )#-&.&( $a& !&*a( ae &!# *e*3e0 Pe 'e-% $e a"(*+ )+ O%%# (.

(e!%6a -#a%e "( $&-a!&*(% >-+(!%ee a/(a(e( *#'e!e?,'e#ae)e e a )ea% *e%#'a 23#&&( 'e a&!e)ae 8( *e%#'a 23#&.&( -a!a%0 I*e!$a *a;#(%a%e a -(#(# %e) (!((a -(! "a2a -a.!#($*&&( F 'e )ae &!(( $e 4!'+g#$%e$) a%4% 'e *&% 4!)4% !()(!& *a( %e) a "a2a >23# )& *#%#? F e( 4!'e-(!e$), -#a%e )6(a "++ $+ 8%(e, (!'()a(a 'a%+ a)&* a-#a-e &! $e)# 'e L((e!%6a:>S(!g&a )ae )ae -#a%e '&)e a $#&(#!aea a-('+ a 23#&&(&*a! e$%e # -a)%()+ $($%e*a%()+ 8( -e$e/ee!%+ a e5-e(e!e#

'e 23# )& -a!#&?0



D(! )ee -e$%e 'e a!$+( 4! /+2'&6, *&%e a& "#$% 4!$#.(%e 'e -a!a( e&8(%e, &ae 'e /(a;e, ('()ae )6(a a 4!+(*(

-e$%e )ea 'e a!$ae, 'e)( -e"#*a!e e5)e-(#!ae -e!%& a)ea/e*e0 De "a-% 8( *aee !#$%& Va()&, &*4!' e5-e(e!a 4!a(!.

%a8&&( $+& L((e!%6a, 8(.a )#!$%&(% *a( 4!%4( &! -a!#, %a$ 'e)a( *(!a( 'e %e( "+)+( '(! $a%, 8( a-#( a -&)e$ a ea(2aea >-+.$+(( 23&+%#ae? )& *#%#0Pa!#aee *#!#-a!e 8( 3(-a!e "##$(%e 'e L((e!%6a 4!%e191 8( 19 .a& %+'a% '#a # $(!g&+ 'a%+ : a 9 a&g&$% 19)4!', 4! %(*- )e e"e)%&a a R6(!#/e &! 23# -a!a%, a "#$% #/(% 'e# a"a+ 'e /4!% 8( $.a -+3&8(% 'e a 1 * -(e24!'&.8( /(aa0I! a)e$% "e $.a 4!)6e(a% /(aa )e&( )e a '+&(% #*e!((( 23#&

"++ *#%# 8( )ae 4!)e-4!' 'e a /4$%a 'e 1Q a!( 11, )4!' 48()#!$%&($e )& "a%ee $+& -(*a -ee)6e 'e a(-(, a /($a%, a )#!.$%&(% 8( a 23&a% -e!%& &*a!(%a%e, -e!%& -#ge$& e(0C#(!a 'e a G#$$.L()6%e"e'e, 'e (!g+ Be(!, &!'e.8( "+)eae5e)(((e 8( &!'e a *&(% )a &! e#&, a "#$% -e$)6(*3a%+ 4!%.&!*#!&*e!% -e!%& a*(!%(ea !&*e&( $+&0 A-aa%& )& )ae a 23&.a% $e -+$%ea2+ 8( a2( a M&2e& '(! M((!)6e!, &!'e -#a%e "( /+2&%0

Se(#2(%a%ea #3$e/a((# &( $e -#a%e e)&!#a8%e 4! &*+.%#aee (!'&(, -e )ae e e5%age* '(!%.# $)($#ae :>La S%e%%(!, -e -#'& )e &!g, a* $%a% a'e$ea #e 4!%eg(,

-(/(!' a 23#& -#%4!()6(#, )ae.8( )a&%+ 6a!a -e O'e0#a%e a'e$ea $e 4!%(*-a )a # -#%4!()6e $+ $e #-ea$)+ a -#' a# 4!+(*e 'e !&*a( %e( )#( 'e-a%e 'e *(!e, 4!%.&! -&!)%, 8(

-&%ea* /e'ea 8( 'e#$e3( "#a%e 3(!e "(e)ae -a!+0 V+2&( #'a%+ )+ -#%4!()6ea "+)ea )& a(-(e *(8)+( "#a%e *()(, )a $+ e)6((3e2e

(!ega(%+(e /4!%&&(0O'a%+, a $)+-+%a%& $#ae&(, $e (/( # -#%4!()6e 4! 3+%a(a -(e.2(8+ a a2e# #(2#!%ae, 23&4!' 4*-#%(/a /4!%&&( 'e a-&$0 Ş(*+ -#*e!(( 4! "aa &!&( $-e)%a)# !e#3(8!&(%0 P+(e '(!a-#( aea(-(# $e /e'ea& 'e'e$&3% 4! '&!g( )4!' *a( a%e, )4!' *a( $&3.((, 4! /e*e )e -+(e '(!a(!%e +*4!ea& 4! &*3+0 C4!' a(-(e$e 4!%(!'ea&, a-+ea& )4!' &*(!a%e, )4!' 4!%&!e)a%e0 A)e$% ;#)'e &*3e 8( &*(!( 4*( a+%a (*-e'e )+ a(-a $e 4!'#(a 8( 4! )e

*+$&+ $e 4!'#(a0



N& *a( 4!)+-ea !()( # 4!'#(a+ )+ -#%4!()6ea 23&+%#ae ea -&%a%+ 'e 3+%a(a /4!%&&(0?P(/(!' 4!a-#(, a *a(e e"#%&( "+)&%e 'e.a &!g& /ea)&(.# -e!%& )&)e(ea ae&&(, !e '+* $ea*a )+ #*& F )e *a(

$a3, )e *a( -&(! #)#%(% '(!%e /(e&(%#ae F a "#$% a;&%a% 'e!&!%ea &( a$)&(%+0 Da !& %#%'ea&!a *(!%ea a "#$% 4!'e$%&+%#ae -e!%& a "a)e '(! !(*()!()(a #*&&(, $&/ea!(%a%ea &!(/e$a+ 'ea2(0 P&%eea /#(!e(, -e$e/ee!a, '#(!a 'e a a;&!ge a $)#-&

-#-&$, 3(&(!' -(e'()( &(a8e, a& $&$(!&% 4!$&8((e 'e (!%e(ge!+8( 'e "a!%e2(e ae (!/e!%a%#(#0I! ($%#(a !a/(ga(e( ae(e!e F )a 4! %#a%e )eea%e 'e$)#-e.(( 6#%+4%#ae -e!%& 'e$%(!& #*&&( 8( -e!%& 'e2/#%aea )(/(.

(2a(e( -a!e%e( !#a$%e :F $.a& e*a)a% 4!'e#$e3( !& a%4% #a.*e!(( 3(!e -eg+%(( '(! -&!)% 'e /e'ee a $%&'((#, '% )e( )aea& $%+&(% 4!%.# )e'(!+, 4!%.# ('ee, $#)#%(%+ 'ea-%+0 S+ !ea*(!%(* )+ -()%#& Le#!a'# 'a V(!)( 8(.a )6e%&(% )ee *a( -e.(#a$e #e ae /(e(( &( 4! )a)&e 8( 'e$e!e %e6!()e, "e(!'&.$e 'ea&%#(%+(e %(*-&&(, )ae a "( /+2&% 4! e &! /+;(%# 8( &! ee%(),

3&! 'e a$ -e &g0 Ie2&(%& L!a a $&-(!$ (!%e(ge!a &( Le(3!(2

-#-&!!' "##$(ea /('&&(, -e!%& )eaea &!&( (!$%&*e!% 'e23#0 Da !.a "#$% a;&%a%0 P(*ee 3a#a!e )ae a& $%+3+%&% /+2.'&6& a& "#$% "a3()a%e 'e "a(( M#!%g#"(e, 'e *e$e(e "a3()a!('e 64%(e0 Cea *a( (*-e$(#!a!%+ ea(2ae '(! '#*e!(& a/(a(e(,)#!$%&(ea &(a8e# ae#!a/e )ae a& %e)&% A%a!%()& )& $(g(.a!a %a!$a%a!%()e#, # 'a%#+* &( Ze--e(!0 Ş( e $(g& )+ "++%+(a 'e )aa)%e, "++ $%+&(!ee $&-a#*e!e8%( ae a)e$%&( 3+.%4! 'e ge!(&, #*e!(ea a "( +*a$ a 3a#a!ee )#!$%&)%#(#

"a!)e2(, )ae 4!a(!%a& )e/a *a( e-e'e 'e)4% &! *e)0Z3#& "++ *#%# a &a% # 'e2/#%ae 'e#$e3(%+ *&&*(%+$%&'(&&( -a$(#!a% a 23#&&( a -+$+( 'e )+%e O%%# L((e!%6a)ae a -#!(%, $-e O'e, -e &!'e %e)ea& a(-(e 'e -#%4!()6( 4(

3+%a(a $#ae&(.a-&!e0O*& 23&+%#, (*ag(!a% 'e e, /a "( #*& /((%#&&(00 RAII R(GHT

CEI DINTÎI AVIATORI



IUN MITING DE AVIAIEL a 8#$ea, a ae#-#%, # *&(.*e 'e -(/(%#(, '(! %#a%e )#&(e B&)&e8%(&(((, $e a'&!a$e

$+ -(/ea$)+ )#!)&$&(e 'e a)#3a(e ae a/(a%#(# #*!(0Ve!($e+ a/(a%#( 8( '(! a%e +(, -e)&* 8( !&*e#8( "a3()a!('e a/(#a!e, $-e a $&-(!'e /e&! $e)e% 'e "#*+ $a& 'e "a3(.)a(e a &!# *#'ee !e)&!#$)&%e0P4(+ a 4!)e-eea )#!)&$&&(, *a( ea& '#&+ #e0 Da -&.

3()& '#(%# 'e a$e*e!ea $-e)%a)#e /e!($e '(! /e*e0 (e)ae'#ea $+ #)&-e #)& )e *a( 3&! '(! ;&& ae#-#%&&(0U! g&- 'e %(!e( -&$e $%+-4!(e -e # )#(!+ *()+, 'e &!'e

-&%ea& /e'ea !e$%(!g6e(( a/(#a!ee -&$e 4! (!(e, -e $#, 8( 'e&!'e -&%ea& 'e#$e3( -e a/(a%#(( )ae, "&*4!' &%(*a (ga+, '+.'ea& #)# )& #)6( a%e!( *a8(!(( 23&+%#ae04!((*- )e '($)&(a $e 4!%e($e a$&-a a'e/+a%&&( (!/e!%a%# a a/(#!&&(, $e (/(, -e !ea8%e-%a%e, '(!%.# )a3a!+ 'e a *ag(!e,

-e )ae # )e2&$e+ -&$%(e, &! )6(-e8 #)#%e!e!% a/(a%#, )& )a$)a -eg+%(%+ -e!%& 23#, )& *4!a $%(!g+ 4!*+!&8a%+, (a )& *+!&8a

'ea-%+ ('()a%+ 4! ae : F Da '(! )e /.a( &a% a )ea%+ C+ /.a* a&2(% ga$&%#)*a( '(! "&!'& )a3a!e( <

F N& !e )e%+*, +$-&!$e &!& '(!%e %(!e(, 'a !& !e 4!.eege* a$&-a )e&( '(!(( a/(a%#0 D&*!ea&( $-&!ea )+ -(*&a/(a%# e$%e )e%a!& I)a, )ae, )#!$%&(!'&.8( a(-( 'e )ea+, a4!)e)a% $+ 23#ae 'e -e 4!+(*ea &!&( *&!%e 8( a )+2&% 4! *ae,'(! )a&2a $#ae&( )ae (.a %#-(% a(-(e000

A/(a%#& $&($e0 F A$%a e # ege!'+ gea)+, -e )ae 'e$(g& !& %e3&(e $.#&+* 'e)4% 'e-% # '#(!+ a ge!(&&( /e)6(# ee!(0

F T#%&8(, )(!e e -(*& a/(a%# 4!%e3+ (a %4!+& )ae -#*e!($e 'e I)a0 F Ce' )+ )e( '(!(( a/(a%#(, 2($e &! a% %4!+, a& "#$% "a((M#!%g#"(e, '(! a!a, )ae, -e a $"48(%& /ea)&&( a ^VIII.ea,a& 23&a% 4!%.&! ae#$%a%, &! 3a#! #%&!', 'ea$&-a Pa($&&( 8(

-e &*+000



F Da *a( 4!a(!%e, 4( %+(e /#3a a%)(!e/a, a %e3&( $+ -#.*e!(* 'e Le#!a'# 'a V(!)(, '(! /ea)& a ^VI.ea, a&%#& )ee.

3&&( %a3#& G(#)#!'a 8( 'e a )ae !e.a& +*a$, a+%&( 'e a%e)a)&e, 8( )4%e/a 'e$e!e, 4!)6(-&(!' # ($%ea+ *a8(!+ 'e 23&a%0

A/(a%#& )e)e%+ )ea$#!()&.3+a+ 'e a *4!a $%(!g+, a-#(,4!%#)4!'&.$e )+%e %(!e(, e $-&$e : F B+(e(, *a( a* # #+ 8( &! $"e%0 Ce' )+ !& /#( -&%ea -e%e)e *a( e-e'e 8( *a( 3(!e a)e$% %(*- 'e)4% 4! *(;#)& /#$%&0Se a8e2a+ %#( -e )#(!a 4!/e2(%+ %(!e(( 4! ;&!(( a/(a%#&&(0

F A8a'a, 3+(e(, '&-+ )4%e /+', !& -ea $4!%e( 'e a)#'a$&-a !&*e&( )e&( '(!%4( a/(a%#0 E 'e-% )+ a( a"a% 8( 'e 4!.)e)aea &( I)a, 8( 'e )a)&ee )& 'e$e!e ae &( Le#!a'# 'a

V(!)( 8( 'e 3a#!& "a(# M#!%g#"(e0 C6e$%(&!ea !& e )6(a a%4%'e 4!)&)a%+ 8(, 'e8( !& $e -ea 8%(e 3(!e )(!e a 23&a% 4!%4( )& #*a8(!+ 23&+%#ae, e& )e' )+ a* -&%ea $+ a"+* a'e/+&0 Ş%((

-4!+ a )e 4!+(*e $e ('()+ a2( &! a/(#! F La -e$%e 2e)e *(( 'e *e%(, +$-&!$e %4!+& )& "aa a)#. -e(%+ 'e 3#3#a!e0 F E5a)% < +$-&!$e a/(a%#&0 P4!+.! $%a%#$"ea0 Da /(%e2a

*a5(*+ a &!&( a/(#! # )&!#a8%e )(!e/a 0000 F S.a 'e-+8(% /(%e2a $&!e%&&(, +$-&!$e a)ea8( %4!+0 F #a%e 3(!e < 4 4!%e&-$e a/(a%#&0 Ş( 4! %(*- )e (#4$%+* a()(, $e "a) e5-e(e!e 4! a3#a%#ae -e!%& )#!$%&(ea&!# a/(#a!e )ae $+ 'e-+8ea$)+ 'e )4%e/a #( 8( a)ea$%+ /(%e2+0 V+a*(!%e$) a)e$%e )("e, )a $+ /+ 'a( $ea*a )e 'e-a%e a a;&!$ 8%((!a#*e!ea$)+ 4! !&*a( )4%e/a 'e)e!((, 'e )4!' a& 4!)e-&% 4!%4(ee 4!.)e)+( 'e 23# )& a;&%#& &!e( *a8(!(0

4! 197, a*e()a!& (!'3eg6 a %a/e$a% A%a!%()& 'e!#' )& a;&%#& &!&( a/(#! )& &! $(!g& *#%# 8( a a%e(2a% (!4*-e;&(*(e Pa($&&(0 A2( $e )#!$%&(e$) g(ga!( a( ae&&( )ae

-#% %a!$-#%a, 4! %#a%+ $(g&a!a, 'e a # $&%+ -4!+ a # *(e 'e#a*e!( '(! A*e()a 4! E&#-a 8( '(! E&#-a 4! A*e()a0 N& /a%e)e *&%, 8(, )& %a!$a%a!%()ee, !& $e /# *a( %a!$-#%a 'e)4%*+"&(0 Oa*e!(( /# %e)e #)ea!ee 4! 23#, 4! )4%e/a #e0C(!e e 4!$+ 4!%4(& 23&+%#

Ve( a"a 4!'a%+0



B+ga( 'e $ea*+ )+ a'e/+a%a !+$)#)(e $.a "+)&% 'e )+%e '#("a( )ae *a( *&% $.a& $%+'&(% e( 4!8(8(, 'e)4% a& )e)e%a% -(!)+(, 8( a& "+)&% %#a%e 4!)e)+(e -e -(eea #0

IIRAII RIGHTT+(a,-e a $"48(%&, /ea)&&( %e)&%, 4! $%a%& O6(#, '(! S%a%eeU!(%e, a Da%#!, &! -a$%# a!&*e (g6%, )ae a/ea,'#( 3+(e(8( # "a%+0 Pa$%#&, '&-+ #3()e(&(e #)&(#, ea *a( *&% -e'&*&(, -(! %4g&(e '(! 4*-e;&(*( S#(a &(, "e*e(e 6a!()+,'a )& $+!+%a%ea )a* 8&3e'+, (23&%ea )& *&%+ ge&%a%e $+ (e4!'&(aa )a$e(, a8a )&* $e )eea &!e( $#(( 'e -a$%#0 Da )& 8(

*a( *ae ge&%a%e (23&%ea $+ (e 4! "4& -e )e( %e( )#-((, ;&)+&8(8( ($)#'(%#(0 Ca $+ !& %#% 3a%+ *a6aaee #a8&&(, e -&!ea a'e.$ea 4! *4(!(, 4! (-$+ 'e a%e ;&)+((, &!e%ee '(! -ea;*a )a$e(:(!'ea&a, *($%(a, )(#)a!&, "(e+$%+&, 'a%a 8( a%ee0C4!' "a%a -a$%#&&(, Ca%e(!a, 4*-(!( &!$-e2e)e a!(, "a((e( *a( *a(, O/(e 8( (3&, !e8%((!' )e 3&)&(e $+.( "a)+, &a+)4%e/a $)4!'&( 8( -a%(( #a%e, -e )ae e g+$(+ "++ 4!%e3&(!ae

4! "&!'& &!&( 8#-#!, 8( ( "+)&+ # )+&+0 Ş( 'e 2(&a '#*!(8#ae(Ca%e(!a, /e)(!(( )ae #)&(a& -e a)eea8( )#(!+ '(! *ag(!ea #a.8&&(, (! /e)(!+%a%ea #)&(!e( -a$%#&&(, "&+ &(*(( 'e 2a/a 'e

-e '&*0 T#( !+/+(+ a "ee$%e 8(, )4!' )##, )e /+2&+ I!%.#)+&+ 'e $)4!'&(, )#-((( -a$%#&&(, 4*-e&!+ )& -(e%e!(( 8( -(e.%e!ee # 'e a)eea8( /4$%+, g#!ea& a /ae, '(! )e (! )e *a( e.

-e'e0 Da # )+&+ )a a)eea !& -&%ea $+ '&)+ a%4%a ge&%a%e, a8a)+ /e)(!(( !#8%( a/&+ 'e )e $+ ('a 8( $+ 3a%+ '(! -a*e 2+(!' )+&a

$"+4*a%+, (a -e 3+(e( 8( -e "e%e a&!)a( 'e.a /a*a &!(( -e$%e a((0D&'&(%ee 8( )&)#!a8(( '&-+ )e %a$e+ # $-a(*+ 3&!+, $e.!.%#a$e+ a)a$+ )a* 2g4(a( 8( )& 6a(!ee "e"e!(+0

F Ce (.a /e!(% $+ "a)( # )+&+ a%4% 'e 8&3e'+ 4!%e3+ &!/e)(! -e (3& (g6%, "a%ee *a( *ae0

F S+.( $-&! 'e-%, +$-&!$e e, 3&!()& "&$e$e )+&a80 Dea e a& *a( +*a$ #a%ee 8( $)4!'&(e0 Da)+ e a -&%&% "a)e # )+.&+, 'e )e !.a8 "( (23&%(% 8( e&

F H* < Se /e'e %ea3a )+ e a/ea *a( *&%+ -()e-ee 'e)4% %(!e0



F A '#&a #a+ a* $+ "a) # )+&+ *a( %a(!()+0 Ş( !.a* $+ -&! 4! ea # ge&%a%e *a( *ae 'e)4% -#a%e $+ '&)+0C& a)ea8( $-((% )6(32&(%, (3& 8( O/(e )#!$%&(+ 4!.%.&!&( '(! -ee(( $&"age(e( &! '&a- #%a%(/ -e!%& /e$e+,

"#a%e #3(8!&(% -(! a)ee #)&(, 'a )ae aae#( (23&%ea 'e )ee*a( a'e$e#( '&a-& #%a%(/ !& $e 4!/4%ea "++ a #/( -ee((A)+%&(% )& *&%+ ($)&$(!+ 8( +3'ae, '&a-& #%a%(/ a "a(# (g6% $e 4!/4%ea -e"e)%, $-e &(*(ea -+(!(# 8( a /e)(!(#0O !#&+ '#/a'+ 'e 4!'e*4!ae '+'&+ "a(( )4!' *a*a #,4*3#!+/(!'&.$e '(! -()(!a *&!)(# -ea gee -e!%& -&%e(ee(, "& $((%+ $+ $%ea *a( *&% 4! -a%0 Ca%e(!a 4!)e-& $+ /a'+ 'e%e3&(e g#$-#'+(e(, (a (3& 8( O/(e, )a $+ a(3+ *#%(/ $+

8a'+ -e.a)a$+, $e a-&)a+ 8( )#!$%&(+ &! "#%#(& -e!%& *a*a#0 T4*-+(e 8( %a-(e(e !& 4!/+a$e+ 3+(e(( !()(#'a%+0 Da &4!' $ea*a a $)a&!ee '(! )a$+, *+$&4!' 8( 4*3(!4!', '&$e+&)aea a 3&! $"48(%0 P+eea &!&(a ea )#!%#a%+ 'e ;&'e)a%a)e&(a% 8(, "++ 4!)+-+4!ae, "(e)ae e)&!#8%ea &!'e ge8ea 8(&!'e )e+a% a/ea 'e-%a%e0++ a)ea$%+ 'e$+/48(%+ )a*aa'e(e, *(!%ea # !.a "(

-&%&% &)a a#a%+ a%4% 'e a*#!(#$0 ,,U!'e.$ '#( -&%eea )e8%e?$-&!e # /#3+ /e)6e #*!ea$)+, 'a a)e$% a'e/+ $e -#%(/e8%e!& !&*a( 3ae#, )( 8( *(!((0 a(( ea& 8( 3&!( -(e%e!( 4!%ee(, )eea )e !& $e 4!%*-+ -ea 'e$e#(0 De8( !& &*a& a a)eea8(8)#a+, $eaa, 4! )a*ea #, "a(( 48( 4*-+%+8ea& !#&%+(e *a(4!$e*!a%e -e )ae e a&2($e+, (a )+(e '(! a"a+ 'e 8)#a+, )4!'e )+'ea& 4! *4!+, e )(%ea& 4*-e&!+ -4!+ !#a-%ea %42(& 4!%.a%4%$e 4*-e%ea& 8( )e8%ea& 4*3(!a%e g4!'&(e # <

IIIO MAŞINA TIPOGRAICAC& a$e*e!ea "(e, !& e 'e *(ae )+ "a(( (g6% ea& "#a%e(&3(( 'e )a*aa2(( # 'e 8)#a+0 U!& '(! e(, a!&*e S(!e$, e$-&$e )+ *a*a &(, )#%#3+(!' -(! -#', '+'&$e -e$%e &! "&!' 'e

-e$+ %(-#ga"()+, 8(, !ea/4!' )e "a)e )& ea, (.# '+'&$e 3+(a%&&( $+$e ;#a)e0

F U! "&!' 'e -e$+ 000 4!%e3+ O/(e !e4!)e2+%#0



F Da, &! "&!' 'e -e$+ < Da)+ a* a/ea 8( (%ee a* -&%ea$+ %(-+(* #()e : a"(8e, 3(e%e, )+( 'e /(2(%+0

F A-#(, (%ee a* /+2&% e& -e a !#( -e.a)a$+, 2($e O/(e,)+ %a%a %(-+e8%e &! 2(a )e8%(!, (a (%eee *a( /e)6( 'e a %(-#.

ga"(e e a'&)e a)a$+, !& 8%(& 'e )e0A$%"e &+ "((!+ %(-#ga"(a S(!e$ a!' (g6%, )& $e'(& 4! 3&)+%+(a '#a*!e( S(!e$, &!'e $e a"a 8( a%e(e& 8( a'*(!($%a(a0C& (%eee /e)6(, &2a%e, ae -a$%#&&( (g6%, )e( '#( -(e%e!( (2.

3&%(+ $+ %(-+ea$)+ a"(8e $)&%e, )+( 'e /(2(%+ '(! )4%e/a )&/(!%e,8(, 4! )&4!', -(e%e!((, &'ee a-#-(a%e 4!)e-&+ $+ 4!)&a;e2e -e%(!e(( (!'&$%(a8(, "+)4!' )#*e!2( )& 3a!( -+%(( 4!a(!%e, )a'#*!(( %(-#ga"( $+ a(3e )& )e )&*-+a 64%(a 8( )e!eaa0

Se a"a& 'e 3&!+ $ea*+ 4! #+8e %(-#ga"(( )& (%ee 8( *a8(!(*a( 3&!e 'e)4% )ee '(! 3&)+%+(a '#a*!e( S(!e$ 8( !()(#'a%+ )#!.)&e!a %(!e(# !.a "( -&%&% a*e!(!a $e(#$ %(-#ga"((e *a(0Da (!%e/e!( 4!'e*4!a%() O/(e, )& *(!%ea &( ($)#'(%#ae0 C&

3a!(( )48%(ga( )&*-++ &! >3&a!? 'e %(!()6ea0 F Ce.( %e3&(e 3&a!& +$%a 4!%e3+ S(!e$, $&-+a% )+.8( -(e'ea -a%ea &( 'e )48%(g0

F 4! -(*& 4!' !& e 3&a!, )( &! )((!'&, +$-&!$e O/(e, 8( )&a;&%#& &( /#* -&%ea %(-+( '(!%.# 'a%+ # "#a(e 4!%eag+0 F C&* F A( +3'ae0 A( $+ /e2( !&*a('e)4%0T4!+& O/(e &*-& )((!'& )& !($(-, )a $+ "(e *a( ge&,8( 4 a$%&-+ 3(!e a )ee '#&+ )a-e%e0 A-#( 4( -&$e &! *(!e 8( '&-+)e 4!%(!$e "#a(a -e 'e-%&!g6(& )& (%ee 4!!eg(% )& )e!ea+,%e)& &8# -e 'ea$&-a "#(( )& %+/+&g& 'e %(!()6ea0 A$%"e

O/(e e&8( $+ %(-+ea$)+ '(!%.# 'a%+ # 4!%eag+ -ag(!+ 'e 2(a0A-#( (!%e/e!( 8( (3&, )ae, )& a;&%#& &!&( a), g+$( *(;#)&)a %+/+&g& $+ $e 4!%#a)+ 'e a $(!e a #)& 'e -#!(e0Pa$%#& (g6% $e -#*e!( 4!%.# 3&!+ 2( )& %(!e(( %(-#ga"()+.( #"eea& &! -e "#a%e $)+2&% $+.( %(-+ea$)+ e( 2(a&, )aea-+ea a)&* # 'a%+ -e $+-%+*!+0 I( a+%a+ # -ag(!+ %a$+ a*a8(!a #0 U(*(% 8( 4!)4!%a%, -a$%#& 2($e :

F V+' )+ %(-+(( )&a%0 Pe& '&*!ea/#a$%+ 4*( )#!/(!e,

)+)(, $)+24!' 8( e& -e& a3#!a*e!%&&(, /#( a/ea )(%(%#( *a(



*&(0 C&* $4!%e( a 4!)e-&%& a)e$%e( )a(ee (!'&$%(ae 8( (!e(a ea )& %#a%+ -+)eea, -(*e$) $+ "(& )(e!%& '&*!ea/#a$%+0De8( !()( "a(( (g6%, !()( )a*aa'& #, S(!e$, !& 4!/+a.$e+ !()+(e( a%a %(-#ga"()+, !e/#(a 4( $(( $+ a'&)+ 4!%e-(!'e((

# %#% "e& 'e 4*3&!+%+((0 Z(a& -a$%#&&( (g6% a-+ea )&eg&a(%a%e # 'a%+ -e $+-%+*4!+, %(-+(% )&a% 8( "++ !()( # 4!%4.2(ee0 Ma8(!a "&!)(#!a a%4% 'e $(g& )+ %(!e(( a/&+ )&a;& $+(a 8( a%e &)+(0 C&* )(e!(( !& -ea $e 4*3&2ea& a a)ea$%+%(-#ga"(e 'e 3#g'a-#$%e, -a%#!(( 'e/e!(+ e( 4!8(8( )(e!(0 C&*#a%e $(*-&0 A)+%&(+ 8( e( &! 2(a $+-%+*!a, $)($ 'e S(!e$,'e "a(( (g6% 8( 'e a( )#eg( 'e 8)#a+, 3&)&#8( 'e a $e /e'ea%(-+(( # 'a%+ -e $+-%+*!+0 Z(a& %(!e(# 4!)e-& $+ a(3e a3#.

!a(, 4! -(*& (!' &3e'e!((e )#a3#a%#(# 8( -+(!(( )e#.a( )#eg(0Da a)e$% -#ge$ !& "& 4!"+-%&(% )& &8&(!a )& )ae $e -#./e$%e8%e0 a(( (g6% 'e$"+)&+ &!()a # *a8(!+ 8(, '&-+ )e "+.)&+ !&*e#a$e e5-e(e!e, )#!$%&(+ # -(e$+ 'e '#&+ #( *a(*ae 8( 4*3#g+(+ -e *+$&a e( )&%((e )& (%ee0 U!ee a))e$#((e )&*-+a+ )& *ae $)&*-+%a%e, a%e -(e$e e "a3()a+ )6(a

e(, )& $&'#aea "&!((, 4! !#-( 4!'e&!g( 8( !e'#*(%e0 M#!%a+a-#( %#a%+ *a8(!+(a -e # %e*e(e 'e *a*#+ g#a$+, )&*-+a%+'e #)a2(e, 4!%.&! 8#-#! '(! )&%ea -+(!%ea$)+0 Ma*e( 8( Ca%e.(!e(, /+2!' ($-a/a %(!e(#, !& e /e!ea& $+ )ea'+ #)6(#0T(!e(( -&$e+ *a8(!a 4! *(8)ae 8( -#)!e%ee e( "&+ a%4% 'e -&.%e!()e, 4!)4% /e)(!(( /e!(+ 8( e( 4! "&ga *ae 4! )&%ea -a$%#&&(,$+ /a'+ )e $e 4!%4*-a$e0

F Ce'ea* )+ e5-#'ea2+ )(!e 8%(e )e *&!((e /e)6e, 2($e

&! "(ea, 8( )4!' )## ea *a8(!a a$%a 8&g&3ea+0T(-#ga"(a "(*e( S(!e$.(g6% 'e/e!( /e$%(%+ 4! %#% #a8&,a%4% -(! 2g#*#%& e(, )4% *a( )& $ea*+ -(! -e& $)+2&% a -#.'&$e# e(0 U! %(-#ga" $e -e2e!%+ 4!%.# 2( a )&%ea -a$%#&&(8( &g+ -e %(!e( $+.( aa%e 8( &( *a8(!a )4% # *#a+ 'e /4!%, )ae*egea g4"4(!' 8( '&'&(!', 4!g6((!' )#a(ee a3e 4!%.# -a%e 8($)#4!'&.e -e -a%ea )eaa%+, %(-+(%e )&a%, -+%&(%e, ega%e 8()& a'e$a a3#!a%&&( (-(%+ 4!%.&! )#0

F O-((, /+ #g, *a8(!a +)!( %(-#ga"&, ea $+ "(e a&2(%0



O/(e (g6% #-( *a8(!a0 O*& 'e *e$e(e 4!)e-& $+.( 'ea #)#,)& %ea*+, )a 8( )&* a "( *e$ (! ;&& &!e( )&8%( 4! )ae $e a"a4!)6($+ # -a!%e+0 O"%+, a-#( -(-+( -e ()(, -e )##0 De%e '(! )a- )&4!)+-+4!ae, 48( $)#a$e 6a(!a 8( $e /44 $&3 ea0 A)( -e%e)& # ;&*+.

%a%e 'e #+, /44!'&.$e %#% *a( a'4!), -4!+ !& ( $e *a( /+2&+ 'e)4%%+-(e 4!)++*(!%e(0 C(!' (e8( (a a &*(!+, %(-#ga"& ea *4!;(%%#% 'e )e!ea+ 8( )& "aa a)#-e(%+ 'e $&'#ae0

F Ş(000 *ege 3(!e '+)(a a$%a 4!%e3+ e0 F Mege, *ege, )&* $+ !& *eag+ 000 +$-&!$e O/(e,4!%(!24!'&.( # "#a(e 'e )&4!' %(-+(%+0

F A8a e000 Mege <000 V+' 8( e& )+ *ege<000 Ş( )(!e a )#!.$%&(%.#, *+ #g 000 *a( 4!%e3+ e a-#a-e )& !e)a20

F C(!e $.# )#!$%&(a$)+ N#( a*4!'#(, e& 8( "a%ee *e&(3&0 T#/a+8& !#$%& S(!e$ $e #)&-+ )& -a%ea a'*(!($%a%(/+0

F S+ /+ $-&! 'e-%, *+%&($( %(-#ga"& #"%4!', a* /+2&%*&%e *a8(!( %(-#ga"()e 4! A*e()a, 'a &! *#'e )a +$%a !.a**a( 4!%4!(% 4! /(aa *ea 44!%e-(!'eea %(!e(# %(-#ga"( *egea '(! )e 4! )e *a(

3(!e0 N&*+& )#*e!2(# )e8%ea *ee&, (a &!(( )#*e)(a!( 4!.

)e-&+ a.8( "a)e e)a*+ -(! )ee '#&+ 2(ae $+-%+*4!ae ae "a.*((e( (g6%0Da # *ae !e!##)(e -4!'ea 6a!()a "a*((e0 S#(a -a$%#.&&(, )ae ea 4!)e'(!a%+ )+ "((( e( /# ($)#'( # *a8(!+ *&% *a(4!$e*!a%+ 'e)4% &!a %(-#ga"()+, !& a/& -a%e $+.8( /a'+ /($& )&#)6((0 ((!' *ee& 3#!a/+, ea 4!)6($e #)6(( -e!%& %#%'ea&!a0G(;a )a$e( )+2& -e &*e(( %(!ee( "e%e, Ca%e(!a, )ae %e3&(a $+/a'+ a)&* $(!g&+ 'e g#$-#'+(e0 a(( (g6% $e g4!'(+ $+

$)#a%+ 2(!() 2(a& #, 'a a)ea$%+ 4!)e)ae e 4!g6(( %#( 3a!(()ae.( )48%(ga$e+0 F O/(e, 2($e 4!%.# '(*(!ea+ (3&0 E& )e' )+ ($-a/a!#a$%+ %e3&(e $+ a(3e #'a%+ &! $"48(%0 N& $4!%e* 4! $%ae $+(!e* -(e-% %(-#ga"(# '(! #a8, )ae a& 8( *a( *&( 3a!( 8( *a.8(!( *a( *&%e0O/(e "& 'e a)eea8( -+ee, 'a "a(( %#% *a( %(-+(+ &!([*() 2(a -e!%& !eg(( '(! 4*-e;&(*(, 4! )ae a-+ea& &%(*ee

(!"#*a(( '(! &*ea 4!%eag+, -e)&* 8( $)&%e -#/e$%(( )& 6a2,



"#a%e g&$%a%e0S-((%& !+$)#)(%# a )e# '#( "a( !& $e -&%ea *&&*( 4!$+!&*a( )& # *&!)+ *#!#%#!+0 E( /#(a& $+ )ee2e &)&( !#(, $a&*+)a $+ &)e2e 4!%.&! "+ga8 *a( -&(! )e)e%a% 'e a((0 Ş%(a&

)+ !&*a( a$%"e /# -&%ea "( +$-+%(( '&-+ *e(%0Pe /e*ea a)eea "+)ea "&#( &! !#& *(;#) 'e %a!$-#% : 3(.)()e%a0 La 4!)e-&% &a$e a/4!% *&&*(%+ &!&( *e8%e8&ga "a!.)e2, a!&*e M()6a&5, )ae, 4! 1, 'e$)#-e( -e'aa0 D&-+ )4(/aa!(, e a/& ('eea $+ 4!/eea$)+ #(e )& # *a!%a 'e )a&)(&)0 R#a%a'(! "a+ ea 4!$+ a%4% 'e *ae F -e ea $e a"a 8ea&a F (a #a%a'(!a-#( a%4% 'e *()+, 4!)4% !&*a( )& *ae ge&%a%e 8( )& *a( -e.()#e, )++%#& $e -&%ea (!e 'e-%, "++ $+ $e 'ea -e$%e )a-000,

)eea )e $e 4!%4*-4a a-#a-e 4!%#%'ea&!a0 U! e!ge2 4!+%&+ -e(.)#&, )#!$%&(!' # 3()()e%+ )& #a%e 'e a)eea8( *+(*e 8( )& 8a&a

-e #a%a '(!a-#(0 F S+ /(!'e* 8( !#( 3()()e%e, 2($e (3&0 Ce( )ae !.a& -a.ae $+.8( )&*-ee &! )a 8( # ga3(#e%+, /# *ege 'e$%& 'e 3(!e

-e 3()()e%+0 Dea%"e '&*&(e 4! A*e()a $4!% &!g(, (a 3a!((a%4% 'e -&(!(<

A$%"e, "a(( (g6% 4!)e-&+ a.8( )48%(ga e5($%e!a /4!24!' 3()()e%e0

IVSOCIETATEA RIGHT.CjCLE d CO0

N#&a 4!%e-(!'ee &+ "((!+ 4! 19, a Da%#!, &!'e ea&)&!#$)&(0 4! "a+ $e a"a # -+/+(#a+, (a 4! "&!'& )&(( # *a.ga2(e 'e $)4!'&(, &!'e "a(( (g6% (!$%aa+ &! a%e(e 'e e-a.

a((0 C&* a$e*e!ea &)+( ea& -e g&$%& #, "a(( $e $(*(+"e()((0 Te3&(e *egea& 3(!e, )+)( 3()()e%ee (!%a+ e-e'e 4!g&$%& *ae&( -&3()0Da *(!%ea /(#a(e a )e# '#( "(( a( -a$%#&&( !& $e -&%ea*&&*( !&*a( )& # a"a)ee 4!"#(%#ae0 E( 4/!ea& *a( *&%, %#%*a( *&%0

F (3&, )e.a "( $+ )#!$%&(* # 3()()e%+ !#&+, *a( 3&!+'e)4% )ee )ae $e /4!' a)&* 4! #a8 N.a "( -ea ge& 8( )48%(g&

!#$%& a "( *a( *ae0



I'eea &( O/(e "& -e -a)& &( (3&0 Ce( '#( "a( -e%e.)&+ )4%e/a !#-(, )e)e%4!' -#-#((e 3()()e%e# 8( a)+%&(+ &!a!#&+, *a( &8#a+ 8( *a( -a)%()+0 C&* !.a/ea& -&%(!a $+ )#!.$%&(a$)+ 8( -(e$ee, e )#*a!'a+ &2(!e# '(! 4*-e;&(*(0 4!

)&4!' $e (/( 4! /(%(!+ !#&a 3()()e%+ a "a(# (g6%, -&%4!'*a)a Va! Ce/, '&-+ !&*ee &!&( 3&!() a #0 F E 3&!+ 3()()e%a Va! Ce/ 4!%e3+ #'a%+ &! )(e!%, (!.%4!' 4! -+/+(a "a(# (g6%0

F B()()e%a Va! Ce/ E *a)a )ea *a( 3&!+ '(! &*e <+$-&!$e )& )#!/(!gee (3& (g6%0 Dea%"e e000 (!/e!(a *ea0C(e!%& 8( (!/e!%a%#& 4$e+ '(! %#a%+ (!(*a0T#%&8(, "a(# (g6% !& e /e!ea a 4!'e*4!+ $+ "a)+ !&.

*a( !eg#0 C& 3a!(( ag#!($((, e( 4*3&!+%+ea& *ee& *a%e(a& 3()()e%e# Va! Ce/0C(e!(( !& $e -ea 4*3&2ea& a &8a -+/+(e( )e# '#( %(!e(B()()e%a !& ea a 4!'e*4!+ #()&( 8( a-#( -+ea 'e$%& 'e -(*e;.,'(#a$+0 e*e(e 8( #a*e!(( *a( 4! /4$%+ !& )&%e2a& $+ $e "#H$ea$)+ 'e ea0a(( (g6% $e g4!'(+ )+ )e -&(! &!a '(! -(e'()(, $)&*

-e%ea, %e3&(a !ea-+a% 4!+%&a%+, 'a)+ /#(a& $+ '&)+ !eg#&*a( 'e-a%e0 F A* -&%ea "a3()a 3()()e%e *a( (e"%(!e, 'a)+ a* a/ea #&2(!+ a !#a$%+, 2($e "a%ee *a( *ae, (3&0

F N& /e2( )+ !()( &2(!ee !& "a3()+ 3()()e%e *a( (e"%(!e +$-&!$e "a%ee )e *(), O/(e0 S+ /e'e* )4% -#a%e -+%( (* -a$.%#, 3&!+#a+ O $&*+ *ae, %#a%+ 'e#'a%+, 4! !()( &! )a20 Da)+a* 4*-+( $&*a 4! )4%e/a -+( *a( *()( 000

F Ia%+ # ('ee *(!&!a%+ <000 +$-&!$e (3&0 R+*a$e -eg4!'&( 8( a'+&g+ : F N()( a8a !& -&%e* /(!'e 3()()e%ee000 F De )e $e *(+ (3&0 O()(!e -#a%e -+%( 'e '#a( -e &!+ 4! #) 'e '#&+ $&%e 'e#'a%+0 F (e8%e, 2($e (3&0 A( &(%a% 4!$+ )+ !#( !.a/e* '#&+2e)('e *(( 'e '#a(, $+ )&*-++* 'e a "a3()+ 3()()e%e -e )ae $+ e'+* )(e!(# 4! a%e *()(0



VDOMNIŞOARA ANNIE CLAR` A '#&a 2(, O/(e, /e!(!' a -+/+(e, g+$( -e (3& $%4!''e /#3+ )& # '&'&(e -e )ae -a)+ # *a( /+2&$e0

F M($$ Ca, '+.*( /#(e $+.( -e2(!% -e "a%ee *e&,O/(e0T(!+& $%4!$e *(!a "e%(( 8( $e 4!#8(0 V& $+ -e)e 4! "&!'&)&((, a a%e(e& 'e e-aa((, 'a # -&%ee )(&'a%+ 4 (!& #)&&(0A "( '#(% $+.( $-&(e )e/a, 'a $e %e*& 'e # 4*-e%()(e a (*3((0

N()(#'a%+ !& $e $(*($e a%4% 'e 4!)&)a% )a 4! "aa a)e$%e( "e%e,)ae !& $e 'e#$e3ea 'e )eea%e 'e)% -(!%.# -(/(e 3a;(!+,

-a)+ !(e 4!'&ea%+ 8( &! *() $&4$ )ae $e 2+*($ea "(e$) '(!

"(!a %+(e%&+ a g&(( e( *()(0(3& 2($e :

F O/(e, aa%+ '#*!(8#ae( Ca # 3()()e%+ -e *+$&a e(8( /e2( 'a)+ -#( $+.( a&!g( %ea*a -e )ae # ae, )+ !& /a 4!/+a!()(#'a%+ $+ &*3e -e 3()()e%+0 E& *+ '&) -4!+ a a!g#$($%&!#$%& '(! )e!%&0

F O < N()( !& e 'e *(ae $+.*( "(e "()+ L0 +$-&!$e, )&

ga$& e( (*-e'e, g(!ga8a "a%+0 P4!+ a)&* !.a* /+2&% 4!)+ !()(# "a%+ -e 3()()e%+000 $&($e ea, a+%4!'&.8( '(!(( *()( 8( a3(0 F I! )&4!' /# &*3a %#a%e -e 3()()e%+< (23&)!( O/(e&(*(% 'e )&a;& &(0 Ş( '&*!ea/#a$%+ /e( "( -(*a '#*!(8#a+'(! #a8& !#$%& )ae /a &*3a -e 3()()e%+0I!%e %(*- (3& 48( &a$e -++(a 8( /+24!' )+ O/(e $e#)&-a 'e )(e!%+, $e '&$e e-e'e a "&!(2# $+.( 4!)e'(!e2e &!#ae)ae !&*+ 'e 3()()e%e -e )e'(%, )a $+ e /4!'+ 4! a%e0

C4!' O/(e 3+g+ 'e $ea*+ )+ +*a$e $(!g& )& "a%a, 4!)e)+$+.8( e'#34!'ea$)+ $%+-4!(ea 'e $(!e0 D#*!(8#aa Ca +*&(:

F Ve'e(, '#*!&e (g6%, a8 a/ea *ae !e/#(e 'e # 3()(.)e%+, -e!%& )+ #)&(e$) 'e-a%e 'e 3(#& -#8%e(, &!'e a* $e/(.)(& 8( &!'e %e3&(e $+ a;&!g %#%'ea&!a "++ !()( # 4!%42(ee0 D#('(! )#eg(( *e( /(! )& 3()()e%ee 4! 2e)e *(!&%e, -e )4!' e&, -e

;#$, %e3&(e $+ "a) a-#a-e &! )ea$0 V+' 4!$+ )+ 3()()e%a !& *(

$.a -#%(/( 'e)4% 'a)+ a8 -&!e 8( e&, )a 3+(e((, -a!%a#!(0



F A$%a000 a8a e < +$-&!$e O/(e 8( a3(a $e (!& $+ !& 4'+0D#*!(8#aee '(! Ne_ j#, )4!' $e "##$e$) 'e 3()()e%+, -#a%+

-a!%a#!( 4!%#)*a( )a a)eea )a%e *eg )+ae, a'+&g+ e $e(#$,)& g4!'& $+.8( /4!'+ 3()()e%a0

F N&, !&.*( -a)e )& -a!%a#!(000 "+)& "a%a 4!#8(!'&.$e 8( -(/(!' 4! ;#$0 A%"e !& $e -#a%e 4!%e3+ ea 4!'e-%4!'&.8( #)6((a3a8%( -e "(g&a #$#a$+, e!eg()+ a %4!+&&(0 C&* $+ *+ '&) a$e/()(& 4! -a!%a#!( Ş( '#*!(8#aa Ca 4$e '(! %#a%+ (!(*a0

F De$(g&, 'e$(g& < "+)& O/(e 4!)&)a% (a 'e ga(a, -(./(ea 8( 'e ga$& "e%e(0

F N& $.a -&%ea 'a 4! +%&( 3aa a$%a 'e "e 'e a *(;#),

)a $+ -#% -e'aa 4! /#(e 000 -#-&$e '#*!(8#aa Ca0 F (e8%e 4 e5)a*+ O/(e $&-(!$ 'e e5)ee!%a ('ee a"e%e(0 Ia #a%a '(!a-#( # -(!'e* 4!%.# eea 'e $"#a+, )a $+ !&aga%e -#aee #)6(e(0++ $+.8( 'ea $ea*a, e( "+&ea& a%&!)( )ea *a( -a)%()+ 3()(.)e%+ -e!%& "e%e0

F N& 8%(& )&* /a *ege a)ea$%+ !#&+ 3()()e%+, 2($e O/(e,

a8a )+ /+ $%a& a '($-#2((e a %#a%e e5e)(((e, -4!+ /e( 4!/+a0 F O < V+ *&&*e$) L0 $&($e "a%a 4!)4!%a%+ 8( *+g&(%+0 Ia 4! -(/(!a -e&&(000 /& ea $+ &*e2e0Da O/(e # 4!%e&-$e :

F De$-e 3a!(, /e( /#3( )& (3&, "a%ee *e&0 E $e#)&-+ 'e -a%ea 3+!ea$)+ a a"a)e((0 E& *a( *&% )& )ea %e6!()+0Ş( *( $e -ae )+ %#)*a( -&!e a )ae &! !#& $($%e* 'e /4!2ae 4!a%e0

F Ca a *a8(!(e 'e )&$&% F 4!%#)*a(< Ş( 'a)+ (3& (23&%e8%e000O)6(( "e%e( $)(-(+ 'e "e()(e0C4!' (3& $e 4!%#a$e '(! #a8, ea &*a% 'e &! )a*(#! 4!.)+)a% )& 3()()e%e !#(0 I23&%($e0 A!g#$($%& a;&%a "a(# (g6%$+ /4!'+ *a"a 4! a%e0 4!%e-(!'eea # a/ea 'e a)( 4!a(!%e /(.(%#& a$(g&a%0 O/(e a3(a &+ a*(!%e a +*&((e "a%e&( *a(*ae, #)&-a% )&* ea )& # 3()()e%+ $)&!'+, )+e(a 4( 'e*#!%a

"&)a0



F De )e $%()( 3()()e%a a$%a 4!%e3+ (3&0 F N.# $%() 'e#), +$-&!$e O/(e0 O "a) -e!%& '#*!(.8#aa Ca0 I'eea e$%e a e(0

F Va $+ 2()+, "a%a !& e !&*a( "&*#a$+, e 8( (!%e(ge!%+ <

e5)a*+ (3& )& e!%&2(a$*, -(/(!' a *#'e& )e *ae0O/(e, &(*(% 'e e!%&2(a$*& "a%e&( $+&, 4( a&!)+ # -(/(ea$-+ 8(, "++ $+.( +$-&!'+, 48( /+2& 'e %ea3+0D#*!(8#aa Ca !& $e *a( a+%+ &! %(*- -e a -+/+(a"a(# (g6%0 O/(e )e2& )+ "a%a $e +2g4!'($e 8( e!&!a$ea 3()()e%+0Da '&-+ )4%e/a 2(e, 4!%.# '&-+.a*(a2+, )& -&(! 4!a(!%e 'e4!)6('eea *aga2(!e#, '#*!(8#aa Ca (!%+ e-e'e 4! -+/+.

(a 'e 3()()e%e 8( 2($e g4"4(!' : F B&!+ 2(&a, '#*!&e (g6%< A)&* $4!% (3e+0 V#(($+.*( a;&%a( a -(*ee 4!)e)+( -e 3()()e%+ 000

F C& -+)ee< +$-&!$e (3&, 'e8( !& 8%(a 'e 4!eegeea4!%e O/e 8( '#*!(8#aa Ca0 S+ a8%e-%+* !&*a( )4%e/a*(!&%e, -(!+ $e.!%#a)) 8( "a%ee *e&0 S.a '&$ -(!+.! #a8 '&-+!(8%e a))e$#((0

A3(a a 4!%#a)eea &( O/(e, '#*!(8#aa Ca e)&!#$)& -e %4!+& )ae.( "+g+'&($e $.# a;&%e $+ 4!/ee -e 3()()e%+0 F A)&* a* '#( -#"e$#(, e5)a*+ 8( (( -(/( -e a*4!'#( )&#)6(( -(!( 'e 6a20a(( $e a"a& I! 4!)&)+%&+0 (e)ae '(! )( a "( /#(% $+'e/(!+ -#"e$#& '#*!(8#ae( Ca000 O/(e, *a( -#!(%, &+ #6#%+(e, %e*4!'&.$e $+ !& "(e 3+!&(% 'e /e# -+%(!(e 4! -ag&3a"a%e&( $+&0

F C& '#( -#"e$#( $e.!/a+ *a( ge& 'e)4% )& &!& $(!g&,'#*!(8#a+ Ca, 2($e e0 Dea%"e, e& a* )e/a 'e &)& 4! a%e(e,a8a )+ /+ a$ 4! $ea*a "a%e&( *e&0 V+ a$(g& )+ e )& *&% *a(

-()e-&% 'e)4% *(!e0Ş( )& (!(*a $%(4!$+, O/(e (e8( '(! -+/+(e 8( $e 4!'e-%+$-e a%e(e0I! a)eea8( $ea+, 4! )a*ea #, "a(( (g6%, )ae, 'e #3()e(,48( $-&!ea& &!& a%&(a g4!'&(e 8( 4!%*-+(e 'e -e$%e 2(, %+.

)&+ 4!'e&!g0 4!)e)a+ $+ )(%ea$)+ &! 2(a, # )a%e, 'a !& (23&.



%(+0 Ea # !e4!eegee, # )(&'+ 4!%e e(, -e )ae !& )&%e2a& $.#+*&ea$)+0 Pe!%& 4!%4(a #a+ 4! /(aa #, "a(( !& $e *a($&"eea&0C4!' $e.!%(!$e+ 4! -a%, (3& $e -#*e!( 2()4!' :

F #a%e '+g&+, '#*!(8#aa Ca0 M(.a $-&$ ).O)6ea*+ A!!(e0 F Da "+)& O/(e, 4!g6((!' 4! $e)0 Ş( &!'e a( '&$.# $+4!/ee 3()()e%a

F I! '#$& 3($e()((, +$-&!$e (3&0 E # $%a'+ -e &!'e!& %e)e a-#a-e !(*e!(0 4!)+ '#&+.%e( e)(( 8( a 4!/+a%0 N&

-ea ae -&%ee (! *4(!(0 Mee& $&)ea g6('#!& 8(, 'a)+ !.a8"( "#$% 4!g+ ea, )a $+ $e agae )& a*!'#&+ 3aee 'e &*e(( *e(,

a "( )+2&% 'e )4%e/a #( 'e-% -e -(e%ee '&*&&(0O/(e 48( *&8)+ 3&2ee, a-#(, '&-+ # &!g+ %+)ee, 2($e :

F Ce' )+ '#*!(8#aa Ca a 4!/+a *a( &8# 8( *a( e. -e'e -e )#$%(8a '(!$-e &!)+0 B()()e%a a -(!'e /(%e2+ 'e a4!)e-&% 8(000

F Ş( "a%a 8(.a $-age )a-& )& $(g&a!+ <000 "+)& (. 3& e-e'e0

F A$%a $.# )e2( %& < +$-&!$e O/(e )& )(&'+0 I! '#&+#e0 -e )#$%(8a '(!$-e &!)+ e& # 4!/+ $+ &*3e )& 3()()e%a0(3& 4!%#a$e )a-& $-e e, -(/(, a-#( +$-&!$e $)&%,)a # $"('ae :

F P#"%(* I!/a.# 4! '#&+ #e <4! a)ea $ea+ "a(( !& *a( $)6(*3a+ !()( &! )&/4!% 4!%e e(0A '#&a 2(, '#*!(8#aa Ca !& /e!( a -+/+(a "a(# (g6%0 (3& ea 4!)4!%a% )+ e)(a 'e 3()()e%+, -e )ae %e3&(a

$.# 'ea O/(e, $e a*4!a$e0 G4!'ea )+ "a%a 4!/+a$e -#a%e $(!g&+4!%e %(*- 8( !& *a( a/ea !e/#(e 'e a;&%#& !(*+!&(0 O/(e,4!$+, &$&2, %e)ea '(! -+/+(e 4! a%e(e, 8( '(! a%e(e 4! -+/+.(e, !+'+;'&(!' *ee& )+ "a%a %#% /a /e!(0 Da -+/+((e *()&&(#a8 $e 4!)6($e+, $#aee a-&$e 8( '#*!(8#aa Ca !& $e (/(0 I!a)ea !#a-%e, O/(e !& 4!)6($e #)6((0 48( '+'ea $ea*a )+ '#&+ $(*.+*(!%e -#%(/!()e 4 )6(!&(a& : &!& 'e (&3(e, '&)e 8( %&3&+.%#, -e!%& g(!ga8a "+-%&+ a "e%e(, a%& 'e )(&'+ )ae *egea,

&!e#(, -4!+ a &+ 4*-#%(/a "a%e&( *a( *ae0



N()( a %e(a 2(, '#*!(8#aa A!!(e !& $e (/(0 A3(a a -a%a 2(,4!%.# '&-+.a*(a2+ 4!$#(%+, O/(e # 2+( #-(!'&.$e '(!a(!%ea

-+/+(e(, (!4!' 4! *4!a 'ea-%+ g6('#!& 3()()e%e(0 (3& ea4! #a8, '&-+ %e3&(0 ++ a $%a # )(-+ -e g4!'&(, O/(e 4!)&(e

-+/+(a, %a$e #3#a!ee 4!a(!%e 'e /e*e 8( -#!( )& "a%a, 4*-(!.g4!' 'e g6('#! # 3()()e%+ !#&+, -e!%& eL F D#*!(8#a+ Ca, 2($e O/(e, )& ga$ e*#(#!a%, a*"+)&% -a(& )& "a%ee *e& )+.! '#&+ #e /e( 4!/+a $+ *ege(

-e 3()()e%+0 4!)e)+(e $+ e "a)e* 4!$+ -e 'ea0 F O < C& '&*!ea%a *eg #(&!'e < +$-&!$e "a%a -(/(!.'&. )& 4!)e'ee 8($&424!'&.4 )& -(e%e!(e0Seaa, %42(&, )4!' O/(e $e.!%#a$e a)a$+, a/ea '#&+ )&)&(e

4! "&!%e 8( 3a& $%4!g 4!%.# e8a"+0 (3& 4( (e8( 4!a(!%e &(*(%8( 4!%e3+ -(/(!'&. 'e-% 4! #)6(:

F A( #*#(%.# 000 F N&, "(( -e -a)e <000 E %#% 4!%eag+, '#*!(8#aa A!!(eCa, +$-&!$e e )& -&(! '($-e0 E& a* (e8(% !(e )a* 3e%e.g(%, 'a !&.*( -ae +& : '#*!(8#aa $.a '&$ a)a$+ -e -#-(a e(

3()()e%+0 (3& 4!ee$e : O/(e, )& -e& /(e(( &(, "+)4!' 4!.

)e)+( e-e2(, !e3&!e8%( -e )#$%(8a 'ea&&(, $e (!&$e 'e )&/4!%,8( "a%a 'e-(!$e$e 4!'e*4!aea 'e a $%a 4! e)6((3& -e 3()(.)e%+0 C& &! g+&!%e 'e (!/('(e 4! (!(*+, 2($e !(e 3a%;#)#(%# :

F Te "e()(%, O/(e < E8%( &! 3+(a% 'e ($-a/+ < a%a /a%e3&( $+.( "(e e)&!#$)+%#ae0 4( /e( -&%ea )ee #()e0

F I.a* 8( )e&%< 2($e O/(e )& &! %a(!() $&4$0 F Da 000. Da0 I.a* )e&% *4!a, +$-&!$e O/(e $(g& 'e $(!e0

F Ş( )e (.a +$-&!$ 000 4!%e3+ (3& )& !e+3'ae0 F D#*!(8#aa *(.a +$-&!$ : >O < C& -+)ee, '#*!&e(g6% < M(.e8%( "#a%e 'ag, 8( '&*!ea%a, 8( "a%ee '&*(%ae,(3&0 S4!%e( '#( %(!e( 'e *ae ($-a/+ 8( /e( a;&!ge 'e-a%e0

N&*a( )+ $4!% #g#'(%+ CU "(& 8e"&&( *e&, '((g(!%ee -#8%e(0 I!)&4!' $e.!%#a)e 'e a Ne_ j#, &!'e a &*a% &! )&$ 'e$-e)(a(2ae?0

F Te -#*e!e8%( )+ !e (!/(%+ 8( a !&!%+ <000 (23&)!( (3&,

4!#8(!'&.$e 'e#'a%+ 'e "&(e 8( 424!' )& $a)a$*0



F 4!%#)*a( < Se )+$+%#e8%e -e$%e '#&+ $+-%+*(!( 8( !e.a&ga% $+ /e!(* a !&!%a e( -e 3()()e%e, )a/ae( 'e #!#ae, )& 3e.%ea+ a3+ -e g6('#! <a(( $e -(/(+ 4! %+)ee, a-#( 4$e+ a*4!'#( '(! %#a%+

(!(*a0 4!a(!%e 'e a a(-(, (3& 2($e : F O/(e, *( $e -ae )+ $#a%a !#a$%+ e 'e#$e3(%+ 'e a )e.#a( #a*e!( !#( !.a/e* %(*- $+ !e #)&-+* 'e "e()(ea !#a$.%+0 A/e* -#a%e a%+ *e!(e0D&)ea& 'e a%&!)( # /(a+ (!(8%(%+, "++ -e%e)e( 8( 3&)&((

-ea *a(0 T#% %(*-& 8(F -e%e)ea& )& )(%(ea )+(# 'e "##$0Ca%e(!a "&$e$e %(*($+ 'e-a%e, a # 8)#a+ 'e "e%e, (a )e( '#("a( a/ea& a)&* 8( g(;a g#$-#'+(e( 4! $ea*a #0 O'a%+, -e )4!'

3+%4!& -a$%# ea -e)a% 4!%.&! %4g '(! 4*-e;&(*(, 3+)a!&S(!)a(, %e)4!' -e $%a'+, $e #-( 4! 'e-%& )a$e( 8(, 2+(!' -e )e('#( "a(, e $-&$e :

F He(, )4a!(#, %ae *+ %e* )+ # $+ /+ -#*e!(( a !#a-%e)& )a$a -+3&8(%+ -e$%e /#(0 N& *a( $%a( )& *4(!(e 4! $4! 8( a-&.)a(./+ 'e %ea3+000 A*4!'#( a/e( 3ae 2'a/e!e 8( /+ *ege/e$%ea )+ $4!%e( (!(*#8( 8( *&!)a !& /+ $-e(e0

F M( $e -ae )+ ae 'e-%a%e *#8 S(!)a(, 48( $-&$e+ 3+(e((0Ş( "++ a *a( $%a -e g4!'&(, 3&)&4!'&.$e )+ /# "a)e %a%+.&( 8( $&#(( # # $&-(2+ -+)&%+, )4!' $.# 4!%#a)e a)a$+, O./(e 8( (3& $e -e$)6(*3a+ !&*a('e)4% 4! %(!()6(g((, 2('a(,2&ga/(, 8( e*!a(, *&!)(!' '(! 2#( -4!+.! !#a-%e0 4!/e(+ )a$a,e-aa+ -#'&, "ee$%ee, &8(e 8( 4!#)&(+ )++*(2(e $-a%e0A-#( 4( %a$e+ # 2&g+/ea+ -#a$-+%+, 4! $%( a*e()a!0Ca%e(!e( 8( -a$%#&&(, )4!' $e 4!%#a$e+, !& e /e!ea $+.8(

)ea'+ #)6(#0 4! #)& )a$e( '++-+!a%e, (!%a+ 4!%.# #)&(!+!#&+.!#&+, a3+, )&a%+ 8( -(*(%#ae0I!%e %(*-, O/(e )+2& ge& 3#!a/ 8( Ca%e(!a a/& *&%'e "&)+ $+ a;&%e "a%e&( $+ $e 4!%e*e2e0 ((!' $(!g& 4! -+/+.(e, (3& 48( %e)ea /e*ea )(%(!' )+( 'e 8%((!+ *a( !#(, )e)e.%4!' &3()(e %e6!()e ae 2(ae#0O 4!%4*-ae '(! Ge*a!(a 4( (23( a%e!(a0 Z(aee -#*e!ea&'e &! a!&*e L((e!%6a, )ae $e #)&-a$e )& 23#& -+$+(#, 4!

'#(!a 'e a e %+*+)( %a(!a -e!%& "##$& #a*e!(#0 Be2ee



a/4!' a(-(e )ee *a( &!g( 4!g+'&(a& # )e)e%ae *a( a*+!&!.(%+0 Z(e '&-+ 2(e, L((e!%6a, 4! *ag(!ea &!# $*4)&(, -(/($e)& &ae a*(!%e 23#& )#)#$%4)(#, )ae e&8ea& $+ -&%ea$)+ 45(Mae "++ a 'a '(! a(-(0 A%&!)( e 48( "+)&$e !(8%e a(-( '(! -4!2+ 8(

4!)e)a$e $+ 23#ae 8( e, '4!'&.8( '&*& 'e -e /4"& &!&( 'ea4! g#0 D&-+ e5e)&%aea a -e$%e 'e 23#&(, )4%e/a a"ae -&hJ%e!()e a& 'e%e(#a% -a!#& 8( !e"e()(%& 23&+%# 48( g+$($e*#a%ea0 Tag()a 4!%4*-ae a/&$e$e #) a 9 a&g&$% 190C4!' O/(e, )ae ea 4!)+ 3#!a/, a"+ 'e $"48(%& #*&&(23&+%#, "& a%4% 'e *(8)a% )+ -#-&$e &( (3& $+ )e)e%e2e 8(e( )6e$%(&!ea0 A 23&a000 )e /($, )e ('ea < O*& )ae a -&%ea23&a a "(, 'e "a-%, # !#&+ "((!+, *a( *ae, *a( -&%e!()+ 'e)(%

"+-%&a #*e!ea$)+ )ae a3(a $e %4a -e '#&+ -()(#ae0 N+2&(!a 'e a )#!$%&( # *a8(!+ )& a;&%#& )+e(a #*& $+ -#a%+ 23&a -e#)&-a 8( -e a((0 A$%"e 4! 19Q, &! e!ge2, a!&*eH(a* Ma5(*, )#!$%&( # *a8(!+ 'e 23&a% )& a3&(, "#a%e )#$%(.$(%#ae 'a )ae !& (23&%( $+ $e ('()e 'e a -+*4!%0 Te( a!( *a(%42(&, -#"e$#& S0 P0 La!ge, '(! S%a%ee U!(%e, )#!$%&( 8( e #*a8(!+ 23&+%#ae0 P#-#((e e( ea& 3(!e )a)&a%e : *a8(!a

23&a 1 'e *e%(, 'a !& -&%ea &a !()( &! )++%# -e a(-(ee(0 4! a)ea8( a!, 4! a!a, Ce*e!% A'4e, )6e%&(!' # a/ee, )#!.$%&( 8( e # *a8(!+ 23&+%#ae, )& *#%#, 'a )ae !& 23&+ !()(#.'a%+0 T#a%e a)e$%e 4!)e)+( '+'&$e+ ge80

F N& *a( a/e* !(*() 'e (!/+a% 'e a $a/a!(, 2($e O/(e,)4!' a"+ 'e 4!)e)+(e 'e *a( $&$0 Te3&(e $+ !e 3(2&(* !&*a(

-e -&%e(e 8( -e *(!%ea !#a$%+0 F Ca %#%'ea&!a <000 +$-&!$e "a%ee0 Da 'e#)a*'a%+ !&.(

3a%e )a-&0 Ve2(.( *a( 3(!e 'e $+!+%a%e <C4!' O/(e $e ('()+ '(! -a% 8( /e!( a -+/+(e, )e( '#("a( 4!)e-&+, 4! "e& #, $+ "+*4!%e ('e(e )ee *a( 'e $ea*a

-e!%& 4!"+-%&(ea *a8(!(( 23&+%#ae, )ae e /a a'&)e )& %#%&a%+ "a(*+ 'e)4% )#!$%&)(a *a8(!(( %(-#ga"()e, a '&a-&&( #.%(%# 8( a 3()()e%e( Va! Ce(Seaa, 4!a(!%e 'e a a'#*(, '($)&%a& 4!)+ ('e(e '(! %(*-&2(e(0 Ş( a;&!$g+, 4! $"48(%, a )#!/(!geea )+ %#a%e -e$&-&!e(e

a)e#a !.a/ea& !()( &! %e*e(000



VITAINA PASĂRILOR ZBURĂTOARE

F Da)+ a* )&!#a8%e (*3a -+$+(#, 8( 'a)+ /e&!a '(! ee

a /ea $+ !e 'ea # e)(e 'e 23#, a%&!)( -#a%e a* "( I! $%ae $+23&+* 8( !#( < 2($e 4!%.# $ea+ O/(e 4!a(!%e 'e a a(-(0 F (e8%e, +$-&!$e (3&, 'a)+ a "( )& -&%(!+ $+ $%+*'e /#3+ )& # 3a2+ $a& )& # 4!'&!()+, %ea3a $.a "a)e !&*a(.'e)4%0 Da )e !e #-e8%e #ae $+ &+* a*(!%e )&* 23#a+ -+$+.(e Le -(/(* "++ $+ $%+* 'e /#3+ )& ee0 N& e -ea ge& 8(

-#a%e )+ Ie /#* a"a $e)e%&0a(( !& ea& (3e( 'e)4% '&*(!()a0 A8a )+, 4! "(e)ae '&.

*(!()+, $e '&)ea& -e 'ea&( 8( &a& $ea*a )&* 23#a+ -+$+(e0A$%"e, -(!$e+ 'e /e$%e )+ -a$+ea )4!' /#(a $+ $)6(*3e '&*&,$a $e 4!ae $a& $+ )#3#ae, 4!'#(a -&(! /4" &( a(-(#0& 4!%4(a 4!/++%&+0 A(-( -(!$e 4! 3aa*ae, )a $+ "(e *(8.)a%e !& $e -&%ea& )#!$%&(0 Ma8(!a 23&+%#ae a #*&&( %e3&(a$+ a(3e a(-( "(5e0M()& # !eg# 'e 3()()e%e *egea 'e$%& 'e 3(!e 8(.( -&!ea

a a'+-#$% 'e g(;a 2(e( 'e *4(!e0 A8a )+ "a(( (g6% a/&+ +.ga2& $+ )&ge%e !e$%4!;e!(( a 23#& -+$+(#, a *(8)aea a(-(.#, 4! &)ae 8( $)#3#4e0

F A* # ('ee, 2($e #'a%+ (3&0 Da)+ !& -&%e* "a)e a(-( -(!$e 4! 3aa*ae, )e.a "( $+ )#!$%&(* a(-( )& /4"&(e a'&$e)+%e -+*4!% #*a a)e$%# a(-( a "( "#a%e a$e*+!+%#ae)& a(-(e 'e -+$+(0

F I'eea !& e ea < +$-&!$e O/(e0 I! #()e )a2, %e3&(e

$+ 4!)e)+*0D&-+ a!&*(%e 'e$e!e )e( '#( "a( )#!$%&(+ )4%e/a *#'ee'(! 3a*3&0 Ma( %42(& g4!'(+ )+ '#&+ -ee)6( 'e a(-( 'e 3a*3&,"(5a%e 4!%e ee -(! $4*e a a'&)e *a( )&4!' )& a'e/+a%a"#*+ a &!e( -+$+(0 Da a)e$% 2*e& '(! $4*e 8( e*! &8# 'e

3a*3& -&%ea #ae $+ $e 4!ae 4! /+2'&6 a(( 6#%+4+ $+ "a)+4!%4(a 4!)e)ae -e # )#(!+, !& 'e-a%e 'e Da%#!0 Da )&* !&

-&%ea& $+ -++$ea$)+ a*4!'#( -+/+(a 'e 3()()e%e, -e)+ !&.

*a( (3&0



Z*e& a/ea # +g(*e 'e &! *e%& 8( ;&*+%a%e, (a )a-e%ee)e# -a%& a(-( $e 4!'#(a& )& a;&%#& a -a%& $"#(0C4!' (3& $e 4!'e-%+ $-e )#(!+ )& )(&'a%& &( 2*e&, 4&*+ # 4!%eag+ )ea%+ 'e )#-((, &(*(( 'e !+$%&8!()a ;&)+(e a

&!&( 3+3a% 'e %e(2e)( 8( '#( 'e a!(0C#-((( "&+ 3&)&#8( $+ 'ea # *4!+ 'e a;&%# a 4!+a%&2*e&&(0 L&a% 'e /4!%, a-aa%& $e ('()+0 (3&, "#a%e e*#(#!a%,/+2& )+ 2*e& $e ('()a 8( $e )#3#a, 48( $)6(*3a '(e)((e '&-+)&* %+gea 'e &!a $a& a%a '(! $"#(e )ae 4!'#(a& /"&(ea(-(#0a(( (g6% (23&%($e+ : "&a$e+ %a(!a -+$+(# )a $.# '+.&(a$)+ &!e( *a8(!( !e4!$&"e(%e0

VIIZMEUL URIAŞDa *a8(!a 23&+%#ae %e3&(a $+ "(e *&% *a( *ae 'e)4%2*e& )& a(-(, 4!+a% -e )#(!a '(! ;&& #a8&&(, -e!%& )+ 4!ea %e3&(a $+ 4!)a-+ *+)a &! #*0 Ş( *a( ea !e/#(e 'e # 4!+.(*e &!'e /4!%& $+ 3a%+ eg&a% 8( -&%e!()0 N&*a( a$%"e # !#&+

4!)e)ae a "( (23&%(%0a(( (g6% $)($e+ 'e#)a*'a%+ I!$%(%&%&&( *e%e###.g() '(! a$6(!g%#!, 'e &!'e -(*(+ 4! )&4!' &*+%#& +$-&!$ :>La )eeea '/$0, a/e* -+)eea a /+ 4!8%((!a )+ #)& )e*a( -#%(/(% -e!%& 4!)e)+(e '/$0 e$%e a `(%% Ha_, 4! $%a%&Ca#(!a 'e N#', a+%&( 'e )a-& Ha%%ea$0?

F Te3&(e $+ "(e /e# 'e * -4!+ a)## 4 2($e O/(e,)a* 'e2a*+g(%0

F N& e -ea a-#a-e, "(e8%e, +$-&!$e (3&, $)+-(!4!.'&.$e '&-+ )ea"+0 Da -e!%& a%4%a &)& !.# $+ !e '+* 3+%&(0T#% !.a* a/&% !#( !()( # /a)a!+ 4! /(aa !#a$%+0 Ce.a "( $+ !e'&)e* /aa /((%#ae a '&!ee '(! `(%% Ha_

F De *(!&!e, "+(#ae < +$-&!$e O/(e0 La /a+ '+* #a(%+ -e a `(%% Ha_0C&* $e 'e$-(*+/++, "a(( (g6% 4!)e-&+ $+ $e -eg+.%ea$)+ -e!%& 4!)e)+(e 'e -e '&!e0 S%4!$e+ a*&( -&%e!()e

'e "a$(!, 8&&3&(, "(e 'e $4*+ 8( %#% "e& 'e &!e%e0 Le *a(



%e3&(a # -4!2+ %ae, "#a%e &8#a+ 8(000 )4% *a( (e"%(!+0 F A8 a/ea !e/#(e 'e )4(/a *e%( 'e $a%(!, 2($e (3& &!e(/4!2+%#ae '(!%.&! *aga2(! 'e -4!2e%&(0

F De )ae '#(( A!& a)e$%a $e -#a%+ 3e& -a 8( /e'e0

F N&, '#*!(8#a+, *(e $+.*( 'a( $a%(! a30 F Ş( )4( *e%( $+ "(e F A-#( $+ "(e "#a%e %ae< +$-&!$e (3& '($%a%, g4!.'(!'&.$e a *a8(!a &( 23&+%#ae0

F S-&!e(.*( *a( 3(!e )e /e( $+ "a)e( )& $a%(!& 8( a* $+/+ 4!/+ e& )4( *e%( /+ %e3&(e, /& $+. a;&%e '#*!(8#aa0Da (3& !&.( -&%ea 'e$%+(!&( )+ /#(a $+ )#(a$)+ a(-(

-e!%& # *a8(!+ 23&+%#ae0 +)& # $)&%+ $#)#%ea+ 8( 2($e :

F S+.*( 'a( 'e *e%(000 F Va( 'e *(!e < $e $-e(e '&'&(a, 'a )e /#(( $+ "a)e( F A* # "a*((e !&*e#a$+000La 1 $e-%e*3(e, (3& -e)+ 4!a(!%e &*4!' )a O/(e $+/(e )e/a *a( %42(&0 (3& )++%#( 8a$e 2(e 4! %e!& )ae -e/e*ea a)eea *egea 4!)e% 'e %#% 8( a;&!$e a E($a3e%6 C(%, -e+*& O)ea!&&( A%a!%()0 4!%e3+ -e%&%(!'e!(:

F 4!)#%# $e a"+ `(%% Ha_ N(*e!( !& 8%(a &!'e e, !(*e!( !.a&2($e 'e !&*ee +$%a < T#.%&8(, I!$%(%&%& *e%e###g() '(! a$6(!g%#! !& $e -&%ea 4!8ea :`(%% Ha_ %e3&(a $+ e5($%e -e &!'e/a -e a-#a-e0U! 3+%4! *a(!a '(! -#%, &! a!&*e Pe, 4 +*&( :

F `(%% Ha_ A$%a /(!e 4! $&'& (!$&e( R#a!)e0 Da )e%ea3+ a( -(! -&$%(e%+(e a)eea 4 4!%e3+ *a(!a&0

F Tea3+, !e%ea3+, e /#3a -#( $+ *+ '&)( -4!+ a)##

F N.a* !()( # 3a)+ -e!%& '#&+ -e$#a!e0 Da -&%e* $+%e)e* $%4*%#aea -4!+ a Pa*-()#0 De a)( 4!a(!%e *a( $4!% /e#8a(2e)( 'e *(e -4!+ a )a-& Ha%%ea$, $-a(*a !a/(ga%#(#0 A(*a( )++%#(% -e *ae

F N&0 Da /#( )++%#( a)&* )& '&*!ea%a0 N()( !& -e)a+ 3(!e 8( $e 'e2+!&( # "&%&!+ -&%e!()+0 C&%#a%e #$%e!e(e 3+%4!&&( *a(!a, 3a)a !& e&8( $+ 4!a(!%e2e8( a$%"e $e a'+-#$%(+ 4!%.&! g#", 'e &!'e, '&-+ # a'+$%ae 'e

'%e/a #e, (3& $(( -e 3+%4!& Pe $+ -#!ea$)+ *a(



'e-a%e0D&-+ # )++%#(e -(!+ 'e -e(-e((, a;&!$e+ a `(%% Ha_,&! )+%&! a8e2a% -e !($(-& -a;e(, ag+ 'e /e# %e( *0 4!%.a'e./+, 'ea&(e 'e !($(- ea& 'e$%& 'e 4!a%e, (a /4!%& 3+%ea a)(

!e4!%e&-%0 T#)*a( )eea )e 4( %e3&(a &( (3&0Ta$e a 8e"& -#8%e(, 3+%4!& Ta%e, )ae. -(*( 3&)&#$, 'e8( -e2e!a %4!+&&( -+ea 'e$%& 'e )(&'a%+0 L#)&(%#(( )+%&!&&("&+ 8( *a( &(*(( )4!' a"a+ )+ %4!+& (g6% &ga$e -e "a%a 8e."&&( -#8%e( $+.( 4*-&*&%e -&(! *a8(!a 'e )&$&%000D&-+ /e# 2e)e 2(e $e (/( 8( O/(e0 Ca $+ -#a%+ &)a 4!

-a)e, "a(( (g6% ('()a+ &! )#% )e/a *a( 'e-a%e 'e )+%&! 8($e a'+-#$%(+ a()(, &)4!' 'e 2# a )#!$%&(ea 2*e&&( )& '#&+

(!'&( 'e a(-(0Ş( $e &)a+ a-#( -e '&!e, 'e &!'e (!+a+ -a!#&0S-e &(*(ea 8( 3&)&(a #, -a!#& $e (!ea 3(!e 4! ae 8($e $&-&!ea a %#a%e *(8)+(e a(-(#, *4!&(%e 'e ;#$, 'e )e( '#("a(0 Da *a( ea !e/#(e $+ $e &)e )(!e/a -e a)e$% 2*e& 8( $+

-&%ea$)+ 4! ae0(3&, "((!' )e *a( *ae, &+ a$&-a &( a)ea$%+ )(!$%e -e.

()&#a$+0 Se &)+ 8( $e 4!%(!$e -e -4!%e)e 4!%e )ee '#&+ a(-( 'e ;#$ ae -a!#&&(0 Ş( 'e 'a%a a)ea$%a, 2*e& )ae -&%a -e (3& $e 4!++ /e# 2e)e *e%(, 'e8( $e )+%(!a 'e$%& 'e -&%e!() 4!

3+%a(a /4!%&&(0 Ne#3(8!&(% )& a$e*e!ea eg+!+( )ae.( "+)ea& +&, (. 3&F -(*& #* )ae a 23&a% 'ea$&-a -+*!%&&( -e # *a.8(!+ )#!$%&(%+ 'e *4!a &( F $%(g+ "a%e&( $+&, O/(e, $+ )#.

3#ae 2*e& )4% *a( e-e'e <

Ş( O/(e, )ae e*#(#!a% 'e a)ea$%+ (234!'+ %#)*a( '+'&$e$"#a+ 2*e&&(, "& $((% $+. %ag+ e-e'e 4!a-#(0Da O/(e !.a/& +3'ae $+ a"e )e $(*($e (3& 4! ae,)+ $e &)+ 8( e -e -a!# 4!%e )ee '#&+ (!'&( 'e a(-(, &!g(!.'&.$e -e -4!%e)e0 O/(e "& a '#(ea #* )ae )&!#$)& $e!2a(a

-&%((( 4! ae0D#&+2e)( 'e 2(e, "++ 4!%e&-ee, "a(( (g6% "+)&+ 4!.)e)+( )& a-aa%& #, a'&)4!'&.( *ee& 4*3&!+%+((, 8( e-a.

4!'&. #( 'e )4%e #( ea !e/#(e0 B+%4!& Ta%e -e)&* 8( #)&.



(%#(( )+%&!&&( -(/ea&, )& $-a(*+ 8( 3&)&(e 4! a)ea8( %(*-, a23#&(e "a(# (g6%, 'a !()( &!& !& a/& )&a;& $+ $e &)e

-e -a!#04!%e a(-(e 'e ;#$, )e( '#( "a( )#!$%&(+ &! "e 'e eag+!

&!'e $e -&%ea $%a *a( 3(!e )a a 4!)e-&% 8( 4! *a( *&%+ $(g&a!+0P(! *(8)aea 8#'&(#, -(#%& -&%ea a)&* $+ *(8%e a(-(e a-a.a%&&(, (a )& *4!a $+ *4!&(a$)+ # )4*+ a8e2a%+ 4! "a+04!%4(a 4!)e)ae a "a(# (g6%, !ea;&%a( 'e)4% 'e ($%e(.*ea, )&a;&, +3'aea 8( /#(!a # !e4!"!%+, (23&%($e0 Z*e&23&a 8( *a( ae$ -&%ea '&)e )& $(!e &! -(#%0I! #)%#*3(e 19, )e( '(!%4( a/(a%#( '(! &*e $e.!%#a$ea)a$+ ($%#/(( 'e *&!)+, 'e 6a!a -#a$%+ a)+%&(%+ *a( *&% '(!

)#!$e/e 8( )& %&-&(e 3+8()a%e 'e 4!a(0Da /($& #, *(!&!a%& # /($, "&$e$e 4*-(!(%0 Ş( +$%a ea&)& 'e )+-e%e!(e0

VIIIALTE ÎNCERCĂRI ÎNCUNUNATE DE IZBNDAa(( (g6% !& $e -&%ea& *&&*( !&*a( )& a%4%0 E( /#(a&

$+ '&)+ 4!)e)+(e *a( 'e-a%e 8( $+.8( 'e$+/48ea$)+ (!/e!(a0 C&%#a%+ 6#%+4ea # 'e a !& $-&!e !(*+!&( !(*() -4!+ !& /# (2. 3&%( $+ )ee2e # *a8(!+ 23&+%#ae -e"e)%+, !& $e -&%&+ $%+-4!($+ !& $)(e &!&( "a!)e2 )ae #)&(a a C6()ag#, a!&*e O)%a/eC6a!&%e 8( )ae -&3()a$e )4%e/a a%()#e )& -(/(e a -#3e*eea/(a(e(0 a(( (g6% 4 4!)&!#8%((!a& 'e 4!)e)+(e # 8( 4( )e.:ea& -+eea0

N& *()+ e "& *(aea )4!' -(*(+ +$-&!$& #*&&( 'e

8%((!+, )ae.( "e()(%a -e!%& (234!'a #3(!&%+ 8(.( 4!'e*!a $+ &.*e2e e& 4!)e)+(e #0 F Ce 2()(, O/(e Ne *a( 4!%#a)e* # 'a%+ a `(%% Ha_ F S+ !e 4!%#a)e*, (3& < +$-&!$e O/(e0Da # !#&+ )++%#(e a `(%% Ha_ -&%ea $+ 'ea #a'e, !&.*a( 'a)+ "a(( (g6% $e -eg+%ea& )e/a *a( 3(!e )a 4!%4(a #a+8( *a( )& $ea*+ 'a)+ (23&%ea& $+ )a)&e2e a-+$aea /4!%&&( a$&.

-a &!&( #3(e)% )ae $e *(8)+ 4! ae (3e0 De2egaea a)e$%e(

)6e$%(&!( ea 'e )ea *a( *ae 4!$e*!+%a%e -e!%& -e"e)(&!ea



a-aa%&&(0D&-+ *&%e !#-( 'e g4!'(e, g+$(+ *(;#)&0P(!$e+ # $"4ea2+ 'e *(!e& &!e( 3()()e%e 8( #3$e/a+)&* $e 4!/%ea $"4ea2+ -e *+$&+ )e 3()()($%& 4!/4%ea -e'aee

*a( e-e'e $a& *a( 4!)e%0Ve)(!(( -(/(+ "++ $+ 4!eeag+ )&* '#( #a*e!( 4! %#a%+ "(.ea $e ;&)a& -e'a4!' '%e # 3()()e%+ )& $"4ea2+ -e *4!e < (((

-a$%#&&( (g6% 48( "+)ea& -+(!%ee 'e "e L0 Da, (3&, 3+(a.%& )e *ae, $e "+)&$e 8( )&$+%#ea$+ < T#a%+ 2(&a, 4! )&%ea g#$.

-#'+(e( #, e $%a 8( )#$ea a *a8(!a $&#e( &(, Ca%e(!a0 U!'e$.a -#*e!(% 3+3a% $+ )#a$+ a *a8(!a 'e )&$&% %#a%+ 2(&a <

F T(!e(# +$%#a 2+& )+ e (-$e8%e # '#ag+< $-&!ea !e.

/a$%a 3+)a!&&( S(!)a(000 F P+)a% 'e %(!eeea #<000 N& *a( a& *&% -4!+ $+ a;&!g+a 3aa*&), 4( (!ea 6a!g& # /e)(!+, $#a 4!/++%#ae( E'(%60Ce( '#( "a(, -(!8( 'e g4!'&(e #, !.a/ea& %(*- $+ (a 4!$ea*+ $-##/+(e(e *a6aae( 8(.8( /e'ea&, )&*(!(, 'e %e3&(0(3& )&*-+a$e # )a!%(%a%e *a( *ae 'e $a%(!, -e!%& @)#!$%&( '#&+ -ee)6( 'e a(-( 8( *a( *a(0 4!)e)+(e %e3&(a& $+

a(3e #) a 4!)e-&%& &( (&(e 1910C& /e# )4%e/a 2(e 4!a(!%e 'e -e)ae, $e -#*e!(+ 4! -+/+.(a 'e 3()()e%e )& &! '#*! !e)&!#$)&%, )ae $e -e2e!%+ $&424!'0Ea 4!/+a%& '(! C6()ag#, O)%a/e C6a!&%e0 Ve!($e $+ -#-&(e"a(# (g6% )a, a 4!)e)+(e 'e -e '&!e, $+ (a )& e( 4!)+ '#&+

-e$#a!e, -e '0 H&""ae, )ae )#!$%&(a &! -a!# -e!%& C6a.!&%e, -e)&* 8( -e &! #ae)ae S-a%%0a(( (g6% -(*(+ )& 3&)&(e0

La 4!)e-&%& &!(( (&(e 191, "a(( (g6% -#!(+ (a a'&* 8( a;&!$e+ )& 3(!e a `(%% Ha_, a-#/(2(#!a( )&* $e)a'e0 De 'a%a a)ea$%a a'&$e+ )& e( !&*e#a$e )&%(( 'e )#!$e/e,# *a8(!+ 'e 4!)+2(% )& -e%#, # -#*-+ 'e a-+, $)4!'&(, 8( %#%"e& 'e &!e%e0 C&* a;&!$e+ -e -a;+, )#!$%&(+ # 3aa)+ 4! )ae$e -&%ea& a'+-#$%( -a%& (!8(, !& 'e-a%e 'e #)& !&*(% >M#a%ea'a)&&(?, &!'e "a(( (g6% '#ea& $+ "a)+ 4!)e)+(e0 Ea'e$%& 'e 'e-a%e 'e )+%&! 8( &*3e%& -(! !($(- ea a!e/#(#$, 'a

-e!%& %(!e(( !#8%( a$e*e!ea ge&%+( ea& "#ae a &e)6e0



C6(a 4!e-+%&(e 4!a(# -+ea& $+ "(e *a( -&(! &$%&+%#ae)a a!& %e)&%0

F M&!)(* 'e '#( a!(0 A* "+)&% )e/a, e 'e-%, 'a %e3&(e$+ "a)e* )e/a 8( *a( 3&! < 2($e (3&0 Ce' )+ a%4%a /e*e )4%

!& /#* "( 4! $%ae $+ )a)&+* )& -e)(2(e a-+$aea ae&&( 4! a. -#% )& /(%e2a a-aa%&&(, !& /#* (23&%( $+ )#!$%&(* )e/a 'e/a#ae0O/(e !& )e'ea )+ a)e$%e )a)&e $4!% )& -&%(!+ 4! $%aea'e a%&!)( a 8%((!e#0 N()( &!& '(! 4!/+a(( %(*-&&( !& 'e2e.ga$e 4!)+ a)ea$%+ %a(!+, (a 3(e%& L((e!%6a 48( g+$($e *#a%ea'(! a)ea$%+ -()(!+0 Ea )4% -e.a)( $+ e!&!e a a%e 4!)e)+(,)4!' 4!/+a%& O)%a/e C6a!&%e -#"%( -e &!& '(! )e( '#( "a( $+

(!+ # )&/4!%ae a S#)(e%a%ea (!g(!e(# a*e()a!(0 De8( !& ea#3(8!&(% )& a$%"e 'e '($)&$&(, (3& (g6% 48( &+ (!(*a 4!'(!( 8( /#3( (!g(!e(# 'e$-e 4!)e)+(e 'e 23# 'e -e '&!ee'e a `(%% Ha_0 D&-+ )e $"48( )&/4!%aea, (3& $%+%& )& (!.g(!e(( 'e /#3+ 8( e )e& +*&(( a$&-a a-+$+(( ae&&( a$&-a&!&( #3(e)% )ae -&%e8%e0 T#( (!g(!e(( ('()a+ !e'&*e(( '(!&*e(0 C6e$%(&!ea !& -e#)&-a$e 4!)+ -e !(*e!(0

F A$)&%+, (3&, 2($e O/(e, 4! (-$a %a, *.a* g4!'(% 8(e& a a)e$% &)&0 A* 4!)e)a% $+ a"& /a(a((e a-+$+(( '&-+$)6(*3+(e 'e (&ea+, aeg4!' )& 3()()e%a0 Ce.a "( 'a)+ a*"a)e $+ %ea)+ /4!%& )& a!&*(%e %+(( -(!%.&! a-aa% 4! )ae a*"(5a )4%e/a a(-( *()( I'eea &( O/(e !& ea 'e e-+'a%0 Te3&(a 4!$+ /e("()a%+0Ş( )e( '#( "a(, $ea+ '&-+ $ea+, "+)&+ 4!)e)+(, $)6(*34!'*ee& "#*a a(-(# -e)&* 8( ge&%a%ea #0 C("ee )ae e2&.

%a& '(! a)e$%e 4!)e)+( e $)(a& )& g(;+ -e # "#a(e 'e 64%(e 8(a-#( e )#*-aa& 4!%e ee0 A$%"e )e( '#( *()( !eg&$%#( 'e 3()(.)e%e (23&%(+ $+ a)+%&(a$)+ )eea )e !& (23&%(+ # 4!%eag+ $#)(e.%a%e 'e (!g(!e( -+%(( )& e"&( *a( : )4%e/a %a3ee ae(e!e0

F C(!e /a a/ea 'e a)&* 4!a(!%e -#"%+ $+ 23#ae /a %e3&(!ea-+a% $+ (!+ $ea*a 'e >#3$e/a((e "a(# (g6%? 2($e2*3(!' (3&, "a%e&( $+&0

F N& ('e, 4 '#;e!( O/(e, a$%a e "#a%e $e(#$ <

Ş( ea 4!%.a'e/+0



Pe a $"48(%& &( a&g&$%, a/(a%#(( !#8%( -e)a+ '(! !#& a`(%% Ha_0 Ca3a!a $e &(!a$e0 &+ !e/#(( $+ ('()e a%a -ea)ea8( #)0 Ma( /e!(+ #'a%+ )& e( )e( '(!(( -(e%e!( a( 23#&&( 4!/+a%& O)%a/ C6a!&%e, '#)%#& S-a%% 8( &! a!&*e He(!g,

-(e%e!& 8( )#a3#a%#& 4!/+a%&&( La!ge, -e )ae g&/e!&4 4!)&a;a *&% 4! 4!)e)+(e &( a$&-a 23#&&(, '+&(!'&.(*a( $&*e 'e 3a!(, 'e )ae 4!$+ "a(( (g6% '&)ea& a%4%a (-$+0

N#& -a!# ea *&% *a( *ae a)&*, a/4!' a(-( 'e -e$%e!#&+ *e%( &!g(*e0(3& $%a )&)a% -e -4!%e)e 4!%e )ee '#&+ 4!'&( 'e a(-(8( e%+(a )& /#&-%a%e &(*(ea 'e a -&%( 4!%e )e 8( -+*4!%0 Da 23#& ea 4!)+ "#a%e -e()&#$0 O'a%+, a-aa%& ea '% -.a)( $+

$e 'ea -e$%e )a-, 'a -(#%& 48( +$+ a %(*- ge&%a%ea )#-&&(4!'++%& a-aa%&&( 8( **&(!' )& '(3+)(e )4*a, (23&%( $+ e.'e$e2e -a!#&0 A-#( $e )#3#( '#*#0

F Ş%(( )e "()+ *(.a "#$% 2($e O/(e, (e8(!' 4!%& 4!%4*-(.!aea "a%e&( $+&0

F A* $)+-a% )a -(! &e)6(e a)&&( < *+%&($( (3&,2g&'&(% 4!)+ 'e -e()#& -(! )ae %e)&$e0 Ceea )e 4!$ea*!+,

&*+ 23&+%#&, )+ a-aa%& ae # 3&3+, 'e8( e *&% *a( 3&!.'e)4% )e -e)e'e!%0O/(e $e &)+ 8( e -e -a!# 8( 48( 'e%e $ea*a )+ a-aa%&a/ea !ea-+a%+ !e/#(e $+ ( $e a$(g&e -#2((a #(2#!%a+ 4! ae0

N& *a( -&%ea '#*(, a%4% 4 '6'!&(a g4!'& a)e$%a0 4! !#a-%ea 'e #)%#*3(e, O/(e, )ae !& 4!)6($e 'e#) #)6((, (e8( -e !e$(*.(%e '(! )a3a!a &!'e )e(a( $"#+(a& "e()(( 8( $e %#-( 4! 4!%&!e()0

N& a&2ea !()( /&(e%& /a&(# *+((, !()( $)48!e%& !($(-&&( $&3

-()(#ae, g4!'(!'&.$e a a$(g&aea -#2((e( #(2#!%ae a a-aa%&.&(0 Ce.a "( 'a)+ a )#!$%&( # )#a'+ *(8)+%#ae /e%()a+, 4! #.)& )ee( "(5e 4*-e&!4!' *(8)+(e )#2(( )& ae )4*e( '(! "a+,

-#a%e )+ -a!#& !.a *a( a*e!(!a $+ )a'+ 4! )a-000A '#&a 2(, (3&, a"4!' ('eea "a%e&( $+&, +*a$e # )(-+

-e g4!'&(, a-#( 2($e : F O/(e, *( $e -ae )+ a( 'e-%a%e < Ha( $# 4!)e)+* <Pe$%e '#&+ 2(e, "a(( (g6% 23&a& )& &! -a!#, *&% *a(

&8# 'e *4!&(%0



Ia!a ea a-#a-e0 T#( -++$(+ '&!ee 'e !($(-0 Te)4!' -(! a$6(!g%#!, C6a!&%e /#3( 4!/+a%&&( La!ge 'e$-e 4!.)e)+(e a%4% 'e (23&%(%e ae "a(# (g6%0

F M.a &(*(% (!ge!(#2(%a%ea, -e$e/ee!a 8( )&a;& #,

a'+&g+ e0 S4!% )& a'e/+a% /e'!()( 'e e$-e)%0

I^AEROPLANUL CU MOTOR I! $e(e &!g( 'e (a!+, (3& 8( O/(e, '($)&%4!' a$&-a(234!2(# # a%4% 'e !ea8%e-%a%e, a;&!$e+ a a)eea8( 4!)6e(ee,'a)+ /#(a& $+ )#!$%&(a$)+ # a'e/+a%+ *a8(!+ 23&+%#ae:

F Te3&(e $+ !e 'e$)#%##$(* 'e -&%eea /4!%&&(0 A$%a e

%#% )6()6(e2&0 S+ )#!$%&(* # *a8(!+ )ae $+ !.a(3+ !e/#(e 'e/4!% )a $+ 23#ae0

F Da )&* /#* "a)e Ce.a "( 'a)+ (.a* -&!e &!000 *#.%# -#-&$e 4!%.# '#a+ O/(e0

F Ba/#, 'ag& *e& < A$%a.(< Ne %e3&(e &! *#%# )ae$+ -&!+ 4! *(8)ae # e()e000Ş( "a(( (g6% %(*($e+ )4%#/a *a( "a3()( 'e *#%#ae

)4%e # $)($#ae -(! )ae e )#*a!'a& &! *#%# )4% *a( &8# CM -&%(!+, $-e a -&%ea "( "##$(% a # *a8(!+ 23&+%#ae0 Da !()( &!"a3()a!% !& g+$( )& )ae $ e +$-&!'+0 Pe$e*!e )e'ea& )+a)ea )#*a!'+ "&$e$e "+)&%+ 'e '#( 2+!a%()( )ae /#(a& $+.8( 3a%+

;#) 'e e(0P4!+ a &*+, "a(( (g6% 48( '+'&+ $ea*a )+ /a %e3&( $+)#!$%&(a$)+ %#%& )& *(!(e #0Ş( $e -&$e+ )& !+'e;'e -e &)&0 Pe /e*ea a)eea $e "a3(.

)a& )4%e/a *#'ee 'e *#%#ae, !e)e$ae a&%#*#3(e# )ae 4!)e. -&$e+ $+ $e (/ea$)+ -e '&*&(e A*e()((0 (3& 8( O/(e )e.)e%a+ )& &ae a*(!%e a)e$%e *#%#ae, a-#( $)6(a+ 8( e( -a!&&!&( *#%# )& -a%& )((!'(, )ae $+ !& "(e *a( ge& 'e # $&%+ 'eg 8( $+ a(3e %#%&8( # -&%ee 'e )a(0 A%e(e& 'e 3()()e%e '(!"&!'& )&(( $e -e$)6(*3+ 4!%.# *()+ &2(!+, &!'e *4(!(e '(.

3a)e ae )e# '#( "a( 2+*($(+ %#a%e -(e$ee *#%#&&( #0 La1 "e3&a(e 19Q ($-+/(+ %ea3a0 Ea %#)*a( a!(/e$aea 2(e(

'e !a8%ee a *ae&( -e8e'(!%e a S%a%e# U!(%e, L(!)#!0



F S+.!)e)+* *#%#& !#$%&, 2($e (3&, 4! a)ea$%+ 2( 'e$+3+%#ae !a(#!a+0Da 2g#*#%& *#%#&&( "& a%(% 'e *ae, )+ /e)(!(( (e8(+ '(!)a$+, $-e(a(, )e24!' )+ &! )&%e*& -+3&8ea #a8&, a$e*e!ea

)&%e*&e# '(! Ja-#!(a, 'e )ae )(%ea& -(! 2(ae0C& *ae ge&%a%e, "((( -a$%#&&( (!(8%(+ -e /e)(!(0 C4!'a"a+ )+ ea /#3a 'e &! *#%# a &!e( *a8(!( 23&+%#ae, +.*a$e+ -e g(!'&(0 4!%.a'e/+ )&* /a -&%ea 23&a -(! /+2'&6&! *#%# 'e # $&%+ 'e g

F N& /+ *a( *(a( 'e !(*(), #a*e!( 3&!(, e /#3( '#).%#& S-a%%, )ae &a$e -a%e a e5-e(e!ee 'e a `(%% Ha_, %(.!e(( (g6% /# a;&!ge )& %(*-& $+ /+ -(*3e -4!+ 8( )a$ee

-(! !#(0000E 'e-% )+ !()( )e# '#( (!/e!%a%#( !& e /e!ea $+ )ea'+)+ a-aa%& )& *#%# $e /a ('()a 4! ae0 Da ea& -ea 4!)e2+.%#( 4! )a)&ee -e )ae e "+)&$e+ 8( )ae *a( %#%'ea&!a "&$e$e+4!)&!&!a%e 'e (23(!'+0 N+'e;'ea # ea 4! &!g(*ea a(-(# 8(4! -&%eea e()e#, -e )ae a/ea& 'e g4!' $+ e "a)+ &!g( 'e )e

-&(! '#( *e%( ;&*+%a%e, 4!/4%(!'&.$e 4! $e!$ (!/e$, a8e2a%e

4!%e )ee '#&+ (!'&( 'e a(-( 8( ega%e 'e *#%# -(!%.&! a!4! "#*+ 'e 0La Q $e-%e*3(e 19Q %#a%e -eg+%((e ea& 4!)6e(a%e0 (.

3& 8( O/(e -e)a+ -e!%& a -a%a #a+ $-e `(%% Ha_0 F S+.*( %eega"(a( < e $-&$e Ca%e(!a a 'e$-+(e0 S4!%!e+3'+%#ae $+ 8%(& 'a)+ a( e&8(% <

F I( /#* %eega"(a, +$-&!$e+ "a((0Pe '&!e $e 'e2+!&( # "&%&!+ 'e )&* a;&!$e+0 A)#-e(8&

)a3a!e( "& &a% 'e /4!% 4! -&%eea !#-((0 F Da)+ a)#-e(8& -#a%e $+ 23#ae, 'e )e !.a 23&a 8(a-aa%& !#$%& g&*( (3&0

F S+ 8%(( )+ $4!%e* -e '&*& )e 3&!0 A()( %#%& 23#a+<+$-&!$e O/(e04!)e)+(e, a 4!)e-&%, $e "+)&+ "++ *#%#0 A-aa%& )aea/ea a)&* # +(*e 'e %e($-e2e)e *e%(, ea *a( ge& 'e *4!&(%8( *&% *a( -e()&#$ a a%e(2ae0 O'a%+ ea $+ )a'+ 'e-% 4! )a-&

&( O/(e0 Da a-aa%& -&%( $(!g& &! *(!&%, )eea )e '#/e'ea



)+ -#-#((e &( ea& 3(!e )a)&a%e0I!$%aaea *#%#&&( -e a-aa% )e& # *&!)+ 'e 8a$e $+-%+.*4!(0 La 1 !#(e*3(e 19Q, %#%& ea ga%a 8( *aea e5-e(e!+

-&%ea 4!)e-e0 Ce( '#( "a( a8%e-%a&, )& !e+3'ae 8( e*#(e, )(-a

)4!' %#a%e $%+'a!((e # $e /# '#/e'( 3&!e $a& 2a'a!()e0 Da F g6(!(#! F 3a%(&(e )e# '#&+ e()e '($-#2(%(/ee 'e "(5ae !&ea& 'e$%& 'e %a(!()e, )+)( $e $%4*3a+ )4!' -#!( *#%#&0 Ceea 'e "+)&% De &!'e $+ e 4!#)&(a$)+ A)##, 4! -&$%(e%a%e, !&$e g+$ea& !()( &! "e 'e *a%e(ae0U!& '(! %#/a+8(( 4!/+a%&&( C6a!&%e, )ae !& /#(a $+ *a(+*4!+ -e '&!e, $e #"e( $+ '&)+ e 3a%(&(e a Da%#!, &!'e %e.

3&(a $+ e e-ae *e)a!()& 'e a a%e(e& 'e 3()()e%e a "a(#

(g6%0A$%"e a'+$%a+ 4!)+ # /e*e e-aaea '($-#2(%(/e#0 Ia!aea -e a-#a-e, 'a !(*e!( !& $e 4!'&a $+ e!&!e a 4!)e)aea&!&( 23# )& a;&%#& *#%#&&(0 Maea 4!"&(a%+ #$%#g#ea /a.&( &(a8e /4!%& 2g44(a )a3a!a 'e $)4!'&(0 Oa*e!(( "+)&+ "#)4! )a3a!+, )a $+ !& 'egee, )& %#a%e )+ "&*& 4( 4!+3&8ea 8( "+)ea$+ e +)(*e2e #)6(( 'e &$%&(*e0 N& /#(a& $+ e!&!e, 4! &-%&

)a-&&(, )6(a )& -e& /(e(( 'e.a "( "#$% !e/#(e, a 4!)e)aea23#&&( *e)a!()0 A%4% ea& 'e 6#%+4( 8( 'e 4!)e2+%#( 4! 3(&(!+ <D&-+ 2e)e 2(e 'e a8%e-%ae, 3a%(&(e e-aa%e $#$(+, 4! $"4.8(%0 Ee "&+ -&$e a #)& # 8( 4!)e)+(e 4!)e-&+ (a0 Da $e$%4*3a+ -e!%& a '#&a #a+0 a(( (g6% -(/ea& )& #)6(( 4!a)(*( a a)ea$%+ !e!##)(e0 De '#&+ &!( $e a"a& -e '&!e 8( !&(23&%($e+ 4!)+ $+ "a)+ *aea 4!)e)ae0 Ma( a/ea& #ae %(*- Sa&

ea *a( 3(!e $+ a*4!e %#%& -e!%& /aa /((%#ae F M+ '&) a Da%#!, $+ e-a e& 3a%(&(e 8(, 'a)+ !.# e.2($%a )&* a* $+ e &)e2 e&, *+ a&!) 4! *ae, -#-&$e O/(e4!'4;(% '(! )ae.a"a+0 Z($ 8( "+)&%0 C4!' a;&!$e a)a$+, -a$%#& 8(Ca%e(!a 4 -(/(+ )& #)6(( 4!g#2((, )e24!' )+ (3& $e -+-+.'($e, (a e $e 4!%#$e$e $(!g&0 D&-+ )e e -#/e$%( )&* $%+%ea&&)&(e, $e *a( (!(8%(+0 D&-+ # $+-%+*4!+, O/(e $e 4!%#a$e

-e '&!e, )& $&-#%&(e I! -e"e)%+ $%ae0 A'&$e )& $(!e 8( &! 2(a,

(! )ae $e -&%ea )(%( )+ -#"e$#& La!ge 4!)e)a$e # *a8(!+ 23&.



+%#ae -e /a$& P#%#*a), 'a *a8(!a $e 4!e)a$e !&*a('e)4%, "++$+ $e "( ('()a% *+)a &! 'ege% 'ea$&-a -&!((0 C#!$%&(ea *a.8(!(( )#$%a$e /e# 7 'e '#a(<

F Da)+ -a$+ea !#a$%+ $e /a -+3&8(, e5)a*+ (3&, %#%

!e +*4!e # *4!g4(ee : !& !e.a )#$%a% !()( -e $"e% '(! )4% a )6e.%&(% La!ge0 Ş( )& 4!"(g&ae $e -&$e+ -e &)& 8( *#!%a+ 3a%(&(e0De 'a%a a)ea$%a e()ee $e 4!/4%(+ 3(!e 8( 3a%(&(e !& $e *a(4!'#(+0 a(( 4!%(!$e+ -e !($(- /e# )(!)($-e2e)e *e%( 'e 8(!+,

-e )ae %e3&(a $+ a&!e)e a-aa%& 4!a(!%e 'e a.8( &a 23#&0D&-+ )4%e/a 4!)e)+( !e(23&%(%e, a8%e-%a+ &! /4!% *a( 3&!0La 17 'e)e*3(e 19Q, 'e "a+ "((!' !&*a( )(!)( -e$#a!e,

a #a 1,Q, O/(e, 4!%(!$ -e -4!%e)e 4!%e a(-(e ae#-a!&&(,$e 4!++ 4! /+2'&6 %(*- 'e 1 $e)&!'e 8( a%e(2a a # '($%a!+ 'eQ 'e *e%( 'e a #)& 'e -e)ae0 & 4!%4(& 23# 4! ae#-a!0D&-+ # #+, (3& a%(!$e *e%(0 La a*(a2+, ae#-a!&e&8( $+ $e *e!(!+ 4! ae 9 $e)&!'e <Ae#-a!& )& *#%# )& e5-#2(e "&$e$e ea(2a%, (a "a(((g6% "&+ )e( '(!%4( )ae .a& )#!)e-&% 8( e5-e(*e!%a% 4! 23#0

T(!e(( )ae a$)&%a$e+ )& $&"e%& a g&+ ($%#($(ea a/(a.%#&&(, 'e -a)+ e( 4!8(8( &a& -a%e a -e(-e((e )ee3e( (!/e!((a "a(# (g6%, $e ('()a+ 8(F( *&&*(+0 Se ('()+ 8( -#/e$%(.%#& 8( e 4!%(!$e *(!a0 De 'e-a%e, 'e -e (!(a &!'e a'+$%a 8(&'e ae#-a!e, )ae &a& -a%e a )#!)&$& 'e a)#3a(e, /e!(, -4!+a )#(!a #, 2/#!& *&2()(( *((%ae0

F La e/e'ee, 3+(e(< Ş( !& &(%a( e)(a "a(# (g6%:)6(32&(!+, )&a; 8( *a( )& $ea*+ -e$e/ee!+ <

AUREL VLAICU,

PRIMUL ZBURĂTOR ROMN



IVISUL UNUI TINR Ea # 2( $e!(!+ 'e -(*+/a+)4!' A&e, "e)(#& &( D&*(%& Va()& 8( a A!e( '(! )#*&!a

B(!(!(, 'e 4!g+ O+8%(e, ;&'e& H&!e'#aa, a;&!$e a M&!.)6e!, )a $+ $e 4!$)(e a Ş)#aa -#(%e6!()+ 'e a)##0 C&$&(e()eae e &*a$e # -a%e a C#eg(& e"#*a% '(! O+8%(e, 'e &!'e4! &*a *(e( !e4!eege( )& -#"e$#& 'e "(2()+, %e)& a ()e&'e $%a% '(! S(3(&0Ta%+ $+& !& ea &! #* )& $%ae, 'a, '(! '#(!a 'e a 'a#'a$e( &( *a( *a( # )e8%ee aea$+, $e 6#%+4$e a ;e%"e *a(,2+#g(!' )4%e/a ;&g+e 'e -+*4!% a 3a!)a A'eea!a, '(! S(3(&0

N&%ea, -#a%e, 4! $&"e%& $+& %a(!()a !+'e;'e )+, *a( %42(&, '&-+)e 3+(a%& $e /a "( #$%&(% 3(!e, ae $+. $)a-e 'e ge&%+(04!)+ '(! "age'+ )#-(+(e, A&e $e a+%a$e &! *ae !+2'+./a!, 4!+a 2*ee )ae 4!%e)ea& 4! *+(*e -e ae -(e%e!(# 'e.#$ea*+ )& eL C4!' a;&!$e -e 3+!)(e ()e&&(, 4!a(!%e 'e a.( *(;()ee '(!%4( %&e(e, (23&%( $+ )#!$%&(a$)+ # %&3(!+, '#/e'(!' )6(a 'e -e a%&!)( # *(!%e !+$)#)(%#ae0

D&-+ &! $)&% -#-a$ a -#(%e6!()a '(! B&'a-e$%a, # -++$($e8( -e)a$e a M((!)6e!0 G4!'ea )+ e *a( 4! "##$& $+& 8)#aa ge.*a!+ &!'e -&%ea $+ )a-e%e )&!#8%(!e *a( %e*e(!()e0 I'eea 2+.*($((( &!&( a-aa% 'e 23&a% 4 a%+gea )& a%4%a -&%ee )+ !& *a(a/ea +3'ae $+ $%ea a#a%+ )& )e(a( )#eg(, )a $+ 4!/ee 3&)6(a)+(#, )4!' %(*-& a)e$%a 4 -&%ea "##$( *a( )& %e*e(, '4!' /(a+

-+$*&((# )ae 4 *&!)ea& 2( 8( !#a-%e0Z+/#(% 4! #'+(a 'e $%&'e!%, %4!+& !#$%& $e %&'ea $+ )#!

$%&(a$)+ &! a/(#! 4! *(!(a%&+, )6e%&(!' -e $4*ee 8( *+%a$ea'e )ae a/ea !e/#(e %#( 3a!(( %(*(8( 'e %a%+ $+&0 Se (-$ea )6(a 'e *!)ae, !&*a( )a $+.8( -#%#ea$)+ -a$(&!ea )ae. $%+-4!ea0

N& #'a%+ &(%a 'e $(!e &*+(!' 23#& -+$+(#, a8a )&* "+)ea#'(!(#a+ Le#!a'# 'a V(!e(, )a $+ e -(!'+ *e8%e8&g& *(8)+.(#0 Ş( )+&%a "#*a )ea *a( -#%(/(%+ -e!%& *a8(!a $a 23&.+%#ae, "((!')+ (!ea $+ !& $e*e!e )& !()( &!a '(! )ee )#!$%&(%e'e a((0

U!e#( "+)ea )4%e # e5-e(e!+ 4! "aa !e-#a%e( ga2'e( $ae0 De



a)ea$%+ "a%+ .a ega% # 3&!+ 3&)a%+ 'e %(*- # -(e%e!(e )a'+,$(!)e+, )ae !& $.a $-&3ea% 'e)4% '&-+ *+(%(8& e(0 Dea%"e,

-(e%e!a 4 -(/ea )a -e &! ('# 8( #-+(a 'e 3&)&(e #( 'e )4%e #(e '+'ea '&*&, 4! )&%ea )a$a, *()&&( $+& a/(#!, )ae $e (.

'()a 4! ae, )a # g4!ga!(e &(a8+0 4( $-&!ea a'e$ea )& %($%ee, )+ -e$(*ea )+ 8( e /a 23&a #'a%+ 'e 4!g+ ea, )a #()e %4!+ ae$ -e!%& &! 'e$%(! 'e#$e3(%: F T&, A&e, # $+ a;&!g( #* *ae 8( e& a%&!)( !.# $+ *a(4!$e*a !(*() -e!%& %(!e0S%&'e!%& )+%(!a '(! )a-, )& g4!'&(e '&$e0 G4!'ea ( e )+

-e$(*(ea e( ea -#a%e 4!%e*e(a%+, )6(a a%&!)( )4!' 4( &!ea&a%4%ea )(-e 'e '&(#8(e0 C& %#a%e a$%ea, )+&%a $.# *4!g4(e :

F N&, 'aga *ea, !.# $+ %e &(% !()(#'a%+0 De a$%a $4!% $(.g&, "((!')+ %& e8%( )ea '(!%4( "((!+ )ae a( 4*-+%+8(% 3&)&(a *ea'e a)&*0A$%"e, -(e%e!(a # 23&a "++ a(-(, "++ %e*e(&( 'e /((%#0S-(!%e!a 8( 'e/#%a%a "a%+ 'e a M&!)6e! $e *&&*ea $+ "(e '#a )ea '(!%4( $%ea 4! )aea /(e(( &( Va()&0 N& $e "eea !()( 'e *+%&8ae(, 3a 4!%.# /e*e, A&e 4*3#!+/(!'&.$e, "a%a a-#a-e )+ !& $e

*a( 'e2(-ea 'e -a%& &(, 4!g(;(!'&., )a 8( )&* (.a "( "#$% *a(*&% 'e)4% &! "a%e0 C4!' $e "+)& $+!+%#$, $%&'e!%& -e)+ $+ $e#'(6!ea$)+ 4! a+ 4!%e a( $+(, 4! ae& )&a% 8( -#a$-+% a a!&.(#0 Nea/4!' 3a!( )a $+.8( -+%ea$)+ 3(e%& 'e %e!, 48( )#!$%&(e $(!g& # 3()()e%+, )& )ae $%+3+%& # -a%e '(! '&*0A;&!$ a)a$+, &(%+ 'e #'(6!+ 8( ae )&a%0 T#% %(*-&, 4!"&!'a%4!%.# 8&+, &)a 'e 2# a *a8(!a 'e 23&a%, '&-+ &! -a! a $+&,"++ &! 'e$e! a!&*e 8( "++ )a)&e a8%e!&%e -e 64%(e, )+)( %#a%e

)4%e 4( %e3&(a& ea& 4!)6ega%e a%4% 'e (*-e'e 4! *(!%ea &(, )+,'a)+. 4!%e3a( '&-+ )e *#'e &)ea2+, $e 3+%ea -e "&!%e : F U(%e, a()( 4! )a- e *#'e&000Ve'ea a(e/ea 4!%eaga $)6(+ a a/(#!&&(, )a 8( )&* &! *(a.)&#$ '&6 +&!%() (.a "( 4!'e-%a% -a8((0 C(#)+!ea ()(, )(#)+!ea)##, 4*3(!a 8&&3&(e "++ ge8, 4!!#'a 4!%e ee %e$%(#aee 'e%e3&(!+ 8( a(-(e 'e *+%a$e )+-+%a& %#% *a( *&%+ "((!+0 De.a%"e, 4!'e*4!aea 4( $-#($e *&% 'e )4!' &)a$e 4! "a3()a 'e

a&%#*#3(e O--e '(! R&$$e$6e(*, &!'e, -++$(!' )4%/a %(*- $%&.



'((e e5)&$(/ %e#e%()e 'e a -#(%e6!()+, -(*($e $+ &)e2e 4!.%.&!&( '(! a%e(ee 'a%#(%+ $%+&(!e# &!&( )#eg 3#ga%, a )+&(&!)6( 'e(!ea &! #) 'e $ea*+ 4! *aea 4!%e-(!'ee ge*a!+0T#% 4! %(*-& a)ea 8( %#% )a &! -(* -a$ 4! )a(ea.(

'e (!/e!%a%#, 3e/e%a$e # !#&+ *e*3a!+ 'e ga*#"#!, -e)ae %#% 3&!& $+& -(e%e! *(;#)($e $+ (.# )&*-ee # "a3()+'(! a!"&%, 4! $)6(*3& $&*e( 'e '#&+2e)( 8( -a%& 'e *(( 'e*+)(0 Ce 3&)&(e -e e< C& 3a!(( a)e8%(a -&%ea $+.8( %#% )&*-ee*a%e(aee 'e )ae a/ea !e/#(e -e!%& a/(#!& $+&0 Da &)&(e!& ea& )6(a a8a )&* )e'ea e0 S&*a !& ( $e -+%( %#a%+ #'a%+,)( 4! a%e &!ae 'e )4%e 8a-%e $&%e 'e *+)(, 4! a"a+ )+ ( $e *a(

-&!ea a $#)#%ea+ 8( a%e $)+'e(: "e 'e "e 'e %a5e 8( '+(0

Te3&(a, 'e)(, $ $e 4!a*e2e '(! !#& )& +3'ae0 4!%.#/e*e 4 a;&%+ 8( "a%ee $+& I#!, &! "+)+(a!'& 'e2g6ea% 8( age (a *(!%e, )ae /(!a )& '(3+)(e -+$+(, -e )ae ( e a'&)ea -#)#!0Ia A&e, )&)a% 4! (a3a *#ae 'e -e !-, e %#% )e)e%a a(-(e,)a &! '#)%#, )+&%4!' $+ 'e$&8ea$)+ %a(!a 23#&&(0

Nege8(%, 4!)e)+(e 'e a)a$+, )& # *a8(!+ (-$(%+ 'e a%4%ea -(e$e, !& -&%ea& 'a e2&%a%ee 4/!(%e0 A%%a '#a )+ "ee 4 '&*(.

ea& a$&-a &!&( )&$& $a& a%&, -e )ae )+&%a 'e ga3+ $+. 4!.'e-%e0 De a)eea a'&)ea *ee& $)6(*3+( !#( a a(-(, "(e$)&%(!'&.e '(!%.# -a%e, "(e &!g(!'&.e 4! )eaa%+0 T#% a8a 8( a#( #( 4! a%e -+( 3a /4"& ea -ea 4!%(!$, 3a )#a'a -ea$)&%+0 Ea !e#3#$(% 8( !& $e '+'ea 3+%&% 'e )4!' *ee& $e (/ea&ge&%+(0 De8( a-+&$e+ -4!+ a%&!)( )4%e/a a/(#a!e, )a 'e -('+ a )+.

-(%a!&&( e3e, a-#( a &( a*a! $a& Be(#%, a/(a(a ea 4!)+4! "a8+, -e '&*& '(3&((#0 Mee& /e!ea& /e8%( 'e$-e !e!&*+.

a%e a))('e!%e, )ee *a( *&%e *#%ae0 A8a )+ *a( ea )ae *&%+'e 3+%&% -(!+ $+ $e -#a%+ $-&!e )+ $.a (/(% &! *#'e )ae $+ 'ea'e-(!+ $(g&a!+ 23#&&( N&*e#8( (!/e!%a%#(, 'e a "a(( a*e.()a!( (3& 8( O/(e (g6%, -4!+ a "a!)e2& H&3e% La%6a*,$e $%+'&(a& "e 8( )6(- $+ -+$*&(a$)+ # -a$+e *+(a$%+ )ae $+

3(&(a$)+ /+2'&6& "++ %ea*+ 'e !#( 8( 'e -+*!%0IIÎN DEZNĂDEJDE

A&e Va()& a/ea, "(e8%e, a*3((a )a a/(#!& &( $+ "(e



'e#$e3(% 'e )eea%e, 3a )6(a $+ e 4!%ea)+0 De a)eea $e '#/e'ea!e#$%e!(% 4! $%+'&(!ee $ae0 Mee& )+&%a %(*-& )e *a( -#-()e)a $+ $e -#a%+ a/4!%a 4! /+2'&60 Pe a%&!)(, !& ea 4!g+'&(% !(.*+!&( $+ $e 4!ae -e #()e /e*e, )&* $e.!%4*-+ a$%+2(0 Ş( %#%&8(,

)& %#a%+ 4!)e'eea 4! *+(e$%(a &(, 'e )4%e #( !&. )#/48ea 'e$)&.a;aea, )4!' $e.!%4*-a )a 4!)e)+(e $+ !&.( e&8ea$)+, !& !&.*a( a%&!)( )4!' $&"a /4!%&0 )( 8( 4! 2(ee 3&!e, )& )e $e!(!, -e)ae e )e'ea a%4% 'e -(e!()e 23#&&( < Da %e*e(e )ae 4*&!)ea& !& ea&, '(! "e()(e, 'e &!g+ '&a%+ 8( # &a (a 'e a4!)e-&%, 4!'e-%4!' ()(, -e"e)(#!4!' '(!)##, %#%'ea&!a $4g&(%# 8( )& &! 2e "++ $"48(")0S%+'a!((e &( A&e Va()& 4!)e-ea& $+ "(e )&!#$)&%e0 O "a.

3()+ &!ga+ ( "+)& -#-&!eea 'e a (!%a 4! a$#)(a(e, +$4!'&.(4! $ea*+ )#!$%&)(a 8( e5-#a%aea a/(#!&&(0 Va()& !& -(*(4!$+ #"e%a0 N&. +$a (!(*a $+ 4!)e'(!e2e &!# $%+(!( # (!/e!(e#*!ea$)+ a )ae *&!)($e a%4(a a!(0A/#)a%& R#*& B#)a '(! O+8%(e $e -#*e!(, 4!%.# 3&!+ 2(,)& Va()& 4! 3(#& $+&0 Ea& -(e%e!( 4!)+ 'e -e /e*ea )4!' 4!./+a& a ()e&0

F T& g6()e8%( )e.( a$%a, "a%e R#*& 4!%e3+ A&e a8e24!' -e *a$+ &! -a)6e% ega% )& $"#a+0 F D&-+ 4!"+(8ae $.a -+ea )+.( # ;&)+(e *ae < Da )e.(%+$!( -(! )a- $+ *(.# a'&)( *(e

F M+( "a%e, a$%a !& e ;&)+(e, )( !&*a( &! *#'e0 Ia &(%+.%e 3(!e a e < F Da, *+ &(%0 F E(, 8( )e 2()(

F Ce -#% $+ 2() A8%e-% $+ *+ +*&e8%( %&0 F Ă$%a.( &! *#'e 'e *a8(!+ 'e 23&+%. F Ma8(!+ 'e 23&a% $e *(+ a/#)a%&L C&* a'()+ Z+&, )+%#% !& -()e-0

F C& a$%a F e&+ Va()& F # $+ 23# 8( # $+ 3a% -e %#("a!&;((, !e*(( 8( a*e()a!((0

F Ce $-&(, "a%e $e a-(!$e -(e%e!& $+&, )ae ea &!&'(! &-%+%#(( )e( *a( /a;!()( -e!%& 'e-%&(e #*!(# '(!

Ta!$(/a!(a0 Ve( $+ "a)( %& a$%a Da )&*, )+ !& $ea*+!+ 'e#)



)& a/(#a!ee aea -e )ae e.a* /+2&% e& -(! 2(ae 8( e/($%e F D#a !& ea $+ /(& a "(!e )& &!& '(! a)eea, 4$e Va()&,)+, 'e. a/ea* ga%a, a-#( 23&a* )& e0 A)e$%a e !&*a( # *(!(a.%&+ a &!&(a -e )ae .a* !+$)#)(% e&, a8a )&* *.a* -()e-&%0

L.a* )#!$%&(% !&*a( '(! %e$%(#ae, $4*e 8( -4!2e0 Pe )e )ae/a 23&a %e3&(e $+. "a) '(! a&*(!(& 8( #e0 I! -&$ ae !e/#(e 8('e &! *#%# 'e )(!)(2e)( 'e )a( -&%ee, )6(a 8( *a( *&%0 M+.!e.eg(, 'a+ 4!$+, #g&.%e, $+.*( $-&( 'e &!'e (a& e& 3a!(, -e!%&)+ 4*( %e3&(e )4%e/a 2e)( 'e *(( 'e e(, -e -&(! /e# %e(2e)( 'e*((0 Ta%a a 2+#g(%, $+a)&, 'e$%&e ;&g+e -e!%& !e-()e-&%& 'e*(!e0 N& -#% $+ $%#) %#% $!gee '(! e0 Y

F N#, $+( a/#)a%&, 'e$%& < M.a( )#!/(!$< D&-+ )ae

a'+&g+ : D.a-#( %& e8%( &! ge!(&, *+( A&e, )& )ae !#(, #*!((,%e3&(e $+ !e *4!'(* 8( $+ %e a;&%+*0 U(%e, *+ ;& )+ %e /#*a;&%a < Da& 'e /e$%e -(!%e a( !#8%(, )+ '#a 8%(( )+ $4!%e* )e(*a( *&( a()(, 8( "(e)ae /#* -&!e *(!+ 'e a *4!+, )a $+ $%(!ge*$&*a 'e )ae a( !e/#(e0 S+ !e %+(e8%(, *+( 3+(e%e <R#*& B#)a !& ea !&*a( &! 4!"#)a% -a%(#%, 'a 8( #* 'e)&/4!%0 Se a-&)+ !&*a('e)4% 'e &)& 8(, '4!' $"#a+ -(!%e #.

*!(( !#8%( 'e a)## 'e (!/e!(a "e)(#&&( '(! B(!(!(, )48%(g+'e -a%ea &( )4%e/a *(( 'e -(e%e!(0 Da $&*ee, 'e$%& 'e *#.'e$%e, !()( /#3+ )+ 4( $&;(+ (!/e!%a%#&&( )a # 4*3+3+%ae, 'a !.a;&!gea& -e!%& a.8( )#!$%&( a/(#!&0 Te3&(a $+ *a( a8%e-%e0P4!+ a%&!)( Va()& !& $%+%& )& *4(!(e 4! $4!0 48( &8&a )ea$&(egee )& a%e 4!'ee%!()((, !+$)#)(!' -+)( -e!%& ga*#"#!& a)ae ea a-()a%+ *e*3a!a $a 8( )+&%a # !#&+ "#*+ 'e %ee$)#-*&% *a( 3&! 'e)4% )e e5($%e!%0 N& $e #-ea !&*a( a)(, g4!'& $+&

!ea$%4*-+a% 4 -&%a 8( $-e a%e !+$)#)((, -(!%e )ae &! -#(e)%'e $&3*a(!, -e )ae\ 'e a$e*e!ea, (!ea $+. '+&(a$)+ !ea*&&($+&0 N& ea, "(e8%e, $%+(! !()( 'e *#%#aee 'e a&%#*#3(, *+(e$.%(e )& )ae *(!&!a$e 8( -e O--e "a3()a!%&, )& -(e;& &!# )&$e a Ba'e!0De8( $#()(%a% 'e a%4%ea -e#)&-+(, !& &(%a !()( # )(-+ 'ea/(#!& $+&0 4!%.a)e$% %(*-, a'()+ -(! 19Q, -#e%& O)%a/(a!G#ga, a&2(!' 'e (!/e!(a "#$%&&( $+& )a*aa' 'e ()e&, 4( $)($e

$+ %ea)+ *&!(( 8( $+ /(e 4! B&)&e8%(0 Ceea )e A&e Va()& "+)&



"++ 4!%42(ee0 (& -e#%&&( '(! R+8(!a( 48( 'e%e %#a%+ $((!a)a /e)6(& $+& -(e%e!, )a* %(*(' 8( $%4!ga)( '(! "(e, $+ $e $(*%+4! a+ )a a e a)a$+, 4*3+(8a% 'e %#a%+ &*ea0 De a)eea 4 a'&$e4! *(;#)& $)((%#(#, -(!%e )ae Da(e C6e!'(, Za6a(a B4$a!,

Ş%0 O0 I#$(" ea& %a!$(/+!e!( )a e0 Da )e )ae $e a-#-(e )&*a( *&%+ 'ag#$%e 'e (!/e!%a%#, "& D0 D0 P+%+8)a!&, -#"e$#,'e-&%a% 8( $)((%# *#'#/ea! )ae a/ea *ae %e)ee -e a)ea/e*e0De )4%e #( P+%+8)a!& !& $&-(!$e -e !e)+;(%& (!/e!%a%# $%4!' a "eea$%a #'+(( 'e a e%a;& %e( a 6#%e&&( >Rega?, )a#)6(( -(#!(( 4! g# < C+)( &)&(e *egea& 'e$%& 'e ge&0 U!((

3+3a( 'e a )4*a +(( !& $e a+%a& -ea g+3(( $+ a$)&%e '&.

eea &( Va()&, 'e8( a)e$%a %+($e, -4!+ a%&!)(, !&*a( 4! )e'(!a)+ /a g+$( 4! B&)&e8%( #a*e!( 3(!e/#(%#(, ge!e#8(, ga%a $+.a;&%e0P+%+8)a!& 4( $-&!ea :

F La$+, 3+'(e, !&.( *a( "+ 8( '&*!ea%a a%4%a $4!ge +& <A8a e &*ea 8( !.# $.# $)6(*3+* !#(0 Te3&(e $+ a( +3'ae 8( $+

-(/e8%( !e-+$aea )e# 'e $&$ )a )e/a %e)+%#0

F P#a%e )+ a( 'e-%a%e '&*!ea%a, 4( +$-&!$e Va()&, 'a /e2( )+ e& !& *a( -#% a8%e-%a0 4*( -(e' +3'aea 8( !& !&*a(a%4% : 4!)e- $+ !& *a( )e' 4! *(!e0

F N()( a8a, 3+'(e0 N& &(%a )+ e8%( 4!)#!;&a% !&*a( 'e -(e.%e!(, )ae %#( 4( /# 3(!ee 8( aeag+ -e!%& '&*!ea%a0 R#*!&ae # /#3+ : >4!)e%.4!)e%, 'e-a%e a;&!g(?0 (!e $ea*+ 'e a$%a 8("(( (!(8%(% I

F O6, e a%4% 'e ge&0 E& a* /e!(% a()( )& g4!'&( "&*#a$e

8( "((!')+ T+/( F a8a 4( $-&!ea &( G#ga F $.a (!&% 'e )a-& *e&0L.a* a$)&%a% -e e 8( a)&* &(%e 8( '&*!ea%a )e -+e$) < E& !&.$)a /#( +8%(a, )ae 2g4(a( 64%(a0 Vea& $+ 23#, "+(#ae, a$%a e000S+ /+ a+% )+ e& -#% $+ "a) a$%a0

F A( $+ 23#(, 4 4!)&a;a )& 3&!+%a%e P+%+8)a!&, !.a/ea!()( # g(;+0 Te3&(e '#a $+ *a( a8%e-( -&(!, -4!+ /a 3a%e )ea$&0

F A-#( $+ 3a%+ *a( e-e'e, )+ 'a)+ 4!%42(e -ea *&%, 23# 'e.a)(, 'e -e "eea$%+ <

F N&, a$%a $+ !.O "a)( < 4 *&$%+ $)((%#& *#'#/ea!, )+.(



-+)a%< E8%( %4!+, !.a( 'e)4% '#&+2e)( 8( 8a-%e 'e a!( 8( g4!'e8%e.%ea aa a$%a )ae ae !e/#(e 'e #a*e!( )a '&*!ea%a <

F N& -ea /+' $+ a(3+ !e/#(e, )+ a%"e !& *.a !e)+;( a$%."e0 Oa*e!(( /#8%( )ae "a) -#(%()+ $e &(%+ !&*a( 4! $%+(!+%a%e0

T#% )e /(!e 'e a)## e 3&!, e "a(!0 Da )4!' &! #*! 'e.a !#$%&/ea $+ $e ('()e, $e e-e'e )ae *a( 'e )ae $+.( e%e2e -()(#aee0 F A()( ge8e8%(, "((!')+ !&.$ %#( a "e0 S+ !& !e &+* !&.*a( '&-+ )4(/a0 Pa%(#%($*& &!#a e &*(!a% 8( a'4!) 8(, )e.'e.*+, !& /a %e)e *&% 8( %e /e( -#*e!( &)a% 4! $+/(, a8a )&*!()( !&.( %e)e -(! )a-0

F S+ "(e 4!%.&! )ea$ 3&! < #"%+ Va()&0 A%4%a !&*a(, )+'&*!ea%a e8%( -ea04!)e2+%#000

F S4!%, "((!')+ !e.a* $%4!$ # *4!+ 'e #a*e!( $+ %e $+%+*4! $&$0 N&.( a8a )+ a$%a 8( /e( g&*( P+%+8)a!&, $&$000 %#% *a( $&$ L&( Va()& 4( /e!( $+ 4'+0

F E8%( %ae '(3a)( a /#3+, 'e )e *.a8 *(a U(%e, )+ *.a( /e$e(%0A-#( #$%( a)eea8( "a2+ -e )ae # e-e%a a'e$e#(:

F C& *a8(!a *ea 'e 23&a% a* $+.( 3a% -e %#( "a!&;((, e!.ge;((, !e*(( 8( a*e()a!((0

IIICELE DINT% ÎNCERCĂRIS)((%#& D0 D0 P+%+$)a!&, '(e)%#& 'e *a( %42(& a /e)6(((3+(( A)aa, )ae "&$e$e /4!'&%+ $#)(e%+(( >V(aa R#*.!ea$)+, $e (!& 'e )&/!%0 E e$%e, 'e "a-%, a)ea )ae, '&-+ O)%a./(a! G#ga, $.a $%+'&(% )e *a( *&% $+ '&)+ a (234!'+ -e (!/e!.%a%#& A&e Va()&0

e)(#& -&ga&&( '(! B(!(!( a'&$e$e )& e, 4! B&)&e8%(,'#&+ a/(#a!e 4! *(!(a%&+0 Ee 4!)6(-&(a& -e )e *ae, -e )ae%e3&(a $+. )#!$%&(a$)+0 M(!(a%&(e ea& $(*-e 8( !& '+'ea&'e)4% # -a('+ (*ag(!e a a/(#!&&( )ae $%+%ea "+&(% 4! *(!%ea ($.)&$(%&&( (!/e!%a%#0D&-+ )4%e/a 4!)e)+( e&8(%e, "+)&%e )& a-aa%ee -(%()e 4!

-a)& e5-#2((e( #ga!(2a%e, (! 19, 'e '#)%#& I$%a%(, )4*&(.%#(( +(( 4!)e-&+ $+ a(3+ 4!)e'ee 4! %4!+& (!/e!%a%# 8( $+

'ea a$)&%ae )ee(# a)e#a )ae 4!)#!;&a& -e Va()&0



Ce '(!(( *(!($%&, a &8a )+&(a 3+%& P+%+$)a!&, "& Va$(eM#&!, '(! g&-& a)e#a -e )ae I#!e B+%(a!&, 8e"& -a%('&.&( (3ea, 4( )8%(ga$e 'e -a%ea $a0 L&( Va$(e M#&!, *#8(e #.*a8)a!, 4( 4!)e'(!a$e M(!($%e& &)+(# -&3()e 8( a )#*&!(.

)a((#, (a P+%+$)a!&, )a 'e-&%a% a a)e&(a8( -a%(', $e g4!'( $+&)e *a( 4!%4( $)+(e a)e$%&( 'e-a%a*e!%, -4!+ e /a &a 4! -(.*(e 8( -e )eea%e0 De a%*(!%e(, M#&! "&$e$e )4!'/a 8( $)((.%#, a8a )+ ea 'e !+'+;'&(% )+ /a g+$( *a( *&%+ 4!eegee a'(!$&L

N.a "#$%, 4!$+, %#)*a( a8a0 M#&! !& $e a+%+ -ea 4!)4!%a%, 3a "+)& &!ee 2e"e*ee -e $#)#%eaa !#(( (!/e!((, *a( ae$ )+ ($e )eea $+ 4!)a)e 3&ge%& )& # $&*+ 'e$%& 'e *+(8#a+, )ae

&*a $+ "(e 4!)e'(!a%+ &( Va()& -e!%& )#!$%&(ea a/(#!&&($+&0 A/ea >+$-&!'ee? "a+ 'e -(*& *(!($%& 8( $e %e*ea 'e)#eg(( '(! g&/e! $+ !&.( a'&)+ 4!/(!&(( )+ ($(-e8%e 3a!(( $%a.%&&( -e &! >"ea)? $a& -e # >!+234%(e? )ae (.a %e)&% )&(/a

-(! )a-0 F E& a%4%a -#% $+.( "a), 4( 2($e *(!($%&, 4! )ee '(! &*+,4( 'a& #*&&( '&*(%ae # ea"+ 'e %e( $&%e 'e e( -e &!+, )a $+

a(3+ '(! )e %+( -4!+ # "a)e #$% 'e -e &!'e/a 'e 3a!(( 'e )aeae !e/#(e0 F (e 8( a%4%, 'e#)a*'a%+, 4( +$-&!$e P+%+8)a!&, a-#(a'+&g+, )& %4) : /#* *a( /#3( !#( 'e$-e a$%a000

F B(!e, /#* *a( /#3(, 2($e M#&!, 424!' &8&a% )+ $)+. -a$e !&*a( )& a%4%0Ea &! 4!)e-&%, 'e$%& 'e !e$(g&, )+)( -e Va()& !&. *&!)eaa%4%a g4!'& -4(!(( 'e %#a%e 2(ee, -e )ae, #()&* # a/ea, )4!' 'e

a &! -(e%e!, .)4!' 'e a a%& 8( )6(a '(! a%ee )ae 4( /e!ea& (a.+8( &!a 'e a "a3()a '(! a!"&%, &!'e /4!'&$e # !#&+ *e*. 3a!+ 'e ga*#"#!, )4% g(;a 'e a.8( /e'ea 4!"+-%&(% #'a%+ *a.ee $+& /($ : a/(#!& )& )ae /#(a $+ &(*ea$)+ -e %#a%+ &*ea0P+%+8)a!&, )ae !& 'e2a*a$e, g+$( &! !#& $-(;(! a S-(&Hae%, *(!($%& (!$%&)(&!(( -&3()e0 O* 'e 8%((!+, *a%e*a%(.)(a! e-&%a%, Hae% ea (!'()a% $+ -()ea-+ *a( e$!e 'a*a (!./e!%a%#&&( $((% $+.8( #-ea$)+ &)& '(! -()(!a (-$e( 'e 3a!(0

Da%#(%+ 3&!+/#(!e( &( Hae%, $e $%4!( -(!%e 3+3a(( -#.



(%()( &! (!%ee$ 'e#$e3(% -e!%& *a8(!a 'e 23&a% a %4!+&&(%a!$(/+!ea! 8(, a 1 #)%#*3(e 199, a)e$%a, 4!a*a% '(! !#& )&)ee '#&+ a/(#a!e.*(!(a%&+, "+)& a%e e5-e(e!e, %#% 4! -a)&e5-#2((e(, 4! "aa a !&*e#a$e -e$#a!e $&$-&$e, -#"%(%e $+ $e

4!)e'(!e2e $(!g&e, )& #)6(( #, 'e 4!$e*!+%a%ea (!/e!(e(0 Sea"a& a)## )(/a *(!(8%(: D;&/aa, Hae%, M#&! a-#( ge!e.a(, (!g(!e(, ga2e%a(, $)((%#(, '#)%#(, '(! %#a%e %a3eee -#(%()e0De 3&!+ $ea*+ )+ !(*e!( a! $.a *&&*(% '#a $+ -(/ea$)+0Ma( %#( -a%()(-a!(( ($)#'(+ -e Va()& a$&-a &!# a*+!&!%e,

-&!4!'&.4 "e&(%e 4!%e3+(, &!ee )6(a 'e #'(! %e6!(), a )aee +$-&!'ea )& )ea *a( *ae $(g&a!+, '#/e'(!' a$%"e )+ ea -e'e-(! $%+-4! -e (!/e!(e 8( )+ 8%(a )e /ea0

S.a -&%ea $-&!e )+ 'e a%&!)( ( $.a& 'e$)6($ -#(e 3(&(!e('e"(!(%(/e0 R+*4!ea !&*a( $+ $e g+$ea$)+ "#!'& 'e )ae ea a%4%a!e/#(e0 B&)&(a 4( "& 4!%&!e)a%+ 'e /e$%ea )+ a/(a%#& "a!)e2L#&($ Be(#% /a $#$( 4! )a-(%a+, &*4!' $+ 23#ae, 4! "aa *&.(*((, -e 6(-#'#*& 'e a B+!ea$a0 a-%& $e 4!%4*-+ a 1 #).%#*3(e 1990 a!)e2&, )e.( 'e-%, $e 4!)&!&!+ 'e (234!'+0 Pe$%e2e)e *(( 'e #a*e!( 4 a-a&'a+ -e )4*-& 'e )&$e0 Va()&, 'e8(

)&-(!$ 'e # )(&'+, 3(!e4!ee$, "(ea$)+, !&.8( -(e'& 4!)e'eea0Ba, '(*-#%(/+, 23#&(e "a!)e2&&( 4( '+'&+ &! !#& (*3#' )a$+. 4!%ea)+0 A'e$e#( $-&!ea )+, 'a)+ Be(#% a (23&%(% $+ 23#ae

-e$%e Ca!a& M4!e)((, a-#( e /a %e)e, )& a/(#!& $+&, -e$%eO)ea!& A%a!%() $a& 'a)+ !&, *+)a -e$%e Maea Me'(%ea!+0De$(g&, ea& /($&( *a( *&% 'e)4% )&%e2+%#ae, 4!$+ e$!e'e 4!ee$ &!e( "(( a%4% 'e 4!"+)+a%e )a a &( Va()&0I#!e B+%(a!&, -(*& *(!($%&, a"4!' 8( e 'e $%+'&(!a

(!/e!%a%#&&( !#$%&, )e& (!g(!e&&( Ae5a!'& C#%%e$)&, '(.e)%#& ge!ea a C+(# ea%e R#*!e, $+.8( 'ea -+eea a$&. -a (!/e!(e( &( Va()& 8(, 'e-% &*ae, 6#%+4 )a (! 2(&a 'e #)%#*3(e $+ $e "a)+ (a+8( e5-e(e!e 4! -a)& e5-#2((e(0 De

3&!+ $ea*+ )+ a-#%& -e )ae. 4!%#)*( C#%%e$)& ea -(! 'ea&'e, )+)( 4!'&-e)+ -e -(*& *(!($%& )a $+ '($-&!+ $+ $e &.)e2e, a A$e!a& a*a%e(, a/(#!& &( Va()& $&3 -(/eg6eea)6(a a a)e$%&(a0

C##!e& M()e$)&, '(e)%#& a$e!a&&(, !& -ea ea 4*-+.



)a% )& a)ea$%+ 'e)(2(e, 'e#ae)e !.a/ea # -+ee 3&!+ 'e$-e !#&a-aa%0 De8( $e ($)a+ !e4!eege( 4!%e e 8( (!/e!%a%#, $e $&-&$e6#%+((( 'e $&$ -&!4!' a '($-#2((e a%e(e& 'e %(!()6(ge(e0 Da !& 4!)e%a $+. $4)4(e 8(, #( 'e )4%e #( $e -&%ea, 4( -&!ea -(e'()(0 A8a

4!)4% Va()& %e3&(a $+ a(3+ *&%+ +3'ae )a $+ !&.8( (a &*ea 4!)a- 8( $+ a$e %#%& 3a%+0M&!)(%#(( )ae &)a& $&3 4!'&*aea $a 4 4!)#!;&a+ )&'ag, *(!&!4!'&.$e "( e(, )a a%4(a a((, )+ !& $e )#!'&)ea '&-+!()( &! 'e$e!, '&-+ !()( &! -a! a8%e!&% -e 64%(e, a8a )&* #3(8.!&(e8%e #()e a6(%e)% $a& (!g(!e, )( !&*a( '&-+ +*&((e -e)ae e '+'ea -e #) :

F + )&%ae 8&&3, a8a 8( a8a <

F A()( 4*( -&( # #a%+ < O "a)( '(! *a%e(a& )&%ae a(-aa$%a # %a( a8a 8( a8a0004!a*a% )& %#% $#(& 'e &!e%e, -&!ea e 4!$&8( )& !+'e;'e*4!a, $-e *(aea *&!)(%#(#, )ae a;&!$e+ $+. (&3ea$)+,"((!')+ $e -&%a -(e%e!e8%e )& e( 8( !& $#)#%ea -e !()( &!& *a(

-e;#$ 'e e0 %( (&3ea& )a -e &!& 'e.a( #, a)+%&(!' 4!%e e( #"a*((e 4! *(;#)& )+e(a '#*!ea # 'e$+/8(%+ 4!eegee0

A$%"e *a8(!a "& ($-+/(%+ a %(*-, $-e *aea 3&)&(e a (!./e!%a%#&&(0 N& *a( (-$ea 'e)4% *#%#& )a $+ -#a%+ "( -&$+ 4!*(8)ae 8(, "((!')+ e $e 6#%+4$e -e!%& *a)a >G!#*e?, ( $e 4!.)&/((!+ $+ -e)e a Pa($0 I!$+ a)## ae$e &!& 'e a "a3()a Se.g&(!0 Se 4!a-#(e 4! a+, +*4!4!' )a *#%#& )#*a!'a% $+ "(e%(*($ 4!'a%+ )e /a "( ga%a0 P4!+ a%&!)( 48( *&%+ &)& 'e a a.$e!a -e -#'(8& C#%#)e!(#, &!'e g+$( &! 6a!ga )ae a'+-#$.%($e )4!'/a &! 3a#! 8( &!'e "&$e$e &! -#(g#! 'e %agee0 P#'(8&

"& -e"+)&% 4! )4*- 'e 4!)e)+( 8(, 'e8( *#%#& ea a8%e-%a% CU*&%+ 4!"(g&ae, e $#$( )& *ae 4!%42(ee : a3(a a 9 *a( 1910(e 8(.a8a < B(!e ).a /e!(%, I! "(!e < Va()& $e $(*ea 'e a$%+.'a%+ )a.! -aa'($0 V($& -e!%& )ae $e $%+'&($e a%4(a a!( eaga%a 'e 4*-(!(e0 N& *a( %e3&(a 'e)4% -&(! 8( a/ea $+ 4!)6('+g&(e ee ae -#%(/!()(# )ae 4 /+;*+8ea& "++ $+ 8%(e 8( e( 'e)e, -#a%e '#a '(! +&%a%e 8( (!/('(e0D&-+ )e %#%& "& ga%a 8( *#%#& -&$ a #)& $+&, Va()& 4!.

)e)+ )e '(!%4( 23# 4! "aa &!&( -#%#- 'e #a*e!(, ae8( -e $-(!.



)ea!+ '(! %#a%e -+%&(e : -#(%()e, 8%((!("()e 8( )&%&ae0 4!%e e($e a"a& 8( )4(/a *e*3( a( )&((0 A "#$% -a)+ &! "+)&% : g6(!(#.!& $e (!& $)a( 'e e 8( 'e a$%+.'a%+, 'e#ae)e !& e&8( $+ 23#ae!()( a -(*a, !()( a a '#&a 4!)e)ae0

IVPE CÎMPIA BLAJULUID&-+ a)e$% e8e) &&(%#, e e$!e 'e 4!ee$ 23&)(&*& &( A&.e Va()&0 C4%e/a 2(e &!g(, !e$"48(%e, "& )&-(!$ 'e # *46!(e$#+ )& *#a%ea0 Da 4!)e%, 4!)e%, 48( /e!( 4! "(e 8(, -4!+ a &*+,'e$)#-e( -()(!a !ee&8(%e(0 Ea $e 'a%#a *a( 'ega3+ &!e( 2+.

-+)e( -#-(( "((# %(*('e0 Ma( %#( -(e%e!(( 4 %+gea& )ae 4!.

)##, )ae 4!)#a)e, )e4!'&.( 3a &!a, 3a a%a0 S"(aa 4 4*-(e'()a$+ e $-&!+ :

F L+$a(.*+ 4! -a)e, #a*e!( 3&!( < A/e( +3'ae -4!+ /#('e$)#-e( $(!g& 3&3a0L&( P+%+8)a!& 4( $-&$e :

F Te3&(e $+ &)e2 -e 4!'ee%e, !& 4! -(-+, !& &a% )&2#&, )+ *+ 2+-+)e$) 8( a%&!)( (e$e -#$%, a8a )&* a( /+2&%0 Vea&

$+ /+' )& #)6(( *e( )e.*( %e3&(e, !& )& #)6(( a%#a, )ae $e 3ag+&!'e !& e "(e3e #aa0 Ce, /e( $+ *+ 'a& 'e.a 3e3eea)& C+ a/ea 'e-%a%e $.a '#/e'(% !& *&% '&-+ a)eea0 L&4!'&.$e*+$&( 'e 4!g+'(e a )4*-&&(, !& *a( -&%ea 'e a)( 4!)## $+

-+%&!'+ a)## !(*e!( 8( a8a A&e Va()& -&%& $+ 4!/ee 4! (.!(8%e )4*a a/(#!&&( 8( $+ $%+-4!ea$)+ "++ %&3&ae %#a%e %a(!ee

-(#%+((0 A)&* %#%& *egea $%&!+ 8( a/(a%#& -a)+ ea a%&0De/e!($e $%+-4! -e $(!e, !& *a( 8#/+(a, !& *a( -&%ea 4! !e$(g&.:

a!+, ea )& 'e$+/48(e )+ae -e &!'ee /+2'&6&&( 8( 8%(a $+ e4!"&!%e0Z3&+ 'e *a( *&%e #( 4! "aa &!&( *ae (&3(%# a a/(a(e(,

-(!& Vae!%(! B(3e$)&, )ae.8( )#!$%&($e &! 6a!ga a+%&( 'ea $+& 8( ea 6#%+4% $+ a'&)+ 4! a+ a/(#a!e %(- a*a! 8( Be(#%0A)e$%a +*a$e &&(% 'e *+(e$%(a &( A&e Va()&0 La Q a&g&$%191, &4!'&.$e a 4!%e)ee )& -(!& B(3e$)& 8( )& "a!)e2&M()6e M#(a, a'&$ )a -(#% a ae#'#*& )ae $e 4!"((!a$e a

C6(%(a, (.a 'e-+8(% -e a*4!'#(0 C+-+%a$e # ($)&$(!+ 'e#$e3(%+ 4!



;#)& /(a;e# 8( *&%#a e 2/4)!ea (!(*a 'e "()+ /+24!'&. )&*$e a$+ /+;(% 'e ee, )a &! )#-( !ea$%4*-+a%, )+&(a !&.( -a$+'e !()( # -(*e;'(e0 =!' -#!ea #'a%+, !(*() !&. *a( -&%ea e.(!e, a%% ea 'e 4!"(e34!%a% 'e a)e$%e 23#&( a)#3a%()e0

((!')+ #$%&(e a)e$%e( -#a$-e%e (!/e!((, *e!(%+ $+ 'e/(e*a( %42(& # a*+ !+-a$!()+ 4! +23#a(e, (!%ee$a& 4! -(*& 4!'a*a%a, $e 6#%+4 )a 8( Va()& $+ (a -a%e a *a!e/ee 'e %#a*!+'(! 191, '4!'&.(.$e # a!&*(%+ 4!$+)(!ae -e!%& a $e )&!#a8%e)6(a -e %ee! "##$& a/(#!&&(0 T(*($ -e )4*-& &!'e $e a"a)#*a!'a*e!%&, Va()& a%e(2a )6(a -e #)& (!'()a%, -e'4!' &!

-() #"()(a -(!)(-e&( e'(!a!', /((%#& ege, )ae $e a"a a)##4!)#!;&a% 'e *a( *&( ge!ea(0 D#/a'a )ae $e )eea "&$e$e 4*.

-(!(%+ a %a!) 8( a/(a%#& $e ae$e !& !&*a( )& *&&*((, 'a 8()& # 3&!+ +$-a%+, -e!%& )+ ge!ea& C+(!()ea!&, )ae ea *(.!($%& 'e +23#(, 4( $-&$e $#e*!, 4! a&2& %&%&# :

F D#*!&e Va()&, 4! &*a -#-&!e(( *ee, )#!$((& 'e*(!(8%( a a-#3a% $+ ( $e a)#'e # +$-a%+ 'e )(!)(2e)( 'e *(('e e(0Ea 'e$(g& # $&*+ 'e$%& 'e "&*&8()+ -e /e*ea a)eea0

La a)ea$%+ -(*+ 3&)&(e a a/(a%#&&(, $e a'+&g( 4! )&4!'8( # a '#&a0 La 17 #)%#*3(e 191, $e #ga!(2+ &! *ae *(%(!g'e a/(a(e, 'e )+%e &! )#*(%e% 4! "&!%e )& *(!($%& 'e +23#(0R#$%& $+& ea, '&-+ )&* a+%a& a"(8ee, e5-e(*e!%aea )e&('(!(( a/(#! #*!e$), >(!/e!%a%, )#!$%&(% 8( -(#%a% 'e (!g(!e&#*! A&e Va()&A "#$% # *ag!("()+ $+3+%#ae : &*ea '+'ea !+/a+ 'e -e%&.%(!'e!( 8(, -e 6(-#'#*, !.a *a( 4!)+-&% a%4%a *&(*e )4%+ $e

g+3ea $+ /(e0 M4!'(a &( Va()& !.a "#$% !&*a( a)eea 'e a /e'ea)+ %#( "&!%a8(( +(( a& (!&% $+ "(e 'e "a+ a (234!'a &!&( "a%e'e.a !#$%&, )( 8( -e!%& )+ 23&a $&3 a)ea8( )e -e )ae. 4!."&!%a8e %(&*"+%#, )& -a%& a!( *a( 4!a(!%e, a/(a%#& "a!)e2L#&($ Be(#%, 4! a'*(a(a *&(*(( &&(%e 8( )ae, -e a%&!)(, $%4.!($e # a'4!)+ "+*!%ae 4! (!(*a $a0 Be(#% a;&!$e$e &! "e 'e&*3+ )ae. &*+ea 8( !()(#'a%+ Va()& !& $)+-a #)a2(a 'e a$-&!e -(e%e!(# )& 4!)e'eea &( !e)(!%(%+ :

F 4 3a% )& -a$+ea *ea, 4 3a%< T#% e& 4$ *a( %ae )a e0



De 3&!+ $ea*+ )+ *(%(!g& "+)& $+.( )ea$)+ 8( *a( *&%"a(*a, )+)( $e 4!)6e(e )& &! %(&*" +$&!+%#0 D(! /4!2aea 3(e.%e# ( $e "+)& 8( &( # 3&!+ -a%e0 C& )eea )e )48%(g+ a)&* 8( a$

3a!(( 'e a -e*(&, Va()& -&%& $+.8( )#!$%&(a$)+ a '#(ea a/(#!,

a Ş)#aa S&-e(#a+ 'e A%e 8( Me$e((, a'&)4!'&.( !&*e#a$e*#'("()+(0 Nege8(% )+ e !&.8( $#)#%ea, )& a)ea$%a, *&!)a 4!)6e.(a%+, )+)( *(!%ea &( ea 4! !e)#!%e!(%+ )e)e%ae0 Dea%"e, 3(&.(!ee a%#a 4!$e*!a& &! -&%e!() 4!'e*! -e!%& e )a $+ 4!.%ea)+ -e %#( )#!$%&)%#(( 'e a/(#a!e0 A$%"e, 'e$)6('eea 8)#(('e a C6(%(a, -(! $%+&(!ee a/#)a%&&( Ce)6e2, )ae a a'&$ -(.#(.(!$%&)%#( '(! a!a -e!%& "#*aea -(#(# #*!(, -ea-aa%e $%+(!e a-#( 8)#aa 4!%e*e(a%+ 'e -(!& Vae!%(! B(.

3e$)&, )6(a a+%&( 'e 6a!ga& )ae a'+-#$%ea a/(#!& (!/e!%a%8( "a3()a% 'e Va()& 4! a+ !& a'&$ '(! $%+(!+%a%e )a )eea%e,4( 'e$)6($e$e -e$-e)%(/a 4!"((!+(( &!e( "a3()( -#-((0 T#)*a( 4!a)ea$%a $%+ *aee $+& *e(% -e!%& ($%#(a a/(a(e( #*!e8%(, 4!.%&)% e a 23&a% )& a/(#!& &(, !& a a%#a 8( $.a $%+'&(% $+)ee2e # (!'&$%(e #*!ea$)+0D(! !e"e()(e, 3(&(!ee 'e a !#( '(! a+ !.a/&+ 'e)4% &!

e)#& 'e $)&%+ '&a%+0 C4*&(ea !#a$%+ )#!%(!&a $+.8( (!+ #)6((*ee& a(!%(( -e$%e ga!(e '&-+ /e)6(& e( #3()e(0 4!%e %(*- $e$)6(*3+ g&/e!&0 Ve!( &!& )#!$e/a%#, 4! $(!& )+&(a Va()&!& a/& %(*- $+.8( g+$ea$)+ # -#%e)(e, -e!%& )+, "++ -#%e)(e,!(*() !& $e *(8)a0 A8a )+ !#& g&/e! "+)& )#*e!2( 'e a/(#a!e,

-e!%& a*a%+, a "a3()(e '(! $%+(!+%a%e, $"48((!' $&"e%& %a!.$(/+!ea!&&( !#$%& )ae $e a8%e-%a, #()&*, a # *a( *ae -e.&(e, )eea )e a "( '&$ a 4*-(!(ea e&(# &( 8( (.a "( 'a%

-(e;& $+ a;&!g+ -4!+ a !#( 8( )& a%e 4!$e*!a%e !+$)#)((0Da "a(( $+( 'e -e$%e *&!( !&. &(%a&, !& -&%ea& $+. &(%e0Ş( )4!' e( #ga!(2a+, 4! a!& 1911, *a(e $e3+( 'e a Ba; 4!!&*ee $#)(e%+(( >A$%a?, 4 -#"%(+ $+ "a)+ -e C4*-(a (3e%+((# 'e*#!$%a(e a/(a%()+0 Se3+(e !.a/ea& !&*a( &! -#ga*)&%&a, a)## $e e5-&!ea #()e 4!"+-%&(e 'e $ea*+ 'e -e a%e%+4*&( "+)&%+ 'e #*!(( !#8%(0La a)e$%e $e3+( /e!(+ !& !&*a( #*!(( '(! %#a%e -+(e

Ta!$(/a!(e(, )( 8( "a(( # '(! ega%, "(g&(e )ee *a( 'e $ea*+



'(! &*ea (%ea+ 8( %ea%a+, 4!%e )ae O)%a/(a! G#ga 8( I0 L0 Ca.ag(ae0C4!' "e)(#& -&ga&&( '(! B(!(!( 48( $)#a$e a-aa%& '(!6a!ga, !##'& )ae aeg+ 4!%.a)## $e $(*( 4!+a% 8( e 'e 3&)&.

(e0 A "#$% -e!%& Va()& -#a%e )ea *a( $%+&)(%+ 2( 'e $a/+,)4!' ( $.a '#/e'(% a%4%a 'ag#$%e )4% a 4( e 'a% #*&&( $+ g&$%e4! /(a+0 De )&* )#3#4 '(! )e& -e )ae 4 )&)e($e -e!%& !ea.*& $+&, a/(a%#& "& -&%a% (a+8( -e $&$, !& -e a(-(e a/(#!&&(,)( -e 3aee #a*e!(#, )a &! a'e/+a% -(!, )ae $e 4!%#a)e -e

-+*4!% '&-+ # *ae 3(&(!+, 4!)+)a% 'e )(!$%e0 T#a%+ &*ea eaa'(!e *(8)a%+ 8( )6(a #)6(( -#e%&&( O)%a/(a! G#ga 8(#(a& 'e a.)(*(e 3&)&(e(0

A)##, 'ea$&-a )4*-(e( Ba;&&(, -e )4!' $e #%ea 4! %e*e.aee $ae /(a;&(, (a ;#$ *&(*ea "e*+%a 'e %ea*a -+3&8(((,$%+&)( *a( -&%e!() )a #()4!' 4! (!(*a $a '#(!a 'e a &!(,

-(!%.&! 23# )& %4), -e$%e *&!(( Ca-a(, (!&%&(e %a!$(/+.!e!e )& /e)6(& ega%0D&-+ /4/a 'e a Ba;, )ae a +23(% 8( '(!)## 'e ga!(e,

-(e%e!(( !&. $+3(+ -4!+ )e !& "+g+'&( )+ /a 23&a 8( 4! a%e

#a8e '(! Ta!$(/a!(a, aeg4!' -e!%& 4!)e-&% S(3(& 8( Ba8#/&0D(! -+)a%e, /e*ea !& $e a+%+ -(e!()+, a8a )+, 4! !()( &! #a8,&*ea a'&!a%+ !& a/& 3&)&(a $+. /a'+ ('(e4!'&.$e 4! /+2'&6 8(!()( *4!'(a !a(#!a+ -e )ae # $(*($e+ $e*e!(( # '(! )e%a%ea*e%#-#(%a!+ a Ba;&&(0C& %#a%e a)e$%ea, 4! $&"e%& &( Va()& *#)!ea # 'a*+ a$.)&!$+ 'e )ae !(*e!( 6a3a !.a/ea0 De 3&!+ $ea*+, e !& $e -&%ea

-4!ge )+ !& )&e$e$e '(! 3e8&g a&(( 3(&(!e(0 Da -e%&%(!'e!(

&!'e )+)a )& -()(#& ( $e %#% )eea $+ 23#aeF, $+ 23#ae *ee&0O( %#)*a( a)e$%e (!$($%e!e 4!)e-&$e+ $+. $&-ee, $+. '#a+0Î8( 2()ea -e 3&!+ 'e-%a%e :

F Oa*e!(( a)e8%(a !& /# $+ 4!eeag+ )+ e& !& $4!% -(#%,' (!/e!%a%#0 A* 2+*($(% (* !#& %(- 'e a/(#!, 'a !& )& g4!'&)a $+. )#!'&) e&, )( $+. )#!$%&(e$) -e!%& "##$(!a a%#a, $+ a*&)+%#( 4!%.# "a3()+ a *ea, -e )ae $+.( 4!/+ *e8%e8&g& '&-+a+%+(e *ee, '&-+ *#'e& )e .a* -+$*&(% e&0

N& -&(!( '(!%e -(e%e!(( $+( .a& a&2(% %4!g&(!'&.$e a'e.



$e#( : F N& %+g+'&(e$) )+ !&.*( "a)e -+)ee $+ 23#, 'a a)ea$%a# "a) *a( *&% )a $+ '#/e'e$), 8( )e# )ae )e' 4! *(!e, 8( )e# )ae *+ -(2*&(e$e, )+ -a$+ea *ea 4!'e-(!e8%e %#a%e )#!'(((e

*e)a!()e ae 23#&&(0 De )e #a*e!(( )ae $4!% a )*a +(( a&'a% *4!a )& $%+(!(( 8( a'&) a/(#a!e !&*a( 'e a e(, )4!', 'a)+ a (!e $ea*+ 'e *(!e, )ae$ (*& 'e.a( # 8( *(.a 4!e$!( $+ 4!.%e*e(e2 # "a3()+, a8 "a)e &)&( *&% *a( 'e ($-a/+ 8( a* a/ea# "(*+ )&a% #*!ea$)+ Da &)&(e !& *egea& a8a )&* /#(a e, a8a )+ 48( '&)ea/(aa *a( 'e-a%e, a+%&ea 'e /($& $+&0 Ş( -e!%& )+ !.a/ea 4!.)#%#, %e3&(a $+ 23#ae, *ee& $+ 23#ae, -a)+ !&*a( )a $+

a'&)+ +(( a*(!%e )+ e 4!)+ 4! /(a+ 8( )+ !.a -++$(% &-%a )& )e()ae 4( $4!% -#%(/!()(0 A"a+ 'e a)ea$%a, a/ea 'e 4!+%&a% a%4%ea"a(*e )ae +$+ea& -e a%e *eeag&( 8( %(!'ea& $+ -+%&!'+ 8( a!#(, 4!%&!e)!' -#-(a.( $%+&)(e '#34!'(%+ )& a%4%ea ;e%"e0C&* 4!)e-&+ $e3+(e 'e a Ia8(, )& -(e;& 4*-(!((( a)(!)(2e)( 'e a!( 'e a 4!"((!aea &!(/e$(%+((, )4!' $.a 'e2/e(% 8($%a%&(a &( M(6a( `#g+!()ea!&, 23&+%#& !#$%& /e!( 8( e )&

a/(#!& 4! )a-(%aa M#'#/e(0Ca $+ "(e %#%& 4! eg&+, Va()& a/& g(;+ $+ %(*ea%+ # %e.ega*+ )#*a!'a!%&&( ga!(2#a!e( Ia8(, /e$%(!'&. )+ /a 23&a'ea$&-a #a8&&( 4!%.&!a '(! 2(ee $e3+(#0 A8a 8( "+)&0 I!2(&a 'e /(!e( Q $e-%e*3(e 1911, (e8e!(( "&+ $&-(!8( 'e (/(.ea -e )e a 23&+%#&&( %a!$(/+!ea!0 C(!e /#(a $+ *a( 8%(e )e/a'e -#ga*& $e3+(# N& *a( ea !()( # #'(!e, %#( '+'ea&

3&2!a $-e )4*-& 'e a C#-#&, 4! )(-a 4! )ae a& 4!ee$ )+

Va()& ($-+/($e )& #%((e &( -(! /+2'&6 8( )#3#$e a)##0 C&*%(*- 'e # ;&*+%a%e 'e #+, a # 4!+(*e 'e #-% $&%e 'e *e%(,$%+3+%&$e %#% #a8& 4! &!g 8( a%, %#a%+ &*ea, 3+3a(, "e*e( 8(<)#-(( (e8($e+ '(! )a$e 8( '#ea& $+ /a'+ a "a+0 B(&(!a %e*e.a&&( a/(a%# 4!%e)&$e #()e a8%e-%ae0

VSE IVEŞTE DRAGOSTEA

P(! $e-%e*3(e 1911, Va()& -e)+ a Ba8#/, )a $+ "a)+ 8(



a)##, 4! &*a a!ga;a*e!%&&( )e.8( &a$e, # 'e*#!$%a(e )&a-aa%& $+&0 T(*-& 4!$+ !& ea -(e!(), -#&a *ee& 8(, )4!'

-#a(a 4!)e%a, # 6a(%+ 'e !#( !eg(, -!%e)#8(, -#$#*#a& *a( 'e. -a%e )e&L Z3&+%#& a8%e-%+ # 2(, '#&+, %e(, '#a.'#a $.# *a(

(*-e2( /+2'&6&0 4! a)e$% %(*- $e -e&*3a -(! #a8 4!)#a)e8(.!)##, )a $+ a&!ge -()%($eaa0 4!%.&!a '(! 2(e, -e )4!' &)a$eagae *&!%ee T`*-a, 4!%4!( # "a%+ 3&!+, 4!a%+ 8( $&3(e )a #%e$%(e0 Ea, /+24!'&., 4( 24*3( )a &!&( -(e%e! /e)6(0Va()& $e &(%+ *(a% a ea 8( # 4!%e3+ :

F M+ )&!#8%(, '#*!(8#a+ a%a 4$e 2g#3(& a+U!'&.8( -eee '(!(# 8( +$-&!$e :

F C(!e !& %e )&!#a8%e -e '&*!ea%a

A/ea, #()&*, 'e-%a%e0 C(!e !& )&!#8%ea -e A&e Va()&,*aee (!/e!%a%# 8( 23&+%# #*!, 'e$-e )ae %#a%+ &*ea/#3ea )& a'*(a(e 8( )+&(a 2(aee 4( -&!ea& )6(-& a #) 'e)(!$%e -e -ag(!a 4!%4(a La '!e-% /#3(!', %4!+&&( Va()& !&.( '($-+)& "a%a, 3a # g+$()6(a "&*#a$+ 8( 'e8%ea-%+0 N&*a( )+ e ea, '(! -+)a%e, a8a 'e%(*(' )+ a-#a-e 4 $-e(a& "e*e(e 8(, '(! )a&2a a$%a, $e "eea

*ee& 'e ee, )& %#a%e )+ &!ee, a%a$e 'e "a(*a &( 'e a/(a%#,4( '+'ea& g6e$ &!e#(0 S(!g&a eg+%&+, 8( a)eea *a( 'ega3+ -(e%e!ea$)+, # a/&$e$e a M((!)6e!, -e /e*ea $%&'e!(e(, )&Ge%e, !e-#a%a ga2'e(0 D&-+ a)eea e !& *a( )&!#$)& g(!g+8(a(&3(((0 48( '+'ea $ea*a )+ !& e &! 3+3a% "&*#$ 8(, 'a)+ # "a%+$e &(%a a e, # "+)ea !&*a( '(! (!%ee$ : /#(a $+ $e *+(%e 8( $+.8("a)+ &! #$% 4! &*e0T#% a$%a # "( &*+(% 8( Ma(#aa B+3&e$)& a8a # )6e*a

-e "a%+, a'()+ $+ $e *+(%e C6(a 'a)+ a8a ea, Va()& !& *a( -&%ea $+ $e &-+ 'e ea0 N& !&*a( )+ ea "&*#a$+ )&* >!&*a.!/($ &! 4!ge $e aa%+?, 'a a/ea (* "a*e) )ae -(!'ea -e #()(!e4! *e;ee $ae0 Ş( %4!+& Va()& $e +$+ -(!$ 4! "a*e)& e( )4!'!()( !& $e a8%e-%a0D(! )ea$& a)ea ()#a!a e( !&. *a( -++$(0 4 4!$#ea -e%&.%(!'e!(, )a # %#/a+8+ "('e+ 'e /(a+0 Se -ae )+ 4!%e )e( '#(!.a& "#$% )&/(!%e 'e 'ag#$%e #3(8!&(%e, -(*3+( >$&3 )a 'e

&!+? $a& *+%&($(( 'e )e'(!+ /e8!()+0 N&0 A*4!'#(, 'a)+ $e



4!ee$e$e+ a$&-a $(*+*(!%e# #, 6#%+4$e+ $+ $e &!ea$)+"++ /#3e *&%e 8( "++ *e8%e8&g&(e ga(&&(0O'a%+, )4!' e )#3#4 )& a/(#!& '(! /+2'&6, aeg+ a ea 8( #4!%e3+ :

F Ia $-&!e, M+(a, (.a -+)&% )&* a* 23&a% F M'a, +$-&!$e "a%a )a* 4! '#( -e(, +$4!' -(/((e 4! ;#$0A/(a%#& +*a$e 4!*+*&(%0

F Pe!%& %(!e a* 23&a% a$%+2( 8( )4!' )##000 /+' )+000 F S+.( $-&! 'e-%, e& 4! #)& %+& !.a8 23&a 'e#)0 F De )e S-&!e.*(, 'e )e F T& !.a %e3&( $+ "a)( a%)e/a 'e)4% $+ )#!$%&(e8%(a/(#a!e, !()('e)&* $+ 23#(000 T& e8%( (!/e!%a%#, !& a/(a%#000

Va()& +*a$e 4!e*!(% a&2(!' )ee 'e *a( $&$0a%a )& a'e/+a% 4( )(%($e 4! $&"e%0 T#% g4!'&(e a$%ea 4

3+%ea& 8( -e e0 Da, *a( *&% 'e)4% 4( )(%($e 4! $&"e%, ea 4( '+'ea4! /(eag 'ag#$%ea -e )ae (.# -&%a0 A%"e 'e )e $.a "( %e*&% $+!& $e -+3&8ea$)+ 8( $+. -(a'+ 000>M+ (&3e8%e, (!e a /(aa *ea <? 48( $-&$e Va()&0 De a%&!)($e $(*( *a( ega% 'e "age'a M+(a0 Ş( g4!'(!' a8a, $#)#%( )+ a

/e!(%, 4! $"48(%, /e*ea $+ )&!#a$)+ -e -+(!(( e(0Ta%+ "e%e(, G6e#g6e B+3&e$)&, ea 'e "e '(! D4$%e, 'e4!g+ Ba8#/0 Ve!($e a P#(e8%( 'e *(), )4!' !()( !& 4*-(!($e#-% a!( 8( )e$)&$e 4! *&!)+ a$-+0 I!$+ 'a%#(%+ $4g&(!e( 8( *a(ae$ !##)&&(, 4!"((!a # "a3()+ 'e %4*-+(e, )ae 4 4*3#g+(,48( )&*-++ # /(e a Vaea.C+&g+ea$)+, &!'e ('()+ # /(+, )+e(a4( $-&!ea >S%ea?, '&-+ !&*ee $#(e(0 a*((a #)&(a 4!$+ *a(*&% a P#(e8%(0

A&e Va()& "+)& # /(2(%+ "a*((e( B+3&e$)& 8( +*a$e 'e.a'e-%& &&(% 'e 3#g+(a -+(!(# M+(e(0G4!'ea* )+ "a%a 48( /a "a)e &! #$%, *(%4!'&.$e )& *(!e)4!' )##, e& $4!% /4!%# 'e 2e$%e000De "a-%, %a%+ e(, G6e#g6e, ea &! #* $(*-&, "++ )&%&+,'a age a *(!%e 8( e!eg() )4% 2e)e #a*e!(0 D(! )a-& #)&&(, e$e 6#%+4 $+ 'ea -e $(!g&a &( "a%+ '&-+ &! (!g(!e0 Pe!%& a)e$%%(%& a/ea, )a #()e #* $(*-&, # *ae )#!$('ea(e0 De 23&a% 4!$+

!()( !& /ea $+ a&'+, $#)#%(!' )+ a/(a%#(( !& $4!% 'e)4% %(!e(



$)4!%(( a )a-, )ae.8( 3a% ;#) 'e /(a+0 F D#*!&e (!g(!e, 4( $-&$e 3+%4!&, e& &!& a* "+)&%*&%e &)&( 'e )4!' $4!% -e &*e0 U(%e, a* )&a; $+ # "a) 8(

-e.a$%a : -&( )4%e/a *((#a!e a 3+%a(e 8(.( 4!"((!e2 # "a3()+ 'e

a/(#a!e '&-+ (!/e!(a '&*(%ae0 N&, !& -(e' 3a!((, /4!' $%a%&&(a/(#a!ee 8( 8%(& e& )&%a %e3&(e $+ -#)e'e2 )a $+ e )&*-ee 'ea !#(, !& $+ e )#*a!'e 4! $%+(!+%a%e0

F C&* "+)& !e'&*e(% !a(/& Va()(L F U!ge* #$(a, "4%a%e, )+ a%"e $)44(e000 La$+ )+ %e.!/+ e&)& %(*-& )&* $+ %e 'e$)&)(000 I! -(/(!a a$%a $4!% '#"%# 4!*a%e(e0A&e Va()& -e)+ !+&)(% '(! )a$a B+3&e8%(#, 'e -a)+

-&$e$e -()(#& 4!%.&! #) !e(!g+'&(% De a%&!)( !& e *a( )a)+ -ag&, (!/#)!' %#% "e& 'e *#%(/e 4! )ae !()( e !& )e'ea0M&$%+(e 'e )&ge% II )#-e8ea&0 C&* # $+ 'e/(!+ e /4!+%# 'e2e$%e C&* $+ -(*ea$)+ # "a3()+ 'e.a ga%a )+2&%+ -a)+ '(!)e N& /a !(*e( 4! g&a &*(( P(e%e!(( !&. /# a+%a )& 'e.ge%&, -(/(!'&. )& '($-e Ş( )e /a 2()e aa U(%e, -(*&a/(a%# #*! ea &! /4!+%# 'e 2e$%e000

H+&(% 'e a)e$%e -e;&'e)+( a'(!e 4!+'+)(!a%e 4! "((!a &(,A&e Va()& $e e%a$e '(! >"&*#a$a a/e!%&+, )&* 4( $-&!ea,8( $e "+)& !e/+2&% Ma(a, (&3(%a -++$(%+ a%4% 'e )&', "++ *+)a $+ a"e -e!%& )e a!&*e, $&"e( *&% 8( $e +$+ -a'+ 3#(( -e )ae# )#!%a)%a$e 4! &*a &!e( +)e(0

VILA ASPERN

Pe "(& %(*-&&( $e $)&$e+ *a( 3(!e 'e '#( a!(0 4!%.# 3&!+2(, &! 3&! -(e%e! '(! A&$%(a 4( $)($e :>Dag+ A&e, e /#3a $+ $e (!+ a A$-e!, (!g+ V(e!a, &!)#!)&$ (!%e!a(#!a 'e a/(a(e, a )ae /# &a -a%e 23&+%#('(! %#a%e )#&(e -+*4!%&&L Ce.a "( 'a)+ a( /e!( 8( %& P4!+4! (&!(e e 'e$%& %(*- $+ %e %#% -eg+%e8%(0 N.a $%()a $+ /(( )& )e'e.a '#(ea a-aa%, a)ea )#!$%&(% a Ş)#aa /#a$%+ 'e A%e 8(Me$e((, -e )ae II /e( -&!e 4! *(8)ae, 'e#)a*'a%+, )& *#%#&

'e a )e+a%, 'a)+ !.a( 4!)+ -e )e 'e # $&%+ 'e )a( -&%ee0 S(g&



)+ %e /e( &-%a )& -#%(/!()( 'e $ea*+, '(! "e&(%e !ea*&(, 'a a$%a /a "( # *ae )(!$%e -e!%& %(!e 8( -e!%& aa !#a$%+0 P(!.%e e( 4( -#*e!e$) *a( ae$ 'e $-a!(#& R#a!' Ga#$$, /e$%(%&a/(a%#0 S4!% $(g& )+ # $+ (e8( 3(&(%#, 4!%.&! "e $a& a%&L A8a

)+ 6#%++8%e.%e 8( /(!# <000?Va()& '+'& a$)&%ae 4!'e*!&&( 8( '&*(!()+ 1 (&!(e 191,2(&a 4! )ae 4!)e-ea& )#!)&$&(e, ea 'e "a+ a )6e*ae0 Sea"a& a)## a6('&)ee Le#-#' Sa/a%# 8( 4!)+ a( *e*3( '(!"a*((a '#*!(%#ae0 Pe )4*-& 'e a A$-e! ea # *ae 'e )a-e%e8( 4!%e)eea )& a%4(a (/a( $%+(!(, )ae !& $e )&!#8%ea& 'e)4%!&*a( '(! (!"#*a((e 2(ae#, a "#$% &!a '(! )ee *a( -a-(%a!%e8( %e*eae 4!%& )&)e(ea )+(# /+2'&6&&(0 A&e Va()& a

!#$%& a/ea -(e;& $+.8( aa%e 4!)+ # 'a%+ *+(e$%(a 4! %#a%+ /#(a0V(a;&(e $ae *#%ae &(*(+ !& !&*a( -e )e( )ae /e!($e+ '#a 'e -+)ee, a%a8( 'e !#& $-#% )ae >-(!'ea a(-(?, 4!%&)4%, -e!.%& e(, a/(a(a ea &! $-e)%a)# $-#%(/, 'a 8( -e )e( '(! ;&(&, )6e.*a( $+ ;&'e)e ($)&$(!a 23&+%#(#0C#!)&$&(e (!&+ *a( 3(!e 'e # $+-%+*4!+, )eea )e !& e'e *(ae, "((!')+ ea /#3a 'e # )#*-e%((e a )ae $e 4!$)($e.

$e+ -a%&2e)( 8( %e( 'e a/(a%#(0 La )#!)&$&(e -e )a%eg#((,Va()& &4!'&.$e a 4!%e)ee *a( ae$ )& $-a!(#&, )ae /e!($e )&&! a-aa% Be(#%, ea ga%a.ga%a $+ (.# (a 4!a(!%e0 La )#!)&$& 'ea%e(2+( 4!%.&! -&!)% a!&*(%, a;&!$e (*e'(a% '&-+ R#a!'Ga#$ 8( )+-+%+ -e*(& a '#(ea0 I!$+ a )#!)&$& 'e #)6(e,$-a!(#& +*a$e 'e-a%e, 4! &*+ 8( )48%(g+ Va()& -e*(& 4!.%(0 La )#!)&$& 'e 4!+(*e, a*4!'#( "&+ )a$("()a( a ega(%a%e0A8a )+ 23&+%#& #*! -e)+ "e()(% 'e a A$-e!, #3(!4!'

-e*(( 'e )ea *a( *ae 4!$e*!+%a%e, -&$ /e# 8a$e *(( -a%&$&%e 'e )##a!e0Da )4!' $e 4!%#a$e 4! a+, &! -() )e!(% 4 /e$%( )+ a)eea

-e )ae # (&3($e 8( /#(a $+ 8(.# "a)+ %#/a+8+ 'e /(a+ *&($e 4!%e%(*- 8( "&$e$e 4!*#*!%a%+0

VIIULTIMUL ZBOR

A&e Va()& ea &! *ae $e!%(*e!%a 8( )e( )ae 4 )&!#$)&.



$e+ 48( '+'ea& -ea 3(!e $ea*a )e -e ge& a/ea # a$e*e!ea/e$%e0 Ma( ae$ e*&8)+(e 4( -&$%!$e+ $&"e%& Mee& $e 4!./(!&(a )+ -++$($e -e M+(a0 P#a%e )+, 'a)+ # &a 'e !e/a$%+, %e.)4!' -e$%e g&a &*((, aea$a (!(*(( &( a "( %+(%0

E 'e-% )+ -+(!(( "e%e( $e 23+%&$e+ $+ 4!/(!g+ 3#aa, "+)4!'%#% )e e $%+%ea 4! -&%(!+0 O '&$e$e+ -e M+(a a Da/#$, 4! E/e.(a, '(!'.# 4! $ea*a )e# *a( -()e-&( '#)%#( '(! &*e0 Da !()(a$%a !& "##$( a !(*() %&3e)&#2a (e8( 4!/(!g+%#ae 8( 'ea$%+ 'a%+0De a%&!)( Va()& !& *a( $(*ea !(*(), !& *a( '#ea !(*()0C4!' $e -#*e!( )& e-e2e!%a!%& *a(( "a3()( Ma)#!( '(!A!g(a, )ae /e!($e $+.( -#-&!+ # %#/++8(e a/4!' 'e-% $)#- "a.

3()aea a/(#a!e# *#'e Va()&, e +*a$e a-#a-e *&%, )a 8()4!' !()( !& .a "( (!%ee$a% # a$%"e 'e -#-&!ee0T(*($& (!$($%a :

F Da, '#*!&e Va()&, #"e%a !#a$%+ 4!$ea*!+ -e!%&'&*!ea/#a$%+ &! $&))e$ *ae, e)&!#a8%eea (!/e!(e( -e -a!*#!'(a0Va()& a3(a )a%a'()$( $+ 4!ga(*e :

F B(!e, '#*!&e, /#( "a)e.# 8( -e.a$%a0 M+ /#( '&)e a L#!.'a0 Ş( )+%(!+ '(! )a- a 4!)&/((!ae0 De "a-% -+ea 'e$%& 'e*(6!(% : -e 4!g+ !e!##)(ea -(e;&(%+ 'e *#a%ea (&3(%e(, *a(/e!ea 8( a)eea a !e-+$+(( )e# $&$-&8( "a+ 'e (!/e!(a $a0 Ş(,a)&*, &(%e, /e!ea& $%+(!(( )ae 4( '+'ea& -e&(ea )&/e!(%+0 A(!#8%( )&*-+a& -e!%& a*a%+ a/(#a!e 'e a e(, (a $%+(!(( 4!%#.)ea& -(/((e $-e a/(#!& #*!e$) a &( Va()&h0 Va $+ 2()+a( !#8%( 4 !e$#)#%ea&, (a e!ge2(( 4 )6e*a&000

F E( 3(!e, /#( *ege a L#!'a, $%(g+ Va()& 4!'4;(%0Re-e2e!%a!%& "a3()(( Ma)#!( 4( $%4!$e *(!a : F A8a'a, !e.a* 4!ee$0 S+ "(e 4!%.&! )ea$ 3&! < +.( 3aga;& 8( "&ga a ga+0 D&*!ea%a, '#*!&e (!g(!e, e8%( &! ge!(&0 A%"e !()( !& *.a8 "( #$%e!(% $+ %e -&! -e '&*&(0La L#!'a %ea3a *e$e e-e'e0 Ş( a%4% )(% *a( $%+%& -4!+)4!' $e 4!%#)*( )#!%a)%&, -(! )ae *aea 4!%e-(!'ee e!ge2+%e3&(a $+ "a3()e 'e a/(#a!e, Va()& +*a$e -e *a&(e

Ta*($e(0



4!%#$ 4! a+, /e!( -e "(& %(*-&&(, )4!' !.# a8%e-%a !(*e!(,a)ea 2( "a%a+ : 1Q $e-%e*3(e 191Q0 C(!e 4 4!'e*!a$e -e Va()&$+ "a)+ a)e +*+8ag !e!##)(% )& -(#%& #)#%e!e!% Z#(ea!& )+/a %e)e Ca-a(( )& 6++3a(a &( /e)6e 8( )4-(%+ 4! *a( *&%e

#)&( D($-e& "a+ 'e )e( $&$-&8( Pea *&%+ 4!)e'ee 4! -&%e(e $ae C(!e a -&%ea g6()( a-% e$%e )+ A&e Va()& 'e)#a, -e a #a Q '&-+.a*(a2+,4!'e-%4!'&.$e $-e *&!(0 P4!+ a C4*-(!a 23#& 'e)&$e 4!

3&!e )#!'((&!(0 Da '&-+ a)eea, -e )4!' $e a"a 'ea$&-a /+((Pa6#/e( 8( !& $e *a( 2+ea $&3 e %ee! 4!%(!$, *#%#& 4!)e-& $+'ea $e*!e 4!g(;#+%#ae0 Ca $ )#!%(!&e '&*& I! a)e$%e )#!.'((( ea # !e3&!(e0 Ne"e()(%& 23&+%# 4!)e-& $+ )a&%e 4! 'ea-%a

8( $%(!g+ &! #) -#-()e -e!%& a%e(2ae0 N(*() < N& /e'ea 'e)4%%ee! a))('e!%a%, 4-( 8( /4)ee0 A%&!)(, 4!%.&! /(a; 4!'+2!e,/4!' $+ $a%e a-aa%& )a $+ !& )#3#ae -ea e-e'e, $.a 4!%*-a%%#)*a( )e !& %e3&(a0 P+3&8(ea a "#$% !+-a$!()+, a/(#!& $.a

-e"+)&% 4! +!'+(, (a 23&+%#& "++ a(-( $.a a*e$%e)a% )& -+*!%&Laa $.a 2g&'&(% a"4!' )&*-(%a /e$%e, (a 1Q $e-%e*.

3(e 191Q a "#$% # 2( !eag+ -e!%& !ea*& #*!e$)0 A)ea$%aea 4!)+ # *#a%e )ae !e a$(g&a !e*&(ea, -e!%& )+ ea, 4!"#!', &! >-#-a$ a &!e( ('e( 4! %(&*"?, )&* $)(a *aee $+& -(e.%e! O)%a/(a! G#ga0

S"8(%

CUPRINSMAGELLAN

Cea '(!%4( )++%#(e 4! ;&& -+*(!%&&(00000



CĂPITANUL ROBERT SCOTTTag()a e5-e'((e a P#& S&' 0 00000QJEANBARTLege!'a& e#& a *+(#000000001

ALRED NOBELU! *e$age a -+)((000000000: 17CUCERITORII VĂZDUHULUI 0 : : : : : 1Le#!a'# 'a V(!)(000000000001a!)e$)# L!a000000000001a(( M#!%g#"(e000000000001C#!%ee Ze--e(!0000000000017QO%%# L((e!%6a000000000001

RAII RIGHTCe( '(!%4( a/(a%#(0000000000019AUREL VLAICUP(*& 23&+%# #*!0000000001 CALATORII IN TIMP Ş SPAIUCU AJUTORUL CĂRILO")

IONEL POPH#(!+e( -(! !a%&+ARISTIDE BUHOIUSa#* -e *e('(a!eIONEL POPDe a &$ a -+!+&8BARBU APELEVIANUE'($#!

]ION SIMIONESCUD(! ae !a%&((]AUREL LECCAU2(!a TeaBARBU APELEVIANUMa( (!/e!((

M0 CORDONEANU F V0 NEDEL



1 'e *#!&*e!%e 8( #)&( ($%#()eae -a%(e(ION MICLEA

Ng##!g##

MIHAI BACESCUA)## &!'e Sa6aa'($-ae $&3 #)ea! V0 IROIUP#/e$%(( 'e$-e )&%e2+%#(]ION ME4OIU

S)($#( '(! S)a!'(!a/(a]EUGEN ORAA* )&!#$)&% )#-(( 4! &*e]EUGEN POPS-e #a8& $e)e% a (!)a8(#

]GEORGE SBĂRCEAP(*(( -a8( $-e g#(e]ALE^ANDRU STAR` De )e !& )a'e $#aee]

N0 L BARBU

A!%()6(%a%ea )a$()+01 'e "(g&( )ee3e]MIHAI BACESCUU2(!a A&aMIHAIL DRUMEŞP#/e$%(( 'e$-e )&%e2+%#(]

VIOREL COSMA



D#&+ *(e!(( 'e *&2()+ -e -+*4!%& R#*!(e( Le)%# : GH0 ZARAU

Te6!#e'a)%# : ELENA GARAJAUDa% a )&e$ 107019770 B&! 'e %(-a Q0U01S770A-+X&% 19770 C#(!a!'a !0 170 T(a; 1 0Be2a%e 1J ### l ega%e 1 ### C#( 'e %(-a 1

Drumes, Mihail - Povestiri Despre Cutezatori (Fs)

Documents

Transcript of Drumes, Mihail - Povestiri Despre Cutezatori (Fs)