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endorsement doesn’t necessarily mean practical policy implementation). The Liberal

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leader Wade MacLauchlan, suggests basic income is a “model program” and supports

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opportunity (Cunliffe & Erreygers, 2004). Spence is unconvinced by Paine’s proposal,

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(Marangos, 2008). Spence is critical of Paine’s failure to see the problems inKHUHQW LQ D

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VWRFN FRPSDQ\ &KDVH &XQOLIIH (UUH\JHUV 6Sence’s system more

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of the State’s oil royalties.

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Chase (1988) argues that Spence’s radical agrarianism then, is not an anti

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societal arrangement can be called industrial capitalism is debatable. Given Spence’s

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DQG HDUO\ QLQHWHHQWK FHQWXULHV Further, Spence’s insistence on equality and

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Spence’s contribution to basic income a precursor of later proposals.

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Fourier identifies poverty as the “principal cause of social disorders” (Fourier,

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minimum” in a variety of ways throughout his writings, but idHQWLILHV WKUHH IXQGDPHQWDO

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Fourier’s harmonious society inspired some two GR]HQ H[SHULPHQWDO )RXULHULVWFRPPXQLWLHV LQ 1RUWK $PHULFD LQ WKH PLG QLQHWHHQWK FHQWXU\ +R HYHU WKH IDLOXUHV RIWKHVH FRPPXQLWLHV WR DFKLHYH WKHLU HQGV DQG WKH WURXQFLQJ RI WKH (XURSHDQ /HIW LQHIIHFWLYHO\ VSHOOHG WKH HQG RI )RXULHULVP DV D GLVWLQFW VRFLDO PRYHPHQW %HHFKHUFor these reasons, Beecher (1986) explains, Fourier’s thought LV W\SLFDOO\ FRQVLGHUHG LQUHODWLRQ WR V\VWHPV RI WKRXJKW WKDW IROOR HG LW RU DV D SUHFXUVRU WR WKH WKRXJKW RI PRUHSUDFWLFDO DQG SURIRXQG WKLQNHUV

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Fourier’s version of the basic income is part of a wider goal of social

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Fourier also uses “civilisation” as a pejorative term in KLV ULWLQJV KLJKOLJKWLQJLPSHUIHFWLRQ %HHFKHU

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Fourier’s assumptions of individual behaviours and psychology facilitate his

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arguments based on biological ‘rules’ to argue against the Poor Laws. Supporting the

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latter the product of the “refinement of the senses” and met with the acquisition of

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Van Trier (1995) suggests that Milner’s State Bonus Scheme (1918) is actually the first “full blown modern” basic income scheme because land does not play an important part LQ WKH DUJXPHQW S

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LQIOXHQFH &XQOLIIH (UUH\JHUV &KDUOLHU finds the state’s principle

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implemented in France, Britain and Germany “LQ WKH RQO\ D\ FDSLWDOLVW VRFLHW\ FRXOG SXWLW LQWR SUDFWLFH – E\ EXLOGLQJ QRQVHQVLFDO QDWLRQDO RUNVKRSV.” Engels continues to argue that the right to work is a “cowardly regression” in comparison to the advances of the ODERXU PRYHPHQW LWK UHJDUGV WR LWV DELOLW\ WR WUDQVIRUP FDSLWDOLVP 0DU[ (QJHOV

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Building on Fourier’s work disincentive argument, Charlier insists that if a person

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as it is in Fourier’s system, but is in fact an assertion of the equal nature of human beings.

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philosophers appear in the twentieth century and treat basic income as a “patch up [to]

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“social problem” to solve:

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The “comprehensive” and “simple” solution proposed by the Milners is:

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H[LVWLQJ VRFLDO DUUDQJHPHQWV – such as the Poor Law, Health Insurance, Charities, etc.”

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system!” (p. 131).

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Bonus the “minimum income for all” and pitches the idea as a boon to business. 9DQ

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according to Milner’s book :KHUH ODERXUHUV JHW EHWWHU QXWULWLRQ HPSOR\HUV JHW EHWWHU

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Between the Milners’ 1918 state bonus pamphlet and Dennis Milner’s 1920 book

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listed as showing “sympathetic interest” in the idea, while G.D.H. Cole is said WR EH

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IRUPXODted underconsumptionism and theorised imperialism, inspiring Lenin’s famous WUHDWLVH ,PSHULDOLVP WKH LJKHVW WDJH RI DSLWDOLVP +H MRLQHG WKH /DERXU 3DUW\ LQ

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Milners’ FKHPH IRU D WDWH RQ V LQ KH (FRQRPLF -R UQDO and suggests, “the demerits

of such a proposal are too obvious to need enumeration” (p. 241). $IWHU WKH /DERXU

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Trier (1995) argues that the Labour Party’s contentions are rooWHG PRVWO\ LQ SROLWLFDO

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reaction from the Labour Party certainly didn’t do the State Bonus League any favours.

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the State Bonus Scheme and that is the arrival of a more “uplifting” social movement –

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FHQWXU\ DQG LQWR WKH HDUO\ twentieth, capitalism had reached its “logical culmination” (p.

– PRQRSRO\ FDSLWDOLVP Finlay (1972) finds five reasons for which an “underworld”

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“underconsumptionism” and “distributism.” The former UHIHUV WR WKH LGHD WKDW HFRQRPLF

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disastrous as the 1830s and 1840s or the 1920s and 1930s, marks “a new state of mind of uneasiness and gloom about the prospects of the British economy” (p. 127).

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+R HYHU &KDUOLHU OLNH 0DOWKXV (who theorised “gluts”) EHIRUH DQG WKH

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7KH RIW FUHGLWHG ‘engineer’ of Social Credit is Major (Clifford Hugh) Douglas.

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which the Social Crediters term, “national dividend”) RXW RI IHDU RI FRPPXQLVP RU DW

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relations in society (Finlay, 1972). “Any policy which aims at the establishment of a

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SROLF\ RI RPLQDWLRQ LUUHVSHFWLYH RI WKH ILQH RUGV LWK KLFK LW PD\ EH DFFRmpanied,”

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‘laws’ that govern human behaviour.

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according to the cost of both ‘A’ and ‘B.’ However RXJODV writes, “since A wLOO

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money borrowed to finance production). This leaves the community “in the position of

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– of the product” (Douglas, 1920 S

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itself, the implications are debated. This is due to Douglas’ unusual and ambiguous

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insists that in all of Douglas’ writings some mention of insufficient purchasing

power is present, suggesting that the “inherent lack of purchasing power hypothesis” LV

the “constitutive metaphor” in Douglas’ work (p. 172). Van Trier (1995) also suggests

that the “inherent lack of purchasing power hypothesis” is, for Douglas, an inGLFDWLRQ RI

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progress is a law of capitalist society for Douglas, meaning that the gap between ‘A’ and

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controlling the flow of ‘B’ payments, financiers, in effect KDYH DQ R QHUVKLS FODLP RQ

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the community, why shouldn’t this be the case for all? 6RFLDO &UHGLW DGYRFDWH &

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“hundred and one amenities of civilisation” and concludes that all members of the

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even ‘his own’ [VLF LGHD RU LQYHQWLRQ +H VLF KDV PHUHO\ PDQLSXODWHG PHQWDOO\ WKH

inventions and ideas of a hundred others” (p. 143). 7KLV FXOWXUDO KHULWDJH +DWWHUVOH\

JRHV RQ WR GHILQH as a community’s “real credit” (p. 144). To ensure that each member

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Douglas’ position is the result of the ambiguous style in which Douglas presents it.

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%XUNLWW write, “[t]he emergence of the career economist, dependent on his/her

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Van Trier (1995) argues that the “steering mechanism” function of the social

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without any revolutionary change in our economic system” (p. 2). In Meade’s (

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Also in 1964, Johnson declared a “War on Poverty” and established the Office for

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HOO defined) strategy of Johnson’s War on Poverty followed from the blueprint laid

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Master’s degrees instead of putting money into the hands of the poor (p. 54). The OEO

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negative income tax. Williams (1972) posits several reasons for Johnson’s reluctance to

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transfer income from taxpayers to the unemployed or underemployed (‘sending hard

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income tax program might cost and how recipients might respond to ‘money for nothing’

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researchers and set the stage for the “The New Jersey Graduated Work Incentive

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‘prove’ its virtues

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on Congress to introduce “a national system of income guarantees and supplements” (as

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a meeting in 1967 to discuss “new approaches to public welfare in the United States”

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Luther King, Jr., who wrote in his last book before his assassination: “I am now

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administration drafted the basic outline of FAP and the plan gained traction in Nixon’s

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Nixon announced FAP in a nationally televised address in August 1969 and called it “the

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WD[. “The 5XUDO ,QFRPH Maintenance Experiment” in Iowa and North Carolina (1970

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much. The “work effort reduction” was also misinterpreted as meaning a reduction in the

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declared the extent of poverty in Canada a “disgrace” (p. 103), estimating that more than

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settlement on the issue of social policy. Other provinces joined with Quebec’s

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Mincome had a firm understanding of the program’s parameters and rules and finds that

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if they were in a real life situation (Baumol, 1977). Mincome’s design sought to limit the

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determine if the windfall effect is prevalent. Metcalf’s analysis also may shed light on

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into its “objective” and “subjective” measures (p. 426). Hartman (1963) also finds the

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people’s housing environments as “nested environmental realms” (p. 249), where the

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(1975) stress cultural norms in their classification. They find that “[h]ousing needs GR

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conditions are judged” (p. 82). Morris and Winter LGHQWLI\ ILYH GLIIHUHQW

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Churchman, 1984). More objective measurements of a dwelling’s physical condition

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Avrin, M.E. (1980). “Utilization of Subsidized Housing.” In Philip K. Robins, Robert * 6SLHJHOPDQ 6DPXHO :HLQHU (GV DUDQWHHG QQ DO ,QFRPH( LGHQFH IURP D RFLDO ( SHULPHQW 1H <RUN $FDGHPLF 3UHVV

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Baumol, W.J. (1977). “An Overview of the Results.” In Harold W. Watts & Albert 5HHV (GV KH 1H -HUVH ,QFRPH 0DLQWHQDQFH ( SHULPHQW RO ,,,( SHQGLW UHV HDOWK DQG RFLDO HKD LR U DQG WKH 4 DOLW RI ( LGHQFH1H <RUN $FDGHPLF 3UHVV

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Burge, M. (2015, April 24). “Next PEI Premier to Promote Basic Income Guarantee.” KH DUGLDQ 5HWULHYHG IURP KWWS WKHJXDUGLDQ SH FD 2SLQLRQ /HWWHU WRHGLWRU DUWLFOH 1H[W 3 ( , SUHPLHU WR SURPRWH %DVLF,QFRPH *XDUDQWHH

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