Conferinţa ştiinţifică internaţională din 7 iunie 2016 vol I

Conferina tiinific internaional Perspectivele i Problemele Integrrii n Spaiul European al Cercetrii i Educaiei, Universitatea de Stat B.P. Hasdeu din Cahul, 7 iunie 2016, Volumul I

1

UNIVERSITATEA DE STAT

BOGDAN PETRICEICU HASDEU

DIN CAHUL

CONFERINA TIINIFIC

INTERNAIONAL

PERSPECTIVELE I PROBLEMELE

INTEGRRII N SPAIUL EUROPEAN

AL CERCETRII I EDUCAIEI

7 IUNIE 2016

Volumul I

Atelierul I. tiine politice i administrative

Atelierul II. tiine juridice

Atelierul III. tiine economice

Atelierul IV. tiine exacte i inginereti

CAHUL 2016


2

ISBN 978-9975-914-90-1.

978-9975-88-007-7.

CZU 082:378.4(478-21)=135.1=111=161.1

P 52

Universitatea de Stat Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu din Cahul

Conferina tiinific internaional

Perspectivele i Problemele Integrrii n Spaiul European al Cercetrii i Educaiei,

7 iunie 2016

Volumul I

Atelierul I. tiine politice i administrative

Atelierul II. tiine juridice

Atelierul III. tiine economice

Atelierul IV. tiine exacte i inginereti

Materialele incluse n prezenta ediie sunt recomandate de catedrele de profil i aprobate spre

publicare de ctre Senatul Universitii de Stat B. P. Hasdeu din Cahul (proces verbal nr. 01

din 01 septembrie 2016).

ISBN 978-9975-914-90-1.

978-9975-88-007-7.


Descrierea CIP

"Perspectivele i Problemele Integrrii n Spaiul European al Cercetrii i Educaiei",

conferina tiinific internaional (2016 ; Cahul). Conferina tiinific internaional

"Perspectivele i Problemele Integrrii n Spaiul European al Cercetrii i Educaiei", 7 iunie

2016 : [n 2 vol.] / com. t.: Ioan-Aurel Pop [et al.]. Cahul : Universitatea de Stat "B. P. Hadeu",

2016 (Tipogr. "Centrografic") . ISBN 978-9975-914-90-1.

Vol. 1. 2016. 444 p. Antetit.: Univ. de Stat "Bogdan Petriceicu Hadeu" din Cahul. Texte :

lb. rom., engl., rus. Rez.: lb. rom., engl., fr., rus. Bibliogr. la sfritul art. Referine

bibliogr. n subsol. 100 ex. ISBN 978-9975-88-007-7.

082:378.4(478-21)=135.1=111=161.1

P 52


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COMITETUL TIINIFIC

Ioan-Aurel Pop, academician al Academiei Romne, prof. univ., dr., rector, Universitatea Babe-

Bolyai din Cluj-Napoca

Ion Bostan, academician al Academiei de tiine a Moldovei, dr. hab., prof. univ., Universitatea

Tehnic a Moldovei

Boris Gin, academician al Academiei de tiine a Moldovei, dr. hab., prof. univ., Universitatea

Tehnic a Moldovei

Maria Duca, academician al Academiei de tiine a Moldovei, dr. hab., prof. univ., rector,

Universitatea Academiei de tiine a Moldovei

Grigore Belostecinic, academician al Academiei de tiine a Moldovei, dr. hab., prof. univ., rector

Academia de Studii Economice a Moldovei

Viorel Bostan, dr. hab., prof. univ., rector Universitatea Tehnic a Moldovei

Tudorel Toader, prof. univ., dr., rector, Universitatea Al. I. Cuza din Iai

Iulian Gabriel Brsan, prof. univ., dr. ing., rector, Universitatea Dunrea de Jos din Galai

Andy Puc, prof. univ., dr., rector, Universitatea Danubius din Galai

Lilia Pogola, conf. univ., dr. hab., director, Institutul de tiine ale Educaiei

Ion icanu, prof. univ., dr. hab., director adjunct al Institutului de Istorie al Academiei de tiine a

Moldovei

Elena Bulatova, prof. univ., dr. hab., prorector, Universitatea de Stat din Mariupol

Florin Tudor, prof. univ., dr., decan, Universitatea Dunrea de Jos din Galai

Vladimir Guu, prof. univ., dr. hab., decan, Universitatea de Stat din Moldova

Andrei Popa, prof. univ., dr. hab., Universitatea de Stat B. P. Hadeu din Cahul

Dmitrii Parmacli, prof. univ., dr. hab., Universitatea de Stat B. P. Hadeu din Cahul

Victor Axentii, conf. univ., dr., Universitatea de Stat B. P. Hadeu din Cahul

Ioana Aurelia Axentii, conf. univ., dr., Universitatea de Stat B. P. Hadeu din Cahul

Ludmila Balatu, conf. univ., dr., Universitatea de Stat B. P. Hadeu din Cahul

Ion Certan, conf. univ. dr., Universitatea de Stat B. P. Hadeu din Cahul

Ion Ghelechi, conf. univ., dr., Universitatea de Stat B. P. Hadeu din Cahul

Svetlana Brlea, conf. univ., dr., Universitatea de Stat B. P. Hadeu din Cahul

Valentina Cornea, conf. univ., dr., Universitatea de Stat B. P. Hadeu din Cahul

Sergiu Cornea, conf. univ., dr., Universitatea de Stat B. P. Hadeu din Cahul

Irina Todos, conf. univ., dr., Universitatea de Stat B. P. Hadeu din Cahul

Oxana Miron, conf. univ., dr., Universitatea de Stat B. P. Hadeu din Cahul

Oleg Bercu, conf. univ., dr., Universitatea de Stat B. P. Hadeu din Cahul

Liliana Ceclu, lector univ., dr., Universitatea de Stat B. P. Hadeu din Cahul

COMITETUL ORGANIZATORIC

Cornea Sergiu Preedintele comitetului organizatoric

Bercu Oleg tiine politice i administrative

Todorov Maxim tiine juridice

Vulpe Olesea tiine economice

Ceclu Liliana tiine exacte i inginereti

Radu Corina tiine pedagogice i psihologice

Ghelechi Ion tiine istorice

Grosu Liliana tiine filologice: limba i literatura romn

Fuciji Marianna tiine filologice: limbi moderne

Banu Stela Serviciul tiin


4

CUPRINS:

Atelierul I. TIINE POLITICE I ADMINISTRATIVE

CORNEA Sergiu, CARTA EUROPEAN A AUTONOMIEI LOCALE INSTRUMENT POLITIC

INTERNAIONAL PRIVIND DELIMITAREA RESPONSABILITILOR NTRE NIVELELE DE PUTERE

PUBLIC...

7

CORNEA Valentina, APROPIERI LEGISLATIVE: CAZUL ASOCIAIILOR DE DEZVOLTARE

INTERCOMUNITAR.

10

RUSANDU Ion, POWER, OPPOSITION AND POLITICAL CRISIS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA.. 15

JUC Victor, DIACON Maria, ABORDRI ISTORIOGRAFICE ALE COORDONATELOR DE POLITIC EXTERN

PROGRAMATIC N CERCETRILE AUTORILOR STRINI

21

SPRINCEAN Serghei, SECURITATEA UMAN I MODERNIZAREA DEMOCRATIC A REPUBLICII

MOLDOVA

25

SEVERIN Serghei, DEZVOLTAREA I PERSPECTIVELE SATULUI MOLDOVENESC PRIN PRISMA

ACTIVITII URBANISTICE

30

SAITARL Natalia, MODELE ORGANIZAIONAL-JURIDICE DE ALEGERE A ALESULUI LOCAL 33

STRATULAT Valentina, MPUTERNICIRILE INSTANEI DE JUDECAT LA EXAMINAREA APLICRII

MSURILOR DE PROTECIE N CAZURILE DE VIOLEN N FAMILIE

36

DELEU Ecaterina, POLITICI DE INTEGRARE N ITALIA A MIGRANILOR ORIGINARI DIN REPUBLICA

MOLDOVA: ACCESUL LA CETENIE

41

,

:

45

BUCATARU Igor, EVOLUIA INSTITUIEI PARLAMENTULUI N SISTEMUL POLITIC AL REPUBLICII

MOLDOVA (1991-2014)........................................................................................................................ .....................

49

GRNE Ilie, COLABORAREA INTERPARLAMENTAR DINTRE REPUBLICA MOLDOVA I UNIUNEA

EUROPEAN DE LA OBINEREA INDEPENDENEI PN LA SEMNAREA ACORDULUI DE ASOCIERE (27

IUNIE 2014)..

53

IALANJI Arina, ECHITATEA PROCESULUI LA JUDECAREA CAUZEI N LIPSA PERSOANEI 61

Atelierul II. TIINE JURIDICE

BANTU tefan, ACCESUL LA INFORMAIE DREPT GARANTAT DE CONSTITUIA REPUBLICII

MOLDOVA

68

BOSI Dumitru, PARTICULARITILE NCHEIERII CONTRACTELOR DE MUNC DE SPORTIVII

PROFESIONITI.

72

BRNZA Sergiu, EFECTUAREA ILEGAL A STERILIZRII CHIRURGICALE: ASPECTE DE DREPT PENAL. 78

BUULEAC Mihail, SARBU Aliona, REZULTATELE APLICRII LEGII PRIVIND RSPUNDEREA

DISCIPLINAR A JUDECTORILOR, LA SCURT TIMP DUP ADOPTAREA EI..................................................

83

CALENDARI Dumitru, SECRETUL PROCESULUI PENAL TREBUIE S FIE PROTEJAT 86

CHIRIACOVA Ludmila, PROBLEMELE MIGRAIEI 90

CHIRONACHI Vladimir, INSTITUIA SOULUI SUPRAVEUITOR N DREPTUL CIVIL SUCCESORAL AL

REPUBLICII MOLDOVA. ASPECT TEORETICE I PRACTICE

94

CRECIUN Natalia, PRIVIRE GENERAL ASUPRA INSTITUIEI INSPECIEI JUDICIARE. ASPECTE

COMPARATIVE...

104

DORUL Olga, PROTECIA BUNURILOR CULTURALE N CONFLICTELE ARMATE. ASPECTE DE DREPT

INTERNAIONAL PENAL

109

MIHAIL Gheorghi, PREMISELE APARIIEI I DEZVOLTRII CRIMINALISTICII 112

GHERMAN Alexei, EFECTELE CONTRACTULUI MATRIMONIAL ASUPRA RELAIILOR DE CSTORIE.... 117

GRAMA Mariana, LOCUL SVRIRII INFRACIUNII. 120

IGNATIUC Tatiana, ORGANIZAIILE NONGUVERNAMENTALE REGIONALE I DREPTURILE

PERSOANELOR TINERE...

123

JECEV Ion, DETERMINRI CONCEPTUALE PRELIMINARE N ANALIZA TIINIFIC A FENOMENULUI

PUTERII

127

LESNI Claudiu Iulian, SERVICIILE SOCIALE N LEGISLAIA NAIONAL I COMUNITAR 130

MALANCIUC Iurie, CONCEPTUL MECANISMULUI DE STAT: ABORDRI DOCTRINARE 134

MALENCAIA Ana, ASIGURAREA SECURITII SECRETULUI DE STAT GARANIA SECURITII

NAIONALE............................................................................................................................. ....................................

136

NICHITA Rodica, DREPTUL LA NVTUR-DREPT DE EMANCIPARE 139

NUT Gabriela-Stefania, ROLUL AVOCATULUI I DREPTURILE ACESTUIA N FAZA DE URMRIRE

PENAL.......................................................................................................................................................................

142

BRNZA Liubovi, RENI Gheorghe, DELIMITAREA INFRACIUNILOR PREVZUTE LA ART.190 CP RM

DE INFRACIUNILE PREVZUTE LA ART.196 CP RM: CONOTAII TEORETICE I PRACTICE

151

ROTUNDU Edgar, ASPECTE TEORETICE I PRACTICE PRIVIND CONTROLUL VAMAL ASUPRA

CORECTITUDINII DATELOR DIN DECLARAIA VAMAL N DETALIU.

155

, 160

SLI Ira, FUNDAMENTAREA LOGIC A PROCESULUI DE CALIFICARE JURIDIC. 163

STAMATI Nicoleta, DEMOCRAIA - PARTE INTEGRANT A VALORILOR JURIDICE.. 166

STATI Vitalie, SEMNELE BNETI CA OBIECT MATERIAL (PRODUS) AL INFRACIUNILOR PREVZUTE

LA ART.236 DIN CODUL PENAL...

169


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TELEVCA Oleg, APLICAREAPRINCIPIULUI LEGALITI N ADMINISTRAREA FINANELOR PUBLICE

LOCALE

174

TODOROV Maxim, SPECIFICUL INDEXRII DESPGUBIRILOR LUNARE N CAZUL PIERDERII

NTREINTORULUI PENTRU PERIOADA ANTERIOAR INTENTRII ACIUNII..

176

TUDOR Vasilica-Leontina, REPERE ISTORICE PRIVIND EVOLUIA MODALITILOR DE STINGERE A

CONFLICTELOR, DIN ANTICHITATE I PN LA GETO-DACI.

186

, ,

-

191

, ,

,

197

, ,

.

203

Atelierul III. TIINE ECONOMICE

POPA Andrei, RISCURILE ANTREPRENORIALE I MODALITI DE MINIMIZARE A LOR............................. 209

TODOS Irina, VULPE Olesea, NONI Ludmila, IMPLEMENTAREA STANDARDELOR DE CALITATE N

INDUSTRIA TURISMULUI...

217

NEDELCU Ana, REZERVELE SPORIRII PERFORMANEI FINANCIARE NTREPRINDERILOR

INDUSTRIALE PRIN ACCELERAREA VITEZEI DE ROTAIE A CAPITALULUI

221

MIRON Oxana, CHIOPU Irina, EVOLUIA OBIECTIVELOR FINANCIARE FUNDAMENTALE ALE

NTREPRINDERII

226

HALLER Alina-Petronela, ROLUL TURISMULUI SUSTENABIL N REVIGORAREA ECONOMIC A

MEDIULUI RURAL AL STATELOR EMERGENTE

231

GAUGA Tatiana, ABORDRI TEORETICE ALE UTILIZRII TACTICILOR DE OC N CONTEXTUL

RECLAMEI COMERCIALE..

235

GARTEA Ala, GRIGOR Raisa, MAXIMILIAN Silvestru, INDICATORI MACROECONOMICI:

INTERPRETRI; INTERDEPENDENE..

239

BRC Alic, PROBLEMATICA ADMINISTRRII EFICIENTE A RESURSELOR UMANE N ORGANIZAIILE

DIN REPUBLICA MOLDOVA

245

BRC Aliona, RELAIILE CONTROLULUI INTERN CU AUDITUL 249

BDICU Galina, RAPORTAREA INFORMAIILOR AFERENTE UNEI AFACERI: BENEFICII I

RESPONSABILITATE

254

BULIMAGA Tatiana, MANAGEMENTUL PROPRIETI INTELECTUALE LA USM.. 257

GUAN Viorica, PARPULOV Elena, PROBLEME PRIVIND UNIFICAREA TERMENILOR CONTABILI I

FISCALI..

261

MIHAILA Svetlana, VALORIFICAREA INFORMAIEI CONTABILITII MANAGERIALE N PROCESUL DE

LUARE A DECIZIILOR MANAGERIALE............................................................................ ......................................

264

LITOCENCO Ana, PARTICULARITI ALE ACTIVITII SOCIETILOR PE ACIUNI CU CAPITAL DE

STAT DIN INFRASTRUCTURA DRUMURILOR A REPUBLICII MOLDOVA..

268

GHENOVA Svetlana, PROCIUC Natalia, FULL CYCLE PRODUCTION AS A FACTOR OF STABILITY OF

PRODUCTION, HIGH QUALITY AND EFFICIENT PRODUCT POLICY

273

MARENA Tetyana, EU IN GLOBAL BANKING: CURRENT POSITION AND CHALLENGES. 277

BULATOVA Olena, THE POTENTIAL FOR ECONOMIC REGIONS DEVELOPMENT IN TERMS OF THE

WORLD ECONOMY

279

BEZZUBCHENKO Olga, THE DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC COOPERATION BETWEEN UKRAINE

AND AFRICAN COUNTRIES..

281

ZAKHAROVA Olga, DETERMINANTS OF THE WORLD TRANSPORT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT. 283

,

286

,

..

291

,

295

,

..

299

,

..

303

,

..

305

, -

...

308

DONEA Sofia, NECESITATEA EFECTURII REFORMELOR N AGRICULTUR PENTRU REDRESAREA

PROCESELOR SOCIAL ECONOMICE DIN REPUBLICA MOLDOVA..

310

VICOL Iulia, POLITICI SOCIALE N CONTEXTUL OCUPRII FOREI DE MUNC.. 312

CHIRONACHI Corina, EVALUAREA IMPACTULUI POLITICII FISCALE I MONETARE ASUPRA

COSTURILOR SOCIALE N REPUBLICA MOLDOVA..

316

Atelierul IV. TIINE EXACTE I INGINERETI

CASIAN Anatolie, SANDULEAC Ionel, THERMOELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF SOME QUASI-ONE-


6

DIMENSIONAL ORGANIC CRYSTALS.. 321

ANDRONIC Silvia, PEIERLS STRUCTURAL TRANSITION IN QUASI-ONE-DIMENSIONAL CRYSTALS OF

TTF-TCNQ.

326

ILCO Valentin, LEVINE Nicolai, SECRIERU Nicolae, DETERMINATION OF FREQUENCY DEVIATION

CAUSED BY DOPPLER EFFECT ON EARTH-MOON-EARTH COMMUNICATION

330

CEBAN Victor, QUANTUM COOLING BEYOND THE SECULAR APPROXIMATION.. 337

BOLOHAN Livia, GORCEAG Maria, DODON Adelina, DICUSAR Galina, ASPECTE N STUDIUL

INDICILOR DE CALITATE A FRUCTELOR GOJI

339

SEICIUC Vladislav, ELABORAREA CURSULUI TEORIA PROBABILITILOR I STATISTICA

MATEMATIC PE PLATFORMA ELECTRONIC MOODLE PENTRU INVMNTUL LA DISTAN...

342

SEICIUC Victor, CREAREA JOCURILOR DE INSTRUIRE PE DISPOSITIVE ELECTRONICE MOBILE I

STAIONARE PENTRU INVMNTUL LA DISTAN....

346

SPTARU Petru, STUDIUL PROCESELOR DE AUTOEPURARE, NITRIFICARE N APA RULUI RUT

PRIN MODELRI DE LABORATOR................................................................................................... ........................

350

BUZIL Silvia, SPTARU Petru, OXIDAREA AMONIULUI N SIMULRI DE LABORATOR, METODA DE

ESTIMARE A VULNERABILITII PROCESULUI DE AUTOEPURARE N APELE NATURALE

355

CROITORI Dorina, URCAN Vladimir, CRETEREA, STRUCTURA, PROPRIETILE MAGNETICE I

ELECTRICE ALE COMPUSULUI Fe 1.06 Te................................................................................................................

360

PRODAN Lilian, TEFANE Eric, FELEA Viorel, URCAN Vladimir, PROPRIETILE STRUCTURALE,

MAGNETICE I ELECTRICE ALE COMPUSULUI SEMICONDUCTOR MAGNETIC F0.5u0.5r2S4...................

363

PRODAN Lilian, FELEA Viorel, URCAN Vladimir, SINTETIZAREA, STRUCTURA I PROPRIETILE

MAGNETICE ALE COMPUSULUI SPINEL MnCr2S4............................................................................................... .

367

FELEA Viorel, PRODAN Lilian, TEFANE Eric, URCAN Vladimir, PROPRIETILE MAGNETO-

STRUCTURALE ALE COMPUSULUI CU STRUCTURA DE TIP SPINEL Hgr2S4.................................................

370

CHIHAI Andrei, NISTIRIUC Ana, URCANU Dinu, NISTIRIUC Ion, RUSSU Gabriel, POPOVICI-

SHARMA Natalia, NISTIRIUC Pavel V., ANALIZA ASIGURRII FIABILITII HARDWAER A

REELELOR DE COMUNICAII MPLS

373

CHIHAI Andrei, NISTIRIUC Ana, URCANU Dinu, NISTIRIUC Pavel P., RUSSU Gabriel, POPOVICI-

SHARMA Natalia, NISTIRIUC Pavel V., ALEXEI Anatol, ANALIZA FIABILITII DE FUNCIONARE A

REELELOR DE COMUNICAII

377

RUSSU Gabriel, NISTIRIUC Ana, URCANU Dinu, NISTIRIUC Pavel P., CHIHAI Andrei, NISTIRIUC

Ion, POPOVICI-SHARMA Natalia, ANALIZA MODELULUI GHID DE UNDA PENTRU COMUNICATIILE

RADIO IN CONDITIILE LOCALITATILOR URBANE

379

CANDRAMAN Sergiu, TESTING THE MAIN TASKS OF FIRST MOLDAVIAN SATELLITE IN NEAR SPACE

CONDITIONS WITH A HIGH ALTITUDE BALLON..

384

DOROGAN Valerian, SECRIERU Vitalie, VIERU Tatiana, MUNTEANU Eugeniu, VIERU Stanislav,

DOROGAN Andrei, ELABORAREA SISTEMELOR INTELIGENTE DE SECURIZARE, ALARM I CONTROL.

388

DOROGAN Valerian, VIERU Stanislav, SECRIERU Vitalie, VIERU Tatiana, MUNTEANU Eugeniu,

ELABORAREA I CONFECIONAREA SISTEMELOR FIZIOTERAPEUTICE INTEGRATE.

392

DOROGAN Valerian, VIERU Tatiana, DOROGAN Andrei, VIERU Stanislav, CERCETAREA DIODELOR

LASER CU EMISIE VERTICAL PENTRU MODULE OPTOELECTRONICE

396

, , 402

, E .. 406

HAJDEU-CHICAROSH Elena, HOPPING CONDUCTIVITY IN Cu2ZnGe1-xSnxSe4 SOLID SOLUTIONS 409

GUULEAC Emilian, ZAPOROJAN Sergiu, MORARU Victor, PLOTNIC Constantin, CRBUNE Viorel, METODE DE PRELUARE A EXPERIENEI OPERATORULUI UMAN PENTRU CONDUCEREA

PROCESELOR INDUSTRIALE.

412

MOCANU Anastasia, ELEMENTE DE CALCUL FINANCIAR N NVMNT LICEAL. 417

BAGRIN Dumitru, MODELE MATEMATICE DE OPTIMIZARE BAZATE PE ANALIZA MATEMATIC.. 425

POPOVICI Ilona, ISTORICUL BAZELOR DE DATE 433

MACRICHI-TABUNCIC Natalia, LEGILE LUMII. FORA MAREELOR.. 438

ARLUNG Boris, ARLUNG Liubovi, BUCLE DE TIPUL WIP.. 441


7

Atelierul I. TIINE POLITICE I ADMINISTRATIVE

CARTA EUROPEAN A AUTONOMIEI LOCALE INSTRUMENT POLITIC

INTERNAIONAL PRIVIND DELIMITAREA RESPONSABILITILOR NTRE

NIVELELE DE PUTERE PUBLIC

CORNEA Sergiu, doctor, confereniar universitar,


Abstract: The European Charter of Local Self-Government is, so far, the first and most

important international political tool which guarantees the development of decentralization of public

power and local autonomy. It represents the commitment of the Council of Europe's member country

to promote in the internal organization of their states, a new distribution of functions and powers in

order to support the development of subnational levels.

In carrying out the delimitation process of responsibilities between levels of public powers

achievement we should start from the provisions of The European Charter of Local Self-Government

which is based on institutional practices and structures, tested for decades in dozen of European

countries. That means rationing, giving up improper structures, which would result the removing of

the vertical power and as consequence the demolition of foundations on which inefficiency and

corruption are based on. The necessity of transferring the resources and powers to the local level is

dictated by a vital imperative the strengthening of local public authorities capacities and potential

in order to locally provide a maximum volume of qualitative public services. This requires creating a

clear and simple demarcation algorithm of responsibilities between the levels of exercise of public

power.

Carta european a autonomiei locale este, pn n prezent, primul i cel mai important

instrument politic internaional care s garanteze dezvoltarea principiilor descentralizrii puterii i

autonomiei locale. Ea reprezint angajamentul rilor membre ale Consiliului Europei, pentru a

promova n organizarea intern a statelor lor, o nou distribuire a funciilor i a atribuiilor cu scopul

de a susine dezvoltarea nivelelor subnaionale. n realizarea procesului de delimitare a

responsabilitilor ntre nivelele de realizare a puterii publice ar trebui s pornim de la prevederile

Cartei europene a autonomiei locale care are la baz practicile i structurile instituionale, testate

decenii la rnd n zeci de ri europene. Asta nseamn raionalizare, renunarea la structuri improprii,

fapt ce ar duce la demolarea verticalei puterii i drept consecin - la surparea temeliilor pe care se

ntemeiaz ineficiena i corupia. Necesitatea transferrii resurselor i a atribuiilor la nivelul local

este dictat de un imperativ vital consolidarea capacitilor i a potenialului autoritilor publice

locale cu scopul de a oferi la nivelul local un volum maxim de servicii publice calitative. Pentru

aceasta este nevoie de a crea un algoritm clar i simplu de delimitare a responsabilitilor ntre

nivelurile de exercitare a puterii publice.

Congresul Puterilor Locale i Regionale Europene n Recomandarea 39 (1998) insista asupra

includerii Cartei europene a autonomiei locale, n sistemele juridice ale rilor care au ratificat-o i

asupra necesitii proteciei juridice a autonomiei locale.1 CPLRE reiternd convingerea c

colectivitile locale constituie unul dintre fundamentele oricrui regim democratic i c autonomia lor

trebuie s fie protejat i promovat, consider c este necesar de a realiza aciuni concrete care le-ar

asigura protecia juridic. n acest scop CPLRE a propus mai multe msuri printre care reliefm

urmtoarele: 2

1 Recommendation 39 (1998) on the incorporation of the European charter of local self-government into the legal systems of ratifying

countries and on the legal protection of local self-government. https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=853831&Site=COE&BackColorInternet=C3C3C3&BackColorIntranet=CACC9A&BackColorLogged=

EFEA9C (accesat la 30.06.2016) 2 Ibidem

https://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=853831&Site=COE&BackColorInternet=C3C3C3&BackColorIntranet=CACC9A&BackColorLogged=EFEA9Chttps://wcd.coe.int/ViewDoc.jsp?id=853831&Site=COE&BackColorInternet=C3C3C3&BackColorIntranet=CACC9A&BackColorLogged=EFEA9C


8

Carta european a autonomiei locale trebuie s fie tratat nu ca un set de recomandri

neobligatorii, ci ca un tratat internaional, care are for juridic, care stabilete obligaiile statelor care

au ratificat-o i a drepturilor autoritilor autonomiei locale din aceste ri;

este esenial s se includ dispoziiile Cartei europene a autonomiei locale, n sistemul

legislativ naional prin intermediul unui act juridic oficial de ncorporare, n conformitate cu normele

care reglementeaz respectarea tratatelor internaionale. Existena normelor interne care ar prea s

corespund principiilor consacrate n Carta autonomiei locale, nu scutete autoritile naionale de a

ntreprinde aceste msurii;

n cazul n care dispoziiile legale interne necesit a fi interpretare, acestea ar trebui s fie

interpretate innd seama de principiile Cartei europene a autonomiei locale;

chiar i n cazul cnd includerea Cartei europene a autonomiei locale, n dreptul intern

presupune anularea automat a normelor dreptului intern care sunt incompatibile cu dispoziiile direct

aplicabile ale Cartei, normele care sunt contrare Cartei, ar trebui s fie definitiv anulate;

actele legislative i normative adoptate dup ratificarea Cartei europene a autonomiei locale i

ncorporarea normelor sale n sistemul juridic intern, ar trebui s fie considerate ca nefiind n

contradicie cu dispoziiile coninute n Cart i se aplice n modul corespunztor;

n scopul asigurrii aplicrii depline a Cartei este extrem de important de a oferi posibilitatea

invocrii dispoziiilor Cartei n instanele de judecat. Articolul 11 privind protecia juridic a

autonomiei locale al Cartei ar trebui s fie interpretat ca o garanie a dreptului democratic al

autoritilor locale s se adreseze unei instane independente, impariale pentru a stabili faptele de

nclcare a prevederilor Cartei i s asigure respectarea drepturilor lor.

Delimitarea competenelor autoritilor statale i a celor ale puterii locale este o aciune

complex. Aceast delimitare se refer la responsabilitile, competenele i interesele acestor

autoriti. n literatura de specialitate, pn n prezent nu au fost elaborate un set de criterii exacte, clar

definite privind delimitarea sferelor de competen ale celor dou nivele ale puterii publice: statale i

locale.

Carta european a autonomiei locale (art.4, alin.1) determinnd sfera de competen a puterii

locale se rezum la stabilirea unor cerine/condiii generale: Competenele de baz ale colectivitilor

locale sunt fixate prin Constituie sau prin lege. Totui, aceast dispoziie nu mpiedic a se atribui

colectivitilor locale competene n scopuri specifice, n conformitate cu legea.1 n acest caz, este

clar c se are n vedere principiul general de stabilire a sferei de aciune i a atribuiilor puterii locale

n baza Constituiei sau legii. Anume aceste responsabiliti pot fi trecute la categoria competena

proprie, ele avnd, relativ, un caracter constant. Cu toate acestea, acelai aliniat 1 al art.4 nu

mpiedic atribuirea autoritilor puterii locale, n conformitate cu legea, de atribuii pentru realizarea

unor sarcini concrete. Dar, n acest caz nu este clar urmtorul lucru: aceste sarcini delegate sunt sau

devin proprii puterii locale sau rmn ale statului fiind doar ncredinate pentru a fi realizate de ctre

autoritile locale? n legtur cu ordinea de stabilire a atribuiilor se poate nainta ipoteza c acestea

sunt temporare, comparativ cu propriile lor atribuii, deoarece, de regul, ele sunt stabilite de legi

sectoriale, care reflect nu att procesele de dezvoltare a colectivitii locale, ct, n mod primordial,

interesele altor segmente sociale.

Potrivit prevederilor alin.2 al pct.4 colectivitile locale dispun n cadrul legii de toat

latitudinea de a lua iniiativa pentru orice chestiune care nu este exclus din cmpul competenelor

lor sau care este atribuit unei alte autoriti. n baza acestor dispoziii deduc c este vorba de dreptul

de iniiativ n sfera de atribuii transferate i putem vorbi despre categoria atribuiilor ce in de

manifestarea iniiativei puterii locale. n acest sens menionez prevederile art.14, alin.1 al Legea nr.

436-XVI din 28.12.2006,2 care stabilete c Consiliul local are drept de iniiativ i decide, n

condiiile legii, n toate problemele de interes local, cu excepia celor care in de competena altor

autoriti publice.

Cu toate acestea, principiile eseniale n materie de distribuire a sferelor de activitate i autoritate

ntre nivelurile de putere sunt principiile proximitii autoritilor publice fa de populaie i

principiul subsidiaritii, care const n faptul c redistribuirea competenelor ntre nivelurile

autoritilor publice trebuie, de-o manier general, s revin de preferin acelor autoriti care sunt

1 Carta european a autonomiei locale. Publicat n: Tratate internaionale, Vol.14, 1999, p.14. 2 Legea privind administraia public local nr. 436-XVI din 28.12.2006. Publicat n: Monitorul Oficial nr.32-35/116 din 09.03.2007.


9

cele mai apropiate de ceteni. Atribuirea unei responsabiliti unei alte autoriti trebuie s in cont

de amploarea i de natura sarcinii i de exigenele de eficacitate i de economie (alin.3, pct.4 al

Cartei). Includerea ntr-un singur punct al principiilor proximitii i subsidiaritii nu este

ntmpltoare. Aceasta este o dovad c orice raionalizare asociat cu redistribuirea competenelor n

scopul sporirii eficienei i a economisirii resurselor, ar trebui s fie asigurate, n primul rnd, din

contul potenialului democratic al autonomiei locale. Autoritile statale i locale sunt sortite de a

aciona permanent cu eforturi comune n multe domenii ale relaiilor sociale. Aceste legturi de

cooperare sunt determinate de principiile substituibilitii i complementariti.1

Desigur, o astfel de abordare a delimitrii competenelor nu exclude problema lipsei de claritate

i a incertitudinii. Nu putem s nu recunoatem convenionalitatea delimitrii treburilor publice

locale 2 i celor de importan naional. Hotarele teritoriale ale colectivitilor locale limiteaz

competena teritorial a autoritilor publice locale, iar existena problemelor de aceeai natur cu cele

soluionate de autoritile locale, transfer rezolvarea lor la nivelul intermediar i naional al puterii

publice. n acest context este actual afirmaia prof. S.A.Avakian, care afirma c ... nu exist i nici

nu pot s existe probleme doar de importan local. Exist probleme de aceiai natur ale politicii

naionale i nivelurile lor teritoriale de soluionare naional, subnaional, local. Tot ceea ce este scris

n lege ca fiind chestiuni de importan local, sunt de fapt, chestiuni comune pentru ntreaga ar.3

Problemele sociale, acordarea serviciilor medicale n instituiile medicale locale, educaia, asigurarea

ordinii publice i multe altele prin nsi esena lor, nu pot fi exclusiv de interes statal sau local. Mai

mult ca att, aceste domenii sunt legate de drepturile constituionale ale cetenilor i in de obligaiile

statului.

Carta recomand aplicarea principiului competenelor depline i ntregi n materie de

atribuire a competenelor puterii locale. Respectivele competene nu pot fi puse n cauz sau

limitate de ctre o alt autoritate central sau regional numai n cadrul legii (alin.4, pct.4). i

legiuitorul autohton a prevzut n art.4, alin. 3 al Legii nr.435-XVI din 28.12.2006 prevede c alte

competene proprii autoritilor publice locale pot fi atribuite acestora numai prin lege.4

Nu poate fi trecut cu vederea i poziia, stabilit de Cart, privind posibilitatea colectivitilor

locale de a dispune, pe ct posibil, de libertatea de a adapta aciunea lor la condiiile locale n cazul

delegrii unei anumite competene de ctre o autoritate central sau regional (alin.5, pct.4).

Legiuitorul autohton, conformndu-se acestor recomandri a stabilit n art.4, alin. (3) al Legii nr.435-

XVI din 28.12.2006 c autoritile publice locale de nivelurile nti i al doilea, n limitele legii,

dispun de libertate deplin de aciune n reglementarea i gestionarea oricrei chestiuni de interes local

care nu este exclus din competena lor i nu este atribuit unei alte autoriti.5

Analiznd situaia creat n R.Moldova se pare c, stabilirea sferei de aciune a puterii locale

depinde nu att de definirea problemelor de interes local i, n consecin, a interesului local, ct de

eliberarea statului de domeniile de activitate i de competenele care, la o anumit perioad de

dezvoltare, nu prezint interes pentru stat i poate fi n afara sferei de aplicare a influenei sale directe.

Dar aici, evident, apare o ntrebare: asigur oare acest proces echilibrarea intereselor locale cu cele

statale? Problemele de importan local trebuie s fie soluionate nemijlocit de ctre populaie sau de

autoritile puterii locale, dar nu de cele ale puterii statale. Este inadmisibil transmiterea nici mcar a

unei pri din responsabilitile privind soluionarea problemelor locale autoritilor puterii statale.

Schimbrile democratice care au avut loc n societate, cu regret, nu au schimbat mentalitatea i

atitudinea cetenilor fa de putere. Populaia continu s perceap autoritile publice locale ca pe

organe ale statului, nu le percep ca fiind a lor. Situaia poate fi schimbat doar n cazul n care

autoritile locale vor beneficia de o autonomie real organizatoric, financiar, decizional. Numai

astfel vor fi n msur s pun n aplicare cu succes politicile locale care s in cont de nevoile

populaiei locale.

1 .. . ., 2001. . 195. 2 Sintagm utilizat n textul constituional i n legislaia naional care reglementeaz activitatea autoritilor puterii locale. 3 .. . In: . ., 2008. c. 17. 4 Legea privind descentralizarea administrativ nr.435-XVI din 28.12.2006. Publicat n: Monitorul Oficial nr. 29-31/91 din 02.03.2007. 5 Ibidem


10

APROPIERI LEGISLATIVE: CAZUL ASOCIAIILOR DE DEZVOLTARE

INTERCOMUNITAR

LEGISLATIVE APPROACHES: THE CASE OF INTERCOMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

ASSOCIATIONS

CORNEA Valentina, doctor, confereniar universitar,

Universitatea Dunrea de Jos, Galai

Abstract: The terminological phrases which defined the phenomenon of joining territorial

collectivities are different but the core is much the same.

The intercommunality or joining territorial collectivities refers more often to the mechanism for

ensuring the efficiency of public services.

EU Member states developed their own legal framework for organization and functioning the

associations of intercommunity development. The fundamental problems dealing with the concept of

intercommunity joining as well as the legal basis for functioning and organization of these structures

represent the purpose of analysis in this study.

The Legislative approaches in the field of intercommunity joining is the solution for overcoming

some common problems: the legal complexity regarding the organization, the competencies

integration, the autonomy of decision making. The extent to which this approximation can be achieved

is determined by the degree of understanding the concept of intercommunality, the purpose and the

probable effects.

Key Words: intercommunality, cooperation, territorial collectivities.

Apropierea n materie de reglementare este un proces deschis, treptat, care ar putea duce, n

viitor, la armonizare. Provocarea este lansat n egal msur statelor membre, ct i rilor membre

ale Parteneriatului estic. Miza nu const att n apropierea textelor juridice, ct n transformarea i

adaptarea administraiilor, sistemelor de justiie i societilor respective la condiiile necesare pentru

a se asigura c legislaia este eficient i bine implementat.

Sunt necesare reglementri unitare n domeniul cooperrii intercomunale?

n cadrul Uniunii Europene, conceptul de armonizare a legislaiei are semnificaia de

armonizare a cadrului normativ naional al Statelor Membre cu legislaia UE. Nivelurile proceselor

de integrare atinse de Statele Membre sunt exprimate n termeni diferii: armonizare, aproximare i

coordonare. n concordan cu prevederile Articolului 115 al TFUE, asigurarea aproximrii

legilor, regulamentelor i dispoziiilor administrative ale statelor membre este efectuat n

msura n care o astfel de aproximare este necesar pentru a asigura instituirea i funcionarea

pieei interne.1

Pentru unele legislaii, armonizarea i aproximarea sunt folosite concomitent, de exemplu,

legislaia din domeniul politicilor sociale (Articolul 151 al TFUE), n timp ce coordonarea legilor,

regulamentelor i dispoziiilor administrative pentru constituirea legislaiei.

Ct privete elementul relativ nou - convergena acesta este folosit de UE n cazul n care se

face trimitere la procesele de armonizare din rile ce cad sub incidena domeniului de desfurare a

Politicii Europene de Vecintate. n acest mod, sensul celui din urm este oficial diferit de

aproximare, care este aplicat n procesele desfurate de Statele Membre i rile candidate la aderare

n timpul prezent, statele n curs de aderare (statele care au nceput negocierile pe marginea

Tratatului de Aderare la UE) i rile asociate2.

La modul practic, unul dintre cei mai explicii indicatori ai progresului obinut de o ar

n calea spre integrarea n UE, este volumul actelor naionale calitative, care au transpus

dispoziiile legislaiei UE i dovezile elocvente de implementare practic efectiv a acestora.

1 Metodologia de armonizare a legislaiei n Republica Moldova, Chiinu, mai, 2010, p.13 2 Moldova EU Convergence planning, Environmental collaboration for the Black Sea, Georgia, Moldova, Russia i Ukraine,

Presentation at the Public Outreach Event, 20 martie 2009. Apud Metodologia de armonizare a legislaiei, p. 13


11

Referitor la necesitatea reglementrii unitare n domeniul cooperrii intercomunale am putea

admite un rspuns negativ, sau parial negativ, invocnd prevederile Cartei europeane a autonomiei

locale, semnat de toate statele membre ale Uniunii n cadrul Consiliului Europei i ratificat de

majoritatea acestora. Legislaia naional este suficient n acest sens.

ntr-o alt ordine de idei, o dinamic a dezvoltrii sociale locale solicit tot mai mult construirea

de noi spaii publice i utilizarea de instrumente care pot facilita emergena comunitii locale ca actor

al dezvoltrii. nterdependeele dintre factori interni i externi, raportarea la standarde unanim

acceptate devin inevitabile. n rezoluia referitor la apropierea legislaiei naionale a rilor membre

ale Parteneriatului estic cu legislaia UE din domeniul economic se menioneza c resursele pentru

apropiere sunt limitate att n UE, ct i n rile Parteneriatului estic i, prin urmare, ar trebui s se

concentreze pe domeniile care au cel mai mare impact.1 Or, tocmai impactul i efectele de sinergie

ale cooperii intercomunale demonstreaz necesitatea uniformizrii legislaiilor naionale. Competena

de suport a UE, exercitat prin activiti de susinere, coordonare, impulsioneaz activitile statelor

membre n domeniul cooperarii administrative.

Semnificaia cooperarii intercomunale

Este complicat a defini cooperarea intercomunal, deoarece exist foarte multe forme juridice

prin care aceata se poate realiza. O definiie operaional ar pute fi aceasta: "o situaie n care prile

sunt de acord s lucreze mpreun la un anumit cost, pentru a produce noi ctiguri pentru fiecare

dintre participani, disponibile acestora printr-o aciune unilateral" (I. William Zartman) Elementele

constitutive sunt: lucreaz mpreun, un acord oficial n acest sens, un anumit cost, un obiectiv comun

(crearea de noi beneficii pentru toate prile).

Cooperarea intercomunal n mod deliberat este organizat ntre dou sau mai multe comune,

pentru o anumit durat sau permanent, i se ncadreaz n competenele juridice ale comunelor, cu

scopul de a mbunti funciile municipale i obinerea de beneficii reciproce. n viziunea unor

autori consacrai domeniului, precum R. Hertzog, P. Swianiewicz, K. Davey sau M. Balducci,

cooperarea intercomunal este o ...relaie ntre dou sau mai multe autoriti locale, entiti ale

primului nivel de administrare teritorial, care au statut de persoane juridice, abilitate cu

competene, responsabiliti i resurse n conformitate cu prevederile Cartei Europene a

Autonomiei Locale.2

n afar de obinerea de beneficii reciproce i mbuntirea funciilor municipale, cooperarea

intercomunitar este un remediu pentru soluionarea problemei fragmentrii teritoriale, n mod

special, n rile unde se opune mult rezisten reformelor de fuzionare a unitilor administrativ-

teritoriale. ntr-o anumit msur, cooperarea intercomunal este o form ascuns i incomplet

de fuzionare. Ea poate fi perceput ca un model special de administraie public local doar n rile

fragmentate din punct de vedere teritorial, unde reformele de fuzionare par inimaginabile pentru

moment.3

Consiliul Comunelor i Regiunilor Europei, creat n 1951, a ncurajat schimburile i cooperarea

la nivel local i regional. Cooperarea intercomunal este foarte rspndit n Europa i permite

comunelor s pun n comun mijloacele, cu scopul de a ameliora gestionarea serviciilor publice locale

i pentru a gsi coordonatele optime de exercitare a competenelor lor. n Europa exist o mare

diversitate de forme de cooperare (mai ales n Spania, Italia, Portugalia, Frana).

n esen, fenomenul intercomunalitii presupune:

1. Existena a dou sau mai multe uniti administrativ-teritoriale vecine sau apropiate, de nivel nti, care conlucreaz mpreun.

2. Cooperarea are la baz fie un acord, fie o nelegere, fie o structur mai mult sau mai puin formal, prin care este stabilit domeniul, forma, scopul i beneficiile, rezultatele ce vor fi obinute.

3. Prin cooperare comunitile partenere reuesc s realizeze beneficii mutuale pe care nu le-ar putea realiza dac ar lucra individual.

1 REZOLUIE referitoare la apropierea legislaiei naionale a rilor membre ale Parteneriatului estic cu legislaia UE din domeniul economic, adoptat la Bruxelles, la 28 mai 2013 publict n Jurnalul Oficial al Uniunii Europene, 2013/C 338/02 2 Hertzog Robert, Swianiewicz Pawel, Davey Ken, Balducci Massimo. Toolkit Manual. Intermunicipal Cooperation. The Council of Europe

(CoE), the United Nations Development Programme (U.N.D.P.) and the Local Government Initiative (L.G.I.) of the Open Society. Budapest, 2010, p. 4. 3Osoian Ion, Srodoev Igor, Veveri Eugenia, Prohnichi Valeriu. Studiu analitic privind structura administrativ-teritorial optimal pentru

Republica Moldova. Chiinu, 2010, p. 105.


12

4. Sinergia de efort este, de regul, pe mai multe domenii, competene i responsabiliti care sunt stabilite prin lege, sau sunt delegate.

5. Cooperarea are un cost care este partajat ntre parteneri, care vin cu contribuii n resurse financiare, umane, materiale.

6. Este un rezultat al unei decizii colective, garantat de un acord n care sunt stabilite condiiile de cooperare.

Experiena european n acest domeniu atest c, cooperarea intercomunal se poate realiza n

multiple domenii de responsabilitate a autoritilor publice locale, ncepnd cu planificarea teritorial,

gestionarea patrimoniului, asigurarea cu servicii de transport i ntreinerea drumurilor, aprovizionarea

cu ap i canalizare i pn la prestarea serviciilor de management al deeurilor, asigurarea ordinii

publice i servicii de asisten social.

Concluzia pe care o putem face referitor la semnificaia intercomunalitii este c acest concept

nglobeaz cele dou sensuri ale cooperrii. Este vorba de sensul ngust de cooperare care nseamn

stabilirea pe termen lung a relaiilor de producie durabile. Aceast relaie implic un anumit tip de

diviziune a muncii - pe o dimensiune social, comercial sau teritorial. Cel de-al doilea sens se

concentreaz pe etimologia latin a cooperrii, ceea ce nseamn o aciune sau activitate comun.

Reglementarea cooperrii intercomunale

Reglementarea juridic a cooperrii intercomunitare difer de la ar la ar. Cteva exemple n

acest sens. n Belgia competena de elaborare a regulilor privind cooperarea intercomnal,

supravegherea funcionrii lor aparine regiunilor. Danemarca de asemeni dispune de legislaie

organic. Pentru a evita transferul de responsabiliti organismelor cvasi autonome este necesar

aprobarea guvernului. n Olanda cooperarea intercomunal este reglementat constituional, art.135

coninnd o baz juridic n acest sens. n 1994 este adoptat Legea despre acordurile comune.

Aceast lege obliga provinciile s ii divizeze teritoriile in districte de cooperare intercomunala.

Districtele pot s extind dincolo de limitele teritoriale provincial, daca autoritatile acestora sunt de

accord. Astfel cooperarea intercomunal este perceput ca o colectivitate local lrgit. De un

sistem unic ce nu poate fi comparat direct cu alte sisteme existente in alte tari dispune Finlanda.

Consiliile regionale sunt sindicate intercomunitare, puterile acestora baznd-se mai mult pe capacitatea

de a stabili contacte, decat pe competente reale. Prima legislatie speciala pentru sindicate

intercomunale este adoptat n 1932. n 1948 sindicatele intercomunitare devin obligatorii in domeniul

sanatatii. n Finlanda sindicatele intecomunitare devin metoda clasic de organizare a serviciilor

pentru locuitori. Aceste structuri beneficiaz de ajutorul i subventiile statului. Spre deosebire de

municipaliti, care de asemeni beneficiaz de ajutor i subvenii din partea statului, sindicatele

intercominitare nu au dreptul de a percepe impozite. n Suedia o asociere a colectivitilor locale,

conform dreptului public, se constituie n cazul n care este necesar o cooperare mai echilibrat i

organizat. Forma general de cooperare este contractul juridic ordinar ntre municipaliti sau consilii

de comitat contractante.

Cooperarea intercomunal se realizeaz n multiple forme. Principalele forme de cooperare

intercomunal sunt:

(1) Cooperarea informal (ntlniri ntre lideri pentru a rezolva probleme practice sau

coordoneaz o politic, care se ncheie cu acorduri de strngere de mn;

(2) Contractul: un acord legal cu dispoziii obligatorii;

(3) Statutul de ONG este foarte popular n Frana pentru evenimente culturale, turism i servicii

sociale;

(4) Entitate public pentru un singur serviciu;

(5) Organism public multifuncional.

Fiecare ar poate adopta una sau mai multe dintre aceste forme. Studiile asupra fenomenului

cooperrii intercomunitare ilustreaz adoptarea acestor forme. n majoritatea rilor europene exist

forme de intercomunalitate (exemplu Germania, n care exist sindicate ale comunelor, colectiviti

administrative i comuniti ale comunelor). n Austria, Constituia recunoate comunelor dreptul de a

se grupa n sindicatele intercomunale pentru a ndeplini obiective n anumite domenii. Mecanisme de

cooperare ntre colectiviti sunt foarte frecvente n Spania, sub forma consortium, pentru a reuni

diferite tipuri de colectiviti, n timp ce comunele pot constitui sindicate ale comunelor

(mancomunidad). Ungaria a creat 170 microregiuni, pentru a ncuraja cooperarea intercomunal, n


13

general n jurul unui ora, ale cror limite sunt fixate prin lege. Ele au numeroase competene, mai ales

n domeniul educaiei, serviciilor sociale, sntii i amenajarea teritoriului. Italia are mai multe tipuri

de intercomunalitate, comunele de munte, comunele insulare, uniunile de comune. n Irlanda nu exist

forme de intercomunalitate organizate n structurile oficiale, dar exist forme de cooperare informale

prin comitete comune de coordonare. Portugalia are dou tipuri de intercomunalitate: comunitile

intercomunale i ariile metropolitane.1 Marea Britanie a optat pentru Acorduri Contractuale Pluri-

Zonale (Multi-area agreeements), Olanda - Agenii comune, Polonia, Romnia, Letonia, Estonia -

Asociaii intercomunale, Luxemburg - Sindicat intercomunal cu vocative multipla (SYVICOL), Frana

- Intercomunaliti cu compentene de impozitare (comuniti de comune, comuniti de aglomerare,

comuniti urbane i pays).2

Cooperarea intercomunitar n Romnia

Cooperarea intercomunitar nu reprezint o noutate pentru comunele i oraele din Romnia.

Aproape jumtate dintre acestea erau implicate in diferite forme de asociere sau parteneriate nc din

anul 2006. Pentru a reglementa acest fenomen asociativ, a fost introdus in legislaia romaneasc

noiunea de "asociaie de dezvoltare intercomunitar", prin promulgarea Legii nr.286/2006 de

modificare i completare a Legii administraiei publice locale nr. 215/2001.

Astfel, Legea nr. 215 din 2001 a administraiei publice locale, cu modificrile i completrile

ulterioare, definete la art. 1 alin. 2. lit. c. asociaiile de dezvoltare intercomunitar (ADI) ca fiind

"structurile de cooperare cu personalitate juridic, de drept privat, infiinate, in condiiile legii, de

unitile administrative-teritoriale pentru realizarea in comun a unor proiecte de dezvoltare de

interes zonal sau regional ori furnizarea in comun a unor servicii publice". Aceast definiie

identific dou scopuri distincte pentru care autoritile administraiei publice locale pot infiina o

asociaie de dezvoltare intercomunitar. Primul scop vizeaz organizarea i furnizarea de servicii n

interesul tuturor cetenilor din spaiul unitilor administrative teritoriale care se asociaz. Al doilea

scop privete scrierea i implementarea de proiecte.

nregistrarea, organizarea i funcionarea este reglementat prin O.G. nr. 26/2000 cu privire la

asociaii i fundaii, aprobat cu modificri i completri prin Legea nr. 246/20053.

Asociaiile de dezvoltare intercomunitar se constituie prin asocierea voluntar a unitilor

administrativ- teritoriale interesate. Sunt autorizate n baza unor mandate speciale. Mandatele

speciale acordate de unitile administrativ-teritoriale membre, sunt aprobate prin hotrri ale

autoritilor lor deliberative i n condiiile stabilite prin actul constitutiv i statutul asociaiei. ADI

acioneaz sub propria responsabilitate pentru satisfacerea nevoilor colectivitilor locale cu privire

la furnizarea/prestarea fr discriminare, pe raza unitilor administrativ-teritoriale membre, a

serviciului/serviciilor de utiliti publice care i-a/i-au fost transferat/transferate n responsabilitate, ca

i pentru exercitarea i realizarea n comun a competenelor referitoare la aceste servicii ce revin

potrivit legii n sarcina autoritilor administraiei publice locale.

n tabel sunt prezentate rolurile autoritilor publice locale n calitate autoritate public i

rolurile n calitatea acestora de membrii ai asociaiilor de dezvoltare intercomunitar.

Rolul autoritilor publice n cadrul asociaiilor de dezvoltare comunitar APL ADI

Desemnarea

operatorului/operato

rului regional

nfiinez propriul operator; SC cu capital social

integral al unitilor administrativ-teritoriale

membre ale ADI;

Respect avizul asociaiei cu privire la

propunerile de constituire a operatorului.

Atribuie contractele de delegare a

gestiunii oricrui operator, dup caz,

operatorului regional nfiinat de

UTA;

Rol consultativ emite aviz privind

constitutire operatorului /

operatorului regional;

Exercit drepturi speciale de control,

1http://advocacy.ro/sites/advocacy.ro/files/files/pagina-audiere/alte_documente/2013-03/anexa_5_organizarea_administrativ-

teritoriala_in_ue.pdf Sursa: Extras din Studiul ,,Organizarea administrativ teritorial n unele state membre UE, Parlamentul Romniei,

Camera Deputailor, Direcia studii i documentare legislativ, Bucureti, 2009 2 http://veaceslavbulat.wordpress.com/2012/10/18/geneza-cooperarii-intercomunale/ 3 Ctlin Vrabie (coord). Ghid privind constituirea, nregistrarea, organizarea i managementul asociaiilor de dezvoltare intercomunitar cu

obiect de activitate serviciile de utiliti publice. Editura Ministerului Administraiei i Internelor. Bucureti, iulie 2009, p. 6.

http://advocacy.ro/sites/advocacy.ro/files/files/pagina-audiere/alte_documente/2013-03/anexa_5_organizarea_administrativ-teritoriala_in_ue.pdfhttp://advocacy.ro/sites/advocacy.ro/files/files/pagina-audiere/alte_documente/2013-03/anexa_5_organizarea_administrativ-teritoriala_in_ue.pdfhttp://veaceslavbulat.wordpress.com/2012/10/18/geneza-cooperarii-intercomunale/


14

supraveghere i informare asupra

operatorului/operatorului regional;

Gestiunea

serviciului/serviciilor

ncredineaz asociaiei competene privind :

- furnizarea/prestarea serviciului/serviciilor de utiliti publice;

- administrarea i exploatarea infrastructurii tehnico-edilitare aferent acestuia/acestora.

Semneaz contractul de delegare cu

operatorul / operatorul regional;

Exercit drepturile i obligaiile

contractuale;

Monitorizeaz ndeplinirea de ctre

operator a obligaiilor n temeiul

contractului de delegare a gestiunii;

Implementarea

strategiei comune de

dezvoltare a

serviciilor

Apob lista obiectivelor de investiii Aprob

planul de finanare a investiiilor publice cuprinse

n strategia de dezvoltare;

Aprob studiile de fezabilitate aferente

obiectivelor cuprinse n lista de investiii;

Decid asupra finanrii investiiilor,

Discut, n adunarea general, lista

obiectivelor de investiii;

Avizeaz studiile de fezabilitate

aferente obiectivelor cuprinse n lista

de investiii;

Politica tarifar Aprob / respinge tarifele solicitate de

operator/operatorul regional, dup consultri

prealabile n adunarea general a asociaiei

Aprob stabilirea, ajustarea i

modificarea tarifelor unice

Informaiile incluse n tabel, rezultate din analiza prevederilor legale, permit a constata

urmtoarele:

- Dei este statuat delegarea de competene n domeniul serviciilor publice ctre ADI, puterea decizional legat n special de finanarea i realizarea obiectivelor de investiii revine tot

autoritilor (deliberative, deoarece consiliul local trebuie s ia toate hotrrile legate de cheltuirea

fondurilor publice i angajarea bunurilor din domeniul public sau privat, i executive, deoarece cf.

legii 215 modificat, art. 66, alin. 5 primarul conduce serviciile publice locale) administraiei

publice locale associate1 ;

- Asociaiile asigur furnizarea/prestarea serviciului/serviciilor ncredinat/ncredinate, respectiv funcionarea, administrarea i exploatarea sistemelor de utiliti publice aferente

acestuia/acestora numai n modalitatea de gestiune delegat;

- Asociaiile nu pot fi operatori / operatori regionali;

Probleme de fond. Concluzii generale

Probleme de fond n asigurarea eficienei cooperrii intercomunale sunt generate de cele mai

multe ori de complexitatea juridic sporit. Sub aspect psiho-social se poate atesta o motivare slaba a

comunelor bogate de a coopera cu cele srace. Punctul cel mai critic a cooperrii intercomunale este

opacitatea. Scopul asociaiilor de dezvoltare intercomunitar este s asigure administrarea, exploatarea

i funcionarea n condiii de eficien i siguran serviciilor i a sistemelor de utiliti publice pentru

care au fost mandatate, dar cetenii nu pot vedea i nelege cadrul general. Acest lucru se ntmpl

din cel puin dou motive. Unul dintre ele este faptul c cetenilor nu le pas de structurile juridice;

ei tiu exact cine este responsabil de ap, televiziune prin cablu, sau de colectare a gunoiului i pot

telefona la locul potrivit sau trimite cererile lor. Al doilea motiv este c autoritile locale, de exemplu,

primarul, sunt considerate n continuare responsabile pentru toate serviciile publice prestate pe

teritoriul administrat.

Reducerea cheltuielilor bugetare e un mit. Beneficiile prilor nu se exprim n reducerea

cheltuielilor. "Economia de scar" permite mbuntirea calitii tehnice sau cantitatea serviciului, dar

exist rareori o fuziune de servicii care ntr-adevr economisete bani. Toate studiile empirice privind

cooperarea intercomunal, statisticile la nivel mondial, arat c nu exist o reducere n cheltuieli dup

crearea unei asocieri2.

1 Ctlin Vrabie, op.cit., p.50 2 Robert Hertzog Intermunicipal Cooperation: A Viable Alternative to Territorial Amalgamation? In: Territorial Consolidation Reforms in

Europe Local Government and Public Service Reform Initiative edited by Pawe Swianiewicz, OSI/LGI, 2010.


15

Cu certitudine, asocierea intercomunitar este o soluie complementar reformelor teritorial-

administrtaive. Complicat, dar flexibil. Avnd n vedere contexte socio-culturale diferite este nevoie

de o mai mare concentrare asupra criteriilor privind buna funcionare, dect pe uniformizarea

legislaiei.

Asocierea intercomunitar necesit reglementri naionale referitor la procedurile de constituire

i funcionare. Procedurile trebuie s fie compatibile cu ct mai multe msuri de susinere financiar,

inclusiv din partea Uniunii Europene.

Referine:

1. Bdescu, Ilie, Cucu Oancea-Ozana, ietean Gheorghe Tratat de sociologie rural. Editura Mica Valahie: - Bucureti, 2011

2. Good practices in intermunicipal co-operation in Europe, Council of Europe, 2007. 3. Hertzog Robert, Swianiewicz Pawel, Davey Ken, Balducci Massimo. Toolkit Manual.

Intermunicipal Cooperation. The Council of Europe (CoE), the United Nations Development

Programme (U.N.D.P.) and the Local Government Initiative (L.G.I.) of the Open Society.

Budapest, 2010;

4. Osoian Ion, Srodoev Igor, Veveri Eugenia, Prohnichi Valeriu. Studiu analitic privind structura administrativ-teritorial optimal pentru Republica Moldova. -Chiinu, 2010 ;

5. Pop, Daniel, Stnu,Cristina, Suciu, Ana-Maria Asociaia de dezvoltare intercomunitar. Efecte probabile i soluii posibile. Proiect finanat de Camera Deputailor, Parlamentul Romniei, n

cadrul programului Parteneriat cu Societatea Civil, 2007

6. Studiu comparativ privind implementarea conceptului intercomunalitii n Europa. http://www.dezvoltareintercomunitara.ro/files/articles/Studiu.pdf

7. Vrabie, Ctlin (coord). Ghid privind constituirea, nregistrarea, organizarea i managementul asociaiilor de dezvoltare intercomunitar cu obiect de activitate serviciile de utiliti publice.

Editura Ministerului Administraiei i Internelor.-Bucureti, 2009;

POWER, OPPOSITION AND POLITICAL CRISIS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA

RUSANDU Ion, doctor, confereniar universitar, cercettor,

Institutul de Cercetri Juridice i Politice al Academiei de tiine a Moldovei

Abstract: In the article is reflected one of the major aspects of political life of the Republic of

Moldova, namely the issue of functioning political opposition. Is analyzed the relationship between

power and opposition in the context of the problems facing society at present. This article presents

various factual data that reflect the topicality and sociological issues raised.

The opposition is the word most often pronounced by political scientists, citizens are at present.

At the same time as the opposition or any other Institute within the political system is a product of

development over time and will gain many years before full maturity. The opposition is in the ability

for impact the socio-political processes in walking and in the same time is influenced by events that

take place in society.

The evolution of the events related to the processes of socio-economic and political

development in last period of the Republic of Moldova demonstrated clear that the most palpable

result lies in the fact that you cannot overcome the crises on all areas. Currently one of the most

points of view terms is at "crisis": political crisis, economic crisis, financial crisis, moral crisis, etc.

According to surveys conducted by the Institute for public policy and given publicity on 8

December 88% of those questioned considered that things in Moldova go in a bad direction. We rely

on the occurrence of crises, the causes, conduct, and their impact are multiple and flexible.

The political crisis [1] can lead to unpredictable consequences concerning development vector.

There is currently no political force (party), nor the President, nor the Government (only in 2015 three

governments has changed) who would be able to overcome crises in the near future, the first political

crisis. That in Moldova there is a political crisis is apparent, as they say, "the naked eye": we are

http://www.dezvoltareintercomunitara.ro/files/articles/Studiu.pdf


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eyewitnesses to that trust in political parties rate, State institutions, the President of the country

permanently and significantly decreases. Secondly, there is consensus in society about the country's

development vector. Thirdly, increase the active mass conscientious objector. In this aspect, the most

significant point is the establishment of the platform for Dignity and Truth. Therefore, we can say that

the year 2016 with probability (as the economy evolves, adjustment reforms in State institutions) can

be considered a missed year for upgrading.

Delayed identification solutions in order to overrun crisis, calling them overall, led the

imperative:

- The increase in social matter of all social strata due to resolve major problems and lowering

the standard of living of the population;

- Splitting the political class, that proposes solutions for the modernization of the country

diametrically opposed;

- Sharp decrease State institutions authority, given that I can't improve the socio-economic

situation and the current policy.

In these circumstances, it is necessary to develop a national social contract between power and

society, opposition, major crises and exceeded to the political crisis.

We mention that r the protests, organized by this civic platform for Dignity and Truth, the

Government had a few scenarios for such situations, which largely are carnal and not when it meets

State bonds in relation to citizens.

First, the trust could initiate dialogue with the leaders of the "Yes" Platform in resolving claims.

Government has chosen the path of delayed evade dialogue from the dialog. This escape is due to

human factor, linked to the psychology of the governing class, educated under the terms of the old

political system (Soviet), as was the likelihood of lowering the temperature of the protests. Secondly,

violent confrontations between protesters and the governing and which could been triggered by

various other forces, but was avoided thanks to the leaders of the platform. However, major positive

consequences in terms of political theory lies in the fact that the mechanism of non returning to

previous situation and seeking solutions to change the current political class through early elections

and parties desired opposition Socialists party, abbreviated to "our party" and the Communist Party.

In contemporary literature especially local phenomenon "political opposition" is given in our

opinion, a minor consideration. Some aspects of this phenomenon are tangential at the studies devoted

to the analysis of power, political parties etc. Often the political opposition is reflected in the media.

Largely lack a scientific approach on this very important subject for political theory is due and the fact

that at present the phenomenon of "political opposition" does not have a legal validation.

In the Republic of Moldova is recognized democracy and political pluralism, freedom of

opinion and expression [1, p. 4, 9.]. These democratic norms in the society that acts the principle of

political pluralism. In the context of the development of democracy, political pluralism, in the

Republic of Moldova as a result of various opposing interests not infrequently of the citizens and the

State's political opposition has emerged. Political-moral consequences related to the tragic event in

Padurea Domneasca (2013) and amplification of the protests have highlighted a new major problem

the degree of stability of political situation in Moldova. Civic activism for Dignity and Truth and

opinion polls have shown that people can unite around issues which have a direct impact upon their

lives, people can criticize but institutions not only to the concrete to the abstract way.

The phenomenon of "political opposition" has its justification in defining its policy only through

the phenomenon of power. The opposition cannot exist outside of power it is "connected" to power by

setting face to power. It must be noted here that the problem does not reside in the opposition

(unhappy with are much in different aspects and issues) as well as the fact that the opposition is

characterized by a very important clue, namely, fighting for the seizure of power.

The essence of the term opposition refers to an organized group of citizens, acting for the

common good and are able to present themselves in front of the electorate as being an alternative to

policy and governance with their own alternatives.

Generally, the notion "opposition" defines a group of people in society, the Organization, the

leading party putting forward against policy, the majority of the resistance. In the political aspect, the

existence of the opposition means the impossibility of a principled attitude towards perennial goals

which seek political power. In different political systems, the opposition play different roles. Thus, in

the totalitarian system, political power to remove any attempt by the opposition to hold, given that


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political power seen in opposition a distress for himself and a antistate phenomenon, in conditions of

democracy the opposition is imminent political and social life that are necessary for mobile to power

of parties in Government. The opposition characterizes by the goals and the means they use. The

major focus of any opposition to power is reached. When we are talking about the opposition means,

indicate their differentiation into the fair and unfair. Loyal opposition is that which does not go beyond

the legal framework in the process of political struggles and detests violence in case the opposition is

Unfair rely on violent methods or threaten with their application.

During the development of the opposition have set up various forms and varieties, such as the

parliamentary opposition and non parlamentary, fair and unfair, constructive and destructive, etc. In

any event, the presence of opposition means that society and the State are different opinions of the

official State-that need to be taken into account. Political power is forced to take into account the

opinion of the opposition, if it is constructive and in line with the basic strategies of governance.

Political actions are some of the main forms of parliamentary opposition. These actions, carried

out by the opposition, are diverse both after the form after the theme exposed. Currently, the

opposition prefers traditional street forms, the most popular being the rallies. The Organization of

these events are tailored to current information and technical progress. Thus, opposition parties use

social networks, is intensifying their presence in internet. The aim of the actions carried out are

diverse, but the main goal is to build confidence in the political status and attracting new supporters,

which will lead to an intensification of the influence and pressures on Government.

In our opinion the political opposition must by understood as an organized group active from

citizens which are United by their commitment to political interests, values and goals and fighting with

the Government to accede to power itself.

Theoretical and methodological size of political opposition "binomial" and "power" makes

possible the answer to the question what is the mechanism of the interaction, communication, control

each other as indeed both components of the above-named phenomenon to be oriented towards the

development of society. The process of democratization in the Republic of Moldova is a complicated

one and is related to the maturity of the political elite of both the self-governing and those in

opposition, what is more important, the opportunity of power and the opposition to work, having

regard to the major issues facing the State and society.

The political opposition in the Republic of Moldova presents itself a complex phenomenon and

multicomponent, which has gone through a transformation essential in the aftermath of independence.

In the former Soviet Republic, the opposition makes its appearance with the abolition of article 6 of

the Constitution of the USSR on the role of the driver of the CPSU (1990) and the demise of the

SOVIET UNION in 1991, when there were pre-requisites for the establishment of the multi-party

system.

The opposition, which is set up in this period have an optimistic democratic potential. From

1988 till 1996 the opposition in our country has been the driving force behind the fountain, and the

most important factor in the making of a democratic society. The emergence of opposition and the

progressive activity must be qualified as one of the General characteristics of democratization, which

characterizes the establishment of a new political system. At the same time, together with political

pluralism and multi-party system emerged and political crises, initiated the struggle between power

and opposition.

It should be noted that the process of formation in Moldova of the political opposition has not

been concluded, stems to be uneven and inconsistent.

Among the factors that prevent the proper activity of the opposition political organizations:

- the legal character of indeterminate status, saying the course of European integration has

taken responsibility in order to adjust his political system in line with the democratic standards of

contemporary (modern). One of the important issues you need to be in the process of civilizational

formation of relationship between political power and the opposition. The experience of Western

countries reveals undeniable that granting the parliamentary opposition has real opportunities for

promotion and support of his point of view as an alternative from that journal, fair competition with

other political forces leads to the stability of the political system, political conflicts, contributing to the

promotion of important political decisions and not the last, his Utes to the social cohesion of the

opposition. It has not yet become a good practice to grant the parliamentary opposition the right to

lead committees who control functions: the Commission for budget, economy and finance:


18

- the low level of political and legal culture both of the opposition and representatives of power

and of course of the citizens;

- the delayed reforms in legal and administrative domain, the high level of corruption, etc;

- the existence of various cleavages: East-West, rich-poor and those related to national

identities.

Speaking about the relations between the Government and the political opposition, we will

mention that they were and are very complicated, multidimensional and multi-vector and changes with

time. At the same time, we will mention that, on the one hand, there was opposition political

institutionalization would establish and direct relations between the Government and the political

opposition. This aspect is particularly important, given that at present the relationship between power

and opposition he has gone from the force and coercion to communication, speech to find political and

economic solutions. Only in such a way it can be perceived as it starts today, but also that it loses its

authority instead it strengthens opposition. Here we notice that for political sciences there is a new

approach and a new method of research based and conflicted, but appearance and speech.

Becoming part of the legitimated as an institution of the political system political opposition

manifests itself as an effective mean of civilized decisions of negotiations/contradictions between the

interests of different social categories exhibited at the political level. English Researcher e. Kolinsky

mentions that the opposition is a term that refers to the right of the minority to the majority, critical

control and seek popular support for defending/alternative opinions [2].

In the context of those exposed about the frequent crises which are based on various factors and

phenomena, we mention that today corruption is a major impediment in resolving problems of the rule

of law and the establishment of a fully fledged market economy.

Here we will refer to a conclusion regarding the socio-political situation made by Florin Nita yet

in 2009 (after the elections of 29 July 2009) and which, in our opinion, is valid at this time. Like

writes the author pro-democratic movements are hardly trained and supported in the former Soviet

space, especially in places where the Russian-speaking population represent a considerable percentage

of the population, energy dependence and toward Russia is very strong political power which should

be shared with actors loyal to Moscow and Governments might want to resort to fundamental political

and economic reforms. In this regard, the need for compromise between political forces in Moldova to

reform is very high, because neither Russia nor the European Union do not seem to be quite influential

to quota situation in their favor, but weak enough so as not to exercise the power of veto. It is

important to know, however, that any failure of any Government opposition parties will have a

negative impact not only on the political credibility of the pro-Western forces from Moldova, but also

on the credibility of the European Union to support the processes of democratization in its eastern

neighbourhood [3].

According to estimates by the World Bank, corruption hinders the economic development of the

Republic of Moldova at least 2 percent a year, which leads to the fact that each of the country's

citizens working approximately 42 days so not for himself but for the failure to pay the State in

fighting corruption.

According to a ranking conducted by The World Justice Project "of the most corrupt countries

in the world, Moldova is ranked 93 places out of 102 countries [5].

Are somehow shocking data presented at the XI National Anticorruption Conferences that were

held in December 2015 in Chisinau regarding the integrity of public functions. Thus, 65% of officials

subject to the test of integrity have failed, and 100% not denounced attempts of corruption [6].

Interest data on membership of political subjects that have committed acts of corruption. If you

don't go on the assumption, then these selective justice data reflects a worrying situation.

Thus, according to CNA information regarding membership of political subjects who

committed the acts of corruption set forth by Viorel Chetraru, Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova

holds a Championship-41.37% of all persons belonging to a political formations and have made acts of

corruption, the Democratic Party-29.6% and Liberal-27,24%. At the tail of the ranking lies

independent candidates-1.1%, PNL and ELECTIONS-the same percentage. Our party has 2.2% and

9.8%-Communist Party.

All of the above lead to the fact that the appraisals, descriptions relating to Moldova both from

the inside and from the outside mainly coincide: Republic of Moldova became a captive State.


19

At the same time, we will mention that the study conducted by UNDP during the period 27-17

September 2015 showed that every second Moldovan bribed an employee of the institutions of the

State in the past five years [7].

In the context of those exposed, an important role with regard to the relations between the

Government and the political opposition and the correlation of political and economic processes you

have elections held at regular intervals and based on the decision of the majority.

As an instrument for the formation of organs of public power, the elections are characterized by

the following traits:

- Elections to law power. Through the election of its representatives selects their people best,

and its mandate and submit them to the realization of the powers of sovereignty. However, "there is no

legitimate Government, endowed with the power to order other than those derived from free and

democratic elections".

- The choices are not give life to the institutional Assembly: the Presidency, the Parliament,

local councils. They have a wider significance: the elections represent the main form of political

participation of citizens in governance and in the collective consciousness, they are the main criterion

of political democracy.

- Elections constitute a barometer of political life. In the process of organizing and conducting

elections confronted interests of different visions and programs of the Government whose exponents

are parties and socio-political organizations. The election results reflect the extent of influence of these

political forces and aspirations of voters.

- Elections are a tool to check the Government. Namely the elections citizens creates the

possibility to transmit the right individuals capable and worthy to govern. Often, however, voters do

not have the opportunity to choose the best of the good ones and to choose the best of wicked. This

absenteeism, boosts phenomenon about to discuss. It's worth mentioning, that absenteeism, lack of

policy competence of citizens reduce to some extent the effectiveness of election.

- The election represents the means through which the confirmation of self-organization by

citizens, civil society policy, certifying the right of citizens to be active subjects of the process of

governance. [8]

Under the terms of the parties' election promises when it arrived in the Government are people

with lose confidence in the political formations. Disenchantment of the population leads to nihilism

and absenteeism. Typically, absenteeism occurs when conviction subsides to the need to have the

political support of a political party, when each person shall refrain from participating in political life.

On the one hand, the absence from the ballot boxes indicates that the individual has the right to choose

the type of behaviour which corresponds to their own interests. On the other hand, electoral

absenteeism is obviously evidence of people's indifference to political leaders, election and other

social-political events [10].

The results of the presidential election in July 2015 showed that compared to the 2011 local

elections increased the percentage of absent. Compared to previous elections, voting did not come out

to about 10 percent of voters. Possible cause of the absenteeism is due to deep disappointment in the

ruling parties and the retrieval of PCRM supporters within the LDP and the DEMOCRATIC PARTY

If the appointment of a new Government. This disappointment is directly related to that enormous

damage-billion stolen banking network! Other issues relate to the lack of reforms in justice and

inability of the Government to improve the quality of life of the population of the country. The most

disturbing fact regarding absenteeism refers that they have ignored the election especially youth, i.e.

future prospective followers of proeuropean.

Local general elections of June 2015 have generated, in our opinion, some of the major

processes that have swept all the political fringes. Thus, it appears that the segment of the left were

two new parties which take place basically Communist Party is all about ELECTIONS and PPPN.

From this finding emerges still a phenomenon linked to the will of the electorate which gave the

option not only for parties already "traditionalist", but also for other parties, gen PPEM. This keep in

our vision, the so-called "frame", a term which is defined as the interpretative schemes, which allow

individuals to locate, collect, identify and determine events directly or tangentially they shall

participate.[9]

Our study with respect to the General local elections of June 2015 permits us to conclude the

following:


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- Firstly, local general elections of June 2015 took place in conditions of deep economic and

political crisis and set against the backdrop of a banking scandal.

- Secondly, the pro-European parties have retained control over the majority of the country's

districts. Election results have granted such parties the opportunity to shape the Alliance for European

integration (AIE-3).

- Thirdly, the local election was marked by geopolitical factor, in this case, the elections of

mayors in Chisinau and Balti are eloquent. At the same time, the proposed vector became very

segmented. Keep in mind that in the not too distant past had one strong player in this segment-

Communist Party is now jostling for ELECTIONS and PPPN.

- Fourthly, the local election of June 2015 was highlighted by an absenteeism on the part of

youth, being multiple causes: lack of trust in State institutions functionality until corruption with major

share at all levels, genial reforms in justice. So, absenteeism occurs, on the one hand, against the

backdrop of prodemocratic aspirations and pro-European, the political culture of the population, and

on the other hand, there is a distrust of Government.

If we make a comparison of citizens concerning opportunities for parties that voted in the

parliamentary elections of November 2014 and for those who would like to vote (with reference to the

last poll of the IPP-8 November-1 December 2015), we observe a decrease in relation to the pro-

European parties and parties oriented to increase the Customs Union.

Thus, the Parliament will accede "our party" with 24%, party of Socialists-15%, the Communist

Party-11%, and the European people's Party, the Democratic Party and the Liberal Party will garner

together just 26%. From the race will leave the Liberal Democrats-only 2%. At the time of the survey,

"YES" can garner 18 percent of voters. Presumably, analysis of the situation to date makes politicians

of pro-European parties to oppose early parliamentary elections.

The political instability that meadows in 2009 so far is due to the tacit Alliance between the

components of the war (s) on various issues with particular emphasis on interests. That peace which is

established on the short period sometimes fleeting we call it "hybrid peace". [2]

Distinguishing publicized "hybrid peace" are, in our opinion, the following:

- Party leaders (the "pro-European") expressly convey messages with a load of future

peacekeeping, which are reduced at calls to intensify talks and form a new pro-European Alliance.

- Political leaders continue to alternate constructive dialogue calls defamatory accusations

against the prospective allies to remove him, ultimately from policy.

- As a result of this "hybrid peace" very fragile, political leaders and their formations are going

to appear in front of voters as the most pure, moral point of view, not having any powers to deep crises

that have affected society as a whole.

In our opinion, civil society should have the mission to reduce absenteeism, politica

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