Chimia alimentelor (1)

8/17/2019 Chimia alimentelor (1)

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CHIMIA ALIMENTELORI. CLASIFICARE SI CARACTERISTICI CHIMICEALE ALIMENTELORI.1. DEFINIREA NOTIUNILOR DE ALIMENT SI NUTRIENT

I.2. CARACTERISTICILE PRINCIPALILOR NUTRIENTII.2.1. GlucideI.2.2. LipideI.2.3. ProteieI.2.!. F"ctori de re#l"re $et"%olic"& E'i$e( )it"$ie( *or$oiI.2.+. Ele$etele $ier"leI.2.,. Produ-i ecud"ri de $et"%oli$I.2./. Ap"

I.3. CLASIFICAREA SI CARACTERI0AREA ALIMENTELORIN FUNCTIE DE CARACTERISTICILE COMPO0ITIEI C*IMICE Ali$ete prepoderet proteiceI.3.1. C"re( pete i ou"

I.3.2. L"pte -i produe l"ct"te Ali$ete prepoderet #lucidiceI.3.3. Cere"leI.3.!. 0"r -i produe '""ro"eI.3.+. Le#u$e -i ructe Ali$ete prepoderet lipidiceI.3.,. Gri$i i uleiuri

Alte "li$ete& "p" i %"uturi


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II. COMPOZITIA CHIMICA A ALIMENTELORII.1. ALIMENTE PROTEICE

II.1.1. C"re"II.1.2. Pe-tele -i prep"r"tele de pe-te

II.1.3. L"ptele -i prep"r"tele de l"pteII.1.!. Oule -i coer4ele de ouII.2. ALIMENTE GLUCIDICE

II.2.1. Fi" -i produele io"eII.2.2. 0"rul -i produele '""ro"eII.2.3. Miere" -i "lte produe "picoleII.2.!. Le#u$e 4er'i i le#u$io"e

II.2.+. FructeII.3. GRASIMI SI ULEIURI

II.3.1. Gri$i "i$"leII.3.1.1.UtulII.3.1.2.Gri$e" de porcII.3.2. Uleiuri 4e#et"le

II.3.2.1.Uleiul de lo"re" o"reluiII.3.2.2. M"r#"ri"II.4. BAUTURI

II.!.1. Ap"II.!.2. 5uturi "lcooliceII.!.2.1. Fer$et"6i" "lcoolicII.!.2.2. 5uturi er$et"te & )iul -i %ere"

II.!.2.3.5uturi "lcoolice ditil"te 7pirto"e8II.!.3. 5uturi e"lcoolice


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III. MODIFICARI ALE COMPOZITIEI CHIMICE A ALIMENTELOR PE DURATAPROCESARII, DEPOZITARII SI CONSERVARII

III.1. Tehnologia pinii! "o#i$i%&'i ale %o"po(i)iei %hi"i%e *n #i$e'i+e e+ape iin$l-en)a lo' a-p'a %ali+&)ii piniiIII.1.1. Oper"6i" de r$9t"re 7prelucr"re $ec"ic8III.1.2. Fer$et"re" "lu"tuluiIII.1.3. Dopire" i"l -i co"cere"

III.1.!. I4ecire" p9iiiIII.1.+. Feo$ee de o:id"re e'i$"tic& rolul lipo:i#e"'ei ; p"iic"6ie

III./. Tehnologia p'o#-elo' la%+a+e! "o#i$i%&'i ale %o"po(i)iei %hi"i%e i ale%ali+&)ii lap+el-i i p'o#-elo' la%+a+e. III.2.1. Ilue6" tr"t"$etului ter$ic 7p"teuri'"re( terili'"re( deidr"t"re(

lioili'"re8III.2.2. Ilue6" tr"t"$etului ter$ic "upr" c"lit6ii $9t9ii -i utuluiIII.2.3. Eectele $"turrii( codi6iorii -i coer4rii "upr" c"lit6ii utuluiIII.2.!. Ilue6" teolo#iei "upr" c"lit6ii %r9'eturilor


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III.0. Tehnologia %&'nii i a p'o#-elo' #e %a'ne! "o#i$i%&'i ale %o"po(i)iei%hi"i%e *n $-n%)ie #e +ehnologieIII.3.1. Eectul te$per"turii "upr" co$poetelor crii& p"teuri'"re( ier%ere(pr


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Ali"en+ = $"terie c"re pri i#etie er4e-te l" ;tre6iere" -i de'4olt"re" uui or#"i= produ "tur"l de co$po'i6ie co$ple:( de ori#ie 4e#et"l "u "i$"l.Nutrie6i = co$poete "le "li$etelor.

N-+'ien)ii =co$pu-i or#"ici -i "or#"ici cu rol tructur"l( eer#etic -i>"uuc6io"l 7re#l"tor $et"%olic8( c"re "i#ur upr"4ie6uire" -i reproducere"or#"i$ului.Glucidele -i lipidele = utrie6i cu rol tructur"l( uc6io"l -i eer#eticProteiele "u rol tructur"l -i uc6io"l 7$et"%olic8.

E'i$ele( or$oii "u 4it"$iele "u rol de re#l"tori 7$odul"tori8 "iproceelor $et"%olice.Ele$etele $ier"le "u rol tructur"l -i re#l"tor( ;deoe%i i "ociere cu"p".Produ-ii ecud"ri de $et"%oli$ ut ; pricip"l de ori#ie 4e#et"l7pi#$e6i( uleiuri 4ol"tile( eoli -i polieoli 7t"iuri8( pectie( #luco'iol"6ii(

"lc"loi'ii( etc. Ace-ti" "u rol $et"%olic ; or#"i$ele 4e#et"le -i e:ercit eecte %eeice7d"r ueori -i to:ice8 "upr" or#"i$elor "i$"le.


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Ali$etele c"re co6i $icroor#"i$e ce cotri%uie po'iti4 l"$et"%oli$ ut deu$ite p'o6io+i%e. De e:e$plu & er$e6ii l"cticidi i"urturi 7Acti4i"8

Su%t"6ele c"re ti$ule"'" $et"%oli$ul uor $icroor#"i$epro%iotice e u$ec p'e6io+i%e 7e:? i%re di cere"le "u pectie diructe ece"re de'4oltrii uor er$e6i.

Uele u%t"6e pure o%6iute de idutri" "#ro?"li$et"r "uci$ic 7'"rul( "lcoolul( etc.8 pot i coider"te de "e$ee""li$ete 7 ali"en+e in#-+'iale8. M"r#"ri" @@@

Ali"en+ele $-n%)ionale ut coider"te cele c"re "duc %eeiciiupli$et"re t6ii "i$"lelor -i o$ului pri co$po'i6i" lor

;$%o#6it ; co$pu-i %iolo#ic "cti4i( cu eecte "tio:id"te( deprotec6ie "6 de %oli de#eer"ti4e 7c"cer( %oli c"rdio4"cul"re(c"t"r"ct( %oli der$"tolo#ice8.


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CARACTERISTICILE PRINCIPALILOR NUTRIENŢI DIN ALIMENTE

Glucidele e $"i u$ec -i idr"6i de c"r%o( u%t"6e cu or$ul #eer"l 7C*2O8

c"re "u #ut dulce( co6i uc6iui idro:ilice 7O*8 -i c"r%oilice 7"ldeide "u cetoe8.

O(ele 7$oo#lucide83=trio'e(!=tetro'e(

+=peto'e(,=e:o'e( /=epto'e8

7"ldo'e "u ceto'e8.


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Aldo'e i ceto'e

Epi$eri = i'o$eri


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CICLI0AREA GLUCO0EIGLUCIDEPIRANO0ICE 7,8 i FURANO0ICE 7+8


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De'i3a)i ai gl-%i#elo'. 4li%o(i#e 7 e or$e"' pri re"c6ii l"#rupri O* #lico'idice 7di po'i6i" 18 di#lucide. O?#lico'ide o%6iute pri re"c6ii de

eteriic"re cu "lcooli "u eoli (N?#lico'ide o%6iute pri re"c6ii cu %"'epuriice "u piri$idiiceS?#lico'ide 7re"c6ii cu tioli8.Deo8igl-%i#ele 7o%6iute pri eli$i"re"uor #rupri O* 7 de e:. uco'"( r"$o'"8Poliolii ! "lcooli re'ult"6i pri idro#e"re"$oo#lucidelor 7de e:. or%itol( io'itol -i$e'oio'itol( " crui eter ooric = "ciditic8. ilitolul= petitol di :ilo'"7 #lucid die$icelulo'e8 d" e'"6ie de $etol"t(i#rediet ; #u$ele de $etec"t.A"inogl-%i#ele ut deri4"6i "$iici "i

#lucidelor( e:.#luco'"$i"(#"l"cto'"$i".A%i(ii -'oni%i re'ult pri o:idri "le#ruprilor "ldeidice "u idro:il re'ult9dpri o:id"re l" C1 ? "ci'i #lucoici( l" C, ?"ci'i #lucuroici "u C1 BC, ? "ci'i'""rici8.


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La%+onele = cetoe ciclice o%6iutepri o:id"re" e'i$"tic "$oo#lucidelor 74it"$i" C8.

E+e'i "i #lucidelor& eteri oorici

7ucleo'id o"6i8( eteri ulurici 7;"l#e -i licei8 "u eteri "i "ci'iloruroici 7pectie8.Pe%+inele ?poli$eri cu c"tee de#lucide li%ere -i "cid #"l"cturoic( curol de u6iere " te:turii celul"re l"le#u$e -i ructe. Se #ec ;

c"tit"te $"re ; uele $ere(co"c'e( co"


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DI4LUCIDE

L"cto'"= α?#"l"cto'" B β?#luco'"0""ro'"=α?#luco'" B β?ructo'"M"lto'"= 2 : α?#luco'"

Celo%io'"= 2 : β?#luco'"


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A$ido="$ilo'" 71(!8 i

"$ilopecti" 71(!B1(,8

A"i#on 9 poli"e' al 7gl-%o(ei

Poligl-%i#e

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Cel-lo(a 9 poli"e' al β7gl-%o(ei

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4li%ogen-l ete or$" pricip"l detoc"re " #luco'ei l" "i$"le -i o$.Structur" " ete idetic cu ce" ""$ilopectiei( d"r $"i r"$iic"t -i $"i

co$p"ct. Glico#eul ete toc"tpreere6i"l ; ic"t -i $u-ci. Se#e-te -i ; c"re" de c"l( ; $olu-te

In-lina ? poli$er "l β?ructo'ei( ;t9lit ; pricip"l ; ce"p( uturoi( cico"re("#i"re( precu$ -i c" poli#lucid dere'er4 ; rdcii.Ete pre%iotic.

Ac"ci"

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Ca'a%+e'i+i%i $i(i%o7%hi"i%e ale gl-%i#elo', %- apli%a)ii *n +ehnologiaali"en+a'&

Or#"i$ul utili'e"'" #lucide c" ur pricip"l 7"pro:. + diece"rul eer#etic8 i r"pid" de di'ol4"re( "%or%6ie -i di#er"re( ;deoe%i#luco'"( ructo'" d"r -i di#lucide 7'""ro'"( l"cto'"8.

P-+e'ea *n#-l%i+oa'e 7PD8 " uor #lucide -i polioli ete dierit( ; r"portcu '""ro'" 7reeri6" PD= 18( coider9d olu6ii de 1&

D? Fructo'" = 11! D?Gluco'" = , ilitol = 120"r i4ertit = + D?M"itol = , D?Sor%itol = +1D?G"l"cto'" = ,3 D?M"o'" = + M"lto'" = !,

L"cto'" = 1, R"io'" = 22

Fi%rele de tip #lucidic pro4i di celulo'e( e$icelulo'e( pectie 7cere"le(le#u$e( ructe8 ; c"tit6i $"ri 71+?2 #>'i8 -i dep-ec procetul de + de#lucide ; "li$et"6ie.


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A#"ro'" Al#i"ti i co$pleci cu C"lciu

Poligl-%i#e #in alge

A#"r A#"ro'" Al#i"tC"r"#e"


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In apa A$ilo'"( pir"l"t tridi$eio"l u% or$ de eli:e di'ol4 $"i u-or i"r l" rcire de4ie iolu%il(u% or$ de #el "u p"t.

A$ilopecti" ete $"i pu6i olu%il ; "p -io$e"' olu6ii $"i pu6i 49co"e l" c"ld.Co6iutul u $"i $"re ; o"6i cotri%uie l"

u$l"re" r"pid " #r"ulelor.

Mo#i$i%&'i ale +'-%+-'ii gl-%i#elo'


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Deg'a#a'e +e'"i%& ? d"torit #ruprilor lor idro:ilice -i c"r%oilice( cu re"cti4it"te$"re -i t"%ilit"te ter$ic redu( #lucidele uer $odiicri "le tructurii lor(

depedete de $odul de o%6iere -i prelucr"re " "li$etelor.

1. Rea%)ii Mailla'# 76'-ni$i%a'e neen(i"a+i%&8 = code"re #lucide cu #rup"ri"$io di "$io"ci'i "u proteie. L" ;cl'ire "u ptr"re ;delu#"t "p"rco$pu-i color"6i %ru( cu "ro$ peciic 7 pr


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H C O

CH OH

D - Glucose

H C OH

C OHH

C HHO

1,2-Endiol

CH O

H HC

C O

3-Deoxy-D-glucosulose

OCHO

OHHOH2CO

CHO

HOH2C

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural

H

HOH

HOH

HOH

O

CHO

urfural


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Ue o St"rcUe o St"rc

Canning flling viscosity aidsuspension aid or particulatesopacity agentbody or soups, sauces, puddings and graviesaseptically canned products

beverages such as coee, teas or chocolate

Cereals and Snacks hot extruded snackschips, pretzels, etc.

extruded and ried oodsready-to-eat cereals

Cooked Meat Binwater binder or ormed msmoked meats, low-at mepet oods (dried and canne

Flavors and BeveraClouds

encapsulation o !avors, ats,spray dried !avors or drybeveragebeverage emulsionsli"uid and powdered non-daicreamers


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A$ido crit"li "u "$or


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Gel"tii'"re" "$idouluiGel"tii'"re" "$idoului

Amodon natur Temp (27oC) Incalzire (!o

Inmuiere ("!oC) Inmuiere (#!oC)

$upere (#"oC)

%elatinizare & pasta (7!&'!oC) Implozie ('!oC)


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A"i#onA"i#on 4ela+ini(a'e4ela+ini(a'eTT

Poru$%Poru$% ,2?/C,2?/C

Poru$%Poru$%cerocero

,2.+?/2C,2.+?/2C

Sor#Sor# ,H?/+C,H?/+C

C"rto C"rto +?,/.+C+?,/.+C

T"pioc"T"pioc" +H.+?/C+H.+?/C

A$ilopecti"

A$ilo'"

For$"re" p"tei de "$ido 7 "lu"t8


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AMIDONDETRINI0ARE ⇓ α7a"ila(&

DE;TRINEZAHARIFICARE ⇓ β7a"ila(&

gl-%anohi#'ola(ea"ilogl-%o(i#a(e

OLI4OZAHARIDEMALTOZ


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A"i#on7 "o#i$i%a'e en(i"a+i%a α "$il"'"

Edo?e'i$" = rupe le#"tur" #lico'idic" i re#iuiecrit"lie 7α? 1?! li"#e8

DE;TRINE, MALTOZE i MALTOTRIOZE

&amilaza

β&amilazaE:o?e'i$"MALTOZE


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Mucopoli'""ride

Glicoproteie #lico?lipoproteie


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AMINOACIZI7 PEPTIDE7 PROTEINE

Le#"tur" peptidic"


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A$io"ci'i i peptide 2 de "$io"ci'i pot or$" proteie

2 ""= 2 peptide dierite

3 "" = , peptide dierite! ""= 2! peptide dieriteJ 2 "" = @ Proteie


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PROTEINELEco$pu-ii $"cro$olecul"ri pro4ei6i di policode"re" "$io"ci'ilor 7p'o+eine i"ple = oloproteie8 precu$ -ip'o+ei#ele 7co$%i"6ii "le proteielor cu #rupri protetice eproteice =

eteroproteie8 d"r -i co$pu-ii de de#r"d"re "le proteielor 7peptide -i "$io"ci'i8.

Proteiele a- 'ol pla+i% i +'-%+-'al 7 or$"re de 6euturi oi -i$e6iere" tructurilor celul"re -i tiul"re8Proteiele a- 'ol $-n%+ional, "e+a6oli% 7 re#l"re $et"%oli$("cti4it"te c"t"litic"("p"r"re i$u"( receptori de $e$%r""8

Au 'ol ene'ge+i% e%-n#a' 71 # uri'e"' u$"i ! c"lorii8 i"r ; r" "portuleer#etic "l proteielor 4"ri"' ;tre 1?1+ di tot"lul c"loriilor i#er"te.Proteiele u "u or$ de re'er4 -i e:ite6" lor ; or#"i$ ete depedet

de c"lit"te">c"tit"te" proteielor di "li$ete.


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Fo$op'o+einele! co6i returi de PO!3? le#"te de "$io"ci'ii ter$i"li 7eri(treoi8 di proteie cu$ ut c"'ei" 7l"pte8( 4iteli" 7#l%eu-8. Sutidroli'"%ile u% "c6iue" pepiei -i " tripiei.

4li%op'o+eine! re'ult pri le#"re" co4"let ditre o r"c6ie #lucidic -i o r"c6ieproteic. Au i$port"6 i'iolo#ic $"re( e #ec ; pl"$( uri -i $ucu(6eut co


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P'o+a"inele i hi+onele ut proteie cu $" $olecul"r $ic( ce co6i"$io"ci'i %"'ici 7li'i"( "r#ii"8. Prot"$iele ut %o#"te ; "r#ii( u co6itiro'i -i tripto" -i ut idroli'"te u% "c6iue" uei e'i$e peciice( tripi".

*itoele u co6i tripto" -i ut idroli'"te de tripi -i pepi. Ele itr ;cotitu6i" ucleoproteielor( or$9d ucleo'o$ii 7pri "ociere cu "ci'iiucleici8.Al6-"inele ut olu%ile ; "p( co"#ule"' l" c"ld( co6i #licocol ; c"tit6i$ici. Ditre "cete"( cele $"i i$port"te ut o4"l%u$i" 7di ou8 -i "l%u$i"eric 7di er "#4i8.

4lo6-linele ut %o#"te ; #licocol( "cid #lut"$ic -i "p"rtic. Sut rp9dite ;licidele %iolo#ice( cu$ ut α?( β?( γ ?#lo%uliele di erul "#4i. Se #ec ;$u-ci( 7$io'i"8( #l%eu- 7o4o#lo%uli"8( l"pte 7l"cto#lo%uli"8 -i pl"te cu$ut "ole"( $"'re"( le#u$ele 4er'i.P'ola"inele i gl-+elinele ut peciice re#ului 4e#et"l. Prol"$iele ut%o#"te ; "cid #lut"$ic( proli( #lut"$i -i "p"r"#i( d"r r"ce ; lii -itripto". Gluteliele ut "propi"te de prol"$ie -i ut %o#"te ; "r#ii(proli( "cid #lut"$ic. Acete proteie e #ec ;deoe%i ; cere"le 7#li"di" B#luteiele or$e"' #luteul8 cu$ ut #r9ul( poru$% 7'ei"8( or' 7ordei"8("ole 7"ei"8.


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Structur" proteielor 1. Structur" pri$"r"

C C*

N*2

R

*O

O

C C*

N*2

R

*O

O

C C

*

N*

R

*O

O

C C*

N*2

R

O

!"a

!minoaci#i

$ec%enta aa


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Le#"tur" peptidic"

O

C &

H

O

C &

H

'

- (

N*

N*O

O

R

N*B

N*

B

O

O

R


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Le#"turiiter$olecul"reOJ.*

Puti S?Siter$olecul"re "uitr"$olecul"re

C*

2

S* C*

2

S*

C*

2

SSC*

2

MO

Structur" proteielor 1. Structur" ecud"r"? le#"turi de *( puti S

"?*eli:


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Structur" ecud"r" de tip o"iepli"t" (β?Seet8

P"r"lele "u "tip"r"lele

M"i t%ile decit α?eli:

β-sheet


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Hydro"ho)icHydro"ho)ic

amino acidsamino acids

*e"tide chain*e"tide chain

+m"achetare olding+m"achetare olding


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Structur" terti"r"


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Tipuri de tructuri terti"re

Glo)ulare De#ordonat i)roase

Sol-6ile in apa Inol-6ile in apa


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Structur" cu"ter"r"

Dimerized protein shields the

hydrophobic amino acids

from water

M l l t i l l 7D lt i D 8


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M"" $olecul"r" " proteielor = u$" $"elor "" 7D"ltoi=D"8

M"" $olecul"r" $edie " uui ""= 11 "" or$e"'" o protei" de $"" 1 D" = 1 D"

Proteie #lo%ul"re

*% , D"

Mio#lo%i"


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Proteie i%ril"re

P t i l


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Proteie $ucul"re

Mio'i"

FI5RE MUSCULARE


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T'an$o'"&'i 6iologi%e i +ehnologi%e ale p'o+einelo'

Rela)ia %- apa,

proteie u-or olu%ile 7"l%u$ie( #lo%ulie $ici8(olu%ile u$"i ; ruri eutre 7eu#lo%iele8 "uiolu%ile ; "p( olu%ile ; $ediu "lc"li "u "cid 7cleroproteie( prol"$ie8.


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Proteoli'". Proteiele ut utrie6i c"re u ut "%or%i6i c"

"t"re ci u$"i dup de#r"d"re l" "$io"ci'i.

I curul di#etiei( e'i$ele proteolitice to$"c"le -iiteti"le 7edopeptid"'e8 "t"c l"6ul polipeptidic( "tel&pepi" A 7to$"c"l8 rupe le#turile ?CO?N*? l" i4elul uorr"$iic"6ii 4olu$io"e -i idroo%e( l" p* =2 7o"rte "cid8tripi" 7p"cre"tic8 "c6ioe"' l9# r"$iic"6ii l"ter"le%"'ice( l" p* = H 7"lc"li8ci$otripi" 7p"cre"tic8 "c6ioe"' l" i4elul uor

r"$iic"6ii 4olu$io"e -i idroo%e( l" p* "lc"liel"t"'" 7p"cre"tic8 "c6ioe"' l" i4elul uor r"$iic"6ii$ici -i e;crc"te ioic.


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E:opeptid"'ele 7c"re "c6ioe"' l" c"ptul l"6uluipolipeptidic8 reduc lu#i$e" "cetui" i"r dipeptid"'ele rupulti$" le#tur peptidic -i or$e"' "$io"ci'i li%eri&

c"r%o:ipeptid"'ele A -i 5 7p"cre"tice8 c"re eli%ere"'"$io"ci'i C?ter$i"li( cu e:cep6i" proliei. Sut ecret"tec" e'i$e 7'i$o#ei8 i"cti4e( "u M=2+?3+ D" -i utdepedete de 0."$iopeptid"'" 7iteti"l8 eli%ere"' "$io"ci'i N?

ter$i"li( e depedet de 0( "re M= 3 D".


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Proteoli'" "plic"t ; cop teolo#ic( ; idutri" "li$et"r&

e'i$e de ori#ie "i$"l( o%6iute pri e:tr"c6ie di or#"e? ci$o'i" 7l"%er$et "u ce"#8 e:tr" di to$"c de

4i6el( utili'"t ; o%6iere" c"-urilor ? pepi" e:tr" di to$"c de porc "u 4"c( utili'"t ;

"cel"-i cop c" -i ci$o'i"? p"cre"ti"( "$etec de prote"'e di p"cre" de porc

e'i$e 4e#et"le& p"p"i" 7e:tr" di p"p""( ti


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Lipi#e=ol-6ile in ol3en+i o'gani%i

Vege+ale=-lei-'i>

No %hole+e'ol

Ani"ale=g'ai"i>

T'ia%ilgli%e'ol

Mono i #igli%e'oli

S+e'oli Ce'-'i="onoe+e'i>

Aci'i #r"i i lipide


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Aci'i #r"i i lipide


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&ume &otare "rescurtat *o#i.iadu)lei

legturi /∆0

s"ndire

AGS

utiricCa"ronicCa"rilic

Ca"rinic4auric

iristic*almitic$tearic

!rahidic

C6'7

C8'7

C9'7

C17'7

C12'7

C16'7

C18'7

C19'7

C27'7

----

-----

la"tela"te, ulei de "almier

:i cocos;

;;;

toate grsimilegrsimi animale

arahide

AGN (1

)

PalmitoleicOleic

Elaidic

Erucic

C18'1

C19'1 /cis0C

19'1/trans0

C22'1

∆<

∆<∆<

∆13

"e:ti oceanici, uleiuri%egetale

toate uleiurileuleiuri %egetale :i

grsimiuleiuri de crucifere

/ra"i.0

AGN (>1 )

Linoleic

Linolenic

Arahidonic

C19'2

C19'3

C27'6

∆


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/. Lipi#ele %o"ple8e

4li%e'o$o$olipi#ele e #ec ; pricip"l ; 9#e -i 6euturi 7creier( ic"t8. Itr

; tructur" $e$%r"elor celul"re( " lipoproteielor( "cilit9d tr"portul#ri$ilor ; or#"i$. Cele $"i repre'et"ti4e oolipide di "li$ete utlecitiele -i ce"liele c"re "u propriet6i e$ulii"te 7reducere " teiuiiuperici"le ;tre dou "'e e$ici%ile8.

S$ingolipi#ele deri4 di i#o'i 7"lcool uperior di"$i"t e"tur"t cu 1H"to$i de C8 eteriic"t cu AGS "u AGN pri le#turi de tip "$idic -i cu coli"

4li%olipi#e

S-l$olipi#e = -l$a+i#e>


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Rea%)ii #e o8i#a'e a lipi#elo' ? iduc or$"re" de co$pu-i to:ici( cu $iro -i#ut eplcut. Acete re"c6ii "u loc -i ; "li$ete ce co6i $"i pu6i de 1lipide. Pricip"lul u%tr"t o:id"%il ut AGN c"re e o:ide"' $"i u-or ;t"re li%er dec9t ite#r"6i ; #liceride "u oolipide.

i "lte u%tr"turi e"tur"te( cu$ ut 4it"$iele A -i E( pi#$e6ii c"roteoidici"u idroc"r%uri e"tur"te di "li$ete e pot o:id".

Cone%in)ele 'ea%)iilo' #e o8i#a'e " lipidelor ut dierite&or$"re de "ldeide -i cetoe cu $olecule $ici 74ol"tile8 "49d $iro de r9ced

7e:""l( 2?dece"l8 c"re e percep l" cocetr"6ii ii$e 71 pp$8

%ruiic"re" ee'i$"tic pri re"c6i" co$pu-ilor c"r%oilici 7or$"6i prio:id"re8 cu proteiele

o:id"re" ecud"r " uor "ro$e e:itete ; pro%pierderi de "cti4it"te 4it"$iic -i de culo"repierdere" 4"lorii utriti4e " "ci'ilor #r"-i ee6i"li

Acete re"c6ii pot i ilue6"te po'iti4 de preiue" de O2( "#e6i proo:id"6i7$et"le( e$o#lo%i"( lipo:i#e"'e8 -i e#"ti4 de "tio:id"6i 7α?tocoerol(4it"$i" C( c"roteoide( "$io"ci'i( proteie -i "#e6i de co$ple:"re "$et"lelor8. Acti4it"te" "pei po"te ilue6" po'iti4 o:id"re" pri ilue6" ei"upr" eectului c"t"litic "l $et"lelor -i "upr" diperiei lipidelor.

Glicolipide di pl"te


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p p


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Steroli 4e#et"li 7uleiuri8

Steroli "i$"li 7or$oi8

Ceruri 7 pee( %l""8


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1. Lipi#ele i"ple = repre'et"te pri

4li%e'i#ele ut #ri$i eutre ; c"re uc6iue" "lcool ete eteriic"t l" opo'i6ie 7$oo#liceride8( 2 po'i6ii 7di#liceride8 "u 3 po'i6ii 7tri#liceride8 cu

"ci'i #r"-i. Gri$ile "i$"le co6i tri#liceride cu "ci'ii p"l$itic( te"ric(oleic.

Ce'i#ele = lipide cotituite di l"6uri lu#i 7Q! C8 de AGS -i "lcooli( ;t9literec4et ; cerurile "i$"le "u 4e#et"le d"r u pre'it itere utri6io"lpetru o$ -i u pot i $et"%oli'"te. Ce"r" de "l%ie( uleiul de


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E'i$e

Tipuri de ii%itie e'i$"tic"


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VITAMINE


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Ter$eul de 4it"$i ? itrodu ; 111 de ctre Fu c"re "

decoperit ti"$i" 7 4it"$i" 518( deri4 di cu49tul #rec"$io7u%t"6 idipe"%il petru 4i"68.Vi+a"inele 5 'egla+o'i "e+a6oli%i, co"ctori ; ite$e

e'i$"tice -i $e$%r"e celul"re( r 4"lo"re eer#etic"(ece"re ; cocetr"tii o"rte $ici.

)it"$iele c"re u pot i iteti'"te ; or#"i$ ci u$"i dir" e u$ec 3i+a"ine een)iale.)it"$iele e cl"iic dup olu%ilit"te( ; 4it"$ie

lipoolu%ile 7olu%ile i lipide? A(D(E(F( 8 -i 4it"$ie

idroolu%ile 7 olu%ile i "p"? 51(52(53(5+(5,(512( C8.Pro4it"$ie co$pui de ori#ie 4e#et"l" c"re i or#"i$e pot tr"or$" i 4it"$ie.

VITAMINE

Vitaminele liposolubile


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Vitaminele liposolubileVi+a"inele A 7A1=retiol -i A2=deidroretiol8 e #e-te ; produe de ori#ie"i$"l 7 ic"t( ut( l"pte( uleiuri( %r9'8.Pro4it"$ie A ? pi#$e6i c"roteoidici 7 β?c"rote( β?cripto:"ti"8 -i e #ec ;

le#u$e 7$orco4i( p""c( etc8 "u ructe 7c"ie( portoc"le( etc.8( d"r -i ; 6euturi"i$"le 7ic"t( epider$8. Pro4it"$iele A ut co4ertite ; 4it"$ie A ; celuleledi peretele iteti"l( ; uc6ie de e4oile or#"i$ului.

Protecti" pieliiProtecti" 4ederiiProtecti" #l"delore$i"le 7o4"re8


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Vi+a"ine D = D/ 5een+iala i D0>

Vi+a"ine E i ?


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Vi+a"inele D 7D2 = er#oc"lcierol( D3 = colec"lcierol ? "c6iue"tir"itic. )it"$i" D2 e o%6ie pri ir"diere" er#oterolului 7terol deori#ie 4e#et"l8 cu r"di"6ii U) i"r 4it"$i" D3 pri ir"di"re" U) "deidrocoleterolului( l" i4elul epider$ei.

Vi+a"inele E ? tocoeroli& α?tocoerol cel $"i "cti4( di ulei de#er$ei de #r9u( β?tocoerolul di uleiuri de #er$ei de #r9u -i poru$% γ ?-i δ?tocoerol di ulei de oi". Tocoerolii ut ; produe de ori#ie4e#et"l 7ulei de "r"ide& 1+?3 $#>1#( de $lie& 1?2 $#>1#( de

oi"& 1! $#>1#( #er$ei de cere"le&1+?2 $#>1#8 "u "i$"l7ic"t& 1(! $#>1#( l"pte& (1?(/ $#>1#( ou& 1(2 $#>1#8.

Vi+a"ina ? ? dou or$e "tur"le& 4it"$i" 1 7ito$e"dio"8 ;produe de ori#ie 4e#et"l -i 4it"$i" 2 ? ite' ; tu%ul di#eti4 u%

"c6iue" %"cteriilor. )it"$iele e #ec ; ptl#ele ro-ii( p""c($"'re( c"rtoi( d"r -i ; c"re de porc( de 4"c( de o"ie.


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Vi+a"ina C = "cid "cor%ic ( 4it"$i" eeti"l". Se


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#"ete i le#u$e -i ructe & r"#i 7, $#>1#8(l$9i -i portoc"le 7+ $#>1#8( $ere 72 $#>1#8(4"r'" 7+ $#>1#8( p""c 72?2+ $#>1#8. Are"ctiue "tio:id"t".

Pri proceele de prelucr"re 7ier%ere "u pr


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)it"$iele di #rupul5 ut & 4it"$i" 517ti"$i"8( 527ri%ol"4i"8( 5,7pirido:i"8( 5127ci"co%"l"$i"8( 537i"ci" "u 4it"$i"PP8( 5+ 7"cidp"toteic8( 4it"$i"

* 7 %ioti"8( "cidulolic.

5+

53

Acid olic


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Apa %a 'ea%+an+ %hi"i%


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4hea+a

Apa %a ol3en+ = p'o%ee $i(i%e>

p=hi#'oli(a>

Regla'ea 'ela+iei apei %- ali"en+e 7 pH


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Regla'ea 'ela+iei apei %- ali"en+e pH

Dipoi%ilit"te" "pei ; or#"i$ ete dierit depedet de "li$etul


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Dipoi%ilit"te" "pei ; or#"i$ ete dierit( depedet de "li$etul ; c"re "p" e "l le#"t -i ete repre'et"t de u p"r"$etru u$it "cti4it"te(

deiit c" cdere" preiuii p"r6i"le de 4"pori " "pei deter$i"t de "li$et&"V = P>PW ( ude P ? preiue" p"r6i"l " "pei ; "li$etK

PW? preiue" p"r6i"l " "pei pure l" "cee"-i te$per"turI p"6ii ;cie(

"V=P -i e po"te deii "V= u$idit"te" rel"ti4 l" ecili%ru 78>1

Dipoi%ilit"te" "pei.D"c X"VX(2?(3 ( "p" ete re6iut puteric l" upr""6 -i repre'it 3?1

D"c "VQ(2?(3 ( "p" ete l"% "dor%it 7procetul de "p le#"t ete o"rte$ic8 C9te4" 4"lori "le dipoi%ilit6ii "pei 7"V8 ; dierite "li$ete

Diponi6ili+a+ea apei.D"c X"

VX(2?(3 ( "p" ete re6iut puteric l" upr""6 -i repre'it 3?1

D"c "VQ(2?(3 ( "p" ete l"% "dor%it 7procetul de "p le#"t ete o"rte $ic8

C9te4" 4"lori "le dipoi%ilit6ii "pei 7"V

8 ; dierite "li$ete

!liment a>

!liment a>

Carne "roas"te#eluri

4a"te concentrat!limente congelate

Carne uscatCereale

7,


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A%+i3i+a+ea 6iologi%& a apeiNo6iue" de "cti4it"te %iolo#ic " "pei ete i$port"t ; "li$et"6ie ;truc9t

per$ite el"%or"re" uei tr"te#ii de protec6ie " "li$etelor( cotrol9ddeteriorrile i'ico?ci$ice( "cti4it"te" e'i$"tic -i prolier"re"$icroor#"i$elor.

I re"c6iile de o:id"re( depedet de 4"lorile lui "V pot "p"re dierite re"c6ii &"VX(1?(2& o:idri puterice cu or$"re de r"dic"li li%eri( pero:id"re( o:id"re l"

co$pu-i c"r%oilici.

Coeci6e&or$"re de copu-i 4ol"tili cu $iro ur9t( ditru#ere" 4it"$ielor lipoolu%ile(

or$"re de co$plec-i( cdere" di#eti%ilit6ii proteielor. "V = (2& t"%ilit"te $":i$ pri or$"re" uui $ootr"t de "p protector

"6 de o:i#e (2X"VX(+& pero:i'ii "cti4i ut ; cocetr"6ie $ic ;truc9t $ul6i ditre ei

i:e"' "p". Atel "tio:id"6ii olu%ili ut "cti4i i"r c"t"li'"torii $et"lici utpu6i "cti4i d"torit idr"trii "VQ(+& c"t"li'"torii $et"lici diu'e"' li%er ctre ituurile de o:id"re -i iduc

o:id"re "cceler"t "VQ(& o:id"re" ;cetie-te d"torit eectului de dilu6ie


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Petru $"


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Mine'ale

M"croele$ete

Oli#oele$eteMicroele$ete

Met"leNe$et"le


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Mine'ale #in #ie+a


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Chimia alimentelor (1)

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Transcript of Chimia alimentelor (1)