Carte Bazele Nutritiei

8/14/2019 Carte Bazele Nutritiei

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[iRiNS

Pag.

itrdur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' .4l -...*'*.*i'.^*i'ini.finitii caz'- nimniui utritisiuffian ............5 . l \ - l l l l \ - l l l . r r v l l L l r l l ' \ l l 9 l t r i r L i t \ i L U . I L L i , i u u i i i . v i i i L i i i i ,2. stima,*,.ututului nutritinall individului nbazaindiilor ilantuluipondral . . . . . . . . . . .10

3. alululnsaruluindividuald nrsi n funti ativitatistara sntt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . .20

4. a|oara utritiv produslorlimentar........... .......275.alululvaloriinrgti aliInntir ..............316. Divrsitatai partiularitetilutrilional lgluidlorinalimnt...........,.4

7.n{iutuiiritr lsd giuid?iipr.dusiliintar .. .......-128. Indilglimii sarina limia alirnntlr. .....'... ...449. Rolul fiziologi9ionlinutulipidelor nalimnt.Asptprati lutilizriigr5similorn alirnntati. ......52

10 P i l {iil di l {i l i li 'A i i ii i i li


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lntrdurFunlia denutri1i st una dintrl tri funliivital snlialearasigur

supraviluira'-rmiivii, mniinraqiprptu.rapiilr, lti dot-run1iiitalfiind funlia drlalie 9i funlia d rprodur.Funliil drlali prmitunoastramiiuluiinonjurtor;i ationaraaspra ui. F{utri{ia funlifizilgi5in sns argrprzintltalitata]norpos ompix arnid:

- alimntaiia(nsuil rpriu-zisal hrai},. digstia (transformra limntlrmple in substn simplabsorbbil in

+ - ^ ^ + ' ' I 4 : - + ^ . 4 ; - ^ l \l r 4 L l l l l E , 4 J r u - l l t f L J f r l t 4 l , t t

. bsrb11t.""". nutrimntlordin trtul gastr-intstinaln iruitul sangvin)o- transportaranutrimntlor spre lul,

- mtbo|lzaranutrimntrlr in intrirul lull.- liminaradequrilrmtaboli.Nutri{ia 9tiin{i studiaznrpzi1iaalirnntlr;i influnla r asupra

sn5t{ii. nptln domniulnutrilii au voluat dla nrsitataliminriifoamtia ontulmodnral roluluiprvntivqitraputi l alimntafii.

A l i * ^ . + ^ + l ^ ^ ^ + ^ . ^ ' ' i l : ^ f ^ ^ + ^ . l i * ^ j : . ' i ' . : ^ * L : ^ + ^ ^ ^ j ^ + ^ - . i . i t - ^. 1 . l - t l l . l l l L a L l [ s t g u l l . L l t L l l l l l l L L l . , l l t l I t g L l l L l l L - r l 4 | | I U ' a | | L L l . l g \ l g L l l l l l l l a l t l L l - t J t l r a l U

msurea|iz,arcaotnlialuluignti9iratival individlui.Crqtramonioasgimntinraunibun fun1ionrirganismului d-aungulanilorpot fi rea|izatedarprinasiguaraunialimntaliiptimal su'oaspUtarrtitativqiaiitativiitiufiarprsoan.onsumulalimntlrst un atompl,nnsut,ncrsarpntrusupraviluir, ar nazu|spiiuman, cap1ttrn plusqio dimnsiunu1tural6iaftiv. Divrsitata alimntalii ?n lum'partiularittilbutiriilor nalionaldmonstrazxistnla unipalt argid soluliipntruaastansitat ital.

di i d l il i d i l ili i l'


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obitiv: Dup6rea|izarea stiurristudntuirbui s5fi apabil s:

1.RptNtoNcrtrNI,DFINriiDB^z^i nNiULNUTRITIIUMAN.

dfinas r1iuriljaiimnt,ai mntali,nutrimnt,nutri{i,malnutrili,mtaboiism, 6ntat:dsri laiiildintralimntaii, utri1iis6ntat.

1.i. Dtini iil unor ntiunidazain dmiuinutritii uman{utritir talitata rslrilgid esimilareenabli, sintez)

qi d dzasimilar(ataboli'dgradaraunol. molul) aleaiimntior'arau l inrganismui iu qiprmitdzvltaraui,intr{inra'si mnlina intr-o

.bun6 star a organlor ;isistmlor salqi asigurfunlionaraor normalprin furnizareasubstan lorqi nrgii nsar. Astfl, nutri{ia Ca funlirprzinttaiitata nrproS rnpiar niud:

alimnta{iaonsumulpropriu.zis

a| hrani),digstia(transfrmaralimntlor mplx in substan siir-ipl b'srbabiln tatrilgastr-intsrtinal),absrb1ia (tra nutrimntlr cin tratul gastro-intstinaln iruitulsangvin),transportara utrimntlorprlul,mtabolizara utrimntlor n ntrirl lullor.li i il b li


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. poat fi bsbitd tr luilmuasi intstinalutrra or in irulaliasangvin;

S mtablizraztr n mdnrmal 9i pat fi utilizatd 5trorganismpntrl-t ntribrri a satisfara vilornutilional9i nrgti, asigurra r;trii,mnlinrii qirparaliei

^ {suturilr.in sns strit, nutrimnti sunt lmnt nutritiv dirtasimilabild trorganism dup transfrmaraor digstiv:ingiuid_ monozaharidi;din iiii- aciziigraqi qi glirina;dintiri aiiririaizii; lmntlminral, vitaminl.Nutrimntlsunt uti|izate d tr organismpntru asigurararqtrii,ntrlinriiqirparaliisuturilor.

Astfl, dinpunt d vdr nutri{inal, limntl nstau dinnutrimnt. nsumAnd alimnt, organismul uti|izeaz\nutrimntl.S dosbs rmtoarllasd nutrimnt:a) iuilroutrimnirrsatuir ziiiri st d rdirrui zilrqisutlrd gram):

) Mironutrimnt(nsarulor zilnist d rdinulgramlr,mi igmelr si mirprml r):. . . - . ) . - ^ . . . . . - . - O ^} lmntminral


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rran singrin rrliintstinaii anutrimntior zultat adigstiaalimntlr.Absorbliapoatava o prindifuziunpasiv6srnoz5.)upritidifuziun tiv.

Mtaholism

Dnutriti

lVIalnutriti

Transformarasuportat6d substan n organism.tabolismulonstdindougruouriiprs u aratr pus;rrblisiriuii-t-Lroiismul'

- anablismul(sau asimilara) st rpl'zntatd raiii dsintzhimi6,d transforTnar nutrimntlr n molulqistrr'ttuiopriirgarristnului. oSlaira-boliurg uonsumd nrsi"-

ataboiismulsaudzasimilara) stsindaramolullr,astruturiiorpropriiorganismuiui(lui,1suturi).Prslatabli rs librard nrsi.

Drglrild nutrili s pot manifsta sub form6 d arn ,dnutritiaumalnutiti.talitata drglriir caraciertzazinsufiint,o arn{6imprtanta lmntlrnutritivu prdminaradzasimilrii(proslorataboli)asupraDroslord asimilar(ra1iiloranaboii).Starnutriionalinsufii rrtda.torat nialinrntalii nhlibratin antitate i alitat, ompozi1i,sau datorat uni cauzemtboli.In lum, in prznt s inrgtstreazl mlnutrilidS spifi 5ri1rl-zvltati m.lnlltrilid insficin

f d l l l

Drglri denutriti


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Ditti

Sinitate

, t .[llnl nl-lL)nsumanll un t lsd oiginanimal.Totalitataprsripliiloralimntarebazate p rolul profilatiJt ti al aiimntlor.

ov-ito-vgtrin-iiir"rdamavgetriniilud carnea,pqtlqi

qi ;tl, iar gg9:ouldin alinrntati.n

soiali nu sa uni infirmit1i

L-ndifid bun5stardpiin6tizi6,mntal5 qicaractrizeaz'd'oarprin absngamaiaiiiiorsau

] valoaranrgtia alimntlor

Valoaranutritiva alimnt|or

niza|iaondiala Santatii).Aiimntiposd6 valoar nrgti'aiiapaitatailibra?n rganism'anumitantitatd nrgiin funlionlinutuld gluid. protinqi

lipid.Valoara nrgti

a lIl ^ t

Lr l

aalimntlor xprimn kilaloii (kal)sau kilojouli (kJ).l kal: 1000al 4, 185 J;1kJ : 0,29kal,1J: 1000kJ :29 ka|

Vaiara nutritiv6st dtrrninati aratfizatdd totaiitampozi1iihimia alimntlor.P lingnutrimnt,alimntlpot ontinsubstan antinutritiv(substan rtoiitat,darar diminuaz tilizarantrilionala ntrimentlr dinalimnt. D mplu, inhibitri nzimtii, substan}dminralizante,

Vaioareabilgi5

a alimntlor

Valoara bilogi6 a aiimntlor caracLerizeazraon1inutulnutrirnntIrsnliln prdusulnsidrat.


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mtalismuiuii iiminaradquriirmtabli. rganismuluman ar n.',oi o aprovizionar sistmatiiqi sufrintn ap6 9i in- nutrimntrpntru r$tr'ativittfizi6(rrli;ar,uru),ntrurarara suturilrqi a lullrarr SUzeazdqi s dsompun zilni.o alimntali advatvirsti'gnuluid ativitatstriid srltat st ondiii sriial snt6fii.

1.2.2.rnatlunialimntaiii dzhilibrat suprasnt{iiI.2.2. . rn| Iimntlr

T}a6 saruinutrilinai in


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2. SIN{ARA STATUTULUI NUTRITIONALAL INDIVIDULUIi z INDIILORBILANTULPoNDRAL

Obitiv+ Insiramtodloratrtrpmtri stimara statutului utri1ional- Dtrminarandiiior ilan1uiui nierainiividual

2.1.SttutulponderalqisntateSiitataipi.dutivltataiiipsaii stdtirriitratitl rrrarn1sur

statutulnutri1inal. una;tranciilrstatutuluinutrilinal stmprIant ntruformularaprogamlord duali nutrilionalqi d orijar a alimntaliipopuia1ii.Statutulnutri1ionai ai uniprsoans stimazl in baza unr datoltt rin divrs mtd,nlusiv: mtd antromtri,mtd alilnntar(hstionar), tod liniqi bihimi(nivlulnutrimntlor n sing' urin, suturi) imtod oio-onomi.

\ ^ - ^ ^ i ' i i i l ^. o i o ^ i i * ^t ^ - ^ i : . . i o i ^ . ' . f i ^ i a . + . ^ ' ' j o t . , ' i ^ ^ - i ^ i ^ o .J L \ , i i i l i i j l i a l i l I i i i L i j i A i t ( ' L i l i i 5 u i i L i l i L a ' Su ( i x s S L a u i a Or lg ina

bolilor nutrifional.Astfl, boli nutri{ional insufiin sunt hipovitaminozl,

anmia fipriv,dfiintllmntlorminral, rzistnta dus la infelii.rintrboiilprtrivatd alinrrrtaiian xs s itutrrr'oiilarrji-vasularprimacauzd d mrtalitatn majoritata6rilr,diabtul, abezitatea, nltipuri danrr.

Atualmntpst55 % din popula}iaurpanqi pst70 % din ppula1iasUA sunt n xspondral. nlusiv10- 30 Yolindobezi. rganizalia ondla| aSentelii a dlaratoezitat"eaproblmi majora sntliipubli, problmi


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^*^^oi+in biohirni a rcuiui urnan s rndifi u virsta. Astfl, L ' I l l y r , z I r I o l J l U L l I l t l l l U g . . l l l v t r l v q v g Y l l J L g . l L J L v l rontinutul apiin suturilprsoanloraduitr st d 65-550^,u tnlinladsdt' dat u inairrtaran ani. Pntru ompaa[i:mbrinul umand 3 lunionlin 95o/ode ap6, |a 5 luni onlinutulapi sad Ia 85o/o'ar la nou-n6sut

ntinutul pinstituiira7%.Un aiult umasad 55-70ks areurrttoara ompozitiorpora|6:zo ^ < 1 . -.ru....rJ -t\ 'BProtin 15...17gi : - : i ^ - 7 i r ^ r i . -L l l u _ / . . . l U l \

Gluid_ 0,5...0,8glmntminral2,5"..3kg

Mdpiui fiziIoi s a'ea ntiund mnatimnt. omoartimntui- - d - - - _ - l - - - ) r Irgrupazomponnliiorporali lga{iintr i dupa ompzi1i, indifrnt dloalizara r anatomii' Saud struturaor himi.odlul fiziologiopereazu tvvrsi';ni: du omartimnt, tri mpartimnti ri ptruompartimnt.

- Modlul ddouit comprtimtsbqtmasagras (adipoas)qirstul-il.iasa on-adipas.'{asa ras spundrigliridli. pzitatn adipoitindifrentd lalizarar anatmi5: strnpartimntst ipsitd ep. I\4asanon-adipoasorspundesumiapi rporal,oaslor,organlor'luzindpartaadipoasi.asanon-adipoas stonstituit nprinipaldinap.

- Modlul d tri comprtiment,In ast model masa nn-adipoas6stdiizatd,\nms lulrd ctid diferitor org|1 muschi in p etrclulr.


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INIC:r12

r-inrjut insaipulrii,kg;- H-ini1ima,m'In nfnnittu dsnrnil rgarrizaii'eiV{ondialSntlii(os), indiI

masiorporal st lasifiat n atgorii orspunztoar ifritor statutpondral. . ^ i ^ L : i . t . ^ ^ - + . ' ' ' ^ _ ^ ; - : L . L ^ r jv a l a U t l p I t I u l g l l t t ) l U a l U a l l .

Tablul2.l. indilmsirporalqistatutulpndrla adulli '. ' / 'I rlYl\_

_-^ rtrll,L

--{

spnlr-lobzitat modrat

l II\ / na w

Cu toat risurilpntrus6ntat, soiatu obzitatad gradulI, sauobezitateamodrat6pt fi minor,obzitatamodratnu poatfi ignoratttalmnt, oaraastapatta tanzilid la masa rpral6nor'rrralianooi+to rqrriv u v a l l 4 l L

r q v .

StatutuipndralInsufiint5ondal6

Nrmalitat

30 ..4,935. . 9.9

Obzitatmrbid6,avansat gradul tt


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nid,sau obrzitat .par'.).Prima,?n lni nrmal maifivnta prsoanldgrn masulin,s intilnqt din in mai frvnt la fmi.Aast volulisxpliprin ns'r;mul rsind dgluidr u indiglimiinalt. adipitlabdominal ivisral iind mai snsibila aliunansulini.obezitatea .mr''s

dfin;t rintr*unapoit dintriumfrin l alii;i a aslormai mard 1 labarbaliqi0'8 ia fmi.

Fig= .5' Shmati7'areabzit1iinoid ..par6'') iandroide ..m6r'')Aumularagrsimiila nivlultalii rqtrisul d diabt,hiprtnsiunqi

12;(\'t2)*_/\''- F' "\,,.--- . 1;- \r 1 \

/ - / \ s x l- / r \ r \ ii l \' ri(\. / i / \ r

_ -+- - .1 \, i\__+i-j_-/ J I I\ r l )

\ l\i)l i i,rli\

\tI,/ \ \)$


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Nume:urbd orpolnt5ntru igi la 0 ia lEai.. - Prenurn Dataterii:

'i0 i1 i2 13 i4 .15 16 i7 18

1

tn

IY

. 28

27'1

. 26t z c

24

2,5

2221

20

19

18

Grdu|

0bezitate

Grdui

32

1**.. 3C

29

z

t l

97 za

90 2423

l ^l \ ) ?2

50 2120

oLl J t v

1 , v 1 g

l

a_

;

s

,;

B

d l 0 l 18 i


13/109

Nume:^

urb1opoln}ntru t d la 0 la 18ani

10 11 12 13 14 ',15 16 17 18JZ

J I

30

29oL{)

27

zo

zc

Graiull

Ohazitatov w v & | r v

Gradul

' 3 2

** --" liO

zv

. Z

2797

25

90 24z

75

*50

25

10

24'23

22l l

20

194 0I O

*1

. .

;;

:':

22^ 4z l

20

'19.l a

} f


14/109

t U}-'wirgfr:;nf'flet

RferintMS


15/109

I]G.'yi'rstaFete5 to 19 ani(s;oruri)

\J

t

a1\.... ,..i\ ,i

' :'1,-.,;:I

" i "

2007Re1.eintS


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-2.3.:$;Itda misraii iiuriior utanat pntru dtrminara ti masigras

; Stra rzrvlr d grsim pr.zintrrtrs jirrdou ttiv. Pra pulingrsirnorporald estauzatd subnutrifi, ar rzrvlpra mari, xsuld

grsirrroiprls asiaz'cu r'is si.itpirtibolil roni. inlsiv blilardio-vasuiar,iia'otuii uni tipuri i anr. 6surriipliuriioraiipoascaraIerizazl distribuiaisutului adipos subutanat9i pat fi important inprziraisuluiunor boli.Astfl,dpozitaraprfrnlialabdominala grsimiiia fmi stun tt isardio-vasuiri ai anruiuindmtl.iai.iiuriiutanat msar u adipmtrul.

stimaraprontajuluiotal al masigrasr inbaza msurrilorpliurilorutanatseazeaz itvapostulat:- prprliadintrgrisimastlutanatai grasimaotal- stnstant;- grosima iliist onstant6;- onlinutul ipidlor insutuladipsstonstant ira70Yo;. istribuiragrsimiistprpinaid.Ttugi aEtiparamtri pot varia in funlid vArst:$e,tni, nivlulantrnrii

tztce,tarad s5n6tat, lla limitazntruitva atitateamsurrilor.Totuqi,.jatorit inriitiii;i roilr rlativ rarobsi-vat, astmtodr6m6no thnid rfrin .

f3..r. Thnia d msurarra liurilorutanat Durin qiRahaman (|967\ThniaDurinsi Rahamans azeaztp msurarea patru pliuriutanat:

- pliulvrtialla mijloul bipsului,mina st?ng eIaxatl;


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Api s apli6ualiaui Siri(1956):

}'{asa ras. : {495lD)_ 450

\ ^ . ^ + ^ + ^ f ^ * ^ : l ^ . + ] ^ ^ - ^ l ^ ^ ^ + ^ - ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ L : t . ' . . - : * ; * ' ' * ^ | . 7 1 Q o ^ r a - l , l l U t a L . U . 1 l l l l l l U l t l I l l I s , s t l L \ , t l l t t l L l l U I l L l l ll l l l l l l l l r L l l l l \ J t l / - ' | ) / v \ t l l l r t J t

grasentrua ava un iiu mnstruaiorrnai;i psi'oilittoilprii;i puiriiSariniia trmn.

2.4.Dtrminaramasi dair a orpuiui2.4.|.Frmlali-Lrntz mtdd l masei retie orluiIn ultimii anitffnnulmasa idali stnlouit u timnulmasa torti,ar scaicu|eaziupormia iuiLorntz.iasariiidi a uniprsoatir iultluprmuiaui l,ornz(kg,lorspuniproimativunui viC egalcu22.Formulaui LornZareurmtoarlrm:

ti)MT:50k8+%(I_l50)bi Pi _ (i{-t00)- (-t50)/a'

und:N4 masaorti orpului, g'

H _ inalfirna'm;^ ^ ^ ^ $ : ^ i ^ . t ^ - a + q ' l ^ ; - l ^ ^ + ; n _ - | n n f r r . t * o ia _ L\J \ , l l l - l l lL ' a - a L r I L l L l ( J l t L , l L l ' l ; y L r t L r u l L l l l u l .

Jinind ont d faptul6 ira25Yo din sutuladips Stativdin puntd vdrmtabli' masaortia oprului s orteazdrinformula:

T. : _ MT) 0.25]+ IVIT'


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2.6. Calulali masa tortiI)rpriqi t|viT,yo_ prnf'uiabatrii masiral d la masa orti. ormula{i onluzia orspunzdtoare.

2.7. alula1imasa rtatT.)prpri;i A.'9 procntulabatiimasirald lamasa ortat.ormula{ionluzia orspunziltoare.

itrbri pntru utvrifiar1.Prin mtodpoatfi stimatstatutulnutrilinalal uniprsan2. risurirntrusntats mprt6bzitata?3, C fatri influn az'dzo|taraobzit1ii4. Prin aluls pot trag nluzii rfritoar abilanlulpondralal uniprsan5.st MCqiurnseaiuiaz,d?6. Car savanta propusformula ndiluimasi orpral ?7. ums dfingt bzitata upvaloril I ?E. .'.alrial iir4aratrizuz' mesrpralnrmai?9. um aprialimasa ortirpri?st apropiataloarai d masa realr?10.Cumaprialimasaortat ropri?st apropiat aloaraei d masareal,?

3. ALCULULNSARULUIINDIVIDUAL D NRGIi 'uTID ATIvITAT,$I STARADsA,

obitiv:


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miqril rspiratrii. Lantraliiilrusulr +"i|izeazdnrgicnicd.Uniimuqhi unlioneaz,prTnanntnruEhiuiardia, muqhii rspiratori);

. ativitatasistmului nn's. tivitatea ntltual6 sbazeaz'p transmitrafluxurilor nrvoasar mplic6nergielectricd.

in ativit5iil mnlinat partdin nrgi st uti|izattr ub diferit form:himi,mani.itri' ar ait patst pirdutsub flrd nrgitninurnit ldur6.irrdraalduriist nvitabil,ns6a st rtil,darprinaasta asigurmnlinra mpraturii ptimalativittiinzimati37"C)qid asnlna asigurrvrsi'iiitatarsiraabii.

Chltuili|ei nierrlerile ro,anismiuiprzintisb divrs orm,1up5-um

unaz:) heitilinrgt,ichituiiiinrgti i organismuiuin 24 dr or s iasifi nrmtoari

atgorii:. hltuilinrgetic care sigurd mtbolismul dbzd. tabolismuld az6

.^rQrrl' '"'.io}1gliuiiiirngii iiiinilii ptitiu fuiltiiiar';i iriiitinorganismuluiin onditii fart standardizat: star d rpaos omplt, pnmAnatimp de 12 or, in star d ornfoft trmila tmpratura 21oCpntrua lud nsitatarganismuiuid a hituinrgir pntru a 1uptantra ldurii seu frigului.Chltuililnrgti ntrumtabolismuid azorsund mn{inrii funliilorvital important: atiilhimi snlial dsintz din suturi, ativitata ardia9i irulalia sangvin6, rspiralia,ativitata rnal, ativitata sistmului digstivqi d mnlinr a tonusului


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21/109

. Forrnula uiBIk9,a. 1996)

Fmi,B: [,963"M)o'o'0.50 v-0'l3](1000/4,1855) (5)

Brba{i, B: Il,083x Masa(kg)o'o*l{rJ.50v.0'l3] (l000/4,1855) (6)

und:B-

mta.bolisml_;l az6'kca|l24ore.- rnasa rpuiui,kg;H_ inallima,;V_ v?rst, ni.Fornula ui Blakg.a.st n prznt ornulad rfrin , n spialpntruprsoanlu surplus dmas6 orpoalEiproanld virst naintat6(pst60ani).

3.2.|.hltuililnrgti ilni in l.un{i niviuld ativitatflzichltuililnrgtiilnin fun1i nivluld ativitatizis

ca|cu|'ez6dupa ua{iN = B l{AFo Q)

und N_ nsarui nrgti,ai;i'B_ irrtllisrrrul baztralulatdu5ualiaui l{arris-Bndit,kal;NAF- nivluld ativitate izi6(innglzaPAL- physialativity lvl).

Fctorld lctivittNF(PL)- nivlald tctivittizicd:Niviull: sdntarF: x i"45: B: x 1"45.


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3.2.2.hituililsuplirnntrde nrgi n unl bliPntrualulul nsaruluiuplimntar nrgiecauza|d unlboli,s apli

fat.iipntrumaladii. arrar difrit vairi?n funtid aftiun.dup umurmeazl'.a) insufiinii.nai oni:nrgi: i.2...i.5 x ivfB- pntrumntinr

2.0 ;


23/109

I

riiii indratrrrrs.api.J, ans,mrsu bililta,sp61atul ainlor,dpiasara- ^ - ^ 1 - : t ^ i \I I I U U T T g i '

ri1iigri (iansapii,mrsrapiia U.U)) 0.62dal, vir'a ningii dtnis'?nt,imnasti

]\.]ti: . masuratn kiiairiip kiigram pminutp:;t nrgia.cazaia.Undsunt niiat inte',ai.r, ua valoara ndidin intrvaluldat,u p{ia azttluida5ftuind tivittadatprsoanaestefoft ltd. auenrgib.D xmplu,n pozi1iaa$rzat mdiapntrubirbali st0.007, daprsoana

gdoart laxat, e va lua0.003'da5 oart nsionat5 0.12.**Pntrltalul s aptrproimtia5 asta prezint ivlulbaza|de tivitat.

blul3.2.Ti hltuit ladifrit

0.05-0.0530.042-0.050

riiii ijr(rnturar,uaramsi'mrs norTnal,ufiarar{ilr

0.018-0.0-?50.023-0.040

aDrlul . t . I Impur lutf laollrl t nlvlurl n Ora Ativitata Durataati.

vittii.minNivlulnrrgti

1-U f23.00-06.30 Somn 450 4500.30-06.45 oaltad diminat 15 15o.4- / . t ' Imbrar ZU TU i07.45-i.25 Luaradiunului ./.v t7 FtJ7.25-8.00 rs p os la

$oale, rviitl35 IO l0 5 l0

08.00- 4.00 Ati.'.itatia gal 360-


24/109

stinarahltililrabluI3.4. ittai. alulalinrgi hltuipntrumtabols mu|azal(Fruia Flarris-Brrditl

A kai

B.Chituililpntruativit1imusiariina'oiul .3) B.

. stirnaliapoximativftul rmial aiimntlor, .kai

kai

i 0?6dinsumaA+ ts: (4. kai+ B. kai) 0.i0

D. Nsarulnrgti ntrurmorglar:,l (A+B+ )

heltuilirgtita n 24or : A+B+ + V - ,|

m:3. i.aiuiatinsaruinrgtiztinicotaiutiiiziniormuia ui Harris-Bndit,fiinfiiaratristiitivit1iirsnal i,.;ntual,hltuililup1irnntar

d nrgi legatd nelafliuni.3.2.stimalihltuililnrgtie i|niceprsonalmpltinionsutivtabil3.1 3.4. iin.2..3.3 Compara[irezultatl blinutEiaprialidahltuililnrgti ilniprsnalqinsarulnrgti ilnitotal alilatau r,loriaprpiat.n azlunuidalajmaimard 200-300kalintr.',alri,rifiatirtitudinelgriinivluluid ativitateizicl, (NAF)sau a stimrii hltuililornrgtiilnisi


25/109

4.VALOARA NLrRITI'.AA PRDLTSLORALIIVINTARobitiv:

Cnsolidaraunoqtin lrsprgrupld alimnt; Studiravalorii nutritivn rla1i u ompozi1iahimica difritorgrup d

a1inrlrt.4.1.Gru d alimnt

Alimntlsuntprdusnatural mplexd rigineanimalsauvgtal'ar sunt nsiimat in sta ruii sau dupa tratar trnii6,fi in s...ararnatural, sau dup r afbst supusunor transfrmlri.Prdslalirnntarvgetal nlud:ral(grflu, sar,ofz, orez1ovdz,prumb,mei, hriqt),

''u.i i aiun,nui grqti'nu ioos,migiai,t ), lguminase(maz6r,fasul,sia, int,n.-rt\o trrrntia.ginasarahid, loara-soarir-ri,n, susnt), frut (m,prr' gutui,prrrn' irg'viqin,ais,strrrguri, ottal,ananas' banan, pqun,zmeuriat.), igurlr9i vrdri (vint,dovli'rl..r,vi' fl1,


26/109

4.2ampazi{iahirni a difritrgru de alimntDin punt d vdrhirni lntelnstaudin nutrint.S onsum

alimnt, iar organismul utiltzeazlnutrimntl.Produsi alimntar onlinurmtoari ias dnutrimnt:

r-;..- ". .. | "6r . , | I r. /

> pid

b) Mirnutrimen| (nsrul lr zilni st drd'inul grmlor,

miligrmlorsi microgrmlor)..} lmnt minral

Cunoa;tera ornpozitii hilni a alimntl st imprtant ntrulaboraramniurilor,qntru algra orta alirnntlor invdra asigurriiuni. - naiimnta{iihilibrat.[n funlieimpzi1iahirni9ii apoftui i nutrimntaiimntis lasifiin grup,ar suntriat in tablul urr5lr

abelul 4.1 Partiularit5til ompozitiihimia difritor de alimntGua 1Piin qi prduseliee (rup,ast finas)

Ast aliment auin omun urmitorl:. sint l maiimprtantsurs di nrgipntru rganismsub

spt ntittir,, n prtiu r rin nnidn ntinut, l.asigurir 80o/o|in alriilzilnid originegluidi;


27/109

Grua 4arn,p;te, ou5

Grisimilimtar

sunt rdus rpndI.entprti;

sursr d prtinmlt1arnr grasi (pr, ra f,, gisi t.) qiniiriiit ridiat d lipidbgtmnnesatur{igrisim d pr ;i dgI";i linsafrrr igrsid p;t);

sunt prdusprondrentgluidie

a'li,linn{in';t idi;rtc gluid,;;r asirila|i m+- idizharide);nsumat in antitili grt pot dvni fatr d risntu qlibtzaharat' obzitat;i lte boli mtbli;

rdusl d patisri, oltiri,hivu lai on{in 9intititi nsidratrild lipide ;

siguri rgnismrrl u qlorii 1rr' fiind srar insuirstanf ilgi etive.

sunt prtlusu valoarnergtinalt;niin antititi imrtanic lipid;liril vegtal qi grisima d pqt sunt surseimportntd aizigraqiplinsaturati1

peqtigras au unin aizi gra;iasi :,) i in aizi

G." ? o sunt sursi importanti d ap pntru asigurara bilantuluiqi rgimului hidril oganismului;Buturi


28/109

Frut |aginas:m6s in,aiun,arahii,nui, smin


29/109

5. CALULULVALRII NRGTI.A ALINI,NTLORobietiv:insrrqira trliijaiul av-alriir^gtialiinntlribluturilr

5.1.F{utrimntirigrrCompuqii a imntior ar libraz nrgi in organismie vii Suntmarnutrirnntigluidl, ipidl;i protinl.Nutrimntlar a idarin organismlibr

"uie "n,r.gii ,,.,..,. nutrimnte cllorigne.ofiinlii

aiigiii ulrtziitati ii abiui5. .

Tabelul5.1.Valoararntboliabi|ila nrgiiomponen{ilorlimntari

Nrrtrimnt enrggti - - ,nrgi IICluid su|E-

Lipid(Gr6simi 9 kallr


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Unialirnntt fi int5rit,pntru altl s fa aprirnafii,g5sindu-sehivalnt mas'2. 'iotrdiIordespre compoziii hirni linrciloronsamteS notazmasa n grarna firuidin maronutrimntlrganionlinutnprodusl

onsumat.unsindgrama.iul luidl,

ipidl;iptinlr

onlinut n aiirnntionsumat. pat aiuianrgia ratii aiimntarintgral.Dat dspr mpzi1ia himia alimntlr nlin ?n tablul5.29iin anx6 a indumar.3. iiuiui nrgiifuriiizt iicr iitititFneri fi'"nizatid fiar alirnnts a ulazfl din pdusult',alrii

rntabolizabilnrgii iruinutritrrntvzita.5.2)qigramajulnutrimntuluiin aiimntui rsptiv.Doar ?tvaaiimnr, um suntuiiurii9i zaharui,onstauiintr-unsingur nutrimnt, sptivii


31/109

5.3.Calulu n{inutuluinrgti l buturilru a Alooiuitilis lb1inritr frirrirtialuziqi a altrz din frutsau

xtrasd arnidndin ral.B6uturi1blinutlup-mntr n}in5...15volumd aloolin 100(5 -15").Distilaraaestorb5uturifrmntat rmit

b1inraturi r loliarid 30 - 70.,.Dnsitata looluluistd 0,8 glml,,

astfl l c ml d all intrs8 g. Aillilrgeratst absrbit la ni'*riulstmauiuisa intstinului sub1ir'ri a il mliifiat'ttazatlsorb1iidpinddvolumulhranionsumat, triabuturii, gnqid partiularitgiiziologi,nspial ta snitata stmaiili;i, par1 lartmidin allu1absrbits*.iiminatprin rspirati.pil si urin.tabolizaaaloluluitiii nstinoidatra ui in.fiat

"upartiiparanzirnloraloldehidrognazaADH) qi

nitinamida-adnina-dinultid'I.JAD-. cul1iipsd ire 1,50 gram d,.*DH,a pi.irrit,ti.jaa i50 gramd ai]pe zi. nazulunuiiisumzilnillrai*o"" d 150 g. S actieaz1 n al doilasistmd oxidar- antina-idaza-ata|aza. Yit-v-.,ii* .1itttlr.....1-n lalt\,l..rlur St l oU - 2o mglkglori, mliafiind dlcO mg/kglar'.

Tablul5.3.on{inutulaloolului tili9i

gluidlorn difrit buturi

Buturiontinutuln alool Conlinutul

in gluid,g,ll

Valoarnrgti6,

Kal/l/" s.llBr 2-8 16-64 30 2 57iiru i-6 8-48 i-0 60 580


32/109

Tm:5.l. alu|a[lvaloara nrgti unifliid p?ind 5c dgram.5.2' a]ulativalaranrgti6unuimr d 80d gram.

5.3.alula{i6tgramd allqiAtkillorii a nsurnatprsan5 75 del ' :g,dalaola20.00anslimat2l d;ampanilaaprit iviY,de itr.rcvinsalb.In it timpaloolulnsumatva fi dgradatn organisrnulastiprsoane?5.4.Cunosindi prsana ata onsumat elitrud id"ri250 ml d brd5o a ora 18.00, alula{ias-afblosit ntimpuinp{iisistmul antin-oxidaz.cata|aza ntruoxidaraaiiuluiingrat?

intrbri prltruutvrifiar1. Cnutrimniara mai inaitvaloarnrgti?2' vloar ngtiraloolul ti i?3. Car suntmanismiimtabolizarei aiooiuiuitiii?

6. DIV,RSITAT,A$I PARTIULARITATIL NUT.RrloIt[AL,AL GLUCIDLORDIN ALIMR{T

obitiv:FamiliariZara,; ci.',rsitatluidlrn alimnt.zahr,;ri, rnidnuri,ibr

alimntarqi partiularit1ilor nutrilinal.


33/109

---"-*_---- I

Ilomtlgiiao singurziplinrrizat6

Hoiozid1ibrara lusiva ozlor

drrn ridrliz

Htzidlibraradup1hidrliz6a zlr*

(tiatiunid holozid+ aglion)

Htrgliaiter,az difritsintmbintnmodrgulatsau nrgulatnolimrizat

6 2 Diversitataqipartiularit{ilutri{ionallgluidlor

Pnlirrzi r |l U l l v a t LPstg lo ufritali zidi

oligzide2.10unittizidi


34/109

lilui6.1.Tiul, sursialimtarqiriusiinal al iigstiigiuidlr

j Gluid rnntarii

nzharidel t ^ - - - ^I Ia-|UZr

i l. Gluoz6z Fruto,aiI:- ' . . .l 3. ialatz

{ l f , ^ . . ^ _

+. Ivl.7IlOI.d

D , t t . nI E I . . v ; J

l. Riboza2.Xiloza

] ? ' o i - ^ - oI J . I l t q u l l l v a gI

1. Zaharoz

2.I,actoz

3. N{altozi

l . . . ^a . . * : . , .l l ' l u U l . t l l l I .

. - : - . - * l , -) r ru ug Imb

Frut.mir

,l,aPt i prdustat

Prdus din mal1,unl

N4ffiozaha.id.|anozanu s n[in n fbrma ibr]i n l i ^ n t a

jI l l l t l r r l L l I l L

ii[inutuigluzi;i li.utzi irrfrut qi lgum dpindde graduld arEiondiliil dp6strar.

Ribza. il:laEi arabirrzen sonlinsub.form{fllrn alimnt.l sint drivat dinpntzaniidini-rut si din acili nlii dinprodusld ar qi produsldmar.

(iluozFrutoz

) l . l , ^ t n z

Arbinoza

Frut. ggm' ral. | ilozil;pri. alg marin.gurnd mstat,

lttl

Dizharide(d ibil hridZahdr,mlas, irop d

G|uoz6;igalactoz6

(ontinuarab.6.1


35/109

( ab.6.1

3. Ptin Frutr Ptinlonstaudintr-oatnintralrmat din aizigalaturoniiu graddiflritdmtilar9iramnz.atniitlilrt ullstituitjiiil.t z

' l ] i l . t , i l l t ' za .ualiz) .-- l---- i \ --*.- "- ' --*t e-- ' /|

| 4. Gum 1Sr1iillantlr i j Gumaarabi. rtatsalm,l I l 1gst ollstituitaingalatmanan.l l l r| | | l J l I ^ 6 f t I l o f ^ ^ t r t ^ d ' n f c h l f f A ? a| | l \ j ( l l l | q u 9 H ' ( | l L v r r J t 4 u l l l g l ( . ( , r l u z q rr I i - - - - - - ' - a 'I I l l lfnz r. i r ] lrrrrrnic s i

ilzi,gluozi,aiduluilaturonisi/sau sa|actozei.

iiiii:;1aidgluuroniqi

5 rrli r'ii l Srtiilnrintlr i l rodusn vziullGolsialunl - . . - - . - . - - - . | . l -l i , ] planta inul. banartirul,i l i liiiiiigiiitintlii.i.ii D.

Alginatlsuntnstlt'ditin ipolimriai aiduluiD-nlanuronii ial aiduluiL-guluroni.onstatt in

iL d galatZa. - i.1 Amid";"1 Cral, banan,prdusamidonasratat mi(pntrudtaliia s vdashma .1.)

Amidnulrzistntst ra{iaamidonuluiar nu str iigat i6tramilaza salivar"ipanratih.

rzistnt

S dosbspatruatgrii damidnrzistrnt.

|*Notd: Polizhridl(l-5) pt./iscidlptd l glucozdd dtr bctriilcolonuiui. cest

(ontinuarab.6. )


36/109

6. Stahioz6(.trazaharic)

Fasol,bob, altlgumins

Produs

Gluoz6,frucLlztr^

lactoza

1j - -1ry4: ho, tn,.' n,,l i" i, | "os'."Bg"91g$ s th l ||c' ltulnt

Poiizh u id d sti b (in Cl mai importantgru

.',dr antitti.',.Dinstitd rnaltz

din puntdl-.'iisintr I, I

usd arnr

marin

Shma 6.1.Clasifiareaamidonuluirezistnt

RStBoab midonfizinasibilt . .

l otgseI'inapsulat nmatia

R53Amidonultrogadat:

I alimntamllatratat mi

RS4Amidonulmodifiathimi

Nu s nlin nprodusd originvstal

Faii u iiiitjilului zistnt

RS2Boab nativintatdamidon: artt.iruzi. bananvrzi,amidon d


37/109

- stimularafi.mntaliili;- diminuaraolstrolmiiotalqi/sau fra1iiolstroluluiDL;- diminuara limiigiisau nsulinrniistprandial.

st admis, 5 fibrl snt nsuratsirnultanu al1i nstitu-nliptnlial

bnfiiasoiali fibriorin matria aiimnta-rl:itarin, minral qi ai1institunlilg'tali.Astfl.rlul fibr r er pute t pliat"n part printr-sinrgidintrfib." Eisubstan iasiat.st dmnstrat6 oria1iadirtintreonsumul fibr alimntarirduranidn idiabtului,anenrlui lortal.hiprlipiimiiionstipaliei,stiunamasiorporai,a1itat.Rvndi6rila


38/109


39/109

6.4. nsra1in su1iabiuluid maijs ?t3 inumirid alimntu onlinutdifritd fibralimntar:

I.ipsitd fibr Srsd fibre

Bogtin fibr

6.5.Numili 1mai important ursd firalimntar.Aranja}i n ordindsrstoar- 8 alimntu lmai ridiatontinut dfibralimntar.

6.6.Nsarulz1|nicde 25g d fibr alimntars Vor ontin n urm6tarlantitetid alimnt:

o

-aa

a

...piinintgrai6

...piind griuhris6

... asoi

... oiamazteusat

7 C NTINUULi FRi RLA D GLUID i PRDUSL


40/109

7.CNTINUULitFRioRLAs D GLUID i PRDUSLALINTAR

bitiv:

- Studianlinutului gluidnalimnt;: '.1z',itabiiitgiird a 1g a-tit-.i-dvi- iiiriirt_ susdgluidttal,zaharuri9iamidon',n fun1id nsarul iziologiindividual.

7.1Gluidl_ sursmajritari d nrgi ilnii

Gluideirprzirrttrpoirtitulnajritaral aiimntaliizilili,l fiindf-oar6spiniitin aiimnt. Aiimnti giuidi sunt ibart variat,fiindrprzntat ral9i produsralir,rut, gum, guminoas, rodus,uu,ou'"Eid oftri,tir,t. n prznt romand6a 55-60% in aloriilzilni tr-lt ni.vili5 dirr slid.^ " - ' - .

onsumulalimntlgluidi aduo mar varitat de alt nutrimntimportantn alimntali.Alimntlbogat n gluidsunt o surs6 importantdo ^ o , - i o ' . i f ^ - i n o a | m a n t o - i . o ' i o i i . n i ' ' a i , , , r l l q r | o t q t p c c t j p t q t e e s i l t s t r l , iL r r g r A l L ' v l L t l l l r i r L ' r L I l r 9 r l t l t l l r r t q r v \ l ) l r r r l J r J g 9 r t g r v g r I l g L v l g g l r L g L

hrani. Cnsumuldifritoralimnte* srsd gluid,asigurprezen[a n ra{iaalimntar6otal6Eia univarit6{id altnutrimnt. st importantd mnlinatdasmna 6 gluidl ontribuia frmaragustului, onsistn1ii asptuluialimntlr'a fa alimentaliamai divrsqi pl6ut6.

Rzrvld gluidsuntdpzitatn fiat(ira70 qi muqhi(ira|20 g)

Iai

1J

(


41/109


42/109

8. INDILGLIMI $r SARINAGLIMICAA ALININTLOR

Slluririi:

Stdiivairiir niiluiglimia-i -limntior SurS gluid;Fami iarizarau notiuna sarin imia imntlr;Dzvoltara .iiit11iiliiiriiunqtiniirspr ndiigiiminalirnnta{iaurnt;Dezvoitarraapaitaliid a asoiadiiritsurs igluiin virarduii ndiiuiliirril alitrrrrtirorsnat.

8.l. Indilgliemi_ ghidalittivn algr limntlrgluidirpul unlanuLi|izaz\gluidlsub fr.m6d gluz.Gluza poat fi dasmna ransformat n gliogn'un plizaharidsimilar amidonului, ar stdozitat n fiatEimuEhiqirprzint fom5d rzrva giuoziqi o sursdnrgiugoriisponibii6.riuinsii giutl'ziaa singur sus5 d irrgi lrr.nnr]itii ^rrrql.Din aast agz,niv lgluziin sing trbui nrnlinutv l l l L l l l l v l l l r l

p*'*un..,t in lirnitlizilogilt,0 + ,2gl|. Cnntr1iarm|'agluzinsiings num$tnormogliemi. Hipoglimias caracterizeazl'prtnonntratiial giuzima\ mii d 0,8 gil.Hipogiimiast nso1it6d snza[iad foam,am{li' durri d ap. Conntraliilgluozi maimari d I,2 gl| sr numshiprglimi" Hiprglimis arateizeazrin st aut,diurz5sporit6.Rglara rapid a flului d gluzi din sing Spr depozita.r-'a}ir:nhipoglimiant)sa Spr s6ng (a iun hiprg1imianta)pntru mnlinra


43/109

l0

il

|

0,.F

U

O

imp.r{

FigE.l. Dt-rrinarandiluiglimialtri or

Llnllia.limnt stat P p-rl-trslllira

Saglil in figur5ndi srtia insuliniprodus6 impd 2-3 orc dup onsumulunuialimntsluidi

und:

YlG: l00'x

iG- iniiig1imiY _ aria suprailei suburbagiimia aiimntuiuistuiiat - aria supraf iuburbaglimi6a gluozi


44/109

8.2.Fatrii ar n{lun{zindilglimiIG al unuialiment dpind d digstiagi absrbliagluidlor.Rspunsulglimidpindde vitez,a digstiea alimntlorgiuiiiqi nu st asoiata u masa or

mlu]r. Astfi, nutat giuiiimpl^ unt zaharuriint. Dimpotriv6,xistrorjusamiia u iG mai inait iit i al.monoza'naridlr.Divrspropritalial alimentelor,difrit d masa molular6a gluidloronfinut,,r l t r m i n i r i n r, n , ' l - | i o m i n D r i n i r t i f q n t n r iU i i i i i i i i a i a s i j u i i S u i B i i U r i i i i U . i - i i l . r r v u v 9 t l v L v l .S n u m e r e :

- sifiul alimntului.sursi d gluid (stutura alimntului qidimnsiunilsal),

- on(inutu|qitipul monzaharidlrdin omnntagluidlor,

- prezn{qinatura fibrlralimentr,- ntr midnuli(r-ortu|amilozi|arniloptin,brm bblor),unlamidonurisunt mai digstibildAtaltl;

- mtdl ulinarqi tratamntul thnlgi apliatprodusului (grdul degltinizra| midnului,gradul d rtrogradar, o(inutul amidonuluirzistnt);

- rzn aitr nutimn{i n almnt agrsimilsau rtinl.Adugaragrsimilrgi protinltlrsad intruitva IG fir mdifia rsunsulinsulii. p "zn a izilr rganii(lati'-ti);

. prezn[a substntlor ntilimntar (ltin, fita(i' plifnli ailguminaslorq.a.). spunsulglimiestdiminuat inrzn{aor ;

. spifiulindividual;

. mtalismulrsna ;. timul zilei flndsunt onsumatgluidl,moz|ia mslor antriar.

8 3 N{iund saringlirnia alimntlr


45/109

8.3.N{iund saringlirnia alimntlrIndilgliminu stsingurulfatrar dtrminiin m5sur6onsumulunuialiintr;t nivlui zahrului sangvin(glimia).Da Snsum6iurdusalimntar u alagi G(mplunepul;i rissantul)n ntitef similar,r;trea

glimii",a mai rdus5n azu alirnntului un nlinutmai miigirri|.{:


46/109

rcus(xmplu djunbazatp proiusd av6z.al.paas,tri)e..Ainad sar5,produslipanifialiu tri or fi prfratn louipiiniialb).

8.5.nsin{ nsmluisivd riiqi limntlr indie

glieminltSindromuimtaboii st runosut aa mai imprtantiproblmatuala

Sanetetiiubli,apari1ia 6ruiapot i influnlati d moduld alimntali.Unuldin tatorii imdiu ar ini.lunfazvoltareamala


47/109

Tm:8.1.Studialishmadin fig.8.2.mntalionsin1losibi^l1iuni

alimntatll

u sd alriiqiaburrdntn prdusu indiglimiinaltasupraapari1ii

difritordrglrimtaboli.

8.2.obsrvatiinli1limial alirirtlorn trrpa-afiu lalgluzicin

tablul8.2. omparalivalrilindiluiglimial airnntlrin rapt'. uindil

glimi algluoziqi ntomi1iun tabigrupAndalntl u indiglimirdus

ifl 70).

\ r- \J \J J ,r, - t l t \ l rww

Tablul8.2.Indielgliemi(lG) al unor alimnt n ompara{iu lal

9r... .- _.-i

AlimntCralJ\l -rrr I{ . . . l1 . rgg-lr

Fulgid porumb Kllogg',shppsKllgg''sFrrlgi dvzBar usliT6t p nr.z

riq

orz) ^ * ^+:Lt4SllloLl

Brun

Alimcnt

I,egrrminasrFasolralbtr rrntBbFaslalbLint . - - l - . - - ^ ^ . :as()lg us ]alaI intSoiaazdrevrdI t ^ - : - ^ - - ^ ^ ^ a :NLarzatr usualta

Frut

()1 1

- 1

496t1954

48791-)a 1J Jn -L I

28184866


48/109

qpitur ubananGfr

BarSnikrsBar wi

ilat6nagrirarsDula 6pqun

r r rm.L v u r t r v.

staMorovartfi:

Fir iNoiPrji1i n ai dgrsim.

Cop1i ?n rlBostanPrurnbdulc

ingh1ata u ontinutdusdegrsimiIut-t itiaii,ai un[inut

rp r l l l da i rn i

ButuriSudmr^.+^L O\ILA

Su dprtoal

Gustriipsui dporumbBastna; p;tArhidPpomisuri d artofizl

rparat dulir. t: -^] v l l gFrutozGLuozLactoz6\ { ^ 1 a ^ - lYldrL\rzd7 qqz\

t zJ

t4555728

s8201005710565

-+l164I

4\)851

6449

8s62758689754872? a

36-8050

4 l85

(ontinuarab.8.3)rz nstt tti atirt6 min r28 Sfl;i 91


49/109

)rz nstt,tti,at.irt6 min r28 Sfl;i 1i isar6 oab 48

Mr.'z


50/109

Gluidd asimilar

int6

Nlazdre vrdSpaghtPortal

LintFasol al.Lapt,hfir,Pr,mri9, ttgui,ipfrut ' . n . f n r y I t U L L U Z q

ntinuarab.8.47464-6666^ ln n a

JU-+J2-5i^J U47.5,2-629

8"5. nbazava\orilor ndiluigliminumi1i it5-7proiuslimntare sursigluid apid i d gluidnt.8.6. Algliun produsalimntaru indiglimiinalt. Propun{i.4 variantdasoira astuiprdusalimntar ualt alimntsau ingrdintar ar rduiitdiiglirrii.F.a ionintarii rgfritata trdtamntui rmi rmandatgradu d m5runlirsialt dtalii thnlgi.

intr.oripntruauiovaiuari. st rrdillinri?2. e fatori nflun|az\,va|oarandiluiglimial alimntlor?3. C stsarinaglimi5?a.Da"\ixmpl lalimntu indiglieminalt.5.Dali xmpld alimnt u indigliridus

9.1.Nliurrignrldsp ipidDi d d fi i hi i i d i l i li id i t


51/109

Din punt d vdr fizio-himiin adrui lasi lipidior suntgrupatsubstan{elu o aratristicd izic, rnuninsolubilitat"an apqislubilitatansolvn{irganii.n lasa ipidlor antitativprdmin5rigrup:a) Trigliridlpst95od\n aprtul alirnntar lipid)b) Fosfoiipidl) StrliiLipidl, nutnitin md omun gr6simi,nstituiin oganismun mponnt'irrr. .i ^..l"l.l"n.i"llti.q' r:r lz,sililiiul.il.j substiii dii:tlul. Natura "si antitata lipidlor dtin5

aratristiilrnorfologi,biohimi,iziologiqifun1ional lmmbranloriologi.Astfl' uliurilsau

grsimiitrnsumat rlfluniazlrilibi.ulmmbrana. u At st nrai suplmmbranao U dt sunt mai fiint shimburiiiintriul. rrnagtaasptloralitativ9iantitatival lipidlr dinproduslalimntarestnsarpntrualgra lor advati invdra asiguiriiuni alimntatii hilibratinlipid, irililsu urr triintiifiint a.izira.qisniiali.

9.1.1. olul lipidlorn organismulumanGrasimilau muitipl funliiirnprtantn rganistn:r P ling rlul strutural'lipidlrprzinto imprt-ntlrezer" e nrgi

onntratl,tecargram d lipidfurnizAnd9 kal la biooxidar' a stpstdou6 orimai mult dAt antitatad nrgifurnizat6d alaqiantit61id protinsau gluid (4 kal). Lipidl fumizeaz a mai marpart dnrgipntru urul musular. Sromand5 a lipidls aprira0%

ciziigra;i saturalinsumali in s suntnsidrali fati di.ispntrub lil di l


52/109

bolil ardio-vasular.- izig"$im?,Ii,ISturliGMN).ciziigraqimononSatura{iiminuazisul anruluid sAn, du nivlulolstrlului'n nsinf, artiipa prvniramaladiilrardia;- cizigrsi poiinsturli(GP|Q-acizir$isrliili.Un aidgrasstu atAtmainsaf.rrat,u 6tontin mai rnult gaturidubl.ontraraizilorgraqisaturaligi monorrsaturali, arsunt sinttiza{in marairmajritat n rganism, aciziigraqi piinsaturaiiin


53/109

- arnaunorspii d animalqimzlirri- uleiuriqigrasimi n spialiupratareatrmi6


54/109

uleiuriqigrasimi,n spial iupratareatrmi6- bisui1i"pturi'patisi- ipsuri, artofiprajiti n baid grsim- uiiuri vgtalpa\ialihidrgnatmargarin).nlinutul aiziir|runs itr grsirilpaliallridogtratst d ia1aoh dirltotalulaizilrgraqi. n arnad bvini qilapt onlinutulor std ira2-5o.Produslalimntar u lmai inaltonfinutn aizigraqitrns suntprduslipanifia1i,atisri, it6ri pnl ia 0ciinttaiuiaiziirgraqi), raipntn'r jun,artfiprji1i finhfris)qisnuri(2a-40o/o,\'Efctal izilorgrsi Saprosdntd1ii.Similar acizi|orgraqisatura{i,aciziigraqitrns rs niviul istrlului LDL(oistrl ru)

isad iiivlul

oistriului FiDL(istroibun), prin aasta sporS risul maiadiiiorardiovasular,prmovazatrslrzaqi diabtul non-insulinodpndnt(tipul 2). In urs d rtarsunt ftel.e acizi|artrs asupra unor tipuri danr' mladiilr nurdgnt.atir, tipul Alzilrrr,alr.gii1. ns5 smntionaz., d, aciziigra;i trns d origin natural6nu au ftl negativstabilitpntruaciziigraqi rnsproduqindustrial|ngmntu| risului przentt de cizii grsi trs. In ig1tur u ftlngetir,asupra s5nt1ii,unl ri au adptat atr lgislativ rfritoar |alirnitaraonsumului aizilorgraqitrns |a 10dinnrgia otalzt|nic6(2 g la unapor1alorid 2000 kal)qi mn1ionatea rzn i r p tihtlprdusloralimntare ub rindul rfritor aonlinutul aizilorgragisaturali.st tndinlada liminatotal sau parlialdin alimntaligrsimiltrns podus ndustrial,ud it i i ig i d igi t l

TaIul 9.4.C{inutlizilrgra;i sturiiginesaturati nlgrisimil ( /100 d d )


55/109

II

alimntare (g/100g de produs)

Tablul 9.5.Grisimi alimntar bogat n aid alfa.linolni,omga.3

Surs d grsimialirentr

AGstrrra i

AGmononesatura{i

AGpolinsatura i

Aidlinolei

t6zz

Aidlinolni

18:3,Iargarintandard 39...s6 28...s t t 7 . .14 u.f,Marsarini vstal5 43...s0 29...42 15...21 14...19 0.5Margarinu uli diloarea soariui i5 . . .19 35. . .45 J . . . 4 6 J . . . { t ' < v..tUnt 48.3 23.4 1 ( ) l l 0.8Unt u ntinutdus

d sr.sinii 2.9a t 4, . 1

2 a ne oaUli d arahid 19.0 50.0 l l n 18. . .40 zA 2,Ulid floara sarelui 12.0 19.0 9.0 60...74 0.1...0.3Uli de mislin 15.0 77.0 8.0 4. . .10


56/109

pUli darahidUlei dalunGrsim depasErLTlei mslinobfinutrin prsiun rou integalUntGrsi d fiatd ba

I t { t

ColstrolulClstrolul,dup6 Strutura himi,st un alol poliili,o substan

fizilogiativ,prrursor a Llnuigir d al{i strli u funlii important inorgaist, inlusiv acizi biliari, vitamina D,hmni suali (strgni,androgni,progstron),hormoni ai glandi suprarnal.olstrlul intr inomponnta lipoprotinlor,astfl ontribuind|a transportara ipidlor iniruitul sanuin, ntr nrnpnrntammbranlrlular' n spial?n sutulnryos'asigurind turgsnfa lullor. Z||ni in organisms sinttizazdc\rca Ig d olstrol, antitatadiminuindu-sn funli d onlinutulolstrolului

xogn in alirnntie nsumai. t.llstroluis nliirdai. ir proiusldorigin animal sub form5 libr saustrifiatu un aid gras. atea'g6lnnuquld ou qi produslatatonlin antitali dstuld marid lstrol.Consumul mdiu zilni d olstrol std 200-500mg. S romandd irnitaraonsumuluid olstrol limntar a300 mgp zi.Lipoprotinlonstau dindifritpropor1iid olstrol, riglirid, fosfolipidEiprotin iind numitrsptiv n moddifrit:


57/109

ablul 9.7.amrraz a actz oi.grasi a unr liri rsirniaiirnentarDenumira AG nsatura{iodin AG Utilizara


58/109

Denumiragrisimii

AG nsatura{i,odintotalul aizilrgra;i

AGsatra{i,oh

Utilizara

i Aid li-] lniirt.

Aitllirrii18:2

AGNli

insalt,tit

.o. ^- ll ltlu.

(iit'fript,

To inalti"(baidegrsim)

Uli de mf,slin 0'7 6,80 77,4 15,2 + + +U r ^ : l ^ . ^ _ : 4 i r l t l t r a l ' l r d a { l


59/109

ftau asuprasenetelii?9.15. aminaii datlprzentatn tablul 9.9. ar sintl mai bgetsurs d

olstrl?

abiul 9.9.n{inutullstrrodusulalimntar i o..,iirrtui il

| lstrlului, ]mg/l00g alimnt

rir(as6r, ovin6,po t a t t t l IGlbnusd u I500Ou intsral 5s0

45Piat d vit6 -?00

cavai,mziuri^-^^ ^\ - l l l lg L l

I-aD+"entsralAlbusd ou

t0. PRTINL:FUNCIIL' STUDIUL ONTINUTULUIINAL I Ni, '{T. A MiNA Z7l.l"t'lTA { I. R oLUL A}INo A IZ I L o R

- . -l Lrl ll

Can dpor

a

a

produra nzirnlr;sursd aminoacizinecesarin sintezaunor hormoni(insuiina,giuagonui,


60/109

( ,g g ,hrmniitiroidini,hrmnul adrnrtiotrpi,mattrpina hrmonalrqtrii9ihrmnul antidiurti-vazprsina);intezaantirpilr_ imunglbulinl' arprtejaz5 rganisrnuld invaziilmiro'oin' iral;transprtarai fritorsubstan n sing(hrnoglbina,ransflrina,lipoprotinl);

ti&i}SlTiitramnirrditar;. mnlinra hilibruluihidroltrlitiia-ido-bazi;. SfSd nrgi.

rotiia unoipiritai-itlralizara urrliilofizilogimultipld tipstruturai i fi'ln1ionai.r roiui nrgtist sundar. n azul uni aiimntaliihiiibrat protinl asiguri doar I I-|"/u din rrrgia z,ilnii trrtata rrsarrganismului.Dagluidl qilipidldin alimntalia\|nic6nu asigur6antitatad nrgi dvtgiuidl 55-6a%;i lii,Jl 30-50^), rg.nismr-ila ti|izaprotinln sopurinrgtin dtrimntuluntiilor strutttralifunclional.

|+.2.Ptinl surs d arninaizirtinlalimntarsunt ompuse din urmtorii aminoacizi:Izoluina,Luina,Valina, Fnilalanina,Triptofanul,Tronina, tionina,Liztna, T\tozina,istina,Arginina,Aidulglutami,Asparagina,Prolina, Gliina,Srina,Alanina,Glutamina,Aidulasparti,Histidina.Dintr aminoaizii mnlionali,organismul nupoatsinttizaqaseaminoacizi,ar sunt stritd ninlouit9i trbuis s onlinin alimntali:zoluina Leuina Lizina Triptofanulo Tronina Valin Doi

ontlnrTriptfanul Smifr - sr{iaipntru sintza srtnini;

tab


61/109

Triptfanul SmifrAntidprsivAnaigzi

sr{iaipntru sintza srtnini;- Psibilprvan doz mari sr(iahrmnuluiEtriiqi proitini.

Trnin Imnstirnulnt - rrrrsal gliinri,srini,gluozi:. Imunostimulnt:imi(hrmnal). lular.imilnglobulin,antiri;- Antiinflamtrin artrita rumatoid5.

tionin Antilrgi . Agnt dmtilar n numroasmolulal organismului(uAP-ul);- Agnt d sulfurar;- Prursral altr minoiziu sulf ;. Componnti nfaliniptidi anaigzi)- Antidprsiv;- Trnsprtor al slniului;Dza otidian5:0 mq./ks.adult).

Lizina Prttiimunitai

- S n{inn mari ntititi in{suturilemusular;- Amlirazrtti munitarglbali rului ;-

La prsoanl n tat arn{a iziniar puta fi un fatrl irdiiaiiului ssmi ais a fmi;. Psibilar rl detoiantal Pb qialtor mtalrgrl aprsanl n virsti;Nsarulzilni:840 mg/zi(dult).

Aginina Antilstrl . sn{ial ndpzifarqir{iaztului;- Rl mtaboli niluluri ndispnsabila produere

protine onsidrate1 e) qinlinutulamineizilrsntiaiin aagiantitat Jprotin rtrinlaprotinloului sau cazeina) YA


62/109

protin rtrinlaprotinloului,sau cazeina).I _Cpt/x |aa, o

und C. indilhimi alprotinistat' t - on{inutul irui aminaid sn1ialn prtina

stt mg/gprtin),Cp. - onlinutui aminoaiz1|or sptivi rrprotinad rfritmgigprtin6).Valoara ndiliui himis alulaz5pntrufiaraminoaidsnlialn

part.Aminoaidul u lmai miindi himi inaortu ptinad rfrin[staminoaiiuiimitant.Vaiara'ioigia prtinisiatst


63/109

valoriibiologia protinlorn aiimntaliagtaliani.Lato ovvgtarinii u artr.bui aib rblmu asiguraaadvat uprotin,dar a asira,hiar in antitti mii,a laptlui qi oulor u alimnt vgtal, aminoaiziiiridisprrsabiliunt flniza{in antitii advat.pli nstitui lbinaraiaptiuiu iguminoasi.Dsi iaptilntirr rrai'rruitrrtirrinfu,istin graiild prtind?t gurninasl,standardul dal al aminacizi|cru suif nu stra|izat. onnulapntruhilibrulprotial vgtalinilorst umtoara:00deprtindin raia' 35in iguminas; 'inigumprspt }unzas. rltablul l0.. snt przntatdat dspr onlint-rtulrtinloi: i minoaiziilimitan1i i unor alimnt.

T.abe |-).3' on{inutrriproteineiorEiaminoaizii imitn{iai unor aiimnt

Indil1 1 , - : _ _ l| | ' / | I | |

rel

Piulnborz albFind griui

LguminoaseF l

9,47,1l0,11,0

2 6

49 (Ls)62(Ls)38(Lys) (Lys)

59 ( t+Ci t)

496238

118

Indilaminoaiduluiimitantlimntul onlinutulnnntoin / ^ l U L L l l J ' / v

unde P _ aprtulrti in 24or'g;A _ azotuldin ur liminat.in24 or'g;


64/109

}v1t-masaorpral rti/idal6"g;ln tablul10.4. untprzntataloril ndiluihimiqial utilizrii

protintpntru unlprtin.

blul 10.4. ndilhimi9iutilizaa prtiinta unor prtinalimntar

,\1imntul Indilhimi,04

UPNLa pii

UPNla sobolani

ou intrgLpi ul-nanrezPorumbGriu

1nA

10c674953

a 1

o 7 a6649

94a.) /595248

10.4.Nsarulzilni dprtine

organizluiar nr,ointind arninaciztpntrua sinttiz-n fi-rtlndira 2,5 milioan dglobul roqii, pntrurnovara a fiar circa 4 z1leantroitlorlullmuoasi ntstinal)i la fiar8...10 z1|e a majrit1iiluoitlor,pntru sintzanzimlor nsaredigstii, hormnilor, fatorilordprotli q.a.Doarsintza protetst ontinu, ar lo in mod ontinuu,nintrrupt, aprtulaminoaciztlortrbui s fi sufiintin antitat9i alitat,asigurAndu srzn|a i|nicl aaminoaizl|or snliali n li t l t

...'gd afllrudd.;it

....gd ard iartl dvit....g piin....g mmiig


65/109

l0.5.Calula{insarul ilniprsonald protinn funli dmasa orpuiui.in6 N' l ' r r i t i x . r.i 1 , , l i ' ' i11. .1f; i1eci .^ir t i tt i lIU.U. i \u i i i i i i t j lclusl ailmnta pIrtatr Y.onsumatntr- Zi. 'sigurnsumullatnesarul ilni dprotin?l0.7.Alatuigi -vaiant ratiialimntarai V-araoprinSaruliIni n

proLin.i0.8. xaminaliiatirzntatn ta'oil0.3, i0.4' i0.5.bsaliarriirlaidullimitantal dif,ritor limnt.10.9.n ce aZca|itatea rotinidintr-o mbinaliva fi mai inalt- la asoirra ad'uirtiit u ala;i atirilii.jilrritant, alitiaizilimitan{idifri1i?punrlir,ariant ombinareposibila alimntlor n sopulsporirii alita1iiroteinlor.i0.l0. Numi1i lmai importantr surs dprtin hilibrat dup onlinutulaminaizilrsnli ii.l0.1l. Din tablul10.1 obsva{iluldifritranrinoaizisnlialin organismuluman.10,|2.Formulapntruhilibrulprtizllnical vgrtalinilor st:600% protindin ra|e;35o/o in lguminoas;5o/odin lgumprosptfunzoas.Al6tui1i ora1i limntar arear satisfaondi1iil ormulipntro prsoanad 70 d kg qi

g...,gd amfiartd pasr....g fiatd vit....g u..'.lid apt....gd a;avalu past ar

g g....g trid a'ldz....gd artofi i(i

o rtlqzlr .rrrl. . . . < L l r t q 4 g l v Y v

] , ^ . ' ^ - l ^ ^ + . . .A us v9I\lr l d ptnjl...'.sd brinzad.',ai

d d l

Tablul 10.5.Uniiindiatri d litata nrotinlrdin divrs srs


66/109

Sursde IArinaidulnrotin l limitant

1 1lrL- PR UPN Dr VB

Ou r00 '9 ^a 97 o aaLaptqi iAminoaiziuprodus i sulff(mtionina+latate | istina)

90(8s-es) , i(2'8-,2) 77(i-82) 97(9-98) 82(80-8s)

I U U

50

(30-ss)

{

Sminto1aginoaJ V

Lgumi-noas

Mtinin*,tronin6*(sia),

lizina*isusn,flara soarlui)olizina*

80{7e-84,\6R{62-70)

mtionin6**(bum-b,aAminoaizi cusulf(mtionina* 60

(griu,vis,rez,srg)Lizina*,triptofan**

1,7(l , l-2,3)

55(40.6s)

(s0-60){ l| i q

J v I L t t

(40-60)(1,8-2,2)

1 6 | 45 i 83


67/109

11. YtivriNL: FUNCTIiLFIZILGI,sURsLALIMNTARst NSARUL ZILNIC

Soulurii;r onsoiiiaraunoqtin1iorispr riui spifi ai iifrito vitarnin irr

ganisnrul uran; Studiraonfinrrtuluivitaminlor inalimnt; Dzvoitaraabiiitagiir i aigraivatia sursioriimtarj viiaririir iii

fuilii.jnsi-ul ilni.

. -1Vitaminlsunt_ nirnutrimnt d netur rganii' frr t',larl nrgti,indispnsabilpntru organism $i, rsptiv, llsara fi onsurat n modbligatoriu u alimntl.Dup6 strutura himiavitamunl;apar}inifritor lastj substarr{ gatii: atltin, acizi, iipid, arsunt runit in adrui iasi'',itaminldupi ntri stitu in.saIpnt-rr-l-rganism.Rotl prinipal alvitaminlorst rolul ataliti. AparlinAnd difritor las dsubstan organi,traii1ionaiitamini iasifi5n funli isoiubiiitatn:a) Vitaminhidrsiubilvitarrirra, vitairriiil..ipului) ;ib) Vitamin iposolubilvitaminlA,D, 9iK)

o lasifiarun{ionaloat ] d asmna tabilit upmanismul or daliun,.rind r-trm'tarldurifundamntal- Vitaminlimliat in modifiarea transciplii dADN inARN qi ar

'I.alrllul1l.1.]Fllullfiziklgirin:s:ar.rrlilniia[ vitminlr-

N ' "' S


68/109

.-p]rt-|-*---fiuiol.'g q - -._-.r -- -4,g\' ziu'li rs"rli,prot1iasrrturir itll,prot{i..nlbanar;i.irltrrlin n int,za()l,i:'

Dgli ulariLltan;tt aztlla'ritanlirrozi,.orbulg;i1inilr',

N;-.'."' -- SursL

- zilni L;ltlarg. 0,6 .0,8mg I lrasim i,t(opii); I batg, u6,- 1.0 ngntru I Lrnt,mantin,

Nt

S orr$inlarn sursd igin animal5.]nstb'ila atiunal-ignului' aze|orultavilt"umini.

Vltantina.Ar1'inl

d

rot{]tlintIanr

Dfiinldnfilohinn,tr, | rotr,crnbini,a ntvirrn ] agulara angvin

ntihmr>ragiii'| gular(:ai} ]8\,ini

| t U [ L l l l J i l l l ( l L d t i l g l

i

IllII-_ -__f__

Prvitn.rirra\.. | rus.r l,vitarnirri,,\ ;l}-artttul l,^,ntitrxi,lnt'

Il,

Van:.lj.,.fr.,i,ir.,rll.si

l;,*lliii,--

i=tisnaop

Iilol. ] osaiia aliuluigi rsif'orului.] stlrnalailanlirahitiit lht rllt,irrhitit rjulti. rstopzdiI

vita'; ii-_-|-;r.:r.it...iaiori

ai-

l ir*,"i ,"iti*u.tfl, i nrmbrzl.lor|ulr" | (pritr istrugratistrili | rtelial1r19|61q9i'. I gl|bul1oro$ii),

| ar a vri;lzirtilitat-a.sindlrrr euro-l l dsnrtivt tt_ ___-__tVi tan


69/109

\..1

trar-rs1rrtulnilr l t $i tr'oniltrr,sntia]n sirrtza.lagnuli,cilrnitini fiiat.biosintza,at:oanrrr:lr,intra;iona:z;i ird ali liL'ri,

jai urr l ilplrt'ntn utiil1'np |6lglii btrin:r9t:tobilitatalrlbrrlIrlb' i1prot.jzrn,]lbranldtriora l;lidativii.;:;itsint;:anl.fbrullli'r;tabsolbtia irului.;"ii,i].;d'; jior

--i;'ifitlt'" ..o.o Nu st lsris 0..3 1.5mg/zisi adia

lmprta.ti.nsidrtliir r,tnltal . loIisrnu|l trit ilr;i

rblnl pati in;uro]og;i;nmifttrtogrnafmilnsinat;l,ziuniutan, lmuoas:i,Simptoroular

vitE]

Vitaminll''airl sirrrbi:,antisrlrutir

tianina

(Pt'),niotinarrridr,antipllagrir;

ti*l .ni;*l1'..l"?i:[ tn'i,'it uCIi i.-.zisltn|dus ainf,:1ii,nmi,bosal,tainsufi inta gingiior( sutului orrjuntiv);In az:uI vitaminozi

..tobltt.

Pilagra:drmitDrgl6ridigestive(dir,gastr:iti),d:rglrisihie

80 mg/zi F.rr-rl,;itri'ottiiz6',m69'tin),gum(va'rz6, rdidul,artofi. 9ii,ap6vr'd, raz,p6trunjlvrd,mrar)

Drjdiid br.ral ntgral(grirL, rz),lg,uminras,in'sia.pqt, orr;,subprdr-rsfiat^inihi), u6. apt

prlungit,mpral,uri?na]t,a a];iunaoigrlului.lnstabilLn prznlaasorb'atxi'caziipl fi::nl'idzei,amta]:lr .l, n mdiulalaljin.

Pid.riintratarnrntdiurtii,Onsum si.vd r;.i,[rro[,l1trud

InstabiIi in mdiui laIin

ii,it:ilu.aiu t,'iat,nimiisuba{iunaazlru trar,o[t

Pi"ii,ri.i.nt

aiziiorga;i;F'atlrl r$trr;.NJsar

iln1run:til-t;lrl:alul.Ir:

Ragii : r;idodurtil 'rgansmr"rI ' inrJspll a lrr'a iiIl po|u.:.l'ii

15 - 20 lglziNsarsurtn

tilnrulainiiialptrii

T.rA orz ;igrliu,drjdiid br.

at,pr;t,i:at,glbrnur; ou"lguminoas.riga.

diu:ti.,rnsumsiv

d eai,alol,pegt rudSint:tizat batrjiilolnli.Stab.ilia ar{iuna9ia >ti;nuluri

Nust sris 1,,4 1.8mg/zi

Nust sris

Vitanrin 5Aidul

4.^ . imglz iN: sarsuIn

Par1spindit:ouii.rn at pegt

ontinuarab.1 .SinttizLt: atri llnlui

Nu ,st sris


70/109

.Aidulpntotlni:

.VitlrBii

irido:


71/109

;Con{inutulvitamin- r, mg/l00g prdus

Pflin b

Piinintgrl

B1nno n?{


72/109

ultivar,hanaanimallr rnoduld prsarthnlgi5.Datl przntat ntabllompozi1iihimisuntdat mdii, ar potava unlvaria1iin funlic' zanad ultivara rdslrdat. }lodul dtratar rmi9i d onsrt-/araliirrrti asr-inanflun{azn{iutiil nvitatnin(Tabiiil11.4).

Tablul||.4. f)naturara itaminlor

Vitmine ILa ldr

A +

lnprzn{a

igrrtrlrri++

L lmin

++Carotni + -- +

D 0 0 ++ a l -.j--t-i +

+ +++ +B] +++ 0 0z -t U --_rPP U U U

Not: 0- stabilitata atiuna atruluidat; ++ - instabilitat,+ - instabilitatmodratd. +++ instabilitatantuati.

Tmf l d l (


73/109

intbri pntr autr.rifirl. C suntvitaminl2. arsuntimai dfiitarvitamin?nalimntaliamdrn1..)


74/109

2. ar sunt i mai dfiitarvitamin ?nalimntaliamdrn1..). Prin s plidfiinlavitaminlor n alimntaliaactuair'?4' Car vitamnpt prezentaoiitat iind nsumatn xs?

5. ar suntftltliai vitarriirlotrxsi

6. ar ftri hnologii9iai mdiului ambiantnflun{az6 ontirrutulitaminIrin alimnt

7. arst iui sifiai firi itamin?8. Car vitamin a prpit5liantiidant Prin st irnpr1antftr-ll

antioidant lvitaminlor9. ntruar atgoria populaliiifiiIltitamilriB9 pzirrtrr fatr.

ris ?1O.Car itaminsuntantiantni in aralimnt ontin?

Tablui11.5 Srs iimntr i vitrni

Surs alimntar d rtinl(vitmiA}

Uii i iat ibatg

gl l00 g

JUUUUit d mii. ffatat mi 2 c0Fiat, alt animal' ratatermi r 1500

Fiaigrsd gis 9s0l l +

"n aPatud fiatpoin 600

Coaz6 neagrl'praspta

Ardi dul, ratat rmi

( lntinuarabj i 5)


75/109

( lntinuarabj i.5)

rov rs,udj Mrv,iatat ntiPtrun.jl.rrd

Surs alimntr dvitamina m/100g

Uli dtjoara arlui s6.01 . ' lUlid prumb i0,0Migdal 24,0

ais usatltlota'"".s*'.

4620.m

Brooli. tratat rmi /U(,

Mango | | vaiseprtlspt I J U UFrunz d salat6. rud l l 00Sosroqii i 000nigoni n ott 800Adi dul. rud 750R;ii, udKt-hPrutrusat

A^ lvvv]

600 I

*- 5- l

Grmnid grAu

Ulil ]atd batosr r l , : - ^ ^ : - l - : l ^U ll Llg al all lU

lvl i1tUll.1-d- t 1 ^

| .J |i api{a 15,0--Unid sia 15 .0Llli dmrslin 12'argarin 10.0^ . . i ; 6 ^ f i ; t An t r ' l u P , J t t v

R {

artofi.ipsuri 6 . 1Uiiipgt

Surs alimntr t iaminvitminBl

00Sursalimntar dvitminaB9

lrg o

Surslimntard riliflavin5(vitmin82 )

mg/ COg

Drojdiialimntar 4,40Fit'trtat eni l ? o

ontinuaralrl .5Sursalimntard niiani

(vitaminaPP)m g / 1 0 0 g

Dridiialimntar 40,0ata i bi i 28 )


76/109

Fit trtat eni l ? oRinihi,tratati rmi 2 ,10Djdiid panifia{i 1 ,90

Lapi dgi.sat' pi.ai t , o uL-tntgral,raf i .20Patud fiat dor 0,80isdal 0.7

ata ibi i 28.)Drojdiid anifia1i 16,0Pastd aahidA * - L ; l ^

^I at l tu t 5 n

isd Vitl. salopratat rmiGrmni dgriu 0"70Musli 0.1aammbrt 5%|vlc 0,60Fiatgrasd gisd o.60Brinzi a]bst, rte 0,50Camdra , ritura 0.41Glbnuq u 0,45

Marouprjitrpur' agu

8,5sJr

Somonafumat 7,8inihi,

hata{i rmi'7,0

Marou' Ot 1a .rtr 7,0vlt|' ostlt 6,7Mus1i o, )erino f . l r lnt 6 5

Carnd pasr 6,4

Sursalimntar dpiridin(vitminaB)

mg/100

Drojdiialimntar 4,20Grmnidgriu 3,00riripoin,ruzi 2,80usli 1 60

Surs alimntar dinobalamin(vitminB12)

gl r00g

Fiat,tratat tmi 6 1 , 0Rinihi bovin5.ratal mi ? 5 0Marou,gratinat a uptor 19,0Rinihi i ratat ermi \ l l

l2. RlluI, FIzlLGl ALLJNLR.PIINR/{..sr NTINUTUL roiPRoDUSLALININAR-


77/109

Obietiv:o Cnslidaraungtin lr cspr rlul spifial difritr lmntrninral?n

rganistrlul utl.raii; Siudira niinutului ma- qi mirlmntlr snliai in produsi

a1imntar; 'iezoltara aiiitaiiior d aig ivatd a sursir aiimntard imnt

rninral n fun{id nsarul zilni;i par.tiularita1i1ndir,idual.

12.i,Clsifiraimntlorminrai|, . .

F mntglminral przint6-nstitrrn iliigatorii,niispnsa.oi]ii uiin,.ntalii'16valoarnrgti6. l intr6n ompttnla ifritor nzim,hmoni,{suturil organismului,ar1iipa rglara rsitrniismoti, ndplinsqialttungii mpant pifi iriimntminrai.?n abil '+2.1,|2.2 sLprezentat6nformaliadspr olul fiziolgi spifi'nsarulilni$iproduslalimntarn ar son{inlmntlminralsnlial.

Priniall2 prinipiid lasifiara lmntlrminralsunturmtari:o Itlfuttc|ie d cnlinutul tn orgnisn;i, rspctiv,csrutr ilni s

dosbsc:.- Marolmnt:a, P, Mg, Na, K,S, Cl.- oligolmnt: ' Cr, Co, Cu,I' n,o,S, Si, V,Zn.

rdutri,ca aidul asbi(vitamina) pat mri absrb1ia. n rtiularfirului. Biodisponibilitata minrailor ariaz intr-ogam6 largdd valori, d iaapriirrativi-2 % ntru unii ompu;i ai firuiui pn la ira 9 % pntru


78/109

apriirrativi 2 % ntru unii ompu;i ai firuiui.pn la ira 9 % pntruompu;iid sodiu'potasiuqi iod. In ntinuarsuntprezentat mpld fatriqiaratulirflun1i asupra bidispnibiliteflia doudinir lmai dfiitarimntminrai_ rnarorimntula si oiigolmntul .Tabll 12.1. Funtiilg '3jI9 9 9I| lmnte I Prprit{i tlilgi

nismul uman isursliimnlr

I m l n 4 r q l t " " " * ' - ' *II

I| sfor

Y

CaliuC

Sodiul l

Cmponntal osfatuluiali amrfgiai hidroiapatitiristaiizatarasigur igiditataqisliditatashltuluigiduritatadinlilor.I o / ^ A o i n t r l l i n i n f l l n n r i i, r r r s , r v r r

muiiipi: xita'oiitatnuro.musulari. ransmsi nvos6.ontra{imusular,oagularsangvin5,pmabiltatmmbranar

rinipalul ationxtralular;ol in- ^ . - - . J : - ^ - - - - : - . - l ^ - ^ ^ ^ ^ - . : - , . t . 1 . . :| p d l t l Z a l g d ) l l t r g l d I d L U l l l | | l u 1 u l u l

api ntr mdiulintrirqimdiul

ostoporoz5,ostomaiai.RahitismCrampmusular

DzhilibrualL ^ * ^ ^ ^ + ^ - i ^ i ^ - ^ iI l u l l l u 5 L 4 l l o r

intra-gi

oigin alimntar

Lapt, brizturi,minrai,migialusat. aviar.salativrd,pitrunjl,fasol|c en l rqcti riq

Carnatumat,mzluri,;tanisau d mar,murturi,

zi

Manifstiri d i Normrt i .et rii. l.j

I ut"p"nt.uI I adultil24h

N".i't 8001;liulrridirrrrrunonlave*iului;i din$lr,n]ponent l ATP,onstituntl aiziiornuiii.fsliidlor,mnlinhilibrulaido-bazi

igdal,nui, alun,iUoli, var^r. , qi g5ig.fs alb, int. orz,pasi fdi ioas'prduslatatqiou6

400.. . 000mglzi

Tlul 12.2. un1ii . i-gq9 919ntlrn . ' tt l t u t 'Jmansi surslalirnntrPrprit{ibiolgi

v{nifstiarrnt

}Jrmareomandata

lmntminral

Sursalimntar


79/109

r n m

\-

rb tC

uruCu

II Fluor

F

g

^tivatr lmtaolismului

idlr i liSt-imuiriniziglLrulirqii(vitBl2)' antal*i'vzdi|fatr erieriAntiinflamator,Antiinf;isAntiuls,Stimularaintzi

onstitunt imaliuluidntr(fluoroapatit)

. l - - ^ n ^ * r lI r l l o p v r L v | qr

DrgliririibtieAtrslrzozitatnm ^lgiiiruiata ltrmittilor

Anmi.drg|6rist.artila , n'1t

arii dntar.rs: lztor,lz,lJbru|ii oSoS,4gryg 9 14nmi. nri

du ()r50.. .200mcglzt Drojdi i, ral. ar tofi .fiat

'| 1 nto l i ntgrl,int

Z . . .mglzi

imgiiap

Stidii' rut st,llgttminoas.i.eal

pi potabii'pr$imaln.ai' morv.ap6

F

l".tI

oignuluinhmg bin,trddtoiar

t,'-".at""l tfu.il.i

" " - " ' 0 ' ' '

i l spana.ais. ui,fiat di l vitl

D.*sl,"..*t.*dbilitat ntal i l dralLitiuLi

R.glaraisprlzitii Sirirjpsiv'insmni, ngoas

t - * - / - :I l t t g L l

(nunsutalmnt sntia|)

Alimntvgtal,Ap d mar

ngnMn

Agnt d dtir,stimulatral sintziar1ilailr

ragilitatostoartiula'drsl6rinurolsi

2., 5mlzi Fulgid viz-,sia, gum noas,migdal.stridii. fiat

|2.2.|. BiodisonibilitataaliuluiProntuld aliu absrbitn adrul unui rgim alimntarbiqnuitst d 2a - 4a%.


80/109

g qVArsta9i ondi1ia ftzicd modifi absorb1iaaliului.D mplu' la opiii inqtri fmil inpriadad matrnitatprntuld aliu absrbitst maimard6t a prsoanii vArst6naintat.bsr'otiaaliului ststirulaid aiditatgastri6nrmal, aastaasigurind fmaralruriid aliu arstfoartsolubil. Alfl fatoriarfavorizaz6absorb1ia aiiuluisunt:

' , i r ^ ' * i ^ ^ i - r . v L l l l l t l l o , l J '

- |atoza;iaidulati;- aidulitri;- soiutiii


81/109

digstiv.Caliuls online9i in alimnted originvgtal.D xmplu, rutlesuulnt u un nlinut iiar daliu.L,guml runz(spanaul, tvia, bda,

varza) uni bun Sus aiiu. dai.aiipl.rziltai.juluialifua o patalmntuluiminral sI fi pirdutsub fbrm d xaiat d aiiuinslubij, astfidiminuAndu-ibiodisponibilitata. oia,sminlelqi futlolaginoas, um suntsminiid fiara:sariui,usanui,migiaii unt'gaien aigiu.

- . :72.2.3.Biotiisni.niiitata iru uiConlinutulfiruluiin organismuladlt st de 2,5-4 g. Balanta dintr aportul

alimntrd firqi pirdrinrnlinasthilibru.Pirdrilzl|nice u ds-uamara^^ ..l^l^. '-^+ al ilii,supafilrmuasIr,nlusiva tratuluigastr- lintstinal suntd ordinul a 1 mg qi aastantitat rbuisuplinitu firuldin

' :alimnt. n organismirul ist subdout-orm:irul funlionaln hmoglobinadin giobuiiroq;ii angvin(ritroit)qi miogiobinadin mu9hi. Hiogibiria;imiglbinaallaaitata a fiaignulpntrue-l d lu lrar nl,id nrgi: ignulrnitrea-|iat-spiraliilularar furnizeaz6nrgi.} iruld rzrv6 st ipozitatu.b brm i ritinqihmosiirinn fiat, splini,mduva spinrii, muoasaintstinai5'rinihi 9i pmit sustituirapirdriitlrfiruluifun1ional.Globullro;ii eptzate sunt distrus dmarfagi,iar firullibratst rilat. Hmglbinast dgrar1a-t-n fitu protura ilirubini l i r n i n t n n q l h i l i r i r r r I r I r r g L

Ci1ivafatoriinflun azi biodisponibilitatairului alimntarRata absorb1ii

rima,darstun aid uprrit{idutari a da av,zia-;iteminaprvinfbrmarad tr tir in tratul gastro.intstinali omiqilorarnu potfi absrbiii.CPP_ susid firhmid asmnantnsifiabsrbtia iruiui.


82/109

D mplu,o mi antitat d am intr-unprparatde maz6r, int sau altlgumirioas'a intnsifiaabsrbiia iruluidin lguminas. a fl 9i asiraiguminoasloru igumrmntatati.- Prezenganhibitorilrabsorb1iiiruiui: fita[i,oala{i,fosfa1i,arbna{i,i-brlalimntar,aninldin ai ' afa.- Przen[aomptitorilor|a absorbli:piumb, o-bait,stron1iu, nangan' z\n,supiimnt iiu.

Pentru a maxima|\za sbsuriairului qi a prvrrinsare rmtrl:

anmia friprivsunt/ r \ - - - - l : ^ . - - - - - - ^ l ^ ^ ^ - - : : ^ l : - - - ^ - -(i)ar"rliiora|.aigil 8iiiil.lttli..,.=l.ttl.tlonsum in spul rqtrii aptului

total d fir alimntar;(2)inludrasurslor alimntar d vitamina C l fiar trrrrisa,",,\l ltrpromotoriai absorb1iiiruiui;l2\ .^1'.l^"^ la fiarmasa surslr fir hmiPP),dastposibil;J / rr lL rLrLrLr ur{4)t',itaraonsumuluid ai sauafea n adrulmslor.

|2.2.3.|. alulul firului alimntardisponibilpntruabsorb{iTri fatorisuntuti|izalipntrualulul antit1ii firabsorbitn timpul unimrs :

1. Cantitata fir hmi9inon-hmi;2. antitata vitamini C din alimntl onsumat; Cantitata onsumatidarnpgt aupas6r PP)

an pr.izsiu irtu dispnibiiitiitrdsd firlui v cn|in na dinvrintelermd|ore: ivlaipin 30 g d arnsiabd (i23 g d titiusitt),sau


83/109

Mi nll t in de 25 ms d id sorbi. - - ' - - 1 - - - ; - - - - - - - - - - O - -hsrbti fieruiui dintr-omsd cu disponibiiittiosd firttluino-hemic st - i ' - . t - td So,h T1I 11 t1ps/7rl lt rr,zr,rllr,lr, rtp iir,r rtr, 5()(l m" " " - o 'F.irulhmi sontin ioarn arn'pqt,pasrr.Dar nulnai 40%iin fierultotalal astoralimntsthmi,rStul600iind non-hmi.Absorblia firuluihmi st onstanti qi nu variabiia in cazul-frruiuinon-hmi 9i pat fiaiuiat6ca 23+lodin firulhmi dispnibi|.mpl'u..5 g do.filu j bovionlin3.3mg dfir, inclusiv 40%dincr (]'.mg)est.firhmic, r rsul 2.0mg st

irnon-hmic.sl, ctitt otl d

firno-hmicl prprtttlui

- I : ^ L ^ - . . L : 1 ) ^ ' - : ' ^ J ^ ) ^ { - ^ + . ' I ^ l ^ . ' : ^ - ' , , . , , . ] ^ l X I ; ; . - , ' l ' " ^ ' ' " l ^ . - ; ' .L . u r. r v u . l I u U t U r U I I u r I J l r l u J L I I J I I 1 I L u I | I . ) c Lluo l - l lLLl I I l L , I J , | . l L . | l L ' l ' I ' I . I I | J I I - | | . : ' i i i L

r u nivld bsorblied cir Eo/,,p ind i druluni msu disponibilittrdusd,dor 3o orJi bsorbit.

in tabiui12..stprzntat n mpiud aiulai bitltiisporii 'oiiitiiif . i o . , , l , ' i . l i ^ . { i ' . r . o . i ' ' " i . ' , . , q l r. r n r t i p , | t l L l l l l t l l v v l D L l l l r l l g t v v l v q l v r t l

.lui2.3. Atlsrbtistiativ5 firului din divsmniuri u aa$ialar alri(720Kal)

Grupuldisponibil i t1iipntru ir

Di ibili i t

Cmpzi{i

30 g protindinzarzavaturiqi lgumun iaurt

Firul total Fierulh m i

00

0,06-0,0750 00 0 006

antitatfiru uiabsrbit

2,0-2,50 1 0 2

Tm:

12. Studialirolulmarolmntlorn organismuluman din infbma|ia przentatl


84/109

inta.biuiz.i.

i2'2.Studiaiirluloligolmntirn rganisinulumandin intliaptezentatntabelul 12.2.

12.3 olosind abllornpozi1ieihimial alimntlor,alio ana|iz'orrtinutulrrie aliuin difritprdus atat,brinzturi.Sltalidingrupulproduslratt8 -10alimntedintrelemai{ivntonsumat isrili-lnrdindsrstarn{inutului aliu.

|2'4. areprdusalimntar ot fi utilizat n alimnta{i a sursd al*,i..n lipsaprduslrt-t?

|2.5.|c6tui1i-4 ombinatiid sursalimntararaopr saruliini i8CCmg d aliupniruaiuigi'lsiniunntrui a'l:

Produsullimntar Gramaj,g

Continutl aliului.m

produsn antitata de

produsonsurnati

n100g

I blul12.4.Sursalimntard lmntminral

d

Surs limntarde mg/


85/109

Produs ttsvalarmsnasavaimmntai

Cammbrt409,,atri

Smin{d sttsanSmintd flera-seriui

Ciuprialb.usat

^ - ' - - | ^ ^ ' 1 a v d l \ u l l l L E

svldmavalhddar

t d vai

Sminti. usan

Sard butri 129aGrrrrri griu

Fs] |busat

ulgid vz

Spana l 106N4az5rsat i 1l-5Sursalimntred sodiu

Mslinngr n sarmurtrzlurisi

tri afumat

idii alimntarPast6d arahid

I Srd bu5t6ri

ffi

38850

. . l . - - _ . 1 ^ - . ^ j -i 'urs llIIlaI. uru

rg/100

i3. Ci\{PARARAAPRTUL ALIIiINITARZILNI URINTLALIMNTATIEIHILIBRAT

Sonul rrii:


86/109

Sonul rrii: stiiara onforrrritatiiratiilor]rsonald onsum alimntar urin l

ai menta1ii hiiibratn baza meioii nrgistrriaportuiuiz1|nic; idntifiaradfiinilornutrilinalprsona|izate ilabara nuiplannutri1ional or ialinrntr.

N,,IOD LURU1. intorni1i list5dtaliat alimntlor llidqi ihidonsumat priada

a 3-5 zllecu mnlionararamajuiui,nsriiniiatln tabil3.l. Alg1iopriad u alirnntalif;t ni rrhicnlritluzindzill dodihn59ild srb6toar.

2. .itafi uauat{ antit1iiiimntirnsumatl' stimind it mai at ngramj-rbtr.tlr,6 n i, frutlr, brrturir nsttmat.

. Folosinidati ompozilii himi a aiintrtlo,aluiaiiqi ornpltaiitablul 1.1u valoril rfritara onlinutulmaro.qimirolmntlornantitil d alimnt onsumat: iloalrii,protin, ipid, hidralidarbon,aliu.fir. vitaminaA (bta-arotn)'iamin, iboflavini,niainqivitaminaC. Pntru unl buatputlinota ingrdintlmajr' antitativprvalnt n prparatuldat, aflind suma nutrimntloronlinutin fiar

aluir:inrgiir.',nit in gluid. iid,t-tein

nsumul mdiu z|l,nin sramdintblul13.l:


87/109

Gluid: glzi 4 kal/g (G)-_- kcal'lzi

Lipid:-glzi 91callg:(I-)--- kcal'lzi

Prtin: z\ 4 kaiig: ()---- kcallzl

Totalkcallzi : (T)_ kcallzi

ngiprovnitiiingiuii:GiTxtotalngiaprvnitdin lipide I lttainrgiaprlvnitidinprotin: /T xttal

part' in prntY, din kilalriilprovindin gluid, protin,ipid? raglihilibratdupastritriu.

nsumat n mdiu zilni d Dvs.onluzia daalirnnta{iaDvs. st

i00:100

100

adin nrgiaz||\ci

Yodin nrgia zilni

o/odin nrgia zi|nic6

7 Tragei nluziil rfritoarc|a rzultatlomparaliidintr valoril onsumuluiral u valoril romandat marAndabatra d | loril rom nd t in

'I.:lblull3.1. lnvntarullimnta{iintr rreifrlonsutitv

.lint,ns.mt

,4.;rf,'ml


88/109

.otal:ziua[

Ziutrll

Totalz,iuanl

ZittrIII

.otalz,iuajLIlonsur.nul

zilni:mdiu

Abatra,u\batra, /o

al-gria1l l gi i

Tlrlrrl1:}.2.Nor.lnl{}eonnd nutrimntpntru difritatgriial ppullii rlup ritreriulffrsti--- qionditiiiziologiqg

lnuld

pot]n(i n


89/109

TIill:

u

3 0

)506)q.)

-

1421-"-ir*. ^| l

{ Q

'i9

64

1l,ulagii

Fm:itla1i

I Prsandt-.L:nalq

(i n

.s l

('6

,z 40

/0

ti0

N

i

I

()q.)v)

bc

Q

ooi

O

i

()

bo

bo

gD

,-lIIKg

Iq0

PPn g"D

.N

3,;mB n8 ) 9.rg

3nLg

m o

l g _ttr rg

r20 1 0 l 0 '70 2A I / ) 40 1 400 1 0 40 0 5 1 l 5 0,7 0.8 9 J 0,8 x0(2 J )

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