Bogorodica I Hristos Hora

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    Chora Church

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    Front view of Chora Church

    Rear view of Chora Church

    The Church of the Holy Saviour in Chora (TurkishKariye Mzesi,Kariye Camii,orKariye Kilisesi the Chora Museum, Mosque or Church) is considered to be oneof the most beautiful surviving examples of aByzantinechurch.[1] The church issituated in Istanbul, in the Edirnekap neighborhood, which lies in the western part ofthe municipality(belediye) ofFatih. In the 16th century, during theOttoman era, the

    church was converted into amosque and, finally, it became a museum in 1948. Theinterior of the building is covered with fine mosaics and frescoes.

    Contents

    1 History 2 Interior

    o 2.1 Narthex 2.1.1 Exonarthex 2.1.2 Esonarthex

    o 2.2 Naoso 2.3 Parecclesion

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    3 Notes 4 See also 5 References 6 Literature

    7 External links

    History

    Sketch map of the church interior

    Sketch map of the interior plan of the Chora Church

    The Chora Church was originally built as part of a monastery complex outside thewalls ofConstantinople, to the south of the Golden Horn. Literally translated, the

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chora_Church#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chora_Church#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chora_Church#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chora_Church#Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chora_Church#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Hornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HSX_Millingen_1912_fig_105.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HSX_Millingen_1912_fig_105.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HSX_Millingen_1912_fig_108-109.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HSX_Millingen_1912_fig_108-109.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chora_Church#Noteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chora_Church#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chora_Church#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chora_Church#Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chora_Church#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Horn
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    church's full name was the Church of the Holy Saviour in the Country: although"The Church of the Holy Redeemer in the Fields" would be a more natural renderingof the name in English. (Greek , h

    Ekklsia tou Hagiou Stros en ti Chrai).[2] The last part of that name, Chora,referring to its location originally outside of the walls, became the shortened name of

    the church. The original church on this site was built in the early 5th century, andstood outside of the 4th century walls ofConstantine the Great. However, whenTheodosius II built his formidable land walls in 413414, the church becameincorporated within the city's defences, but retained the name Chora. The name musthave carried symbolic meaning, as the mosaics in thenarthex describeChrist as the

    Land of the Living( , h Chra tn zntn) and Mary, the Motherof Jesus, as the Container of the Uncontainable ( , h Chratou Achrtou).

    The majority of the fabric of the current building dates from 10771081, when MariaDukaina, the mother-in-law ofAlexius I Comnenus, rebuilt the Chora Church as an

    inscribed cross orquincunx: a popular architectural style of the time. Early in the 12thcentury, the church suffered a partial collapse, perhaps due to an earthquake. Thechurch was rebuilt by Isaac Comnenus, Alexius's third son. However, it was only afterthe third phase of building, two centuries after, that the church as it stands today wascompleted. The powerful Byzantine statesman Theodore Metochitesendowed thechurch with much of its fine mosaicsand frescos. Theodore's impressive decoration ofthe interior was carried out between 1315 and 1321. The mosaic-work is the finestexample of the PalaeologianRenaissance. The artists remain unknown. In 1328,Theodore was sent into exile by the usurperAndronicus III Palaeologus. However, hewas allowed to return to the city two years later, and lived out the last two years of hislife as a monkin his Chora Church.

    During the last siege of Constantinople in 1453, theIcon of theTheotokosHodegetria, considered the protector of the City, was brought to Chora in order toassist the defenders against the assault of the Ottomans.[3]

    Around fifty years after the fall of the city to the Ottomans, Atk Ali Paa, the GrandVizierof Sultan Bayezid II, ordered the Chora Church to be converted into a mosque

    Kariye Camii. Due to theprohibition against iconic images in Islam, the mosaicsand frescoes were covered behind a layer of plaster. This and frequent earthquakes inthe region have taken their toll on the artwork.

    In 1948, Thomas Whittemore and Paul A. Underwood, from the Byzantine Institute ofAmericaand the Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, sponsored a

    programme of restoration. From that time on, the building ceased to be a functioningmosque. In 1958, it was opened to the public as a museum Kariye Mzesi.

    Interior

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chora_Church#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I_(emperor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narthexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narthexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_the_Mother_of_Jesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_the_Mother_of_Jesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexius_I_Comnenushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-in-squarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincunxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Komnenos_(son_of_Alexios_I)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Metochiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Metochiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frescohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeologushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeologushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronicus_III_Palaeologushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronicus_III_Palaeologushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theotokoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theotokoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theotokoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodegetriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodegetriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottomanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chora_Church#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Vizierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Vizierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayezid_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclasmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Whittemorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Institute_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Institute_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Institute_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton_Oakshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chora_Church#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_I_(emperor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narthexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_the_Mother_of_Jesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_the_Mother_of_Jesushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexius_I_Comnenushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-in-squarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincunxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Komnenos_(son_of_Alexios_I)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Metochiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frescohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeologushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andronicus_III_Palaeologushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theotokoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hodegetriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottomanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chora_Church#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Vizierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Vizierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayezid_IIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclasmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Whittemorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Institute_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Institute_of_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks
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    The Virgin and child, painted dome of theparecclesion of Chora Church.

    The Chora Church is not as large as some of the other Byzantine churches of Istanbul

    (it covers 742.5 m), but what it lacks in size, it makes up for in the beauty of itsinterior. The building divides into three main areas: the entrance hall ornarthex, themain body of the church ornaos, and the side chapel orparecclesion. The buildinghas six domes: two in the esonarthex, one in the parecclesion and three in the naos.

    Narthex

    The main, west door of the Chora Church opens into the narthex. It divides north-south into the exonarthex and esonarthex.

    Exonarthex

    Mosaic of the journey to Bethlehem

    Mosaic of the enrollment for taxation before Governor Quirinius

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    The exonarthex (or outer narthex) is the first part of the church that one enters. It is atransverse corridor, 4 m wide and 23 m long, which is partially open on its easternlength into the parallel esonarthex. The southern end of the exonarthex opens outthrough the esonarthex forming a western ante-chamber to the parecclesion. Themosaics that decorate the exonarthex include:

    1. Joseph's dream and journey to Bethlehem;2. Enrollment for taxation;3. Nativity, birth of Christ;4. Journey of the Magi;5. Inquiry of King Herod;6. Flight into Egypt;7. Two frescoes of the massacres ordered by King Herod;8. Mothers mourning for their children;9. Flight of Elizabeth, mother of John the Baptist;10. Joseph dreaming, return of the holy family from Egypt to Nazareth;

    11. Christ taken to Jerusalem for the Passover;12. John the Baptist bearing witness to Christ;13. Miracle;14. Three more Miracles.15. Jesus Christ;16. Virgin and Angels praying.

    Esonarthex

    Mosaic of enthroned Christ with Theodore Metochitespresenting a model of hischurch

    The mosaic in the lunette over the doorway to the esonarthex portrays Christ as TheLand of the Living.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Metochiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Metochiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chorachrist.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chorachrist.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chora_Church_Constantinople_%286%29.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chora_Church_Constantinople_%286%29.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Metochites
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    Mosaic of the Virgin Mother with child, north dome of inner narthex

    Close-up of the Virgin Mother with child, dome of the parecclesion

    Mosaic ofChrist Pantocrator, south dome of inner narthex

    The esonarthex (or inner narthex) is similar to the exonarthex, running parallel to it.Like the exonarthex, the esonarthex is 4 m wide, but it is slightly shorter, 18 m long.Its central, eastern door opens into the naos, whilst another door, at the southern endof the esonarthex opens into the rectangular ante-chamber of the parecclesion. At itsnorthern end, a door from the esonarthex leads into a broad west-east corridor thatruns along the northern side of the naos and into theprothesis. The esonarthex has twodomes. The smaller is above the entrance to the northern corridor; the larger ismidway between the entrances into the naos and the pareclession.

    1. Enthroned Christ with Theodore Metochites presenting a model of his church;2. Saint Peter;

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Pantocratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prothesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Metochiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chora_Christ_south_coupole.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chora_Christ_south_coupole.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chorachurchfresco.JPG.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chorachurchfresco.JPG.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HSX_Mary_genealogy.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HSX_Mary_genealogy.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Pantocratorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prothesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_Metochiteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Peter
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    Saint Petermosaic1. Saint Paul;2. Deesis, Christ and the Virgin Mary (without John the Baptist) with two donors

    below;3. Genealogy of Christ;4. Religious and noble ancestors of Christ.

    The mosaics in the first three bays of the inner narthex give an account of the Life ofthe Virgin, and her parents. Some of them are as follows:

    1. Rejection ofJoachim's offerings;2. Annunciation ofSaint Anne, the angel of the Lord announcing to Anne that

    her prayer for a child has been heard;3. Meeting of Joachim and Anne;4. Birth of the Virgin Mary;5. First seven steps of the Virgin;6. The Virgin given affection by her parents;7. The Virgin blessed by the priests;8. Presentation of the Virgin in the Temple;9. The Virgin receiving bread from an Angel;10. The Virgin receiving the skein of purple wool, as the priests decided to have

    the attendant maidens weave a veil for the Temple;11. Zechariahpraying, when it was the time to marry for the Virgin, High Priest

    Zechariah called all the widowers together and placed their rods on the altar,praying for a sign showing to whom she should be given;

    12. The Virgin entrusted to Joseph;13. Joseph taking the Virgin to his house;14. Annunciation to the Virgin at the well;15. Joseph leaving the Virgin, Joseph had to leave for six months on business and

    when he returned the Virgin was pregnant and he is suspicious of that.

    Naos

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    Mosaic of theKoimesis in the Naos

    The central doors of the esonarthex lead into the main body of the church, the naos.The largest dome in the church (7.7 m diameter) is above the centre of the naos. Two

    smaller domes flank the modestapse: the northern dome is over theprothesis, whichis linked by short passage to thebema; the southern dome is over the diaconicon,which is reached via the parecclesion.

    1. Koimesis, the Dormition of the Virgin. Before ascending to Heaven, her lastsleep. Jesus is holding an infant, symbol of Mary's soul;

    2. Jesus Christ;3. Theodokos, the Virgin Mary with child.

    Parecclesion

    View into theparekklesion

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    The Anastasis fresco in theparekklesion of the Chora Church.

    To the right of the esonarthex, doors open into the side chapel, orparecclesion. Theparecclesion was used as a mortuary chapel for family burials and memorials. Thesecond largest dome (4.5 m diameter) in the church graces the centre of the roof of the

    parecclesion. A small passageway links the parecclesion directly into the naos, and off

    this passage can be found a small oratory and a storeroom. The parecclesion iscovered in frescoes:

    1. Anastasis, the Resurrection. Christ, who had just broken down the gates ofhell, is standing in the middle and pulling Adam and Eve out of their tombs.Behind Adam stand John the Baptist, David, and Solomon. Others arerighteous kings;

    2. Second coming of Christ, the last judgment. Jesus is enthroned and on bothsides the Virgin Mary and John the Baptist (this trio is also called the Deesis);

    3. Virgin and Child;4. Heavenly Court of Angels;

    5. Two panels of Moses.

    Notes

    1. ^ Ousterhout2. ^ and therefore sometimes incorrectly referred to as "Saint Saviour"3. ^ Van Millingen

    See also

    Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Chora Church

    Icon of the Hodegetria Monastery of the Panaghia Hodegetria Church of the Virgin Pammakaristos

    References

    Van Millingen, Alexander(1912).Byzantine Churches of Constantinople.

    London: MacMillan & Co.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frescohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chora_Church#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chora_Church#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chora_Church#cite_ref-3http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chora_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon_of_the_Hodegetriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery_of_the_Panaghia_Hodegetriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Virgin_Pammakaristoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_van_Millingenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chora_Church_Constantinople_2007_013.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chora_Church_Constantinople_2007_013.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frescohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chora_Church#cite_ref-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chora_Church#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chora_Church#cite_ref-3http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chora_Churchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon_of_the_Hodegetriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery_of_the_Panaghia_Hodegetriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Virgin_Pammakaristoshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_van_Millingen
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    Ousterhout, Robert (2002). The Art of the Kariye Camii. London-Istanbul:Scala. ISBN975-6899-76-X.

    Literature

    Chora: The Kariye Museum. Net Turistik Yayinlar (1987). ISBN 978-975-479-045-0

    Feridun Dirimtekin. The historical monument of Kariye. Trkiye Turing veOtomobil Kurumu (1966). ASIN B0007JHABQ

    Semavi Eyice.Kariye Mosque Church of Chora Monastery. Net TuristikYayinlar A.S. (1997). ISBN 978-975-479-444-1

    elik Glersoy.Kariye (Chora). ASIN B000RMMHZ2 Jonathan Harris, Constantinople: Capital of Byzantium.

    Hambledon/Continuum (2007). ISBN 978-1-84725-179-4 Krannert Art Museum.Restoring Byzantium: The Kariye Camii in Istanbul

    and the Byzantine Institute Restoration. Miriam & IRA D. Wallach ArtGallery (2004). ISBN 1-884919-15-4

    Robert Ousterhout (Editor), Leslie Brubaker (Editor). The Sacred Image Eastand West. University of Illinois Press (1994). ISBN 978-0-252-02096-4

    Robert G. Ousterhout. The Architecture of the Kariye Camii in Istanbul.Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. (1988).ISBN 978-0-88402-165-0

    Saint Saviour in Chora. A Turizim Yayinlari Ltd. (1988). ASIN B000FK8854 Cevdet Turkay.Kariye Mosque. (1964). ASIN B000IUWV2C Paul A. Underwood. The Kariye Djami in 3 Volumes. Bollingen (1966). ASIN

    B000WMDL7U Paul A. Underwood. Third Preliminary Report on the Restoration of the

    Frescoes in the Kariye Camii at Istanbul. Harvard University Press (1958).ASIN B000IBCESM

    Edda Renker Weissenbacher.Kariye: The Chora Church, Step by Step. ASINB000RBATF8

    External links

    Media related to Chora Churchat Wikimedia Commons

    Columbia University | Restoring Byzantium | The Kariye Camii in Istanbuland the Byzantine Institute Restoration

    Byzantium 1200 | Chora Monastery Interior and exterior pictures in http://rubens.anu.edu.au Photos with explanations visit infoKariye (Chora) Museum, Istanbul, Turkey Travel Planner by Tom

    Brosnahan. BYZANTINE MOSAICS OF CHORA MONASTERY Chora Museum Website

    Coordinates: 410152N 285621E

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