ARAVIND PPT

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CE2357-SURVEYING CAMP BATCH:1 B.ARAVIND(LEADER) D.KRISHNAMOORTHY R.MOHAN RAJ P.KISHORE PRAVEEN M.BOOPATHY S.KAVIYARASAN R.ARAVINTH RAJ M.GUNASEGARAN

description

survey camp

Transcript of ARAVIND PPT

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CE2357-SURVEYING CAMPBATCH:1

B.ARAVIND(LEADER) D.KRISHNAMOORTHY R.MOHAN RAJ P.KISHORE PRAVEEN M.BOOPATHY S.KAVIYARASAN R.ARAVINTH RAJ M.GUNASEGARAN

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INTRODUCTION

The surveying camp was conducted to prepare the contour map of the mountain at Ooty and to set a curve for the road to access the nearby road for better access of the roadway, etc.,

Surveying is an art of determining either linear or angular measurements.

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Levelling is the art of determining relative height or elevations of different points on the earth surface.

The elevation of a point has been defined as its vertical distance above and below a given reference level surface and usually a mean sea level.

The levelling work can be carried out by using direct method or indirect method.

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TYPES OF SURVEY CONDUCTED IN SURVEY CAMP

The various method of surveying used during the camp were,

Triangulation Tachometric surveying, Theodolite surveying Compass surveying Contouring, etc.

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OBJECTIVES

The following are the objectives of the Survey camp:

To prepare contour maps for hills and valleys of Ooty region

To determine the Longitudinal Section and Cross Section of the proposed District Road

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To determine the area of the polygon by Open Traverse method using Tacheometer

To determine the area of the polygon by Closed Traverse method using Tacheometer

To determine the distance and angles using the method of Triangulation

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STUDY AREA In this chapter we discussed about area

we surveyed. We did survey camp in Ooty, Coonoor.

This hill station was selected because the survey can be done with greater understand like contouring of hill various lot then a plan ground were the student can be able to grasp the methodology and procedures of surveying easily.

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L/s and c/s of road survey the undulations in a road varied more so that experimental knowledge can be gained a lot.

From Coonoor it is 50 min drive of 20km over a hill road with 36 hairpin bends in Ooty road.

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LOCATION The location for which survey camp was conducted

is about 2240 meters above the mean sea level. Ooty is a hill station in Nilgiris district, Tamil nadu. It located in the nilgiris range of hills in the

Western Ghats. The name is derived from the mountain located at

its region – in tamil nila means blue and giri means mountain. It is also explained as nilgiris.

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LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE The latitude and longitude of ooty is

11.411842o N, 76.6959o E ; ooty hill area is called the nilgiris.

It is situated at an altitude of 2240 meters (7350 ft) above sea level. The highest point in nilgiris is the Doda Betta , at 2,637 meter (8,652 ft).

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The total extent of ooty area is 36 km2. Ooty generally features pleasantly mild conditions throughout the year.

However, nighttime in the months of January and February is typically chilly. Generally, the town appears to be eternally stuck in the spring season.

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Temperatures are relatively consistent throughout the year; with average high between approximately 5–12 °C (41–54 °F).

The highest temperature ever recorded in Ooty was 25 °C (77 °F), which by South Asian standards is uncharacteristically low for an all-time record high temperature.

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The lowest temperature was −2 °C (28 °F). The city sees on average about 1,250 mm (49 in) of precipitation annually, with a marked drier season from December through March.

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ALTITUDE

The location for which survey camp was conducted is about 2240 meters (7350 ft) above the mean sea level and latitude and longitude of ooty is 11.411842o N, 76.6959o E ;

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CONTOURINGINTRODUCTION A contour is defined as an imaginary line

of constant elevation on the ground surface.

It can also be defined as the line of intersection of level surface with the ground surface.

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For example, The line of intersection of the ground surface of a still lake or pond with the surrounding ground represents a contour line

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METHODS OF CONTOURING

There are two methods of contouring: Radial Grid

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METHADOLOGYRADIAL METHOD: For contouring a hill nearby thalaikuntha

and Lake Mountain there are the un-uniform slopes running below to the lake. For taking regular intervals with instruments and for preparing contour map is possible.

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The contouring of the hill was divided to 6 batches and each batch was located to cover the entire area of the hill.

Each batch is with instruments to set up at their advised location.

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At first the theodolite was setup at the location and the primary arrangements were made.

The instrument was setup with the horizontal and vertical angle at zero. Then the horizontal angles and distance are measured.

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Same procedure was followed for the remaining batches for measurement.

After the angle and distance of the other batches were measured, the ranging rod was kept at a distance along the downhill.

Then the leveling staff was kept at a distance of 2m along the sight of the ranging rod, and the vertical angle was measured and middle, top, bottom readings were taken

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The same procedure was followed for the remaining downhill with the leveling staff at 2m intervals till the end of the hill.

Then with the help of all the readings of the remaining batches the contour of the hill was determined with the surface of the hill contoured.

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INSTRUMENT USED Tape (for distance measurement) Prismatic compass (for angle measurement) Tachometer with Tripod Transit theodolite Dumpy Level Leveling Staff Ranging Rods Electronic theodolite

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OUTPUT

HILL CONTOURING

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VALLEY CONTOURING

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TRIANGULATION The horizontal control in geodetic survey

is established either by triangulation or precise traverse.

In triangulation, the system consist of number of interconnected triangles in which length of only one line called the base line and the angles of the triangles are measured very precisely.

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Knowing the length of one side and the three angles, the length of other two sides of each triangle can be computed.

The apexes of triangles are known as triangulation stations and the whole figure is called the triangulation system or the triangulation figure.

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FORMULAD = KS cos²θ + C cosθWhere,

D = Distance from the pointK = 100 (constant)S = Staff intercept (s) ‘m’

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V = D tanθWhere,

V = Vertical componentθ = Vertical angle

A = x AB x sinΦWhere,

A = Area of triangle Φ= angle between the two points

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INSTRUMENT USED

Tape (for distance measurement) Prismatic compass (for angle measurement) Tachometer with Tripod Transit theodolite Dumpy Level Leveling Staff Ranging Rods Electronic theodolite

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METHADOLOGY The instrument was placed at point A, and

the true north was fixed and was sight to station S.

After those two points B & C were fixed on the ground. From the station S the fixed points B & C are focused.

The leveling staff was held at the fixed points and the reading was noted.

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After that the interior angles were measured and each station observation was recorded.

By using triangulation the vertical angles between points are also measured, so that heights can be calculated and sloping to the horizontal plane.

Also calculations were made on the basis of values recorded by observations

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OUTPUT

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RESULT

The triangulation diagram are shown in fig Area of triangle ABE = 12,350 M2

Area of triangle ABD = 24,624 M2

Area of triangle ABE = 27,226 M2

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TRAVERSING Traversing is the method of using lengths

and directions of lines between points to determine positions of the points. Traversing is normally associated with the field work of measuring angles and distances between points on the ground.

Closed traverses provide the primary method used in checking surveying field work.

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TYPES OF TRAVERSING

CLOSE TRAVERSING OPEN TRAVERSING

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CLOSE TRAVERSING

A closed traverse (polygonal, or loop traverse) is a series of linked traverse lines where the terminal point closes at the starting point. 

A closed traverse enables a check by plotting or computation, with any gap called the linear misclosure.

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When within acceptable tolerances, the misclosure can be distributed by adjusting the bearings and distances of the traverse lines using a systematic mathematical method so the adjusted measurements close.

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Closed traverse is useful in marking the boundaries of wood or lakes. Construction and civil engineers utilize this practice for preliminary surveys of proposed projects in a particular designated area. The terminal (ending) point closes at the starting point

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OPEN TRAVERSING An open, or free traverse (link traverse),

consists of a series of linked traverse lines which do not return to the starting point to form a polygon.

Open survey is utilized in plotting a strip of land which can then be used to plan a route in road construction.

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FORMULAThe formula used for calculating the

horizontal distance (D) is given as,D = Ks cos2θ + C cosθ

Where, D is the horizontal distance in m K is the arithmetic constant S is the difference between the top and

bottom hair reading in m

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C is the multiplication constant θ is the vertical angle in degrees

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The formula used to calculate the vertical distance (V) is given as,

V = D tanθ

Where, V is the vertical distance in m D is the horizontal distance in m θ is the vertical angle in degrees  

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INSTRUMENT USED

Tape (for distance measurement) Prismatic compass (for angle measurement) Tachometer with Tripod Transit theodolite Dumpy Level Leveling Staff Ranging Rods Electronic theodolite

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METHODOLOGY The true north direction was fixed with the

help of the compass and then the instrument was set up,in that direction.

After the instrument was set up the first point was held. Then telescope was focused and the readings were noted.

The theodolite was fitted with stadia diaphragm and the staff readings are taken.

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By adjusting the upper and lower screws the telescope is focused in the required direction and the corresponding horizontal and vertical angles and readings are noted. Similarly the staff was held at different positions around the lake and readings were noted.

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When the leveling staff was not visible, the instrument was changed to the point where the staff was held last.

Then the horizontal and vertical readings are noted and the distance (D) is calculated using the formulas. Then the change in angle is noted.

Thus all the points are marked in a paper and the clear outline of the lake is drawn and the total area of the lake is calculated.

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OUTPUT

OPEN TRVERSING

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CLOSE TRAVERSING GROUND

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CLOSE TRAVERSING VALLEY

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RESULTS

The Table for the traversing are shown in the Annexure A.4,A.5&A.6.

The traversing diagram are shown in Figures 6.1, 6.2 & 6.3

The close traversing ground area = 10,600 m2

The close traversing valley area = 16,870 m2

 

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LONGITUDINAL AND CROSS SECTIONAL LEVELLING

Leveling is a branch of surveying the object which is used,

To find the elevations of given points with respect to a given or assumed datum.

To establish points at a given elevation or at different elevation with respect to a given or assumed datum.

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FORMULA

∑ BACK SIGHT - ∑ FORE SIGHT = LAST RL - FIRST RL

 

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INSTRUMENT USED

Tape (for distance measurement) Prismatic compass (for angle measurement) Tachometer with Tripod Transit theodolite Dumpy Level Leveling Staff Ranging Rods Electronic theodolite

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METHADOLOGY Establish the bench mark near the starting

point of the proposed profile by running check levels. Fix intermediate points at less than the chain (or) tape length.

Then pegmeric the points at equal intervals say 10m on the proposed alignment.

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●Setup the leveling alignment instrument on the side of the alignment such that it will cover maximum? Take the back sight on the benchmark to determine the HS of Instrument.

●Hold the staff at equal interval points and determine the reduce level of the points by heights of instrument method

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If any point is not visible clearly, take the change points on turning points and the levelling is continued.

Complex the profile leveling with necessary checks.Repeat the same procedure till end.

After finishing the leveling, calculate the elevations by the rise and fall method and apply necessary checks.

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