Andreea Valentina ATESTAT

7/22/2019 Andreea Valentina ATESTAT

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COLEGIUL TEHNIC Nr. 2 TG-JIU

PROIECT ABSOLVIRE COAL POSTLICEAL

SPECIALIZAREA: TEHNICIAN ECHIPAMENTEPERIFERICE I BIROTIC

Coordonator:Prof. SUCIU MONICA

Absolvent:DNCIONIU ANDREEA VALENTINA

An o!"r 2#$% & 2#$'

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COLEGIUL TEHNIC Nr. 2 TG-JIU

TEMA PROIECTULUI:(NTRE INEREA I DEPNAREA UNUI SISTEM DE

CALCUL

An o!"r 2#$% & 2#$'

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CUPRINS

ARGUMENT .......................................................................................................4CAPITOLUL I NTRE INEREA I EP!NAREA COMPONENTELOR "AR#ARE................................................................................$

1.1. Unelte de %&n' .................................................................................$1.2. Unelte de d(a)nost(*are ....................................................................+1.,. Unelte de *-r' are ............................................................................

CAPITOLUL II NTRE INEREA COMPONENTELOR /O0T##ARE A UNUI /I/TEM E CALCUL .....................................11

2.1. Mana)e%ent-l d(s*-l-( ..................................................................11

2.2. Pro)ra%e sotare 3entr- 3rotearea s(ste%-l-( de *al*-l ............142.,. Unelte sotare ne*esare 5ntre (ner(( ( de3'n'r(( s(ste%-l-( de *al*-l ..............................................................................................1+

CAPITOLUL III NORME TE"NICE E /ECURITATEA MUNCII ............21,.1. Nor%e de s()-ran a %-n*(( ............................................................21,.2. Pro*ed-r( de 3roteare a e*6(3a%entelor ( 3reven(rea

3(erder(lor de date..........................................................................24,.,. Pro*ed-r( de 3rotearea %ed(-l-( 5n*on-r'tor ...............................27

8I8LIOGRA0IE ................................................................................................,2

,


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ARGUMENT

ntre9(nerea 3revent(v' este o (ns3e*9(e re)-lat' ( s(ste%at(*' 5nso9(t' de*-r'9area ( event-al 5nlo*-(rea *o%3onentelor ( a a3l(*a9((lor -t(l(;ate des(ste%-l de *al*-l. ntre9(nerea 3revent(v' a-t' la ev(tarea eror(lor (-n*9(on'r(lor dee*t-oase ale s(ste%elor< as()-r&nd o b-n' -n*9(onare aa*estora. ntre9(nerea 3revent(v' este olos(t' 3entr- a red-*e 3os(b(l(tateaa3ar(9(e( -nor 3roble%e 6ardare sa- sotare ver((*&nd 3er(od(* da*'-n*9(onarea se des'oar' 5n 3ara%etr( nor%al(.

Real(;area de a*t(v(t'9(( de 5ntre9(nere 3revent(v' 3entr- s(ste%ele de*al*-l n- este o39(onal'. /(ste%ele de *al*-l s-nt e*6(3a%ente sens(b(le (del(*ate ( da*' n- se ded(*' t(%3 ( aten9(e 5n %od ade*vat 3entr- ele< a*estean- 3ot s' -n*9(one;e *ore*t.

C- *&t e=(st' %a( 3-9(ne eror(< e=(st' %a( 3-9(n 3robab(l(tatea de a ee*t-a3ro*es-l de de3anare< res3e*t(v a3are 3os(b(l(tatea de a salva t(%3 ( ban(. n3ro*es-l de 5ntre9(nere 3revent(v' se 3oate (n*l-de< de ase%enea< %odern(;area-nor -n(t'9( de 6ardare sa- sotare< *-% ar ( -n 6ard>d(s*-l< *are a*e;)o%ot< -3)rade>-l de %e%or(e ?*are n- este s-(*(ent'@< sa- (nstalarea de

a*t-al(;'r( de sotare de se*-r(tate sa- de (ab(l(tate.

Re;olvarea 3roble%elor este o de3r(ndere *e se 5nva9' 5n t(%3. N- toate3ro*esele de de3anare s-nt (dent(*e< te6n(*(en(( t(nd s'>( ra(ne;e ab(l(t'9(le3entr- de3anare ba;&nd->se 3e *-not(n9e ( 3e e=3er(en9a 3ersonal'.

CAPITOLUL I

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(NTRE INEREA I DEPNAREA COMPONENTELOR HARD)ARE

$.$. Un*!+* ,* n/. Pentr- a 3-tea dete*ta dee*t-l ( a 3-tea de3ana

*&t %a( o3t(% -n e*6(3a%ent de *al*-l< or(*e de3anator are nevo(e de *&teva(nstr-%ente de ba;'.O tr-s' de serv(*e *-3r(nde -r%'toarele ele%ente de ba;':> -r-beln(9' *r-*e< %(*'> -r-beln(9' drea3t'< %(*'> -r-beln(9' *r-*e< %ed(e> -r-beln(9' drea3t'< %ed(e> *6e( t-b-lare ?de ,B17 (n*6 sa- de 1B4 (n*6@ s-nt -t(l(;ate 3entr-

%ontarea ( de%ontarea *ar*aselor s(ste%elor de *al*-l< 3l'*(lor de

ba;'< 3l'*(lor ada3toare< -n(t'9(lor de d(s*< s-rselor de al(%entare (d(-;oarelor> d(s3o;(t(ve de (ntrod-*ere ( e=tra)ere a *(3-r(lor s-nt -t(l(;ate

3entr- %ontarea sa- de%ontarea *(3-r(lor de %e%or(e sa- a altor*(r*-(te (nte)rate de d(%ens(-n( %(*(< 'r' a ( ae*ta9( 3(n((

> 3ensete ?nor%ale sa- *- v&r 5n*ovo(at@ > s-nt -t(l(;ate 3entr-%anevrarea -r-b-r(lor %(*( ( a -%3erelor

> *let(( *- *a3 s-b9(re > s-nt -t(l(;a9( 3entr- a %onta sa- a de%onta-%3ere< 3entr- 3entr- a 5ndo( *abl-r(le sa- 3entr- %anevrarea3(eselor de d(%ens(-n( %(*(

> 3ense 6e%ostat(*e -t(l(;ate 3entr- de %an(3-larea *o%3onentelor ded(%ens(-n( %(*(

> 3(lele > se -t(l(;ea;' at&t 3entr- le-(rea %ar)(n(lor as3re d(n %etal ale*ar*aselor sa- as(-l-(< *&t ( 3entr- a a-sta %'t(le -n(t'9(lor de d(s*

> lantern' > -t(l' 3entr- (l-%(narea (nter(or-l-( s(ste%-l-( de *al*-l sa-3entr- de3anarea -nor e*6(3a%ente s(t-ate 5n lo*-r( 5nt-ne*ate ( )re-a**es(b(le

> -r-beln(9e *r-*e 3entr- -r-b-r( de s()-ran9' > se oloses* la %ontareasa- -r-b-r(lor *r-*e de t(3 s3e*(al ?a- 5n *entr- -n 3(n de s()-ran9'@

> *let(( 3entr- t'(erea ( de;(;olarea (relor *ond-*toare> *6e( t-b-lare %etr(*e -t(l(;ate 3entr- %ontarea ( de%ontarea

e*6(3a%entelor 5n s(ste% %etr(*> %en)6(na > -t(l(;at' la %ontarea *one*tor(lor< *abl-r(lor sa- 3entr-

(=area -nor *o%3onente< 5n t(%3-l -nor o3era9(-n( del(*ate.La %ontarea *o%3onentelor e*6(3a%entelor de *al*-l se va avea 5n vedere

-t(l(;area *ore*t' a -neltelor de %&n' 3entr- a 3re5nt&%3(na a**(dent'r(le.Uneltele de %&n':> vor ( ada3tate la d(%ens(-n(le antro3o%etr(*e ?or%'< l-n)(%e -neltele< %esele de l-*r-< %a(n(le< (nstala9((le< a3aratele< et*...s-nt 5n

b-n' stare de -n*9(onare> ban*-r(le de l-*r- s-nt la 5n'l9(%(le o3t(%e 3entr- elev(> e*6(3a%ent-l de 3rote*9(e 3entr- (e*are lo* de %-n*' re3art(;at

elev(lor este 5n b-n' stare< e=(st' 3l'*( avert(;oare de 3rote*9(e lalo*-r(le -nde se 3ot 3rod-*e a**(dente< s>a- as()-rat %'s-r(le des()-ran9' (%3-se de nor%ele de 3rote*9(e a %-n*((.

b@ n t(%3-l 3ro*es-l-( de 5ntre9(nere ( de3anare treb-(e s' se as()-re:> *' te6n(*(en(( 3oart' e*6(3a%ent-l (nd(v(d-al de 3rote*9(e stab(l(t

3entr- (e*are lo* de %-n*'< 6alatele de l-*r- s-nt str&nse 3e *or3 (5n*6e(ate la %&ne*(< 3'r-l te6n(*(en(lor este str&ns ( a*o3er(t *- bas%asa- bas*'

> de olos(rea ( %&n-(rea *ore*t' a s*-lelor< -neltelor< %a(n(lor de 3'strarea ord(n(( ( *-r'9en(e( la lo*-l de %-n*'> *a te6n(*(en(( s' n- l-*re;e la de%ontarea e*6(3a%entelor de *al*-l de as()-rarea la lo*-r(le de %-n*' a t-t-ror *ond(9((lor ()(en(*o>san(tare

> *' n- se *ons-%' sa- 3'stre;e al(%ente 5n lo*-r(le a%enaate 3entr-de3anare.

*@ La ter%(narea o3era9((lor de 5ntre9(nere ( de3anare:

> de*one*tarea e*6(3a%entelor de *al*-l de la 3r(;a de *-rent alternat(v res3e*tarea t-t-ror %'s-r(lor de ()(en'< 3reven(re ( st(n)ere a(n*end((lor 3rev';-te 5n nor%at(vele 5n v()oare 3entr- lo*-r(le de%-n*' res3e*t(ve.

P(esele *- %ar)(n( as*-9(te sa- *- bav-r( n- se a3-*' *- %&na ne3roteat'?'r' %'n-(@.

C&nd se asa%blea;' sa- se de%ontea;' 5%b(n'r( *- 3(-l(9e< se ale) *6e( *-

d(%ens(-n( 3otr(v(te. As-3ra *6e(( se a3l(*' n-%a( or9a %&(n(( ( n- a *or3-l-(5ntre). A*ela( 3ro*ede-se a3l(*' ( 3entr- -r-b-r( *- *a3 stea sa- dre3t.Te6n(*(en(( a- obl()a9(a de a 5nt((n9a (%ed(at *ond-*'tor-l 3ra*t(*((

des3re or(*e a**(dent 3re*-% ( des3re or(*e 5n*'l*are a re)-l(lor de 3rote*9(e a%-n*(( 3e *are le observ'.

$.2. Un*!+* ,* ,0"1no+0"r*.M-lte 3ro*ed-r( de de3anare (%3l(*'%'s-rarea tens(-n(lor ( a re;(sten9elor. A*este %'s-r'tor( se 3ot a*e *- a-tor-l-n-( %-lt(%etr- d()(tal 3ortab(l ?(). 1@. A3aratele de %'s-r' 3ot ( d(s3o;(t(veanalo)(*e ?*- a* (nd(*ator@ sa- d(s3o;(t(ve d()(tale ?*- a(area valor(( %'s-rate@.

Constr-*t(v ele d(s3-n de o 3ere*6e de (re de test sa- sonde *- *are sereal(;ea;' le)'t-r(le< 3entr- a 3-tea ee*t-a %'s-r'tor(le. n -n*9(e de

3ara%etr(( stab(l(9( 3entr- a3arat< sondele vor %'s-ra re;(sten9e< tens(-n( 5n*-rent *ont(n-- sa- 5n *-rent alternat(v.

e ob(*e(< (e*are 3o;(9(e a a3arat-l-( are d(verse n(vel-r( de %'s-r'. ee=e%3l- tens(-nea 5n *-rent *ont(n-- 3oate ( *(t(t' 3e d(verse s*ale< *- valor(%a=(%e de 2DD %(l(vol9(< 2 vol9(< 2D vol9(< 2DD vol9( ( 1DDD vol9(.

eoare*e *al*-latoarele -t(l(;ea;' at&t tens(-n( de $ vol9(< *&t ( de 12vol9(< 3entr- a ee*t-a %'s-r'tor(le ar treb-( olos(t' o s*al' de 2D vol9(.

E=e*-tarea a*estor %'s-r'tor( 3e s*ala de 2DD %(l(vol9( ( de 2 vol9( 3oate

deter(ora a3arat-l ?tens(-nea este %-lt %a( %are de*&t valoarea %a=(%' ad%(s'de s*al'@. /e 3ot olos( ( s*alele de 2DD sa- de 1DDD vol9(< dar tens(-n(le de $ (12 vol9( s-nt %-lt %a( %(*( de*&t valoarea %a=(%' ( a*-rate9ea va ( s*';-t'.

Unele a3arate de %'s-r' a- 3os(b(l(tatea de sele*tare a-to%at' a s*ale(3entr- or(*e t(3 de %'s-r'toare. N- este nevo(e de*&t *a a3arat-l s' (e3o;(9(onat 3e t(3-l de *(t(re 3e *are>I dor(t< (ar sondele s' (e (=ate la s-rsa dese%nal. A3arat-l va sele*ta do%en(-l *ore*t ( va a(a valoarea *(t(t'. ator(t'%od-l-( lor de 3ro(e*tare< a*este a3arate a- 5ntotdea-na -n a(a d()(tal ( n- -na* (nd(*ator.

$.%. Un*!+* ,* 3r/ "r*. /-bstan9ele *6(%(*e 3ot ( -t(l(;ate 3entr-

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8/32

dete*tarea dee*telor< *-r'9area sa- *6(ar la de3anarea -n-( s(ste% de *al*-l.Pentr- *-r'9area *o%3onentelor< a *onta*telor ( *one*toarelor ele*tr(*e< a

3etelor< at&t de 3e *ar*asa s(ste%-l-( de *al*-l< *&t ( de 3e tastat-r'< %o-se sa-*ar*asa %on(tor-l-( se olosete tr(*loretan-l a*east' s-bstan9' *-r'9' e(*(ent o b-*at' de %ater(al te=t(l este *ea %a(re*o%andat' -nealt' 3entr- ter)erea ( 5nl't-rarea 3ra-l-( de 3e -nele

*o%3onente ale s(ste%-l-( de *al*-l ?se 3ot olos( de ase%eneaerve9ele de 6&rt(e sa- lavete@b@ A3a sa- al*ool-l > 3&n;a ar' s*a%e 5n%-(at' 5n a3' sa- al*ool este

re*o%andat' 3entr- 5nl't-rarea 3etelor sa- -r%elor 3ers(stente*@ As3(rator 3ortab(l > 3oate tra)e sa- s-la 3ra-l ( alte 3art(*-le d(ntr>

-n s(ste% de *al*-ld@ 8e9(oare *- vat' > s-nt (deale 3entr- *-r'9area lo*-r(lor %a( 3-9(n

a**es(b(le d(n s(ste%-l de *al*-l: tastat-r'< %o-se< et*...C3r/4"r*" 3n0+/400 *n+r"!* - *ar*asa de 3last(* 5n *are se al'

*o%3onentele< 3oate ( *-r'9at' *- o 3&n;' ar' s*a%e -s*at' sa- 5nb(bat' *-3-9(n' a3' sa- a3' ( sol-9(e de *-r'9are 3entr- 3etele %a( )re- de 5nl't-rat.

N- este re*o%andat s' se oloseas*' solven9( 3e s-3rae9ele d(n 3last(*./e va ver((*a da*' vent(latoarele ( antele de aer(s(re s-nt b(ne *-r'9ate

de 3ra< 3'r sa- alte 3art(*-le. Este re*o%andat' -(l(;area aer-l-( *o%3r(%at sa-a as3(rator-l 3ortab(l 5n 3ro*es-l de *-r'9are a a*este( *o%3onente. C3r/4"r*" on0+or3!30 - %on(tor-l 3oate ( *-r'9at *- sol-9(e s3e*(al'

3entr- *-r'9area %on(toarelor< LC>-r(lor.Mon(tor-l treb-(e de*one*tat de la re9ea-a de al(%entare *- ener)(e

ele*tr(*' 5na(nte de a de%ara o3era9(a de *-r'9are

/ol-9(a se a3l(*' 3e %ater(al te=t(l< n- d(re*t 3e %on(tor ?3entr- a se ev(ta5n(ltrarea l(*6(d-l-( 5n *o%3onentele ele*tr(*e ale %on(tor-l-(@.

Pentr- a *-r'9a (nter(or-l %on(tor-l-( se olosete aer-l *o%3r(%at sa-as3(rator-l. 0antele de aer(s(re treb-(e sa r'%&n' l(bere ?3entr- *a %on(tor-l s'n- se s-3ra5n*'l;eas*'@. Mon(toarele s-3ra5n*'l;(te 3ot 3rovo*a (n*end((.

C3r/4"r*" +"+"+3r00 - 3entr- *-r'9area tastat-r(( este olos(rea aer-l-(*o%3r(%at sa- %ater(ale de *-r'9are s3e*(al dest(nate a*est-( s*o3.

/(ste%-l de *al*-l 3oate ( olos(t de %a( %-l9( -t(l(;ator(< s(t-a9(e 5n *aretastat-ra treb-(e de;(ne*tat' 3entr- a 3reven( r's3&nd(rea v(r-(lor ( bol(lor.

Pentr- *-r'9area tastat-r(( se -t(l(;ea;' s3raF de;(ne*tant sa- o 3&n;' ar's*a%e 5%b(bat' *- al*ool?se *-r'9' (e*are b-ton al tastat-r((@.


9/32

Treb-(e ev(tat' 3-lver(;area l(*6(delor d(re*t 3e tastat-r'.Pro*,3r0!* ,* 3r/4"r* " 3n0+"+00 f!o556 - 3entr- a *-r'9a o -n(tate

lo33F se olosete e*6(3a%ent-l de *-r'9are al a*este(a< *are (n*l-de d(s*-r(*are ter) (%3-r(t'9(le de 3e *a3-l de redare a -n(t'9(( lo33F< (%3-r(t'9( *are s>a- a*-%-lat (n t(%3-l o3era9((lor nor%ale.

Pro*,3r0!* ,* 3r/4"r* " ,r07*r-3!30 o5+083n0+/400 o5+0*9 - %(;er(a


10/32

O alternat(v' 3entr- 5nlo*-(rea aer-l-( *o%3r(%at este as3(rator-l 3ortab(ll-( 5n sens

ant(orar ( a3o( s*oate9( b(la> ter)e9( b(la *- o lavet' *-rat'< 'r' s*a%e.> s-la9( *- aten9(e 5n s3a9(-l 3entr- b(l' sa- -t(l(;a9( -n la*on *- aer

*o%3r(%at 3entr- a d(slo*a 3ra-l ( (%3-r(t'9(le> da*' rolele d(n (nter(or-l s3a9(-l-( 3entr- b(l' s-nt %-rdare< *-r'9a9(>le*- -n be9(or *- vat' -%e;(t -or 5n al*ool (;o3ro3(l(*

> re*entra9( rolele 5n *analele lor< da*' s>a- des*entrat. As()-ra9(>v' *'3e role n- a- r'%as (%3-r(t'9(

> re%onta9( b(la ( (nel-l de re9(nere< a3o( rot(9( (nel-l 5n sens orar< 3&n'se (=ea;' *- -n de*l(*.

C3r/4"r*" 3n30 o3* o5+0:> *-r'9a9( *ar*asa e=ter(oar' a %o-se>-l-( *- o lavet' -%e;(t' *- o

sol-9(e ne-tr' de *-r'9are> %o-se>-l se ter)e 3e 3artea e=ter(oar' *- o 3&n;' ar' s*a%e

5n%-(at' 5n a3' *ald' sa- al*ool.Este la el de (nd(*at s' *-r'9'% ( 3ad>-l %o-se>-l-(.C3r/4"r*" 05r0"+*0 - *-r'9area e=ter(or-l-( (%3r(%ante( 3oate 3reven(

5%3r't(erea )er%en(lor< at-n*( *&nd (%3r(%anta este olos(t' de %a( %-lte3ersoane. I%3r(%anta treb-(e o3r(t' 5na(ntea o3era9(e( de *-r'9are.

Pentr- a *-r'9a *-t(a e=ter(oar'< b-toanele sa- %&nerele se olosete o3&n;' ar' s*a%e 3entr- *-r'9are 5%b(bat' *- a3' sa- al*ool.

N- 3-lver(;a l(*6(d 3e (%3r(%ant'.La -nele (%3r(%ante este ne*esar' ( *-r'9area (nter(oar'. (n *a-;a

n-%eroaselor t(3-r( de (%3r(%ante ( 3ol(t(*(lor 3rod-*'tor(lor a*estor(%3r(%ante este (nd(*at' ob9(nerea (nd(*a9((lor de *-r'9are d(re*t de la

3rod-*'tor-l (%3r(%ate(. C3r/4"r*" "n*r3!30 - s*aner-l se 3oate *-r'9a *- a-tor-l -ne( laveted(n b-%ba* 3e *are s>a 3-lver(;at sol-9(e s3e*(al' de *-r'9are< at&t la e=ter(or *&t( 3e s-3raa9a dest(nat' %ater(alele 3entr- s*anat.

CAPITOLUL II

1D


11/32

(NTRE INEREA COMPONENTELOR SOFT)ARE A UNUI SISTEM DE CALCUL

2.$. M"n"1**n+3! ,0=-3!30.

FDIS>este -n (nstr-%ent *o%3le= ?5n l(n(e de *o%and'@ -t(l(;at 3entr-*rearea< ter)erea ( or%atarea 3art(9((lor 3e 6ard d(sK>-r( *are -t(l(;ea;'s(ste%-l de ((ere 0AT,2 sa- alte s(ste%e de ((ere 0AT. 0d(sK n- -n*9(onea;'*- 3art(9((le sa- 6ard d(sK>-r(le or%atate *- NT0/ ((nd -t(l(;at n-%a( 3entr-

3art(9(onare 3entr- a%(l(a s(ste%elor de ((ere 0AT?0AT12B0AT17B0ATB0AT,2.

O3era9(( 3os(b(le *- a3l(*a9(a 0I/:> *rearea 3art(9((lor: 0I/ 3er%(te *rearea -r%'toarealor t(3-r( de

3art(9((: 3art(9(( 3r(%are ( 3art(9(( e=t(nse sa- vol-%ele lo)(*e

> setarea -ne( 3art(9(( *a ((nd a*t(v': setarea -ne( 3art(9(( 3r(%are 3e -nd(s* de 3orn(re a*t(v 3er%(te 5n*'r*area s(ste%-l-( de o3erare de 3ea*eea 3art(9(e

> ter)erea 3art(9((lor: 0I/ 3er%(te ter)erea 3art(9((lor> a(ea;' (nor%a9(( des3re 3art(9(e: A3l(*a9(a 0I/ oer' (nor%a9((

des3re 3art(9((le 6ard d(sK>-l-(?at&t *ele a*t(ve *&t ( *ele e=t([email protected]%anda 0I/ B M8R< 0I/ res*r(e *od-l 5n %aster boot re*ord

?M8R@. A*est l-*r- 3oate ( -t(l 3entr- el(%(narea v(r-(lor *are (ne*tea;'%aster boot re*ord.

CH>DS> *+* -n -t(l(tar -t(l(;at 3entr- ver((*area st'r(( -n-( 6ard d(sK (a(ea;' -n ra3ort de stare *-:

> s3a9(-l total al d(s*-l-(> n-%'r-l total de ((ere> n-%'r-l total de d(re*tor(> s3a9(-l l(ber> s3a9(-l alo*at> ne*on*ordan9e 5ntre d(re*toare ( 0AT ?0(le Alo*at(on Table@./(nta=ele 3e *are le 3-te% olos( 5n l(n(e de *o%and' s-nt ?*ele %a(

-t(l(;ate o39(-n(@:

*6KdsK d:*aleBBv -nde:> B > se dorete ee*t-area *ore*9((lor *&nd se )'ses* eror( 5n d(re*toare sa- 0AT> Bv > se dorete a(area -nor (nor%a9(( 5n t(%3-l l-*r-l-( ( n- la s&r(t.

11


12/32

F*r*"+r" C?=,=

SCANDIS>. C6(ar da*a 6ard>d(sK>-l -n*9(onea;' b(ne< este re*o%andat'ver((*area 3er(od(*' a a*est-(a. er((*area 6ard d(K*>-l-( *oner' a*est-(a -n3l-s de v(te;' ( 5( s*ade v-lnerab(l(tatea.

F*r*"+r" S"n,0=

Mod-l 5n *are a3ar ((erele aranate 5n #(ndos E=3lorer n- *ores3-nde*- aranarea (;(*' a a*estora 3e 6ard>d(sK. "ard>d(sK-l este d(v(;at 5n *l-stere-l-( este -n (nstr-%ent *arerearanea;' datele de 3e 6ard d(sK ( re-nete ((erele ra)%entate.

At&t -t(l(tar-l /*and(sK< *&t ( (sK era)%enter 3ot ( 3ro)ra%ate s'r-le;e la an-%(te 3er(oade 3r(n o39(-nea /*6ed-led TasKs./e*ret-l dera)%ent'r(( n- *onst' 5n olos(rea -n-( an-%(t 3ro)ra% 3entr-

dera)%entare *( 5n re*ven9a *- *are dera)%entarea 6ard>d(sK>-l-( esteee*t-at'.

1,


14/32

Pro1r""r*" r3!/r00 "5!0"400!or !" "n30+* 5*r0o",* 8S?*,3!*, T"=9

2.2. Pro1r"* of+@"r* 5*n+r3 5ro+*"r*" 0+*3!30 ,* "!3!.F0r*@"!! - Z0, ,* fo "3 P"r"7"n ,* 5ro+*40*. Un 3aravan de 3rote*9(e

3oate 9(ne la d(stan9' tra(*-l Internet *- (nten9(( rele ?de e=e%3l- 6a*Ker(( 3rotearea res-rselor re9ele( de rest-l -t(l(;ator(lor d(n alte re9ele s(%(lare Internet-l

> (dent((*area 3os(b(l(lor %-sa(r( ne3ot(9( ata*-r(le lor as-3ra

s(ste%-l-( de *al*-l sa- re9ele( lo*ale 3-t&nd ( o3r(te> *ontrol-l res-rselor 3e *are le vor a**esa -t(l(;ator(( lo*al(.

Un (reall< l-*rea;' ase%'n'tor *- -n 3ro)ra% de ro-tare< e=a%(nea;'(e*are 3a*6et de date d(n re9ea ?(e *ea lo*al' sa- *ea e=ter(oar'@ *e va tre*e

3r(n server-l )ateaF 3entr- a deter%(na da*' va ( tr(%(s %a( de3arte s3redest(na9(e. Un (reall (n*l-de de ase%enea sa- l-*rea;' 5%3re-n' *- -n server

3ro=F *are a*e *erer( de 3a*6ete 5n n-%ele sta9((lor de l-*r- ale -t(l(;ator(lor. n*ele %a( 5nt&ln(te *a;-r( a*este 3ro)ra%e de 3rote*9(e s-nt (nstalate 3e*al*-latoare *e 5nde3l(nes* n-%a( a*east' -n*9(e ( s-nt (nstalate 5n a9a

ro-terelor./ol-9((le (reall se 5%3art 5n do-' %ar( *ate)or((:

14


15/32

> 3r(%a este re3re;entat' de sol-9((le 3roes(onale 6ardare sa- sotareded(*ate 3rote*9(e( 5ntre)-l-( tra(* d(ntre re9ea-a -ne( 5ntre3r(nder( (Internet

> a do-a *ate)or(e este re3re;entat' de (reall>-r(le 3ersonale ded(*ate%on(tor(;'r(( tra(*-l-( 3e *al*-lator-l 3ersonal.

Astel< -n (reall este olos(t 5n -r%'toarele s*o3-r(:> 3entr- a 3'stra 5n aara re9ele( -t(l(;ator(( ne3ot(9(Q ?v(r-(< v(er%( 3entr- a 3'stra -t(l(;ator(( lo*al( ?an)aa9((< *l(en9((@ 5n re9ea.(n 3-n*t de vedere a %od-l-( de (%3le%entare (reall>-r(le se 5%3art

5n:> ded(*ate< 5n *are d(s3o;(t(v-l *are r-lea;' sotare>-l de (ltrare este

ded(*at a*este( o3era9(-n( ( este 3ra*t(* (nserat 5n re9ea ?de ob(*e( *6(ard-3' ro-ter@

> *o%b(nate *- alte a*(l(t'9( de netorK(n) ?de e=e%3l-< ro-ter-l 3oateserv( ( 3e 3ost de (reall@.

Ce 3oate s' a*' ( *e n- 3oate s' a*' -n (reallS

Un (reall 3oate s':> %on(tor(;e;e *'(le de 3'tr-ndere 5n re9ea-a 3r(vat'> blo*6e;e la -n %o%ent dat tra(*-l 5n ( d(ns3re Internet> sele*te;e a**es-l 5n s3a9(-l 3r(vat 3e ba;a (nor%a9((lor *on9(n-te 5n

3a*6ete.> 3er%(t' sa- (nter;(*' a**es-l la re9ea-a 3-bl(*'< de 3e an-%(te sta9((

s3e*((*ate> 3oate (;ola s3a9(-l 3r(vat de *el 3-bl(* ( real(;a (ntera9a 5ntre *ele do-'.

Un (reall n- 3oate:> (nter;(*e (%3ort-lBe=3ort-l de (nor%a9(( d'-n'toare ve6(*-late *a -r%are

a a*9(-n(( r'-t'*(oase a -nor -t(l(;ator( a3ar9(n&nd s3a9(-l-( 3r(vat ?e=:*'s-9a 3otal' ( ataa%entele@

> (nter;(*e s*-r)erea de (nor%a9(( de 3e alte *'( *are o*oles* (reall>-l

?a**es 3r(n d(al>-3 *e n- tre*e 3r(n ro-ter@> a3'ra re9ea-a 3r(vat' de -t(l(;ator(( *e oloses* s(ste%e (;(*e %ob(le de

(ntrod-*ere a datelor 5n re9ea ?U/8 /t(*K< d(s*6et'< C< et*.@> 3reven( %an(estarea eror(lor de 3ro(e*tare ale a3l(*a9((lor *e real(;ea;'

d(verse serv(*((< 3re*-% ( 3-n*tele slabe *e de*-r) d(n e=3loatareaa*estor )reel(.A5!0"400 An+070r3. /otare>-l de s*anare ant(v(r-s< sa- -n s*anner de

v(r-(< este -n 3ro)ra% *are e=a%(nea;' toate ((erele d(n lo*a9((le s3e*((*ate 5n*ear*' s' re3are ((er-l 5nl't-r&nd v(r-s-l d(n ((er> tr(%(tere 5n *arant(n' a ((er-l ?5n aa el 5n*&t a*esta s' r'%&n'

(na**es(b(l *elorlalte 3ro)ra%e ( v(r-s-l sa- s' n- se 3oate r's3&nd(@

> ter)e ((er-l (ne*tat.Pentr- o -n*9(onare e(*(ent' a 3ro)ra%-l-( ant(v(r-s este re*o%andat'a*t-al(;area la ;( ?onl(ne 5n )eneral@ a d(*9(onar-l-( de v(r-(. Maor(tatea

3ro)ra%elor ant(v(r-s a- 3os(b(l(tatea de tr(%(tere a ((erelor (ne*tate *'tre*o%3an(a 3rod-*'toare astel 5n*&t 3ro)ra%ator(( s' de3(ste;e t(3-l v(r-s-l-( (s' )'seas*' o %odal(tate de el(%(nare a a*est-(a.

Ad%(n(strator(( de s(ste% 3ot 3ro)ra%a sotare>-l ant(v(r-s s'e=a%(ne;e?s*ane;e@ toate ((erele sto*ate 3e 6ard d(sK>-l s(ste%-l-( de *al*-ld-3' -n an-%(t 3r(n*(3(-.

C- toate *' abordarea d(*9(onar-l-( 3oate *on9(ne des*o3er(r( de v(r-( 5n*(r*-%stan9ele 3otr(v(te< a-tor(( de v(r-( 5n*ear*' s' (e *- -n 3as 5na(nteaa*elor sotare>-r( s*r((nd v(r-( ol()o%or36(*Q *a o %etod' de a se de)6(;a> 5n aa el 5n*&t s' n- se 3otr(veas*' *-se%n't-r(le d(n d(*9(onar-l de v(r-(.

Co%3orta%ent-l s-s3(*(os< 3r(n *ontrast< n- 5n*ear*' s' (dent((*e v(r-(*-nos*-9(< dar 5n s*6(%b %on(tor(;ea;' *o%3orta%ent-l t-t-ror 3ro)ra%elor.

a*' -n 3ro)ra% 5n*ear*' s' s*r(e date *'tre -n 3ro)ra% e=e*-tab(l< dee=e%3l-< sotare>-l ant(v(r-s 3oate se%nala a*est *o%3orta%ent s-s3(*(os -rt-l 3arolelor.

n *(-da sever(t'9(( 3roble%e(< este 3rea 3-9(n t(-t' nat-ra sa- e=t(ndereaa3l(*a9((lor de t(3 s3Fare>l-( 3r(n Internet.

Instalarea a3l(*a9((lor de t(3 s3Fare se 3oate a*e at-n*( *&nd -n-t(l(;ator:

> des*ar*' o a3l(*a9(e de *are a ost ataat -n *od s3Fare> v(;(te;' o 3a)(n' #eb ( *are este ata*at< 3r(n e=3lorarea v-lnerab(l(t'9((

broser->l-( ?3entr- (nstalarea de sotare 'r' *ons(%9'%&nt-l-t(l(;ator-l-(@.Modal(t'9(le 3r(n *are se ver((*' da*' -n ob(e*t #eb este -n 3ro)ra%

e=e*-tab(l s-nt:> t(3-l de *on9(n-t al 6eader>-l-( "TTP -rn(;at de -n server #eb 5n t(%3-l

des*'r*'r(( ob(e*t-l-( este aso*(at *- -n e=e*-tab(l ?e=. a33l(*at(onBo*tet>strea%@

> 3ro3r(-l URL *on9(ne o e=tens(e *-nos*-t' *a ((nd aso*(at' *- t(3-r( dee=e*-tab(le ?e=. .e=e< .%s(< .*ab@Unele ((ere e=e*-tab(le de 3e #eb n- 3ot ( ev(dente 5n %o%ent-l

*'-t'r((.n *a;-l 5n *are a3ar d(verse 3roble%e 5n -n*9(onarea s(ste%-l-( de *al*-l

treb-(e ver((*at' or()(nea 3roble%e(.2.%. Un*!+* of+@"r* n**"r* n+r* 0n*r00 0 ,*5/n/r00 0+*3!30 ,*

"!3!. Pentr- *a e*6(3a%entele de *al*-l s' -n*9(one;e o3t(% treb-(e av-te 5nvedere o %-lt(t-d(ne de a*tor( 5n*e3&nd de la set'r(le s(ste%-l-( de o3erare?o3t(%(;area a*est-(a@ 3&n' la )est(onarea (nor%a9(e( ( se*-r(tatea a*este(a.ntre9(nerea e*6(3a%entelor de *al*-l 3a( de -r%at:

a@ ter)erea t-t-ror ((erele (n-t(le *are o*-3' s3a9(- 3e 6ard>d(sK.

Real(;area a*este( a*t(v(t'9( *ond-*e la:

1+


18/32

> dera)%entare< s*anarea ra3(d' a s(ste%-l-( de *al*-l de *'tre3ro)ra%ele ant(v(r-s

> %a( %-lt s3a9(- l(ber 3e 6ard d(sK> *'-tare ra3(d' a ((erelor ( d(re*toarelor 3e 6ard d(sK.

b@ el(%(narea ((erelor te%3orare ?-nK (le@ ( a altor re;(d--r( r'%ase de

la 3ro)ra%ele (nstalate sa- de;(nstalate 5n t(%3*@ de;(nstalarea a3l(*a9((lor *are n- %a( s-nt -t(l(;ate. 0olos(nd -t(l(tar-lPro)ra%sBUn(nstall a 3ro)ra%Q d(n Control Panel se 3oate eval-a l(stat-t-ror a3l(*a9((lor (nstalate. /e re*o%and' de;(nstalarea t-trora3l(*a9((lor *are n- %a( s-nt -t(l(;ate ?a*estea o*-3' s3a9(- 3e 6ard>d(sK ( %'res* vol-%-l re)(tr(lor de s(ste%@

d@ o3t(%(;area re)(tr(lor de s(ste%. /e re*o%and' *a odat' *e a- ostel(%(nate ((erele (n-t(le d(n s(ste% ( odat' *e a- ost de;(nstalatetoate 3ro)ra%ele neolos(toare s' se o3t(%(;e;e ( re)(tr(( de s(ste%

3r(n o3era9(a de *-r'9are a a*estora. Re)(tr(( de s(ste% a( -n-( s(ste%de o3erare re3re;(nt'< d(n 3-n*t de vedere 3ra*t(*< o ba;' de date 5n*are a*esta 5( notea;'Q 3ro)ra%ele (nstalate de>a l-n)-l t(%3-l-(. n%o%ent-l el(%(n'r(( 3r(n de;(nstalare a -n-( 3ro)ra%< s(ste%-l deo3erare treb-(e s' *-re9e< 5n %od (deal< s' tear)' a*este 5nse%n'r(Qd(n ba;a l-( de date. Tot-( re)(tr(( de s(ste% treb-(e *-re9a9( 3er(od(*de re;(d--r(le r'%ase 5n de*-rs-l (nstal'r(( ( de;(nstal'r(( -nora3l(*a9((.

e@ -3datarea ?a*t-al(;area@ s(ste%-l-( de o3erare ( a dr(ver>elor*o%3onentelor s(ste%-l-( de *al*-l. Men9(nerea s(ste%-l-( de o3erare*- toate -3date>-r(le la ;( ?(nstalarea -lt(%elor /erv(*e Pa*K>-r( lansatede *o%3an((le 3rod-*'toare ale s(ste%elor de o3erare@ este (%3ortant'at&t 3entr- se*-r(tatea s(ste%-l-( de o3erare *&t ( 3entr- stab(l(tateaa*est-(a.

@ se re*o%and' *on()-rarea a*t-al(;'r(( a-to%ate a s(ste%-l-( deo3erare ( a 3at*6>-r(lor de se*-r(tatel

)@ 3entr- #(ndos P este (%3ortant' (nstalarea /erv(*e Pa*K , 5nt(%3 *e 3entr- #(ndos (sta -lt(%-l /erv(*e Pa*K ?la %o%ent-lse3te%br(e 2DDJ@ este /erv(*e Pa*K 2.

6@ de;a*t(varea sa- setarea 5n %od-l %an-alQ a lans'r(( an-%(tor serv(*((*are s-nt lansate odat' *- 5n*'r*area s(ste%-l-( de o3erare ?3e l&n)'s(ste%-l de o3erare 3ot ( lansate a-to%at o ser(e de serv(*(( de s(ste%neesen9(ale *ons-%atoare de res-rse@.

(@ n- de;a*t(va9( 3ro)ra%-l ant(v(r-s sa- (reall>-l Ut(l(;a9( -n 3ro)ra%ant(v(r-s 3eror%at< *- 3os(b(l(tarea a*t-al(;'r(( onl(ne a se%n't-r(lorde v(r-(.

@ s*ana9( 3er(od(* 5ntre) s(ste%-l de *al*-lK@ n- des*6(de9( e>%a(l-r(le 3roven(te d(n s-rse ne*-nos*-te ?%-l9( v(r-(

se r's3&ndes* 3r(n (nter%ed(-l %esaelor e>%a(l@

1


19/32

l@ n- des*6(de9( ataa%entele %esaelor *- s-b(e*t s-s3e*t sa-neate3tat

%@ ter)e9( or(*e %esa nedor(t ?a*est )en de %esa este *ons(derat s3a% este nedor(t< nesol(*(tat ( 5n*ar*' tra(*-l Internet@.

n@ ev(ta9( (nstalarea 3e desKto3 a serv(*((lor ( a3l(*a9((lor *are n- s-nt

ne*esareo@ n- *o3(a9( n(*( -n ((er d(n s-rse ne*-nos*-te ?ver((*a9( s-rsa((erelor 3e *are le des*'r*a9( ( as()-ra9(>v' *' 3ro)ra%-l ant(v(r-s as*anat res3e*t(vele do*-%ente ( 3roven(en9a lor@.

Pentr- a 3reven( v(r-sarea -n-( s(ste% de *al*-l:Pentr- a 3reven( v(r-sarea -n-( s(ste% de *al*-l:> olos(9( -n (reall 3entr- a blo*a toate *one=(-n(le (n(9(ate d(n e=ter(or

*'tre serv(*(( *are n- ar treb-( sa (e d(s3on(b(le 5n (nternet> olos(9( -n 3ro)ra% ant(v(r-s (ab(l ( s*ana9( 3er(od(* s(ste%-l de

*al*-l

> seta9( o 3arol' 3entr- (e*are -t(l(;ator de 3e *al*-lator. Parolele*o%3le=e s-nt %a( d((*(l de alat> n- de;a*t(va9( UAC ?User A**o-nt Control@< n- d(v-l)a9( 3arolele

3entr- root sa- UAC< as()-ra9(>v' *' 3ro)ra%-l *are *ere a**es lan(vel ad%(n(strat(v este o a3l(*a9(e le)(t(%'

> de;a*t(va9( o39(-nea A-to3laF 3entr- a 3reven( lansarea a-to%at' a((erelor e=e*-tab(le d(n re9ea sa- de 3e d(s3o;(t(ve 3ortab(le

> de;a*t(va9( o39(-nea (le s6ar(n). Pentr- ((erele ( a3l(*a9((le *aretreb-(e s' (e 3artaate< -t(l(;a9( l(ste de a**es ( 3arole 3entr- a*ontrola a**es-l la a*este ((ere sa- a3l(*a9((. e;a*t(va9( o39(-neaanonF%o-s a**esQ

> de;a*t(va9( or(*e serv(*(- ne-t(l(;at ?%-lte s(ste%e de o3erare(nstalea;' odat' *- s(ste%-l de o3erare serv(*(( a-=(l(are *e 3ot (olos(te de 3oten9(al( ata*ator(@

> %en9(ne9( la ;( a*t-al(;'r(le s(ste%-l-( de o3erare ( a a3l(*a9((lor-t(l(;ate *- -lt(%ele 3at*6-r(@

> (;ola9( s(ste%-l de *al*-l< da*' a ost *o%3ro%(s< 3entr- a3re5nt&%3(na r's3&nd(rea v(r-s-l-(

> -t(l(;a9( soare ant(v(r-s l(*en9(at ?v' 3er%(te s' sol(*(tarea de s-3ort

te6n(* 3r(n e>%a(l sa- teleon 3entr- or(*e s(t-a9(( %a( *o%[email protected] a dev(r-sa s(ste%-l de *al*-l< 5n *a;-l 5n *are a*esta este v(r-sat r*-0n+"!"40 0+*3!30 ,* o5*r"r*. Pentr- a el(%(na de(n(t(v -n

v(r-s *e a (ne*tat -n s(ste% de *al*-l se re*o%and' re(nstalarea s(ste%-l-( deo3erare< 5n *ond(9((le 5n *are o3era9((le de dev(r-sare a- e-at. 0olos(9( 3entr-(nstalarea s(ste%-l-( de o3erare -n CB or()(nal ( n- *one*ta9( s(ste%-l de*al*-l la (nternet ( or%ata9(< 5n t(%3-l 3ro*ed-r(( de re(nstalare< toate 3art(9((lee=(stente de 3e 6ard>d(sK.

> 0n+"!"r* "5!0"400 "n+070r3 de 3e -n %ed(- s()-r ?CB@ (

1J


20/32

a*e9( o s*anare *o%3let' a t-t-ror 3art(9((lor. /e re*o%and' s*anarea 3er(od(*' a5ntre)-l-( s(ste% de *al*-l.

> 0n+"!"40 "+07"40 f0r*@"!!-3!. a*' s(ste%-l de o3erare (nstalatd(s3-ne dea de -n (reall< se re*o%and' a*t(varea a*est-(a< altel< sere*o%and' (nstalarea -n-(a de 3e -n %ed(- s()-r ?CB@.

> 0n+"!"r* 5"+?3r0 0 35,"+*-3r0 0+* ,* o5*r"r*. A*t(va9(*one=(-nea la Internet ( (nstala9( -lt(%ele -3date>-r( ale s(ste%-l-( de o3erare.

> 0n+"!"40 5"+?3r0 5*n+r3 "5!0"400. 0olos(9( -lt(%a vers(-ne 3entr-brose>r-l 3entr- nav()area 3e Internet ( 3entr- *l(ent-l de %a(l.

> 0n+"!"40 "5!0"400 "n+0-56@"r*",@"r*. Ine*tarea *- s3Fare 3oate( *a-;at' at&t (nvol-ntar ?s3Fare>-l olosete v-lnerab(l(t'9( ale broser-l-(@*&t ( vol-ntar ?-t(l(;ator(( neaten9( 3er%(t (nstalarea l-( 5n t(%3-l nav()'r(( 3ed(er(te s(te>-r(@. Ut(l(;a9( a3l(*a9(( ant(>s3Fare 3entr- el(%(narea a3l(*a9((lor de

t(3 s3Fare.> o5+00


21/32

CAPITOLUL IIINORME TEHNICE DE SECURITATE A MUNCII PRIVIND

(NTRE INEREA I DEPNAREA UNUI SISTEM DE CALCUL

%.$. Nor* ,* 013r"n " 3n00. La o3era9((le de 5ntre9(nere ( de3anarea e*6(3a%entelor de *al*-l -n ele%ent oarte (%3ortant 5l *onst(t-(e debranareaa*estora de la s-rsa de al(%entare *- ener)(e ele*tr(*'. La el de (%3ortant' este( ate3tarea *a a*este e*6(3a%ente >da*' s-nt 5n*(nse d-3' o 3er(oad' de-t(l(;are %a( 5ndel-n)at'> s' a-n)' la te%3erat-ra %ed(-l-( a%b(ant.

Cond(9((le 5n *are se des'oar' a*t-l de 5nv'9are 5n toate or%ele de5nv'9'%&nt ?*ol( )enerale< l(*ee< -n(vers(t'9(< et*.@< *o%3le=(tatea dot'r(lorte6n(*e d(n s3a9((le d(da*t(*e de (nstr-(re ?laboratoare< atel(ere< et*.@< 3art(*(3areaelev(lor la 3ro*ese de asa%blare a e*6(3a%entelor de *al*-l sa- de3anarea

a*estora ne*es(t' or)an(;area ( des'-rarea %-n*((< a a*t(v(t'9(lor *olare (e=tra*olare res3e*t&nd ( a3l(*&nd nor%ele de se*-r(tate ( s'n'tate a %-n*((.Prote*9(a %-n*(( 5n -n(t'9(le de (nstr-(re are *a 9(nt' as()-rarea *elor %a(

b-ne *ond(9(( de %-n*'< 3reven(rea a**(dentelor ( a 5%boln'v(r(lor 3roes(onale5n r&nd-l elev(lor< *adrelor d(da*t(*e< 3ersonal-l-( d(da*t(* a-=(l(ar (

3ersonal-l-( ned(da*t(*.Lo*-l de %-n*' s()-r d(n 3-n*t de vedere al s()-ran9e( 5n %-n*' se

as()-r' 3r(n:"9 A*n""r*" !o3!30 ,* 3n/:

A%enaarea lo*-l-( de %-n*' treb-(ereal(;at' 5n*&t astel s' oere -t(l(;ator(lor *onort ( l(bertate de %(*are< s'd(%(n-e;e sa- s' el(%(ne 3os(b(l(tatea a3ar(9(e( r(s*-r(lor de nat-r' v(;-al' 0olos(rea br'9'r(lor ant(stat(*e ?-t(l(;ate 3entr- des*'r*area ele*tr(*(t'9((

stat(*e d(n *or3-l o%enes*@< res3e*t(v *ovoarelor ant(stat(*e ?-t(l(;ate3entr- des*'r*area ele*tr(*(t'9(( stat(*e d(n *ar*asa s(ste%-l-( de *al*-l@

5n t(%3 *e se ee*t-ea;' o3era9(( de 5ntre9(nere sa- de3anare lae*6(3a%entele de *al*-l ?s*6(%barea 3l'*(( v(deo > de3anare da*' -%(d(tatea este 3rea %are 3(esele e*6(3a%ent-l-( de *al*-l 3ots-er( da-ne 5n t(%3-l -n*9(on'r((

> da*' -%(d(tatea este 3rea %(*' ansele de a3ar(9(e a E/ s-nt %ar(> da*' te%3erat-ra d(n s3a9(-l de l-*r- este 3rea r(d(*at' e*6(3a%entele

se 3ot s-3ra5n*'l;( a3'r&nd 3os(b(l(tatea de ardere a a*estora.a*' d(n 3-n*t de vedere *l(%at(* te%3erat-ra este s*';-t' ( aer-l este

-s*at 3robab(l(tatea de des*'r*are ele*trostat(*' este %are 5n s*6(%b da*'ave% te%3erat-r( r(d(*ate ( aer-l este -%ed 3robab(l(tatea de des*'r*are

ele*trostat(*' este %(*'.(s3o;(t(vele de 3rote*9(e 3entr- var(a9(( ale tens(-n(( ?3entr- a 3rotea

datele ( e*6(3a%entele de *al*-l 5%3otr(va l-*t-a9((lor de tens(-ne@ s-ntUn(nterr-3t(ble Poer /-33lF ?UP/@< 3re*-% ( o var(ant' lo *ostQ >

3rel-n)(toarele *- 3rote*9(e.

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Pr*!3n10+o"r* 3 5ro+*40*Prel-n)(toarele *- 3rote*9(e a- o s()-ran9' sens(b(l' *are 5ntrer-3e

al(%entarea at-n*( *&nd tens(-nea *-rent-l-( de3'ete o an-%(t' l(%(t'. ease%enea an-%(te 3rel-n)(toare< 3e l&n)' s()-ran9'< %a( d(s3-n ( de -n (ltr--t(l(;at la de3ara;(tare ?a*est (ltr- este -t(l 3r(n el(%(narea a*elor ;)o%oteQ*are le a-;(% 5n bo=e *&nd 3-ne% 5n -n*9(-ne -n *ons-%ator de 3-tere %are deener)(e %a(n' de s3'lat@.

ar(anta %a( s*-%3' 3entr- 3rote*9(a 5%3otr(va var(a9((lor de tens(-neeste re3re;entat' de UP/>-r( ?Un(nterr-3t(ble Poer /-33lF@. A*estea s-nt s-rsene5ntrer-3t(b(le de tens(-ne olos(te 3entr- al(%entarea de s()-ran9'. /e*one*tea;' 5ntre re9ea-a ele*tr(*' ( *al*-latoare< %on(toare< et*. ( are rol-l de ale 3rotea de 3ene de *-rent.

UP/

UP/>-r(le *on9(n a*-%-lator(< *are la a3ar(9(a 3enelor de *-rent< s-nt-t(l(;a9( 3entr- a a*orda -t(l(;ator(lor t(%3 s'>( salve;e (nor%a9((le ( s' 3oat'o3r( nor%al *al*-lator-l.

UP/>-r(le *- %ana)e%ent a- (ntera9' de *one*tare?U/8 sa- COM@ *-*al*-lator-l 3-t&nd->se astel 3ro)ra%a 5n *&t t(%3 s' se st(n)' astel 5n*&t

-t(l(;ator(( s'>( 3oat' salva datele ( a*-%-lator(( s' n- se des*ar*e *o%3let.

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Pro)ra%ele *are 5nso9es* a*este d(s3o;(t(ve 3ot s' dea de ase%enea(nor%a9(( des3re starea bater(e(< n(vel-l tens(-n(( de al(%entare< data ( ora *&nda av-t lo* o 3ana de *-rent< et*.

-3' 3r(n*(3(-l de -n*9(onare se *-nos* tre( t(3-r( de UP/>-r( ( an-%e:U3s>-r( ol(ne > de3endente de re*ven9' ( tens(-ne

Avantae: ;)o%ot red-s< 3re9-r( %(*(.e;avantae: t(%3 de a-tono%(e red-s< *o%-tarea n- este (nstantanee sea*e ab(a d-3' *&teva se*-nde< n- 3roteea;' e*6(3a%entele de *al*-l de

3ert-rba9((le re9ele( de *-rent< var(a9(( de tens(-ne ( re*ven9'.UP/>-r( L(ne > Intera*t(ve (nde3endente de tens(-ne ?a- -n (ltr-

(ntera*t(v *are %on(tor(;ea;' tens(-nea de ([email protected]: ;)o%ot red-s 5n %od L(ne< 3re9-r( %(*(< d-rat' de v(a9' %are a

a*-%-lator(lor.e;avantae: t(%3 de a-tono%(e red-s< n- 3roteea;' e*6(3a%entele de

*al*-l de 3ert-rba9((le re9ele( de *-rent< *o%-tarea n- este (nstantanee.UP/>-r( Onl(ne 0I (nde3endente de tens(-ne ( re*ven9' ?se ba;ea;'3e d-bl' *onvers(e: *-rent-l de (ntrare alternat(v este *onvert(t 5n *-rent*ont(n--< d(n *are -n(tatea re*onstr-(ete -n *-rent alternat(v< 3ere*ts(n-(so(dal: 5n -r%a d-ble( *onvers(( d(s3ar toate var(a9((le s( 3ert-rba9((lee=(stente 5n re9ea-a de al(%entare 3ot ( dotate de ase%enea *- (ltres-3l(%entare la (ntrare ( (e(re *- *(r*-(te de %ana)e%ent al bater((lor@.

Avantae: d-rat' de v(a9' e=t(ns' a a*-%-latoarelor< a-tono%(e %a( %are5n*6(dere a de3o;(telor no(< *&t ( 3entr- e=3loatarea< 5n*6(derea( -r%'r(rea 3ost>5n*6(dere a de3o;(telor e=(stente< 5n *ond(9(( de 3rote*9(e a%ed(-l-( ( a s'n't'9(( 3o3-la9(e(.

Re)le%entarea a*este( a*t(v(t'9( are dre3t s*o3 3reven(rea sa- red-*erea

ee*telor ne)at(ve as-3ra %ed(-l-(< 5n s3e*(al 3ol-area a3elor de s-3raa9' bater((le de *arbon>;(n* s-nt *ele %a( 3-9(n to=(*e 3entr- *' a- -n

*on9(n-t de %er*-r s-b D bater(( al*al(ne *- %an)an > a- -n *on9(n-t de %er*-r de D bater(( o=(d de ar)(nt *on9(n 1W %er*-r> *ele %a( 3er(*-loase s-nt bater((le>b-ton( 3entr- *' a- 5n *o%3onen9alor 3este ,DW %er*-r. A*estea s-nt -t(l(;ate la -n*9(onarea *eas-r(lor bater(( n(*6el *ad%(- s-nt re5n*'r*ab(le. N- *on9(n %er*-r dar s-ntto=(*e dator(t' *ad%(-l-(. Avanta-l lor este *'< 3-t&nd->se re5n*'r*a bater(( ;(n*>aer. Con9(n 1W %er*-rO bater(e>b-ton 3oate *onta%(na 7DD.DDD l(tr( de a3'. n *onta*t *- a3a DD.DDD tone de bater(( de a-to%ob(le> 1JD.DDD tone de a*-%-lator( (nd-str(al(> 17D.DDD de bater(( 3ortab(leee-r(le de bater(( ( a*-%-lator( *are 3re;(nt' deter(or'r( ale *ar*aselor

sa- 3(erder( de ele*trol(t treb-(e s' (e *ole*tate se3arat de *elelalte< 5n

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*onta(nere s3e*(ale< 3entr- a ( 3redate o3erator(lor e*ono%(*( *are des'oar' d(str(b-(tor(( de bater(( ( a*-%-lator(

> -n(t'9(le *are 3restea;' serv(*(( de 5nlo*-(re a bater((lor (a*-%-lator(lor> 3-n*tele de *ole*tare 3entr- dee-r( de bater(( ( a*-%-lator(> 3rod-*'tor< d-3' *a;.8ater((le *ons-%ate n- %a( s-nt *eea *e a- ost la 5n*e3-t. Ut(l(;area lor

le s*6(%b' at&t d(n 3-n*t de vedere (;(*< *&t ( *6(%(*. Ele*tro;((< de e=e%3l- *ole*tarea bater((lor -;ate> sortarea lor 5n -n*9(e de *on9(n-t> re*-3erarea %ater(al-l-( re*(*lab(l> 3-r((*area %ater(al-l-( re*(*lab(l> el(%(narea 3'r9(lor nere*(*lab(le.L(terat-ra de s3e*(al(tate e=e%3l((*' d(vers(tatea de %ater(ale *e se 3ot

)'s( la *o%3onente ale -n-( s(ste% de *al*-l< d-3' *-% -r%ea;':

Nr.Cr+.M"+*r0"!o5on*n+

Con40n3+ n1r*3+"+* 89

R*0!"r*89

Un,* * 1/*+*

1. /(l(*a 24


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Nr.Cr+.M"+*r0"!o5on*n+

Con40n3+ n1r*3+"+* 89

R*0!"r*89

Un,* * 1/*+*

J. N(*6el D


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Un *art- re%an-a*t-rat< real(;at *- *o%3onente de *al(tate< 3oate ( -n3rod-s s-3er(or at&t d(n 3-n*t de vedere *al(tat(v *&t ( al (ab(l(t'9(( (d-rab(l(t'9(( 5n t(%3 a9' de -n *art- or()(nal.

Re>%an-a*t-rarea n- a*e reer(re doar la tonerele ( *art-ele de(%3r(%ant'< *( este o 5ntrea)' (loso(e (nd-str(al'. Pr(v(t' d(n 3ers3e*t(va -ne(

so*(et'9( 5n 3l(n' de;voltare< a*east' (loso(e re3re;(nt'< de a3t< o abordare et(*'de a sat(sa*e nevo(le *ons-%ator-l-(< %(n(%(;&nd totodat' (%3a*t-l ne)at(vas-3ra res-rselor nat-rale ( 3rote&nd %ed(-l 5n*on-r'tor.

"&rt(a oto)ra(*' *ara*ter(st(*(:> oarte 3-r'> abr(*at' d(n %ater(( 3r(%e de *al(tate e=*elent'> -na d(n s-3rae9e este a*o3er(t' *- -n strat otosens(b(lT(3-r( de 6&rt(e oto)ra(*':

> 6&rt(e se%(>%at': 6&rt(e oto sat(n se asea%'n' *- 6&rt(a oto *las(*'*- raster ?)ran-la9(a raster-l-( este oarte (n'@. Pr(ntarea 3e a*est t(3de 6&rt(e se 3oate a*e n-%a( *- *erneala dFe>(nK (ar %ater(alelere;-ltate 5n -r%a t(3'r(r(( vor ( *eva %a( sens(b(le la a3'< a%3rente (vor ne*es(ta %a( %-lt' aten9(e la 5nr'%are sa- *aserare.

> 6&rt(e oto l-*(oas'< 3e *erneal' 3()%ent ?6&rt(e l-*(oas' 3entr-3ostere< a(e ( oto)ra(( e=*elente. A*est t(3 de 6'rt(e este -n s-3ortde %are re;ol-9(e< 3entr- *-lor( sat-rate ( str'l-*(toare. -3' 3r(ntareare -n as3e*t 3last((at ( s-3ort' la%(nare la *ald.@

Ma*-lat-ra re3re;(nt' o %ater(e 3r(%' oarte *'-tat' 3entr- abr(*area-nor 3rod-se d(n 6&rt(e. T(3-r(le de %a*-lat-r' de b-n' *al(tate s-nt -or de*o%er*(al(;at< dat ((nd a3t-l *' *ererea este %a( %are de*&t oerta. 0(brele s-nte=trase d(n %a*-lat-r' ( olos(te 3entr- abr(*area 6&rt(e( no(. n a*est s*o3%a*-lat-ra se d(;olv' %a( 5nt&( 5n %-lt' a3' 3&n' *&nd se red-*e la o 3ast'l(*6(d'. I%3-r(t'9(le %ar(< 3re*-% %ater(alele 3last(*e< %etalele s-nt e=trase-n n-%'r %are de bob(ne.A(*( a3a este e=tras' ( astel se ob9(ne 6&rt(a re*(*lat'. Tot-( %a*-lat-ra

n- se 3oate olos( la nes&r(t 3entr- abr(*area 3rod-selor re*(*late. La (e*arere*(*lare (brele de 6&rt(e dev(n %a( s*-rte (< de la o an-%(t' l-n)(%e *r(t(*'< eledev(n (n-t(l(;ab(le.

/olven9(( volat(l( s-nt l(*6(de *are se transor%' *- --r(n9' 5n va3or( late%3erat-ra *a%ere(. /e )'ses* 5ntr>o )a%' var(at' de 3rod-se (et(ne ( -ora**es(b(le -t(l(;ate 5n s*o3-r( *asn(*e sa- (nd-str(ale ob(n-(te< *-% ar (:

> a)en9( de *-r'9are -s*at'> de)resor(> ben;(na

> l(3(*(> l-(d *ore*tor

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> %arKere.Aerosol(( s-nt s3raF>-r( *are *on9(n 3ro3-lsor( ( solven9(. (n a*east'

*ate)or(e a* 3arte s3raF>-r(le *- vo3sea< (=at(vele 3entr- 3'r< s3raF>-r(le *--le(-r( ve)etale 3entr- )'t(t ( s3raF>-r(le *- 3rote*tor( 3entr- %ater(ale.

/-bstan9ele (n6alate s-nt ra3(d absorb(te 5n 3l'%&n(< tre*&nd 5n *(r*-la9(a

san)-(n'< d-3' *are s-nt d(str(b-(te ra3(d la n(vel-l s(ste%-l-( nervos *entral (*'tre alte or)ane.La *&teva se*-nde de la (n6alare se res(%t ee*tele (nto=(*a9(e( 5%3re-n'

*- alte ee*te ase%'n'toare *elor 3rod-se de al*ool > vorb(re ne*lar'( *oordona %(*'r(le< e-or(e ( a%e9el(. n 3l-s 3oate e=(stao sen;a9(e de *a3 -or< 6al-*(na9(( ( a-to(l-;(on'r(.

BIBLIOGRAFIE

,1


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1. Iones*-< an. ?2DD+@. Retele de *al*-latoare< Alba I-l(a: Ed(t-ra All2. Geor)es*-< Ioana. ?2DD7@. /(ste%e de o3erare< Cra(ova: Ed(t-ra Arves3. Y Y Y. .res-rse.or)B*a3(tol1.6t%l.4. Alb-< Ion. ?2DD@. Co%3onente ele*tron(*e. .-ns(te.roB3a).6t%l

Andreea Valentina ATESTAT

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