Alimentari Cu Apa

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An XX, nr.1 / 2014, vol. 91 Din cuprins: n INTERVIU ROVANA PLUMB, MINISTRUL MEDIULUI ŞI SCHIMBĂRILOR CLIMATICE n ILIE VLAICU: “PRIVIM ÎNCREZĂTORI ÎN VIITOR, PENTRU CĂ SOCIETATEA AQUATIM SA ARE RESURSE PROFESIONALE ŞI ECONOMICE SĂ FACĂ PERFORMANŢĂ, ÎNCĂ MULŢI ANI!” n ANIVERSARE NICOLAIE PITU Noua stație de epurare a apelor uzate din Timișoara

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Alimentari cu apa

Transcript of Alimentari Cu Apa

  • An XX, nr.1 / 2014, vol. 91

    Din cuprins:n INTERVIU ROVANA PLUMB,MINISTRUL MEDIULUI I SCHIMBRILOR CLIMATICE

    n ILIE VLAICU: PRIVIM NCREZTORI N VIITOR, PENTRU C SOCIETATEA AQUATIM SA ARE RESURSE PROFESIONALE I ECONOMICE S FAC PERFORMAN, NC MULI ANI!

    n ANIVERSARE NICOLAIE PITU

    Noua staie de epurare a apelor uzate din Timioara

  • CUPRINSCONTENTS

    INTERVIU ROVANA PLUMB, 3MINISTRUL MEDIULUI I SCHIMBRILOR CLIMATICEINTERVIEW WITH ROVANA PLUMB, MINISTER OF ENVIRONMENT AND CLIMATE CHANGE

    EDITORIAL - INTERVIU CU Dr. Ing. ILIE VLAICU 5EDITORIAL - Interview with Dr. Ing. ILIE VLAICU

    PRELUAREA NOILOR MEMBRII N CADRUL 7ASOCIAIEI DE DEZVOLTARE INTERCOMUNITARA VRANCEAQUATAkING OVER NEW MEMBERS UNDER THE INTERCOMMUNITy DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION VRANCEAQUA

    EXTINDEREA I REABILITAREA SISTEMELOR 11DE AP I AP UZAT N JUDEUL OLTEXTENSION AND REHABILITATION OF THE WATER SUPPLy AND SEWERAGE SERVICES IN OLT COUNTyNelu IONICA

    MODIFICRI BIOLOGICE PE TERMEN LUNG A SISTEMULUI 14DELTEI DUNRII DUP PERIOADA DE INDUSTRIALIZARELONG- TERM BIOLOGICAL CHANGES ALONG DANUBE DELTA SySTEMS AFTER INDUSTRIALIZATION PERIODCtlina STOICA s.a.

    NMOL GRANULAR AEROB N RAPORT CU TEHNOLOGIA 21DE EPURARE CONVENIONALAEROBIC GRANULAR SLUDGE VS. CONVENTIONAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGyCostel BUMBAC s.a.

    NOUA CONDUCERE A ASOCIAIEI ROMNE A APEI A FOST 25ALEAS N CADRUL REUNIUNILOR DE LA SFRITUL ANULUI 2013Daniel MIHAI

    EVOLUII NREGISTRATE N NEGOCIEREA I APLICABILITATEA 26CONTRACTULUI COLECTIV DE MUNC UNIC LA NIVELUL GRUPULUI DE OPERATORI DIN SERVICIILE PUBLICE DE ALIMENTARE CU AP I DE CANALIZAREDaniel MIHAI

    TRGUL INTERNAIONAL DE AP 2013 - Belgrad, Serbia 27WATER FORUM and EXHIBITION 2013- Belgrad, SerbiaIlie VLAICU

    REDUCEREA PIERDERILOR DE AP 28IN SISTEMELE DE ALIMENTARE CU APAWATER LOSS REDUCTION IN WATER SUPPLy SySTEMSDorin STAICU

    ASOCIAIA ROMAN A APEI PROMOVEAZ EXPERIENA 29REGIONALIZARII SERVICIILOR DE ALIMENTARE CU AP N EUROPA DE EST

    ESTE NECESAR O ANALIZ A MASTER PLANURILOR? 30IS A REVIEW OF MASTER PLANS NEEDED?J.B. de JONG

    PARTENERIAT NTRE AQUATIM I UNIVERSITATEA POLITEHNICA 33Ilie VLAICU

    ANIVERSARE NICOLAIE PITU 34

    GLOBAL WATER OPERATORS PARTNERSHIP ALLIANCE (GWOPA) 35

    IN MEMORIAM - DR. EC. VASILE CIOMO 36

    INDEX TEMATIC 2013 39

    ROMAQUAIS.S.N. 1453 - 6986ANUL XX, nr.1 / 2014, vol. 91

    EDITOR:ASOCIAIA ROMN AAPEISplaiul Independenei nr. 202 H,Bl. 2,Tronson 1, Scara A, parter, Ap. 2,Sector 6, Bucureti, RomniaCod 060023,Tel/Fax: (021) 316.27.88Tel/Fax: (021) 316.27.87E-mail: [email protected]: www.ara.ro

    ROMAQUA:Este o publicaie tehnico-tiinific de informare periodic, menit s ofere informaiitehnice semnificative, idei i opinii ale specialitilor.

    COLEGIULDEREDACIE:Redactor ef:Vladimir RojanschiSecretariat de redacie:Gheorghe AnghelLivia Ciaky

    COLEGIULTIINIFIC:Aureliu Emil SndulescuNicolae PaninSergiu CalosTeniu PeitchevAnton AntonIoan BicAlexandru MnescuIon MirelSandu MarinDiana Robescu

    Responsabilitatea editrii revisteiROMAQUA revine Asociaiei Romne a Apei. Reproducerea integral sau parial este per-mis cu condiia citrii sursei.

    Revista ROMAQUA este indexatn bazele de date internaionale

    COLEGIULTEHNICALCOMPANIILORDEAP:Felix StroeIlie VlaicuIoan TomaDorin CiataraMihai ChiriMelania VoinescuMircea NiculescuIonTescaruDorin Ftu

  • interviu

    1. Care sunt obiectivele majore ale

    MINISTERULUI MEDIULUI I SCHIM-

    BRILOR CLIMA TICE (MMSC) pentru

    anul 2014?

    Urmrim n primul rnd s continum

    ritmul susinut al absorbiei de fonduri

    europene. Am reuit de la preluarea

    mandatului o performana notabil,

    aducnd absorbia fondurilor de mediu la

    27%, de la 4,37%. Vrem s punem banii

    europeni la lucru pentru dezvoltarea co-

    munitailor i creterea calitaii vieii -

    n special pentru construirea infrastruc-

    turii de mediu (reele de canalizare,

    colectarea deeurilor, dar i reciclare).

    n domeniul deeurilor, unde Romnia

    nc nregistreaz decalaje foarte mari

    fa de media european, avem n plan cteva

    proiecte foarte importante - unul dintre ele privind

    reducerea risipei alimentare, obiectiv pentru care

    vom colabora cu parteneri din Marea Britanie.

    2. n mass-media s-au vehiculat o serie de in-

    conveniente legate de viitoarea exploatare a

    Gazelor de ist, printre care i poluarea

    apelor subterane. Este real aceast premiz

    cunoscnd faptul c multe localitai din ar se

    alimenteaz pentru furnizarea apei populaiei

    din aceste surse?

    n Romnia au fost avizate doar proiecte ce

    privesc exclusiv explorarea zcamintelor de gaze

    de ist. Explorarea se realizeaz prin procedee con-

    venionale, similare cutarii rezervelor de petrol

    sau de gaze. Aceast etap de explorare va dura

    minim 5 ani.

    3. Dup opinia DVS., Proiectul ROIA MON-

    TANA poate avea o finalitate? Care va fi aceasta?

    Dup cum tii, Comisia parlamentar special

    dedicat analizrii acestui proiect minier a respins

    proiectul de lege propus de Guvern i a subliniat

    necesitatea unui cadru legislativ mai cuprinztor

    pentru domeniul minier.

    4. Cum apreciai stadiul actual de realizare

    a obligaiilor asumate de Romnia prin semna rea

    Tratatului de Aderare la Uniunea European, n

    domeniul infrastructurii apei?

    Uniunea European consider domeniul apei un

    sector strategic la nivelul tuturor statelor membre,

    acesta jucnd un rol important n meninerea co-

    eziunii sociale, ridicarea calitii vieii pe conti -

    nentul european i asigurarea premiselor pentru

    implementarea conceptului de dezvoltare durabil.

    Acest lucru se reflect i la nivelul Ministerului

    Mediului i Schimbarilor Climatice , unde, prin Axa

    Prioritara 1 a Programului Operaional Sectorial

    Mediu (POS Mediu) sunt finanate 45 de proiecte

    INTERVIU ROVANA PLUMBMINISTRUL MEDIULUI I SCHIMBRILOR CLIMATICE

    3www.romaqua.ronr.1 / 2014

  • 4 www.romaqua.ro nr.1 / 2014

    INTERVIU ROVANA PLUMB MINISTRUL MEDIULUI I SCHIMBRILOR CLIMATICE

    referitoare la lucrri n infrastructura de ap i ap

    uzat. Dintre acestea, 43 sunt proiecte majore (cu

    o valoare de peste 50 milioane euro). n cadrul

    proiectelor menionate, pn n momentul de fa

    au fost semnate 570 de contracte, a cror valoare

    total nsumeaz aproximativ 11,2 miliarde lei.

    5. Ce msuri sunt prevzute pentru anul 2014

    pentru ndeplinirea acestor angajamente?

    i n anul 2014 vor continua proiectele ncepute

    n anii anteriori, mai ales c n ultimul an s-a vzut

    clar sprijinul total al MMSC, care, prin Autoritatea

    de Management pentru Programul Operaional Sec-

    torial Mediu, s-a implicat activ n analizarea i iden-

    tificarea msurilor ce trebuiau ntreprinse n

    vederea realizrii unui ritm susinut de absorbie a

    fondurilor europene, ceea ce va duce, implicit, la

    finalizarea mai rapid a proiectelor de investiii din

    POS Mediu aferent perioadei de programare 2007-

    2013. Astfel, n cadrul ntlnirilor organizate de

    MMSC cu operatorii regionali de ap, ntalniri la

    care au fost invitate si alte autoritai cu atribuii

    n domeniu, au fost propuse i s-au realizat modi-

    ficri semnificative ale legislaiei specifice, simpli-

    ficndu-se procedurile prin care operatorii regionali

    ncaseaz contravaloarea lucrrilor de investiii

    deja efectuate. Avem deja informaia c poten -

    ialul de proiecte din sectorul ap/ap uzat pen-

    tru perioada 2014-2020 va include un numr de

    aproximativ 40 de proiecte majore de infrastruc -

    tur (n sistem regional). Se vor finana cu priori-

    tate investiiile necesare pentru conformarea cu

    obligaiile asumate prin Tratatul de Aderare la Uni-

    unea European. n acelai timp, se vor promova i

    investiii care s contribuie la diminuarea efectelor

    schimbrilor climatice i msuri de adaptare, pre-

    cum i componente de eficientizare a sistemelor de

    ap i canalizare. De altfel, pregtirea proiectelor

    a i nceput deja cu revizuirea Master Planurilor i

    stabilirea listelor de investiii prioritare care vor

    sta la baza noilor proiecte.

    6. Cum apreciai implicarea Companiilor de

    Ap din ar n indeplinirea acestor prevederi?

    Companiile de ap reprezint pentru MMSCparteneri serioi i profund implicai, motiv pentrucare noi am sprijinit msurile de continuare i con-solidare a procesului de regionalizare, precum imbuntirea capacitaii instituionale att lanivelul operatorilor de ap ct i la nivelul Asoci-aiilor de Dezvoltare Intercomunitar. Companiilede ap vor trebui s demonstreze c au nvat dinleciile trecutului i, n consecin, la momentuldemarrii investiiilor, operatorii vor trebui spun, n primul rnd, un mai mare accent pe acti -vitatea de informare i contientizare a populaieicu privire la importana conectrii la serviciile dealimentare cu ap i canalizare. Important este caoperatorii regionali de ap au crescut odat cuproiectele pe care le-au implementat, ceea ce mface s cred c vor generaliza experiena pozitiv,iar neimplinirile vor fi trecute la capitolul leciinvate, astfel nct situaiile similare s nu semai repete n perioada urmtoare.

    7. Asociaia Romn a Apei, prin membrii sii prin legtura cu organele centrale i locale,prin aciuni multiple, s-a implicat n rezolvareaproblemelor aprute, n scopul ridicrii sectoru-lui de ap din ar la exigenele UE. Cum apre-ciai eforturile depuse?

    n plan instituional avem o colaborare exce -lent cu Asociaia Romn a Apei (ARA), cu caresuntem, de altfel, coorganizatori ai unor ntlniride specialitate, mese rotunde, simpozioane etc. Mise pare evident faptul c, avand obiective comuneclare, va trebui ca n urmatoarea perioad de pro-gramare s intensificm buna colaborare, inndcont de noile provocri, mai ales ca responsabili-tatea pregtirii aplicaiilor din urmtorul ciclu definanare a fost transferat beneficiarilor respec-tiv companiilor judeene de ap reprezentate deARA facilitndu-se astfel elaborarea i imple-mentarea proiectelor care va fi susinut, n con-tinuare, din fondurile Programului OperaionalSectorial Mediu. Aadar, cred n importana cre-terii rolului ARA i i asigur pe reprezentanii si cavor gsi oricnd n MMSC partenerul instituional decare au nevoie.

  • www.romaqua.ro

    NTREBARE. Societatea pecare o manageriai este, deani buni, n topul firmelor desucces, din zona de vest. timc un asemenea palmares nuse obine uor. Cum ai reuits rezistai, cum privii efor-turile depuse, cum anticipaiviitorul?

    Ilie VLAICU. Eu i ntreaga

    echip managerial ne-am str -

    duit s pstrm numele AQUA-

    TIM SA n mentalul clienilor, n

    primul rnd, i-abia apoi n

    to purile economice, printr-o

    per ma nent profesionalizare,

    orien tare i reorientare nspre

    nou, mo dern, accesibil finan-

    ciar, prin proiecte majore,

    menite s ne uureze munca i

    s genereze confort clienilor

    notri; n egal msur, ne-am

    strduit s trecem rapid peste

    hopurile inevitabile ce apar n

    viaa unei societi, s depim

    punctele critice, sincopele eco-

    nomice, prin msuri rapide de

    redresare, prin soluii inteli -

    gente.

    La aceast or, peste 80% din

    procesele de la staiile de tra -

    tare sunt monitorizate i con-

    trolate automat, ca urmare a

    investiiilor pentru moder niza -

    rea echipamentelor, rea lizate n

    ultimii ani din surse proprii,

    ceea ce a condus la scderi mari

    ale consumului de energie. n

    anul 2012, consumul specific

    pentru cap ta rea, tra tarea i dis-

    tribuia apei a fost de 0,2541

    kWh/mc, la ora actual unul din

    cele mai mici din ar.

    Un alt punct important, chiar

    vital, pentru AQUATIM i benefi-

    ciari, este implementarea pro -

    iectului finanat prin POS Mediu

    Extinderea i modernizarea

    sistemului de alimentare cu ap

    i canalizare n judeul Timi.

    Proiectul are o valoare de

    509,63 milioane de lei (circa

    119 milioane de Euro) i este al

    doilea mare proiect de investiii

    din fonduri nerambursabile al

    societii, dup programul ISPA,

    finalizat n anul 2011, n valoare

    de 45 de milioane de Euro. La

    finanarea proiectului actual,

    de investiii n jude, auto ri -

    tile locale contribuie cu

    1,73%, restul fiind asi gurat de

    Aquatim 13,04%, bu getul de

    stat 11,30% i Uniunea Euro -

    pean, din Fondul de Coeziune

    73,93%.

    Bugetul alocat asigur extin-derea i reabilitarea a 200 kmde reele de canalizare i 100

    INTE

    RVIU

    nr.1 / 2014 5

    editorial

    PRIVIM NCREZTORI N VIITOR, PENTRU C SOCIETATEA AQUATIM SA ARERESURSE PROFESIONALE I ECONOMICE S FAC PERFORMAN, NC MULI ANI!

    INTERVIU CU MANAGERUL GENERAL AL AQUATIM S.A., Dr. Ing. ILIE VLAICU

  • 6 www.romaqua.ro nr.1 / 2014

    INTE

    RVI

    UPRIVIM NCREZTORI N VIITOR, PENTRU C SOCIETATEA

    AQUATIM SA ARE RESURSE PROFESIONALE I ECONOMICE S FAC PERFORMAN, NC MULI ANI!

    km de reele de ap i constru-irea a sapte staii de epurare aapei uzate i trei staii de tra -tare a apei potabile, n dou -sprezece localiti din jude.

    Punctul forte al societii

    AQUATIM o reprezint inves -

    tiiile masive n sistem. Nu poi

    s rmi n pia dac nu in-

    vesteti, dac nu realizezi

    obiective n care tehnologia

    modern s fie prezent.

    Resursele financiare fiind limi-

    tate, ne-am axat, n ultimii 15

    ani, pe atragerea fondurilor

    nerambursabile de la Uniunea

    European. Explicaia e simpl:

    pui un leu, dar investeti de

    patru lei! n acest mod am ajuns

    s desfurm diverse proiecte

    de aproape 200 de milioane de

    euro.

    NTREBARE.tiu c avei un

    sistem extrem de performant,

    de hri digitale i c nre gis -

    trai chiar o premier din

    acest punct de vedere.

    IlieVLAICU. Da, este vorba

    despre Proiectul de implemen -

    tare a sistemului GIS (Geogra -

    phic Information System),

    pentru stocarea i prelucrarea

    datelor geografice, proiect pe

    care noi l-am demarat nc din

    2008. Acesta presupune cule -

    gerea datelor de pe teren, cu

    aparatur topo grafic specia -

    lizat i salvarea ulterioar n

    format digital. Avantajele sis-

    temului GIS sunt evidente:

    colectarea datelor este mai

    rapid i mai sigur, viteza de

    prelucrare este sporit, iar,

    odat stocate, pot fi prelucrate

    cu uurin i prezentate grafic

    rapid. n perioada scurs de la

    implementarea sistemului GIS,

    s-au colectat 218.509 puncte,

    organizate ntr-o baz de date

    specific. Procesul este n des -

    f urare continu pentru c

    ree lele de ap i canal se

    transform n timp. Cel mai

    mare avantaj al sistemului GIS

    este afiarea datelor n format

    electronic, ntr-un mod extrem

    de detaliat. n loc s folosim,

    spre exemplu, 1.122 de hri cu

    latura de 1m, reelele pot fi

    vizualizate la orice nivel de de-

    taliu pe un ecran cu diagonala

    de 50cm. n acest mod, se pot

    face modificri fr a periclita

    harta original.

    Biroul GIS poate tipri hri

    cu dimensiuni de pn la 1 x

    3m. Cutarea unui element din

    reea se poate face rapid dup

    coordonate, adres sau alte

    caracteristici. Aceste date, prin

    tehnologii specifice sunt puse,

    n timp real, la dispoziia

    oricrui angajat AQATIM cruia

    i se ofer acces. Deasemenea,

    cu ajutorul calculatoarelor se

    pot face diverse statistici care

    dureaz cteva secunde: calcu-

    lul lungimii de reea, a numru-

    lui de hidrani din ora. Avansul

    tehnic vizeaz, ntr-o perspec-

    tiv imediat, oferirea accesu-

    lui direct la hrile digitale,

    echipelor care lucreaz pe

    teren, cu ajutorul tabletelor

    sau al calculatoarelor portabile.

    NTREBARE. Avei o strate-

    gie pentru anii viitori, vizai

    ceva anume?

    IlieVLAICU.AQUATIM are o

    strategie de planificare a inves -

    ti iilor n infrastructura de ap-

    canal necesare n judeul Timi

    concretizat ntr-un document

    numit Master Plan. Master

    Planul reprezinta strategia de

    dezvoltare pentru judetul Timis

    n ceea ce privete serviciile de

    alimentare cu ap i de cana -

    lizare, pe o perioada de 30 de

    ani, ncepand cu anul 2009.

    Acesta a fost pregtit de ctre

    AQUATIM, n calitate de opera-

    tor regional n judetul Timi m-

    preun cu Consiliul Judeean

    Timi i cu repre zen tani ai

    diferitelor uniti ad m inistra -

    tive teritoriale din ju de. Rea -

    lizarea obiectivelor de inves tiii

    cu respectarea strategiei pro-

    puse n Master Plan va asigura

    conformarea pe termen scurt,

    mediu i lung pentru toate mu-

    nicipalitile, oraele i co-

    munele din judeul Timi pentru

    ndeplinirea obligaiilor asu-

    mate de Romnia prin Tratatul

    de Ade rare la Uniunea Euro -

    pean.

    Pentru perioada viitoare, avem

    pregtite proiecte pentru o va -

    loare de aproximativ 150 mili -

    oane de euro, ceea ce ne face,

    categoric, optimiti.

  • mbuntireacalitii i a acce-sului la infras -truc tura de ap iap uzat, prinasigurarea servi -ciilor de alimen -tare cu ap ica nalizare n ma-joritatea zonelorurbane pn nanul 2015 i stabi -lirea structurilorregionale efici entepentru ma nage -men tul ser vi ciilorde ap si apuzat reprezintunul din obiectivele specifice ale Programului Op-erational Sectorial de Mediu.Preluarea noilormembrii ai Asociaiei de Dez vol tare Inter comu ni -tar Vran ceaqua s-a realizat n strns legtur cu

    derularea progra me -lor inves ti i o nale.

    Con cret, pentrua pu tea rea liza pre-luarea se parcurgurm torii pai:

    a. Consiliul Lo cal(CL) al loca lit iirespective tre buies emit o Hot -rre de Consiliu Lo -cal prin care iexprim acordul deaderare la Aso -ciaia de Dezvol tareInter comunitarVran ceaqua;

    b. Se aprob de ctre CL delegarea gestiuniiserviciilor publice de alimentare cu ap icanalizare ctre S.C.CUP S.A. Focani prin n-credinare di rect;

    PRELUAREA NOILOR MEMBRII N CADRUL ASOCIAIEI DE DEZVOLTAREINTERCOMUNITARA VRANCEAQUAAbstract.In order to comply with EUs objec-

    tives set out in the Directive 98/83/EEC regardingthe quality of drinking water and waste watertreatment, a regionalization process has started,intended at reducing the excessive fragmentationof the drinking water and sewerage sector. To thiseffect the existing public services held by muni -cipalities were reorganized under a

    common Regional Operation Company a co -mmercial company owned by all the

    municipalities affiliated with the Associationfor Intercommunity Development - to which themanagement of water services is delegated undera Delegation Contract. The Regional Operator forVrancea County is S.C. CUP S.A. Focani.

    In order to successfully take over the newmembers under the Association forIntercommunityDevelopment, an overhaul of the existing informa-tion system is required. The operating system of acompany is made up of a technical and a socialframework. The alterations occurring once the in-formational system is changed must be carriedover to both frameworks. Therefore major issuesmust be taken into account such as: communica-tion with the staff, adapting the organizationalstructure, staff selection, redeployment and train-ing.

    Keywords: EUs objectives, information system, take over, Association for Interco -mmunity Development, S.C. CUP S.A. Focani, Regional Operation Company.

    Gheorghe VASILESCU

    Director general

    S.C.CUP S.A.Focsani

    Flaviu George ERBU

    Sef birou relatii

    cu publicul

    7

    A.ModalitateapreluriinoilormembrilorA.D.I.ncadrulstructurilorS.C.CUPS.A.Focani

    din experiena operatorilor

  • 8 www.romaqua.ro nr.1 / 2014

    PRELUAREA NOILOR MEMBRII N CADRUL ASOCIAIEI DE DEZVOLTARE INTERCOMUNITARA VRANCEAQUA

    c. Se semneaz Protocolul depredare al bunurilor domeniuluipublic al localitii respective nadministrarea S.C. CUP S.A.Focani.

    B.Planuldeimplementareanouluisisteminformaional

    ntreg setul de resurseumane i de capital investite nvederea colectrii i

    prelucrrii datelor necesareproducerii informaiilor a fostfolosit pentru a putea transfor -ma sistemele informaionale n-vechite, existente la momentulprelurii membrilor ADI ncadrul structurilor S.C. CUP S.A.Focani ntr-un nou sistem in -for maional, adaptat cerineloractuale, care s fie eficient attpentru managementul societiin luarea deciziilor ct i pentruutilizatorii serviciului.

    Implementarea noului sisteminformaional la toi membriiADI preluai, a decurs cu res -pec tarea urmtoarelor etape:

    a. Identificarea datelor ceurmeaz a fi importate;

    b. Colectarea datelor din sis-temul informaional existent;

    c. Instalarea serverului i abazei de date TEST;

    d. Instruirea personalului nlegtur cu modul de lucru i deoperare a datelor n noul pro-gram informatic;

    e. Importul de date reale;f. Recepia i preluarea n

    exploatare a contorilor montaipe branamentele noilor utiliza-tori;

    g. Generarea primelor fac-turi i modalitaile de ncasarea acestora.

    1. Identificareadatelorceurmeazafiimportate

    Aceast etap a constat nobservarea mediului care gene -reaz datele, att printr-un observator uman ct i prin di verse echipamente. Astfel s-au identificat cerinele i s-audefinit problemele existente.

    De multe ori se formuleazprobleme prin specificarea doara ce nu funcioneaz nu i caresunt cauzele acestor disfuncii,astfel c trebuie s se identificei s soluioneze toate acesteprobleme. De asemenea, o im -portan major a constituit-ocunoaterea procedurilor exis-tente de prelucrare a datelor,de folosire a echipamentelor delucru i nu n ultimul rnd decircuitul informaiilor n cadrulorganizaiei.

    Dintre problemele sesizatese pot enumera:

    a. Nu a existat un programde contorizare;

    b. Blocurile de locuine ne -con torizate;

    c. Contorizarea imobilelordin initiaiva proprietarilor lamica ntelegere i inexistenaasociaiilor de proprietari ;

    d. Contoare supradimension-ate, fr nici un fel de docu-mente, gestionate pe evideneproprii ale ncasatorilor zonali;

    e. S-a acceptat facturarea ipe contoarele pasante;

    f. Nu a existat schema a con-sumatorilor contorizai;

    g. Agenii economici i insti tu -iile publice au refuzat conto ri -zarea sau i-au fcut con torizripariale.

    Alte probleme sesizate naceast etap au fost:

    a. Agentul de teren respon-sabil de zon ;

    b. Trasarea sarcinilor de ser-viciu i raportarea ulterioar verbale ;

    c. Constatarea pe teren amo dului de funcionare a con-toarelor

    n multe situaii evideneleerau inute manual n registresau caiete, astfel c pregtireapentru etapa urmtoare de co -lectare a datelor a presupus omunc suplimentar de identi-ficare i sortare a tuturor infor-maiilor necesare crearii uneibaze de date viabile.n terenfoarte multe puncte de consumerau necontorizate, astfel cfacturarea se fcea in sistempaual.

    2. Colectarea datelor dinsistemul informaional exis-tent

    Aceast etap a constat nnregistrarea datelor prin scri -ere n documentele surs sauprin colectarea lor sub diferiteforme cu ajutorul echipamen te -lor speciale. Pregtirea da te loreste etapa n care in fo r ma iilecolectate sunt clasificate prinatribuirea de coduri. De aseme-nea se realizeaz grupareadatelor pe intrri similare pentru a fi prelucrate n grup.

    Urmtoarea etap const nverificarea datelor (controlulcorectitudinii nainte de prelu-crare) pe principiul GARBAGE IN- GARBAGE OUT.

    Etapa de colectare a datelorse finalizeaz cu procedurile desortare, transmitere i tran-scriere a datelor dintr-o form

  • 9www.romaqua.ronr.1 / 2014

    PRELUAREA NOILOR MEMBRII N CADRUL ASOCIAIEI DE DEZVOLTARE INTERCOMUNITARA VRANCEAQUA

    iniial n cea agreat de noulsistem.

    n situaia n care unele datenecesit prelucrri suplimen -tare, acestea vor fi tratete ma tematic, comparate prinexa minri simultane i sinteti-zate. Tot acum se aplica filtrelenecesare n vederea renunriila informaiile neeseniale.

    3.InstalareaserveruluiiabazeidedateTEST

    Dup etapa de colectare iprelucrare a datelor echipa deanaliti programatori n colabo-rare cu cei de la networkingpregtesc serverele noi alocatespecial acestui nou membruADI, conexiunile la internet ireelele de comunicare. Fisie -rele sunt memorate pe server nvederea utilizrii lor viitoare.Dac n decursul perioadei deimplementare apare necesi-tatea adaugrii de informaii nbaza de date existent, se exe -cut actualizarea acestei bazede date.

    Pe baza de date TEST se factoate instruirile personaluluioperator din noile structuri pre-luate. Astfel in prima instanse asigur accesul liber la toatemodulele programului infor-matic pentru a acumula cuno -tinele necesare lucrului pebaza de date real.

    De asemenea, n aceastetap o importan major estealocat proteciei datelor mem-orate n vederea prevenirii ac-cesului neautorizat.

    4.Instruireapersonaluluinlegturcumoduldelucruide operare a datelor n noulprograminformatic

    Instruierea personalului serealizeaz n dou etape:

    a. instruirea angajailor cunoile proceduri de lucru pefiecare departament se reali -zeaz prin instruirea prealabila efilor de departamente, ur-mnd ca ulterior acetia pebaza cunotinelor acumulates asigure instruirea cores pun -ztoare a tuturor salariailor;

    b. instruirea operatorilor nceea ce privete introducereadatelor n noul sistem infor-matic i cunoaterea sistemuluide rapoarte din toate modulelesoftului:

    - referate aprovizioanre ;- utiliti (introducere in-

    deci, actualizare date utiliza-tori etc) ;

    - transferuri ntre gestiuni ;- contabilitate, financiar ;- pontaje, salarizare .

    5.ImportuldedaterealeDatele colectate i tratate

    iniial au fost importante n sis-temul informatic i au constituitpunctul de plecare pentru vii -toarele nregistrri. n multecazuri datele au fost transmisepe baz de tabel de ctre ceicare au inut evidena pn lamomentul prelurii. Astfel c s-au stabilit indecii iniiali aicontoarelor din aceste evi-dene.

    Ulterior, dup emiterea pri -melor facturi, utilizatorii auconstatat c indexul iniial nucorespundea cu ceea ce era n-registrat pe contor. Astfel s-anotificat Primria n legtur cuaceast situaie i acolo unde afost cazul s-au fcut regulari -zarile corespunztoare.

    Odat importate datele sevor regasi n cele peste 1960 detabele:

    DENUMIRE TABEL EXPLICAII NUMR NRE GISTRRI PARTENERI Date despre clieni, furnizori, angajai etc 36.718CREANE Date despre fac-

    turile emise 776.777DETALII_CREANE Detalii

    despre datele coninute de fac-turi 2.104.756

    CONTORI Date de identifi-care ale contorilor de ap 7.546

    CITIRI_CONTORI Date despreindecii citii sau autociitii aicontorilor de ap 343.028

    DOCUMENTE_INCASAREDate despre documentele de n-casare (chitane, OP,cambii etc)511.381

    CONSUMURI n aceast tabelse calculeaz consumul de apal fiecrui utilizator pe baza in-decilor i a regulilor 1.893.510

    PUNCTE Punctele de con-sum ale fiecrui utilizator36.689

    REPARTITORI Informaiiledespre repartitoarele montaten apartamentele din condo-minii 27.722

    SOLDURI Soldurile clienilor11.664.781

    n soft exist peste 3870 deobiecte (proceduri, funcii, ta -bele, trigeri, viewuri etc).

    6.Recepiaipreluareanexploatareacontorilormon-tai pe branamentele noilorutilizatori

    Preluarea n exploatare acontorilor montai pe brana -

  • 10 www.romaqua.ro nr.1 / 2014

    PRELUAREA NOILOR MEMBRII N CADRUL ASOCIAIEI DE DEZVOLTARE INTERCOMUNITARA VRANCEAQUA

    mentele de ap ale imobilelordin zonele noi aflate n aria deoperare a S.C. CUP S.A. Focania presupus:

    a. recepia la branamentelecare nu aveau montate con-toare,

    b. recepia contoarelor lautilizatorii care nu aveau bran -a ment de ap,

    c. recepia contoarelor mon-tate prin proiectul investiionalPOS Mediu.

    7.Reabilitareaiextinderea

    sistemelor de alimentare cu

    apidecanalizarenjudeul

    Vrancea

    Informatii despre contor, uti-lizator si date privind citirile,inlocuirile de contori, eventu -alele regularizari ale consumu-lui de ap etc.

    Calcul PAUSALDocumentaie n dou exem -

    plare:

    -Memoriu tehnic ;-Certificatul de calitate si

    garantie al contorului ;-Buletin de verificare metro-

    logical ;-Plan de situatie ;-Schema instalatiei interi oare;-Detaliu de executie.

    Obtinere aviz contorizare.Contorizare.Notificarea operatorului:-Dosar spre avizare executie

    bransament de apa:-Certicat de urbanism ;-Autorizatie de contruire ;-Dovada achitarii la zi a fac-

    turilor ;-Copie act proprietate ;-Documentatie tehnica etc.;

    Salariatul CUP verifica:-Amplasarea caminului ;-Realizarea contorizarii con-

    form documentatiei avizate ;-Verifica preluarea tuturor

    consumatorilor etc.;

    Sigilarea:-.Pieselor de legatura din

    amonte de contor ;

    -.Racordurilor din amonte sidin aval de contor .

    Completarea documentaiei:-Procesul verbal de recepie

    si preluare in exploatare ;-Contract si Anexe la con-

    tract .

    CITIREA CONTORILORStabilire consum de apaIndex nouPRELUAREA DATELOR UTILIZATORILOR CONTORIZAI N SISTEMUL INFORMATICContor iniialVerde inchis: consum de ap

    facturatVerde deschis: consum de

    ap bun de facturatAlb: consum de ap n ana -

    lizIndex nouFacturare

    Bibliografie[1] Wilkinson, J.W. Accoun -

    ting and Informational Systems.[2] Zwass, V. Management

    Information Systems.

    I.ARTICOLULTREBUIESCONIN:l TITLU - ct mai succint exprimat;l AUTORII - Prenume NUME, Funcia /

    Titlu academic, Instituia, Foto autor(i)l REZUMAT - n limba englez;l KEYWORDS / CUVINTE CHEIE -

    ntre 4-7 cuvinte, n limba englez;l TEXT ORGANIZAT (n capitole, subcapi-

    tole, etc),inlimbaromanasiengleza,inmaxim10paginiA4dactilografiate(a2000semne/pg),cufigurileincluse;

    l UN CAPITOL DE CONCLUZII;l BIBLIOGRAFIE;- Redactare n WORD (OFFICE) cu font

    Times New Roman corp 12.

    - Pentru promovarea n BAZE DE DATE INTERNAIONALE, este de dorit ca articolul s fie prezentat i ntr-olimb de circulaie internaional.

    II.MODDERECENZARE- Articolul propus va fi recenzat de 1-2

    membri ai colegiului tiinific;- Durata: dou sptmni- Rezoluie: l acceptat sub forma propus;l acceptat cu modificri sau com-

    pletri;l respins.

    INSTRUCIUNIDEREDACTAREAARTICOLELORROMAQUA

  • 11www.romaqua.ronr.1 / 2014

    1.Introduceren condiiile unei exploatri

    de peste 30 de ani, sistemele decaptare a apei brute, staiile detratare a apei potabile, sis-temele de distribuie a apeipotabile, reelele de canalizarei staiile de epurare a apeloruzate din judeul Olt necesitaulucrri de extindere i moder -nizare, pentru a putea func -iona, n urmtoarele decenii,n condiii optime de sigurani eficien. Avnd n vedere

    mrimea i complexitatea sis-temelor de alimentare cu ap ide canalizare ale judeului Olt,aceste lucrri de extindere imodernizare presupuneau in ves tiiiimportante, care ar fi depit nmod considerabi capacitile financiare ale autoritilor lo-cale.

    De aceea, n 2009, Opera-torul Regional S.C. COMPANIADE AP OLT S.A. a reuit, cusprijinul Ministerului Mediului iPdurilor, prin Programul Ope -

    raional Sectorial Mediu, s ac-ceseze fonduri nerambursabilepentru mbuntirea i dezvol -tarea infrastructurii de ap i apuzat n localitile Slatina, Scor -niceti, Drgneti-Olt, Piatra -Olti Potcoava.

    Implementarea ProiectuluiPOS Mediu reprezint un de-mers important pentru asigu-rarea unei ape de calitate larobinetele locuitorilor judeuluiOlt, dar i pentru reducereagradului de poluare a rului Olt.

    Ca urmare a cofinanriiacor date de Uniunea Euro pean,au fost reduse costurile care arfi trebuit suportate de adminis -traiile locale, astfel nct,preul serviciilor noastre nu acrescut semnificativ.

    2.Prezentareaproiectului

    n vederea ndeplinirii con -diiei de eligibilitate impusepentru obinerea finanrii dinfonduri europene pentru sec-torul de ap i ap uzat, auto -ritile locale membre aleAso ciaiei de Dezvoltare Inter-comunitara Oltul (ADI) au creat,n anul 2007, Operatorul Regio -nal S.C. Compania de Ap Olt S.A.

    Ca urmare, Compania de ApOlt a pregtit aplicaia pentruaccesarea fondurilor de coezi-une i a obinut finanarea in-vestiiilor pentru extinderea imodernizarea infrastructurii deap i ap uzat n loca li tileurbane Slatina, Scorni ceti, Dr -gneti-Olt, Piatra-Olt i Pot-coava.

    EXTINDEREA I REABILITAREA SISTEMELOR DE AP I AP UZAT N JUDEUL OLT

    ABSTRACT.This paper presents the activity of SC Compania deAPA OLT for eficient and modern public services development inbenefit of the cummuniites served, using the European Uniongrant financing. Implementation of the SOP Environment Project Extension and rehabilitation of the water supply and sewerageservices in Olt county, represent an important step for assuringthe quality at the tap for the population, and reducition of thepolluation level in the OLT river.

    Keywords: SOP- environment, implementation, proiect, waterCompany Olt.

    Proiect cofinanat din Fondul de Coeziune Programul Ope ra ional Sectorial Mediu 2007 - 2013

    Nelu IonicaDirector tehnic

    din experiena operatorilor

  • EXTINDEREA I REABILITAREA SISTEMELOR DE AP I AP UZAT N JUDEUL OLT

    12 www.romaqua.ro nr.1 / 2014

    Contractul de finanare pri vind asistena financiar neram bursabil acordat prin Fondulde Coeziune pentru proiectul "Extinderea ireabi litarea sistemelor de ap i ap uzat njudeul Olt" a fost semnat la data de 31 martie2009, ntre Ministerul Mediului i Pdurilor, ncali tate de Autoritate de Management i SC Com-pania de Ap Olt SA, n calitate de Beneficiar.

    Proiectul se deruleaz n perioada 2009 -2013, n cadrul Axei prioritare 1 a POS Mediu -"Extinderea i modernizarea sistemelor de ap iap uzat" - i presupune investiii pentru m-buntirea proceselor de captare, tratare i dis-tribuie a apei potabile i pentru colec tarea iepurarea apelor uzate n aria de deservire a ope -ratorului regional SC Compania de Ap Olt SA, nconformitate cu Directivele Uniunii Europene nsectorul de ap i ap uzat.

    Investiiile reprezint prima etap semnifica-tiv n cadrul procesului de reabilitare gene rali extindere a infrastructurii de alimentare cuap i de canalizare din judeul Olt. n urma im-plementrii proiectului, un numr de aproximativ116.000 locuitori va beneficia de o calitate spo -rit a serviciilor de ap i canalizare, ct i decondiii sanitare i de mediu mbun tite, ceeace va contribui la mbuntirea strii de sn-tate i, implicit, la cre terea standardelor devia ale comunitilor locale.

    Valoarea total a investiiei s-a ridicat la288.508.230 lei, din care:

    3.ObiectiveleProiectuluiObiectivul general al proiectului l constituie

    mbuntirea calitii mediului i a standardelorde via ale locuitorilor din aglomerrile urbaneSlatina, Scorniceti, Drgneti-Olt, Piatra-Olt iPotcoava, cu scopul de a ndeplini obligaiileprivind protecia mediului, asumate ca statmembru al Uniunii Europene.

    Obiective specifice n domeniul extragerii,tratrii i distribuiei apei potabile:

    creterea gradului de acoperire a popu-laiei cu servicii de alimentare cu ap pn la100% n aglomerrile cuprinse n proiect; asigurarea pentru locuitorii judeului Olt a

    unui serviciu de calitate n ceea ce privetefurnizarea apei potabile, care s ndeplineasccerinele Directivei 98/83/CE privind calitateaapei destinate consumului uman; reducerea folosirii ineficiente a apei i a

    pierderilor de ap; reducerea costurilor de exploatare, ntre i nere

    i reparare a sistemului de furnizare a apei pota-bile.

    Obiective specifice n domeniul colectrii itratrii apelor uzate: creterea gradului de racordare a popu -

    laiei la sistemul centralizat de colectare a ape -lor uzate pn la 100% n regiunea proiectului; asigurarea epurrii apelor uzate urbane

    con form standardelor impuse de Directiva 91/271/CEE; mbuntirea calitii apei rului Olt; reducerea nivelului de infiltraii i evitarea

    deversrii directe a apei reziduale n apele desuprafa; reducerea pierderilor de ap rezidual; implementarea opiunii de valorificare n

    agricultur a nmolurilor din staiile de epurare. Cea mai importanta componenta se apreciaza

    a fi Reabilitarea si extinderea staiei de epurareSlatina i execuia unui foraj la staia de epurareScorniceti.

    Reabilitarea staiei de epurare a municipiuluiSlatina a devenit o necesitate presant n peri -oada ultimilor ani, pentru a se putea asigura res -pectarea normelor naionale i europene privindcalitatea apei uzate deversate n rul Olt i pentru a reduce, astfel, impactul negativ alpolurii apei freatice i a apei de suprafa.

    Vechea staie de epurare a apelor uzate amuni cipiului Slatina funciona din anul 1984 idispunea de un echipament cu eficien sczutde tratare i de structuri nvechite sau avariatecare necesitau nlocuire/reabilita re.

    Avnd n vedere complexitatea i amploarealucrrilor de extindere i reabilitare, suma alo -cat pentru staia de epurare a fost substanial,reprezentnd peste 20% din costurile totale eli-gibile alentregului proiect derulat n judeul Olt.

  • 13www.romaqua.ronr.1 / 2014

    EXTINDEREA I REABILITAREA SISTEMELOR DE AP I AP UZAT N JUDEUL OLT

    Lucrrispecificerealizate: reabilitarea treptei de epurare

    mecanice; reabilitarea treptei de epurare

    biologice; construirea treptei teriare

    (pentru nde pr tarea fosforului iazotului din apa uzat) i a linieipentru tratarea nmolului;

    implementarea unui sistem SCADA de moni-torizare a proceselor tehnologice de epurare aapei uzate;

    construirea unei cldiri administrative careare n componen camera de control a procesu-lui tehnologic i laboratorul de analize chimice,fizice si biologice, cu dotrile tehnice aferente;

    executarea unor lucrri de automatizare aproceselor de pe fluxul tehnologic de epurare aapelor uzate i de tratare a nmolului;

    execuia unui foraj de ap industrial laScorniceti, pentru a suplimenta necesarul deap tehnologic al staiei de epurare a oraului.

    InaugurareaStaieideepurareaavutlocladatade15.10.2012,nprezenaanumeroaseoficialitilocaleinaionalen urma reabilitrii, staia de epurare va per-

    mite, pe lng epurarea apelor uzate, i tratareacorespunztoare a nmolului rezultat din proce-sul de epurare, astfel nct, acesta s poat fifolosit ca ngrmnt n agricultur, n condiiide siguran i de protecie a mediului i sn -tii umane.

    Reabilitarea,modernizareaiextindereastaieideepurareaapeloruzatedinSlatinaaufostrealizatepentruocapacitateproiectatde71.700locuitoriechivaleni,curespectareastandardelorimpusedeDirectiva91/271/CEEprivindepurareaapeloruzateurbane.

    Capacitatea de preluare a apei uzate de ctre noua staie este cuprins ntre322,2 i 644,4 l/s.

    4.BeneficiileProiectuluiBeneficiile implementate ca urmare a mbu -

    n tirii sistemelor de alimentare cu ap i decolectare i tratare a apelor uzate:

    mbuntirea calitii vieii popu laiei dinzona de deservire a proiectului, prin asigurareaaccesului la servicii sigure i eficiente de appotabil i canalizare;

    Asigurarea furnizrii de ap potabil, cores -punztoare din punct de vedere calitativ i canti -tativ standardelor UE, pentru toat populaia dinaglomerrile incluse n proiect;

    Creterea gradului de acoperire a popu laieicu servicii de alimentare cu ap i canalizarepn la 100% n localitile urbane din regiuneaproiectului;

    mbuntirea calitii mediului ca urmarea tratrii i depozitrii corespunztoare a nmo -lului rezultat din staiile de epurare;

    Oportunitatea utilizrii n agricultur a nmolului provenit din epurarea apelor uzate, caagent de regenerare a solului i fertilizant;

    mbuntirea sntii populaiei datoritreducerii riscului contaminrii apei, prin elimi -narea ntreruperilorn furnizare;

    mbuntirea calitii apei rului Olt.

    Apa potabil i sigur n beneficiul unei viei sntoase.

  • 14 www.romaqua.ro nr.1 / 2014

    LONG- TERM BIOLOGICAL CHANGES ALONGDANUBE DELTA SySTEMS AFTER INDUSTRIALIZATION PERIOD *

    ABSTRACT.Over the last 50years humans have convertedthe export of fluvial materialswhich induced significantchanges in biology, chemistryand morphology of the aquaticsystems. The study presents thelong-term changes induced onbiotic communities alongsidechemical parameters in DanubeDelta systems after industriali -zation period in the context ofcompliance with Water Frame-work Directive requirements.The Danube basin has been sub-ject to some important ecologi-cal changes, caused mainly by:hydrotechnical works, the builtup of two large reservoirs (IronGates I and II) for hydrotechnicalpower plants, the conversion of

    floodplains into agriculturallands, opening the Danube-BlackSea canal which linked Cerna -voda to Agigea, multiple uses ofchemicals in agriculture whichenrich the Danube waters fertil-izers and pollutants, navigationdevelopment, uncontrolled tou -rism. The survey was done alongDanube and Danube Delta (St.Gheorghe Branch) based on fieldexperiments over 10-years (2003-2013), researches and nationalreports before and after indus-trialization period.

    The main problems identifiedin the basin were: contamina-tion with hazardous substances,contamination with substancesthat enhance the heterotrophicorganisms growth, oxygen de-

    pletion, microbiological contam-ination, high nutrient loads andeutrophication. Those changesaffected the biocenosis struc-ture reflected by biodiversity reduction, the loss of the equi-librium between plankton spe -cies benthos fauna, the algalblooms causing eutrophication,diatoms abundance, and loss ofsensitive taxa, high number ofendangered species and the decrease of biological producti -vity. The results assessment willallow the present ecological sta-tus to be redefined.

    Keywords: Danube, St. Ghe-orghe Branch, industrialization,biotic communities, ecologicalstatus.

    Ctlina Stoica, tefania Gheorghe, Iuliana Pun, Elena Stnescu, Cristina Dinu, Jana Petre, Irina Lucaciu

    1.INTRODUCTIONThe development of human civilization is the

    most significant environmental event of the last10.000 years (Zalasiewicz et al., 2010). Since theindustrial revolution,

    by-products of industrial processes have beendischarged increasingly into the environment. Onearea which suffered such exposure was the DanubeRiver and Danube Delta (Keller and Cristofor, 1998).

    The Danube River, draining ~ 30% of central andEastern Europe, provides over 60% of the entirerunoff reaching the Black Sea (zsoy, 1997). Be-cause fluvial nutrients feed the surface mixed layerthat accounts for only 13 % of the entire basin vol-ume, there is a strong coupling between Danubefluxes and the Black Sea biogeochemistry and ecol-

    ogy (Humborg et al., 1997; Kideys, 2002). After1960`s, the Black Sea was transformed within adecade into the largest eutrophic water body in theworld, by discharge of industrial, domestic andagricultural waste coming primarily from theDanube watershed (Kideys, 2002). Also, the con-struction of dams within the Danube watershedsubstantially reduced dissolved silicate loads to theBlack Sea obstructing siliceous phytoplankton, likediatoms in favor of algal bloom. The breakdown ofcommunist economies in Eastern Europe after 1990led to a partial recovery of Black Sea ecosystems(Giosan et al., 2012).

    The eutrophication period, characterized bydrastic changes of the food web structure is ex-planatory of the sensitivity of the basin. Similary,

    *Lucrare prezentat la Simpozionul Internaional MEDIU i INDUSTRIA- SIMI 2013,ECOIND, 29-30 octombrie,Bucureti, [email protected].

    studii i cercetri

  • 15www.romaqua.ronr.1 / 2014

    LONG- TERM BIOLOGICAL CHANGES ALONG DANUBE DELTA SYSTEMS AFTER INDUSTRIALIZATION PERIOD

    it has been accepted that the Danube-Black Seasystem was influenced by changes in pre-industrialland use that modulated material fluxes to theBlack Sea (Degens et al, 1991). The industrializa-tion, multiple uses of chemicals in agriculture andurbanization of the Danube RiverBasin determined an increase ofwater mineralization and alter-ation of the composition of theDanube water solvate salts. Thereis a significant increase in chlo-rides, phosphates and nitrates(Balaban, 2008). All those changesaffected the biocenosis structurereflected by biodiversity reduc-tion, the loss of the equilibriumbetween plankton species andbenthos fauna.

    Recently, broad-scale assess-ments at larger spatial scaleshave become more common andthere has been a strong focus onassessing biotic endpoints to infer the ecologicalcondition of rivers, based on the hypothesis that biological integrity will directly reflect physical andchemical integrity (Clapcott et. al, 2012).

    The aim of this study was to investigate thelong- term biological changes along Danube Deltasystems after industrialization period.

    2.MATERIALS AND METHODS2.1.StudyareaThe Danube Delta is one of the most important

    wetland systems in Europe. During the last fewdecades, the driving forces has driven the evolutionof the Danube Delta, especially St. GheorgheBranch, to their present conditions. The St. GheorgheBranch is the most southern branch carrying 23% ofthe Danube water discharge and 21% of the Danubesediment discharge (Jugaru et al, 2009). This highlysinuous branch was cut off in 1984-1988 by an arti-ficial canal opened to shipping which caused signi -ficant changes of the river flow velocity in thenatural channel (see the map of the Danube Deltain fig.1). Samples were collected from 3 samplingsites situated along St. Gheorghe branch as follows:2011-2009 (S1), 2013-2003 (S2, S3). Sampling sta-tions were localized on Mahmudia meander takinginto accont the point and non-point pollutionsources. The sampling sites location was performedusing GPS system map 60CSx - Garmin.

    2.2.SamplecollectionThe samples were collected with a monthly fre-

    quency (from April 2003 to March 2013 in case ofS2, S3 and August 2009 March 2013 in case of S1)in order to determine the inherent variability of the

    monitored determinantsand to obtain an ade-quate level of confi-dence and precision inthe information. Thesampling and preserva-tion steps was done according with specificinternational standards(ISO 5667/ parts 1, 3, 6,12; EN ISO 9391).

    Water samples werecollected and stored in adequate recipients.The sediment samples,both for physical-chemi-

    cal ana lysis and biological were taken from thesoft-bottom sediment using a Van Veen Sampler(Duncan & Associates, United Kingdom). All sampleswere kept in cooling boxes at 4o C during trans-portation and the analyses were performed imme-diately after receiving the samples in thela bo ratory. For biological analysis, the sampleswere preserved with 4% formaldehyde solution.

    2.3.PhysicalandchemicalmethodsThe main chemical and physical elements deter-

    mined in the water body were: thermal conditions,acidification status, oxygenation conditions, salinity,nutrient conditions, specific pollutants, pollutionby all priority substances identified as being dis-charged into the water body, pollution by othersubstances identified as being discharged in signi -ficant quantities into the water body. Detailed dataconcerning analytical techniques, equipments usedand physical chemicals detection were presentedin Vosniakos et al., 2006, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012.

    2.4.BiologicalmethodsThe analysis of the biotic communities in the all

    sampling sites focused on the quantitative andqualitative components (dominant species, indica-tor species). The methods and equipments used forphytoplankton and macro invertebrates identifica-tion are described in Stoica et al., 2012, Stanescuet al., 2013.

    Fig.1. The Danube Delta map: sampling sites localization along

    St.Gheorghe Branch (S1-Mahmudia, S2-Murighiol, S3-Uzlina).

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    LONG- TERM BIOLOGICAL CHANGES ALONG DANUBE DELTA SYSTEMS AFTER INDUSTRIALIZATION PERIOD

    2.5.QualityAssurance(QA)andQualityCon-trol(QC)data

    The samples were analyzed in NRDI ECOIND`sPollution Control Departament which is accreditedby RENAR (Association for Accreditation from Ro-mania) and follows the requirements of ISO 17025/2005 standard. Also, the Department has certifi-cation with BVQI (Bureau Veritas Quality Interna-tional) in accordance with ISO 9001 standard. Forall the analyzed parameters, the laboratory usesstandard methods (ISO, SR ISO, EN, SR EN, SR, STAS,EPA), reference materials and certified referencematerials. All these standard methods were verifiedand the main performance parameters (limit of de-tection, limit of quantification, linearity, accuracy,precision, selectivity, the uncertainty of measure-ment) were established with the existing equip-ment from the laboratory.

    2.6.ReferencecomparisonvaluesThe results were in accordance to the Water

    Law 107/1996 which transposed the Directive2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of thecouncil establishing a framework for Community

    action in the field of water policy and to the Normconcerning the reference objectives for the surfacewater quality classification (Romanian Order MEWMno. 161/2006) in order to establish the ecologicalstatus of water bodies.

    3.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe long-term changes induced on biotic com-

    munities alongside chemical parameters in DanubeDelta systems was based on laboratory data, resultsof field experiments over ten-year period (2003-2013).

    3.1.SurfacewaterThe results of physical and chemical parameters

    determined in the studied area are presented intable1.

    The pH regime ranged between 6.69 to 8.38 pHunits, without significant changes. The oxygen in-dicators (dissolved oxygen, COD and BOD) showedmoderate organic load, which classified the waterbody in IIIrd quality class. The dissolved oxygenconcentrations varied seasonal. The lowest valueswere registered in summer (2.45 to 4.21 mgO2/L)

    Qualityparameters S1(Mahmudia)(2009-2013) S2(Murighiol)(2003-2013) S3(Uzlina)(2003-2013)Min Max Avg SD Min Max Avg SD Min Max Avg SD

    Organic loadCOD (mgO2/l) 6.19 15 10.5 2.66 4.5 132 31.7 25.4 4 47.3 15.2 10.9BOD (mgO2/l) 2.47 6.55 3.62 1.02 1.62 42.9 11.05 8.98 1.605 19 5.78 4.63SalinityConductivity (S/cm) 359 559 426 62.9 268 679 471.7 99.2 265 536 411 52.2Filtrable residue (mg/l) 177 259 218 23.6 184.8 416 251 58.7 175.3 278 213 21NutrientsN-NH4 (mgN/l) 0.06 0.79 0.47 0.24

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    LONG- TERM BIOLOGICAL CHANGES ALONG DANUBE DELTA SYSTEMS AFTER INDUSTRIALIZATION PERIOD

    and the highest ones in winter (9.22 to 12.26mgO2/L) (fig. 2). The means value of nutrients (N-NH4, N-NO3, N-NO2, total N, P-PO4, total P) andchlorophyll a in the last ten-years indicated goodecological status. In 2003-2009 were recorded highnutrients concentration as a result of fertilizes in-puts (total nitrogen: 1.08 to 7.72 mg/L and totalphosphorus: 0.03 to 0.48 mg/L) (fig. 3). Although,there were no differences between sampling sites.

    Chlorophyll a was related to seasonal variationof the Danubes flow over the whole study period(2012-2013). There was found a correlation be-tween Chlorophyll a and the total inorganic nitro-gen and no significant correlation betweenchlorophyll and phosphate, probably as a result ofP consumption in the growth of diatoms, which pre-vail over the populations in the Danube Delta phy-toplankton community (Stoica et al., in press).

    Fig. 2. Oxygen regime of water samples in 2003-2013 (expressed as means values).

    Fig.3. Nutrients in water samples in 2003-2013(expressed as means values).

    Fig. 4. Toxic metals in water samples in 2003-2013 (expressed as means values).

    Fig. 5. Total Fe and Mn in water samples in 2003-2013 (expressed as means values).

    The metals concentration in Danube Delta waterwas within the admissible value for Ist class, exceptHg at S1 (Mahmudia) which is in limit of IInd classin 2012 (fig. 4). The concentration of petroleumproducts, HCH, organochlorine pesticides andPCB was also within standard quality admissible va -lues. This may be due to the dispersion of pollutantsin a short time and water self-purification capacity.

    Due to heavy rains in 2005 which probably hadled to alluvia with high iron content and due to an-thropogenic activities (shipping and tourist activi-ties) carried out in downstream Mahmudia, there iswas an overcoming of the maximum permissible

    concentration (fig. 5) at S2 sampling site. It is esti-mated that the Tulcea county contribute less to theDanube Delta pollution, because large polluting in-dustrial activities were closed or operating at lowcapacity.

    In terms of phytoplankton, in all sampling siteswas recorded the presence of oligo-betamezos-aprobe diatoms species (Navicula gracilis (o-), As-terionella formosa (o-), Cymbella ventricosa (o-),Diatoma elongatum (o-)), betamesosaprobespecies (Amphipleura pellucida (), Synedra acus(), Nitzchia sigmoidea () or Chlorophyta betame-zosaprobe species (Pediastrum boryanum (),Scenedesmus acuminatus ()).

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    LONG- TERM BIOLOGICAL CHANGES ALONG DANUBE DELTA SYSTEMS AFTER INDUSTRIALIZATION PERIOD

    Due to short life-cycles, phy-toplankton organisms respondquickly to changes in the aquaticenvironment. In figure 6, it is ob-served the variation of algae overten-year period. The highest nu-merical density value of phyto-plankton was recorded in 2003 atS3 (Uzlina) (75142 ind. /L) whilestill persisted the effect of eu-trophication. In 2005, 2006 and2010 due to strong floods thephytoplankton community wasaffected. However, the siliceousphytoplankton like diatoms dom-inated the entire community. Thephytoplankton numerical densityand biomass had an increasingtrend observed in the summer of2008, 2009 and 2012 in all sampling sites due to immobilization of nutrients and high temperature values associates with droughts.

    3.2.SedimentFrom all metals studied Cu and Ni represent a par-ticular concern because of their significant totalconcentration levels found in the sediments.

    Fig.7. Metals in sediments (2003-2013) (expressed as means values).

    Fig. 8. Hazardous compounds in sediments (2003-2013) (expressed as means values).

    Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg, As concentrations in sedimentwere within the standard quality admissible value,but often higher than in water samples due to theirbioaccumulation capacity (fig. 7,8). The valuesranged for Cd between 0.34 to 1.05 mg/kg d.m.,for Cr between 7.5 to 127.3 mg/kg d.m., for Pb be-tween 6.15 to 46 mg/kg d.m., for Hg between 0.1to 1.11 mg/kg d.m., for Zn between 33.3 to 211mg/kg d.m. and for As between 0.1 to 15.5 mg/kgd.m. The highest metals concentration wasrecorded predominantly at S3 (Uzlina). The Cu andNi values were above admissible value. It supposesthat is a historical pollution due to industrial dis-charges after 1970 coming from metallurgy, espe-cially. Our results are in accordance with the metalsvalues reported in other studies (Sakan et al., 2010,Esen et al., 2010, Xing and Liu, 2011). The totalconcentration of PCB`s was within the admissiblevalue of standard quality.

    In terms of hazardous compounds, a major eco-logical problem was the detection during all sam-pling periods of high PAH and organochlorinepesticides, especially -HCH and DDT/DDE/DDD.The PAH levels varied between 0.14-3.18 mg/kgd.m. in S1 (Mahmudia), 0.63-12.7 mg/kg d.m. in S2(Murighiol) and 0.07-2.26 mg/kg d.m. in S3(Uzlina). The total organochlorine pesticides andPCB were within the standard quality limit. In allmonitored period, the -HCH exceeded the stan-dard quality limit. The World Health Organizationclassified the -HCH as moderately hazardous.

    Fig. 6. Phytoplankton numerical density in 2003-2013 (expressed as means values).

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    LONG- TERM BIOLOGICAL CHANGES ALONG DANUBE DELTA SYSTEMS AFTER INDUSTRIALIZATION PERIOD

    The -HCH was used as insecticide, and after2009 the production and agricultural use of -HCHwas banned under the Stockholm Convention. Thispersistent organic pollutant recorded 0.11 mg/kgd.m. at S2 (Murighiol) and 0.09 mg/kg d.m. at S3(Uzlina) during 2003-2013.

    The DDT/DDE/DDD also used as organochlorineinsecticide in agriculture, was detected in all sam-pling sites above de standard quality limit. After2004 was outlawed by the Stockholm Convention.The presence of those persistent substances indi-cates historical sediment pollution with conse-quences on macro invertebrates organisms.

    The macro invertebrates analysis in the DanubeDelta systems has aimed the quantitative compo-nent and qualitative determination(fig.9). At tem-poral and spatial scale, the benthic faunapresented high distribution.

    The spatial and temporal distribution of benthicmacro invertebrates along Danube Delta aquaticsystems during 2003-2013 is described in table2.

    Fig. 9. Macro invertebrates numerical density in 2003-2013 (expressed as means values).

    For the entire study period, benthic macro in-vertebrates communities were better representedin S2 (Murighiol) and S3 (Uzlina) than in S1 (Mahmu-dia).

    Gasteropods, Bivalves and Oligochaeta werepredominant in all sampling sites.

    The floods and changes in flow regime had alsoimpact on the bed and bank structures, so the benthic macro invertebrates diversity was reducedand loss of sensitive taxa.

    The decomposition processes have replaced sen-sitive species with tolerant (Oligochaeta and Chi-ronomidae), often foreign species (Dreissenapolymorpha). Throughout the spatial and temporalvariation of numerical density and biomass,changes in community composition were observed.

    The maximum value of numerical density wasrecorded in 2013 at S3 (Uzlina) 6692.7 ind./sqm asrepresented in Figure 9. Oligochaeta species whichare tolerant at persistent pollutants were presentin increasing number in most locations. Comparedwith the last ten years, when the benthic fauna di-versity was constant, nowadays it reveals a slightrecovery.

    Table 2. The main macro invertebrates organisms identified in Danube Delta

    sampling sites during 2003-2013.

    4. CONCLUSIONSThe long- term biological changes along Danube

    and Danube Delta systems after industrializationperiod represented the research subject in thispaper. The obtained results over ten-years DanubeDelta monitoring indicated that the main drivingforces (e.g. industrialization and urban develop-ment, extension and intensification of shipping, cli-

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    LONG- TERM BIOLOGICAL CHANGES ALONG DANUBE DELTA SYSTEMS AFTER INDUSTRIALIZATION PERIOD

    mate change, increasing agriculture production)had altered the phytoplankton and macro inverte-brates structure and composition. In 1981-1982under the influence of the hydrological regime themodulatory effects exerted on the Danube broughtchanges in nutrient reserve. In the studied aquaticsystem, the uncontrolled domestic and industrialdischarges, effluents loading, sequence of dry pe-riods with heavy rainfall had led to significant levelsof nutrients, organochlorine pesticides (DDD / DDT/ DDE, HCH), toxic metals and organic loadwhich do not be neglected. The decompositionprocesses decreased dissolved oxygen and have re-placed sensitive species with tolerant, often foreignspecies. The quality parameters (abiotic and biotic)presented both seasonal and annual variation during2003-2013, but further studies will be needed toconfirm and refine our results Nevertheless, according with WFD requirements, the achievementof good ecological status till 2015, in case of Da -nube Delta water body it is almost accomplished.

    REFERENCES[1]. Balaban, A., Studii fizico-chimice si biologice referi-

    toare la poluarea apelor Dunarii, teza de doctorat, 2008.[2]. Degens, E.T., Kempe, S., Richey, J.E., Biogeochem-

    istry of major world rivers (John Wiley and Sons), 1991.[3]. Esen, E., Kucuksezgin, F., and Uluturhan, E, Assess-

    ment of trace metals pollution in surface sediments of NemrutBay, Aegean Sea. Environ.Monit.Assess.,160, 257-266, 2010.

    [4]. Giosan, L., Coolen, M.,J.L.,Kaplan, O.J., Early anthro-pogenic transformation of the Danube-Black Sea System, Scien-tific Reports, 2:582, 2012.

    [5]. Humborg, C., Ittekkot, V., Cociasu, A., Von Bodungen,B., Effect of Danube River dam on Black Sea biogeochemistryand ecosystem structure, Nature 386, 385-388, 1997.

    [6]. Jugaru, T. L., Le Coz, J., Provansal, M., Panin, N., Rac-casi, G., Dramais, G. and Dussouillez, P., Flow and sedimentprocesses in a cutoff meander of the Danube Delta duringepisodic flooding Geomorphology 106, 186-197, 2009.

    [7]. Keller., B., Cristofor, S., Trace metal concentrationsin the sediments and plants of the Danube Delta, Romania, Wet-lands, vol.18, no.1, 42-50, 1998.

    [8]. Kideys, A.E, Fall and rise of the Black Sea ecosystem.Science 297,1482-1484, 2002.

    [9]. Order no. 161/2006 of Romanian Ministry of Environ-ment and Water Management regarding Norms for surface waterclassification in order to establish ecological state of water bod-ies, in Romanian Official Monitor, no. 511 (published in 13 June2006), Bucharest.

    [10]. zsoy, E, Unluata, U, Oceanography of the Black Sea: areview of some recent results, Earth Sci.Rev, 42, 231-272, 1997.

    [11]. Sakan, S., Dordevic, D., Manojlovic, D., Trace ele-ments as tracers of environmental pollution in the canal sedi-ments (alluvial formation of the Danube River, Serbia),Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 167, 1:4, 219-233,2010.

    [12]. Stanescu, E., Stoica, C., Vasile, G., Petre, J., Gheo-rghe, S., Paun, I., Lucaciu, I., Nicolau, M., Vosniakos, F., Vosni-akos, K., Golumbeanu, M, Structural changes of biologicalcopartments in Danube Delta due to persistent organic pollu-tants and toxic metals, In: Environmental Security Assessmentand Management of Obsolete Pesticides in Southeaast Europe,L.I. Simeonov et al. (eds), NATO Science for Peace and SecuritySeries C: Environment Security, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-6461-3_21, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht, 229-248,2013.

    [13]. Stoica C, Lucaciu I, Nicolau M, Vosniakos F., Monitoringthe ecological diversity of the aquatic Danube Delta systems interms of spatial-temporal relationship. J Environ Prot Ecol13(2):476485, ISSN 13115065, 2012.

    [14]. Stoica, C., Paun, I., Stanescu, Lucaciu, I., Niculescu,D., Spatial And Temporal Variation Of Chlorophyll A AlongDanube River, J Environ Prot Ecol, in press.

    [15]. Vosniakos, F., Pascu, L., Petre, J., Cruceru, L., Vasile,G., Iancu, V., Dinu, C., Niculescu, M., Niculae, A., Nicolau, M.,Golumbeanu, M., The temporal and spatial monitoring of waterand sediment physical-chemical quality from Saint GeorgeBranch in the period February 2009 - February 2011. Fresen.Environ. Bull, 21(2), 233-245, 2012.

    [16]. Vosniakos, F., Petre J., Pascu, L., Vasile, G., Iancu, V.,Staniloae, D., Nicolau, M., Cruceru, L., Golumbeanu M.,Aquatic ecosystem quality assessment of the Danube Delta inthe periods April-October 2007 and 2008. Fresen. Environ. Bull,19(1), 20-29, 2010.

    [17]. Vosniakos, F., Petre, J., Vasile G.G., Cruceru, L., Nico-lau, M., Mitrita, M., Iancu, V., Cruceru, I. , Evaluation of thephysical-chemical quality state of the Danube Delta aquaticecosystem during the period 2003-2004. Fresen. Environ. Bull,15(5), 401 408, 2006.

    [18]. Vosniakos, F., Vasile G., Petre, J., Cruceru, L., Nico-lau, M., Mitrita, M., Iancu, V., Cruceru, I., The evolution ofphysical-chemical quality state of the Danube Delta aquaticecosystem in the period May-October of years 2005 and 2006.Fresen. Environ. Bull, 17(1), 372 389. 2008.

    [19]. Vosniakos, F., Vasile, G., Albanis, T., Petre, J.,Stanescu, E., Cruceru, L., Nicolau, M., Kochubovski, M.,Gjorgjev, D., Nikolaou, K., Golumbeanu, M., Vosniakos, K., Vasi-likiotis, G., Comparison study of physicochemical parametersevaluation between Danube River Delta and Axiosvardar RiverValley (2003-2009). In: Simeonov, L.I., Kochubovski, M. andSimeonova, B. (Eds.), Environmental Heavy Metal Pollution andEffects on Child Mental Development Risk Assessment and Pre-vention Strategies, NATO Science for Peace and Security Serv-ices C: Environmental security. 1, 257 286, 2011.

    [20]. Vosniakos, F., Vasile, G., Petre, J., Cruceru, I., Nico-lau, M., Mitrita, M., Iancu, V. and Cruceru, L., The evolution ofthe physical-chemical quality state of the Danube Delta aquaticecosystem in the period May-October 2005/2006. Fresen. Env-iron. Bull. 17 (2), 142-153, 2008.

    [21]. WFD, 2000. Directive 2000/60/EC of the EuropeanParliament and of the Council establishing a framework for theCommunity action in the field of water policy (Water Frame-work Directive) adopted on 23.10.2000, published in the OfficialJournal (OJ L 237) on 22.12.2000.

    [22]. Water Law no. 107 published in the Official Journal(OJ 244) on 08.10.1996.

    [23]. Xing, W., Liu, G., Iron biogeochemistry and its envi-ronmental impacts in freshwater lakes, Fresenius EnvironmentalBulletin, vol.20, no.6, 1339-1345, 2011.

    [24]. Zalasiewics, J., Williams, M., The new world of theAnthropocene, Env.Sci&Tech, 44, 2228-2231, 2010.

  • 21www.romaqua.ronr.1 / 2014

    1. INTRODUCTIONAt the end of the 1990s, based on the researches

    on biofilm structure and on the role of storage poly-mers (extracellular polymeric substances - EPS ) onbiofilm formation lead to the idea of growing aerobicgranules without carrier material on readily bio -degradable substrates in Sequencing Batch Reactor(SBR) [1]. In these aerobic reactors, it was provento be possible to grow stable granular sludge withintegrated COD and nitrogen removal capacity. Inthe last 10 years, aerobic granule formation hasbeen excessively studied worldwide [2]. Analysis ofa cross section of literature published shows thattype of substrate, COD and N-load, superficial gasvelocity or shear stress and oxygen concentrationare important parameters [3]. An important sec-ondary parameter for the formation and mainte-nance of dense granules is the growth rate of theorganisms that is influenced by cycle configurationor loading rates [3]. A brief review of aerobic gra nu -lation shows that a variety of microbial species areable to form granules, leading researchers to hypo -thesis that granulation is not a function of microbialgroups but of reactor operating conditions [4].

    2. DEFINITIONThe first definition of aerobic granules was for-

    mulated during the first workshop on aerobic granu -lar sludge organized in Munich in 2004 [2]:Gra nules making up aerobic granular activatedsludge are to be understood as aggregates of mi-crobial origin, which do not coagulate under re-duced hydrodynamic shear, and which settlesigni ficantly faster than activated sludge flocs. Allthese conditions should be simultaneously met bythe microbial agregates in order to be consideredaerobic granular sludge.

    3. CONVENTIONAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE VS. AEROBIC GRANULAR SLUDGE

    Microbial granules can be regarded as compactand dense microbial aggregates with a sphericalstructure. The aggregates are formed without thedosage of carrier material, the microorganisms ad-here to themselves, each aerobic granule repre-senting an enormous metropolis of microbescontaining millions of individual bacteria [5]. Com-pared to the loose, fluffy, and irregular shape ofconventional activated sludge flocs, the aerobicgranules are known to (fig.1):

    AEROBIC GRANULAR SLUDGE VS. CONVENTIONAL WASTEWATER TREATMENTTECHNOLOGy1Bumbac Costel*, Ionescu Ioana*, Olga Tricolici *

    ABSTRACT.Due to stringent regulations and increased awareness towards environmental pro-tection, during the past decades were developed and implemented several wastewater treatmenttechnologies which proved to be more or less effective or cost-efficient. Recent trend in wastewatertreatment research focuses on developing new biological wastewater treatment technologies withhigher removal efficiencies and lower investment and/or operational costs. The performance of a bi-ological system for wastewater treatment depends significantly on the active biomass concentration,the overall biodegradation rates, the reactor configuration, and the feeding rates of the pollutantsand oxygen. The paper presents the aerobic granular sludge comparatively towards the conventionalbiological technology in terms of performances, investment and operational costs. Aerobic granularsludge has several advantages over conventional technologies such as fast settling ability, high biomassretention and ability to withstand high organic loadings including potential toxic substrates, leadingtowards a compact reactor system thus allowing high conversion rates and efficient biomass separationto minimize the reactor volume.

    Keywords:wastewatertreatment,aerobicgranularsludge.

    1Lucrare prezentat la Simpozionul Internaional MEDIU i INDUSTRIA-SIMI 2013,ECOIND, 29-30 octombrie,Bucureti, [email protected].

    *Membrii YWP Romanian Chapter - National Research andDevelopment Institute for Industrial Ecology- ECOIND, e-mail: [email protected]

    studii i cercetri

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    AEROBIC GRANULAR SLUDGE VS. CONVENTIONAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

    have denser and stronger microbial structure; have regular, smooth round shape, and a clear

    outer surface; have a high biomass retention up to 15-30g/l

    compared to 3-5 g/l in conventional activated sludgesystems. A higher biomass concentration meansbetter performances allowing high flow rates andhigh organic loading rates;

    be visible as separate entities in the mixedliquor during both the mixing and the settlingphases; This part describes the difference in beha -vior between conventional activated sludge andaerobic granular sludge. Activated sludge flocs tendto coagulate when they settle (when liquid-sludgemixture is not aerated or stirred), whilst granulesdo not coagulate and settle as separate units(fig.2);

    Fig.2. Images of aerobic granular sludge .

    have excellent settleability - granules settleas individual entities with a velocity of 12 to 30m/h (while activated sludge settles with only 1m/h) (fig.3); After settling, no thickening can beobserved, thus the sludge volume index (SVI) after5 minutes is similar to SVI30. ;

    due to the granular shape, granular sludge isless vulnerable (compared to activated sludgeflocs) to relatively high concentrations of toxiccompounds in the influent because much of the bio-mass in the granules is not exposed to the samehigh concentration as present in the wastewater.

    Fig.3. Typical settling curve of aerobic granular sludge from a lab scale AGSBR fed

    with dairy industry wastewater .The granular structure has many advantages.

    Diffusion gradients of substrate, nutrients and oxygen within the sludge granule creates properconditions for the development and growth of nitrifying bacteria on the outer shell (aerobic),phosphate accumulating bacteria (PAO) in theanoxic zone and denitrifying and glutathione accu-mulating bacteria (GAO) in the anaerobic core (fig.4). Various process conditions (aerobic, anoxic,anaerobic) usually accommodated in several tanksare now concentrated inside the sludge granule,thus, only one tank is needed without large recycleflows to achieve similar efficiencies in terms of organic load, nitrogen and phosphorus removal.

    Fig.4. Schematic representation of dierentprocess conditions and microorganisms within

    the sludge granule (adapted from [6]).

    Fig.1. Comparative representation of a) aerobic granules (stereomicroscopic image 10X), b) conventional activated sludge (microscopic image 200x) and c) comparative schematic

    representation of microbial structure of sludge granules and sludge floc (adapted from [6]) .

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    AEROBIC GRANULAR SLUDGE VS. CONVENTIONAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

    4.Investment and operational costsDe Bruin et all. (2004) made a comparative

    analysis of conventional wastewater treatmentplant (fig.5) with two alternatives of aerobic gran-ular sludge technology [7]:

    - AGSBR with primary treatment including che -mical dosing;

    - AGSBR without primary treatment but withsecondary settling to remove the total suspendedsolids from the effluent (fig.6).

    As it clearly can be seen from the schematicrepresentations of the treatment flows (fig5 vs. fig.6), the aerobic granular sludge technology uses onlyone column type SBR reactor to accomodate all biological processes. Together with the improvedefficiency of the aeration and the absence ofpropulsors and recycle flows, the energy consum -ption will be substantially lower as compared toconventional treatment. The absence of space con-suming clarifiers, the reactor height and the highbiomass concentration (at least 8 kg/m3), will reduce the foot print with over 75% [8]. Thus, theinvestment costs of AGSBR alternatives are lower

    compared to the reference (activated sludge) alternative with 15 to 30 % on average (fig.7).

    Fig.7. Investment costs [8] .

    Fig.5. Process scheme for conventional wastewater treatment plant reference .

    Fig.6. Process scheme for aerobic granular sludge sequential biological reactor with post treatment(secondary settling) .

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    AEROBIC GRANULAR SLUDGE VS. CONVENTIONAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

    When comparing the total specific annual costs(fig.8), again the AGSBR alternatives prove to bemore attractive. The total annual costs of theAGSBR alternatives both with primary and posttreatment respectively are on average 17 % and 7%lower compared to the reference alternative [8].

    Fig.8. Total specific annual costs [8] .

    5. TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT STAGEThe aerobic granular sequential biological reac-

    tor technology has been invented by the Delft Uni-versity of Technology and developed within aunique public-private-partnership between the Uni-versity, the Dutch Foundation for Applied Water Research (STOWA), the Dutch Water Boards andRoyal HaskoningDHV. After intensive research atpilot scale at several wastewater treatment plantsin the Netherlands, nowadays they have several fullscale demonstration wastewater treatment plantsin the Netherlands, Portugal and South Africa [8].

    6. STILL UNDER RESEARCHThe aerobic granular sludge technology is nowa-

    days limited to sequential batch operation condi-tions making it adaptable only to wastewatertreatment plants equipped with such bioreactors orto new wastewater treatment plants that are cur-rently designed and built accordingly. As most ofpopulation agglomerations already have a conven-tional WWTP, our main research objective is now toevaluate the possibilities to adapt this technologyto continuous flow operation conditions so that wecan convert with mere investment any conventionalwastewater treatment plant to work with aerobicsludge granules thus enhancing treatment perfor -mances and reducing operational costs.

    7. CONCLUSIONSAs a conclusion, we can say that aerobic granu-

    lar sludge, due to specific advantages derived fromthe granular dense microbial structure will proveto be powerfull in the development of new gene -ration cost efficient biological WWTP for the treat-ment of high organic load wastewaters or industrialwastewaters with toxic substrates. Higher biomassconcentrations means higher removal rates whichallows for higher influent loads and smaller re-quired reactor volume, the footprint of the AGSBRbeing only 25% of a conventional activated sludge.

    Aerobic granular sludge is a very promising tech-nology from an engineering as well as economicpoint of view, and should therefore be further de-veloped.

    Based on total costs AGSBR technology seems tobe an attractive alternative to conventional tech-nology.

    REFERENCES[1]. van Loosdrecht, M.C.M., Pot, M.A. and Heijnen,

    J.J.. Importance of bacterial storage polymers in bio-processes. Wat. Sci. Technol., 35 (1997) (1), 4147.

    [2]. de Kreuk, N. Kishida and M.C.M. van Loos-drecht, Aerobic granular sludge state of the art, WaterScience & Technology Vol 55 (2007) 89 7581.

    [3]. Yu Liu , Joo-Hwa Tay, State of the art of biogra -nulation technology for wastewater treatment, Biotech-nology Advances 22 (2004) 533563 .

    [4]. McSwain Sturm and Irvine R.L., Dissolved oxigenas a key parameter to aerobic granule formation, WaterScience and Technology 58 -4 (2006), 781-787 .

    [5]. Sunil S. Adav et al., Aerobic granular sludge: Recent advances, Biotechnology advances, 26 (2008) p411-423 .

    [6]. Van Loosdrecht, From idea to pilot plant, 2012,Nereda NNOP www.neredannop.nl .

    [7]. de Bruin L.M.M., de Kreuk M.K., von der RoestH.F.R., Uijterlinde C., van Loosdrecht M.C.M, Aerobicgranular sludge technology: an alternative to activatedsludge?, Water Science and Technology, (2004) 49(11-12),1-7.

    [8]. Zilverentant A., de Bruin B. and Giesen A.,Nereda The new Standard for Energy and Cost EffectiveIndustrial and Municipal Wastewater treatment, Ht Na-tionaal Watersymposium 19 mei 2011.

  • La mijlocul Lunii Decembrie 2013, la Predeal,Staiunea P rul Rece a avut loc o edin comun a Comitetului Na ional de Conducere i a Patronatului Apei, urmat apoi de o Adunare Ge -neral a Asociaiei Romne a Apei.

    Lucrrile edineicomune a ComitetuluiNaional de Condu -cere i a Pa tro natuluiApei au fost condusede ctre Domnul FelixSTROE, Preedinte alAsociaiei Romne aApei i al PatronatuluiApei.

    La aceast reuni-une, pe lng mem-brii Asociaiei Ro manea Apei i ai Patrona -tului Apei au mai par-ticipat i o serie de ali invitai de seam, printrecare: Domnul Benoit NADLER - reprezentant D.G. REGIO, Domnul Doru CIOCAN - PreedinteA.N.R.S.C., Domnul Ciprian GHIOC - Director Ge -neral AM-Pos Mediu, Doamna Venera VLAD - SeniorBanker B.E.R.D.

    Cu aceast ocazie, Comitetul Naional de Con-ducere al Asociaiei Romne a Apei, ntrunit n e -din comun cu Patronatul Apei a aprobatrapoartele, referatele i celelalte materiale nscrisepe Ordinea de zi i a adoptat o serie de hotrrinecesare pentru buna funcionare a organizaiei.

    edina comun a Comitetului Naional de Con-ducere i a Patronatului Apei din data de13.12.2013 a continuat cu Adunarea General a Aso-

    ciaiei Romne a Apei, ntrunit cu respectarea tu-turor prevederilor legale i ale statutului asociaiei.

    Pe lng o serie de hotrri ce privesc buna des-furare a activitii, Adunarea General a Asoci-aiei Romne a Apei din data de 13.12.2013 a

    aprobat lista mem-brilor ARA, ca urmarea do bndirii i pier -derii calitii demembru, a ratificatHotrrile luate deComitetul Naionalde Condu cere, de laultima adunare ge -neral i a aprobatcomponena Comite-tului Naional deCon ducere i a Con-siliului Director aleARA.

    Tot cu aceast ocazie, Domnul Felix STROE a fost

    ales n funcia de Preedinte al Asociaiei Romne

    a Apei pentru un mandat de 3 ani, ncepand cu data

    de 13.12.2013 i s-a hotrt ca domnia sa, s dein

    i calitatea de Preedinte al Patronatului Apei.

    Noua conducere a Asociaiei Romne a Apei i a

    Patronatului Apei are n continuare, ca principal

    obiectiv, mbuntirea cadrului legislativ i insti-

    tuional actual necesar finalizrii investiiilor din

    POS-ul de Mediu 2007-2013 i pregtirii Proiectelor

    de investiii n vederea accesrii fondurilor din noul

    Program 2014-2020, astfel nct cerinele de con-

    formare asumate de Romnia prin Tratatul de Ade -

    rare s poat fi realizate.

    25www.romaqua.ronr.1 / 2014

    NOUA CONDUCERE A ASOCIAIEI ROMNE A APEI A FOST ALEAS N CADRUL REUNIUNILOR DE LA SFRITUL ANULUI 2013

    C.J. - Daniel MIHAI, Secretar general ARA

    eveniMente care au Fost

  • 26 www.romaqua.ro nr.1 / 2014

    EVOLUII NREGISTRATE N NEGOCIEREA I APLICABILITATEA CONTRACTULUI COLECTIV DE MUNC UNIC LA NIVELULGRUPULUI DE OPERATORI DIN SERVICIILEPUBLICE DE ALIMENTARE CU AP I DE CANALIZARE

    C.J. - Daniel MIHAI, Secretar general ARA

    nfiinat n anul 2008 cu scopul de a reprezenta,

    susine, promova i apra interesele patronale,

    pa trimoniale, economice i instituionale ale mem-

    brilor si, Patronatul Apei se constituie ca partener

    de dialog social n raport cu federaiile sindicale

    corespondente i reprezentative, participnd la

    negocierea i semnarea Contractelor Colective de

    Munc.

    n vederea realizrii acestui obiectiv, pe data de

    20.11.2013, la Buzu, Patronatul Apei i Federaia

    Sindicatelor Ap-Canal din Romnia s-au ntlnit

    pentru a negocia i ncheia un Contract Colectiv de

    Munc unic la nivelul grupului de operatori din

    servi ciile publice de alimentare cu ap i de

    canalizare pe anii 2014-2015, Contract care ulterior

    a fost nregistrat la Ministerul Muncii, Familiei

    Proteciei Sociale i Persoanelor Vrstnice sub nr.

    1768/ 09.12.2013 i publicat apoi n Monitorul Ofi-

    cial al Romniei, Partea a V-a, Nr. 1 din 10.01.2014.

    La data publicrii n Monitorul Oficial al Rom -

    niei, grupul de operatori semnatari ai Contractului

    Colectiv de Munc avea urmtoarea componen:

    - S.C. APA SERV S.A. - Alexandria ;

    - S.C. VITAL S.A. - Baia Mare ;

    - S.C. AQUABIS S.A. - Bistria-Nsud ;

    - S.C. NOVA APASERV S.A. Botoani ;

    - S.C. COMPANIA DE AP S.A. Buzu ;

    - S.C. RAJA S.A. - Constana ;

    - S.C. COMPANIA DE AP SOME S.A. - Cluj-

    Napoca ;

    - S.C. COMPANIA DE AP Trgovite - Dmbovia S.A.;

    - S.C. SECOM S.A. - Drobeta-Turnu Severin ;

    - S.C. APAVITAL S.A. - Iai ;

    - S.C. COMPANIA APA TRNAVEI MARI S.A. Media;

    - S.C. COMPANIA JUDEEAN APA SERV S.A.

    NEAM - Piatra-Neam ;

    - S.C. COMPANIA DE AP OLT S.A. - Slatina ;

    - S.C. COMPANIA DE APA ARIE S.A. - Turda ;

    - S.C. AQUAVAS S.A. - Vaslui .

    Potrivit prevederilor alin. 2, al art. 1 din Con-

    tractul Colectiv de Munc unic la nivelul grupului

    de operatori din serviciile publice de alimentare cu

    ap i de canalizare pe anii 2014-2015, de preve -

    derile acestuia pot beneficia i ali operatori din

    serviciile publice de alimentare cu ap i de

    canalizare, membrii ai Patronatului Apei din cadrul

    Asociaiei Romne a Apei, ale cror sindicate se vor

    afilia la Federaia Sindicatelor Ap-Canal din Rom-

    nia.

    eveniMente care au Fost

  • 27www.romaqua.ronr.1 / 2014

    eveniMente care au Fost

    TRGUL INTERNAIONAL DE AP 2013 Belgrad, Serbia

    n perioada 18-19 noiembrie 2013 AsociaiaRomn a Apei a fost reprezentat la Trgul inter-naional de ap WATER FORUM and EXHIBITION2013 din Belgrad de o delegaie a firmei AQUATIM-Timioara, format din Saa Dobrosavlevici i MiloIanoev.

    Evenimentul a fost organizat de Asociaia Srbpentru Tehnologia Apei i Inginerie Sanitar n co-operare cu Asociaia Srb de Ap i Canalizare iCompania Belexpo i a fost gzduit de ComplexulExpoziional BEL EXPO Center i de hotelul HOLLI-DAY INN, din Belgrad.

    Peste 80 expozani din Europa i-au prezentatprodusele, serviciile i soluiile din domeniul indus-triei i tehnologiei apei.

    n aceeai perioad , hotelul HOLLIDAY INN agzduit Forumul Internaional de Ap, unde s-audiscutat, printre altele, despre modalitai de man-agement i conservare a apei, despre introducerean companiile de apa a Sistemelor Geografice Infor-maionale (GIS) i a Managementul Activelor( Assetmanagement) i despre Sisteme Informatice privindcalitatea apei potabile.

    La deschiderea oficial a Trgului au participatpersonaliti ale vieii politice, economice i so-

    ciale din Serbia, specialiti n tehnologia apei i ju-rnaliti.

    Inaugurarea evenimentului a fost fcut - n nu-mele Guvernului Serbiei - de domnul Velimir Ili,Ministrul Construciilor din Serbia.

    n decursul celor dou zile de participare la Tr-gul i Forumul de ap, delegaia noastra a asistatla prezentrile susinute de specialiti din domeniulapei din Serbia i din Uniunea European. Deasemenea, a vizitat numeroase standuri expozi io -nale unde s-a ntlnit i a discutat cu reprezentaniifirmelor expozante, printre care-i amintim pe:Sran Milinkovi i Stevo Vojnovi de la firma "AQUAINTERMA" din Belgrad, edomir ojic de la firma"EVOLVA" din Poega, Jasmina imunov de la firma"REGENERACIJA" din Sombor, Sran Tomi de lafirma "ACO Serbia" din Belgrad i Dejan Koji de lafirma "DANFOSS" din Belgrad.

    Sau purtat discuii i cu reprezentanii Regiei deAp din Belgrad, mai exact cu dl. director VladimirTauanovi i cu dl. ing. Dragan Ivanovi, care auexpus situaia existent la zi din cadrul regiei bel-grdene de ap.

    La finalul discuiilor dl. V. Tauanovi a mulumitdelegaiei ARA pentru participare la Expoziia orga-nizat de Regia de ap din Serbia.

    VreisipromoveziactivitateaprinintermediulrevisteiRomAqua?

    Noiioferimogamlargdeinstrumenteimetodeprincarepois-ifacicunoscutafacerea.

    Acumpoialegentrepublicareadepaginidereclam,indexdefirme,articoledepro-movare,organizaredeevenimente.

    Alegndsaparinpaginilerevistei,veifipromovatinmediulonline,attprininter-mediul revistei ce se distribuie n format

    electronic,ctiprinsiturilepecareARAledeinenportofoliu.

    Pentrudetalii,nuezitaisnecontactai!Tel.:0040213162787

    0040747029988Fax:0040213162788E-mail:[email protected]

    Dr. ing. Ilie VLAICU

    Director general

  • 28 www.romaqua.ro nr.1 / 2014

    eveniMente care au Fost

    n perioada 11.11.2013 12.11.2013 la Sofia n

    Bulgaria a avut loc conferina intitulat WATER

    LOSS REDUCTION IN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS,

    avnd ca scop principal identificarea i reducerea

    pierderilor de ap din sistemele de distribuie a

    apei potabile.

    La acesta conferint, Asociatia Romn a Apei a

    fost reprezentat de ctre un grup de specialiti

    din cadrul S.C. Compania De Apa Trgovite Dm-

    bovia S.A.

    n cadrul conferintei au fost prezentate lucrri

    avnd urmtoarea tematic:

    - Reducerea pierderilor de ap (NRW) O abor-

    dare inovativ lucrarea prezint concepte inova-

    tive cu privire la reducerea pierderilor de ap ntr-o

    manier sustenabil. n cele mai multe cazuri abor-

    drile privind reducerea pierderilor de ap tind s

    nu analizeze compania ca ntreg ci mai degrab

    punctual pe anumite componente. Cele mai frec -

    vent neglijate componente sunt:

    l Dinamica pierderilor de ap i a piederilor

    comerciale;

    l Capacitatea operatorului de a interveni n

    timp util (managementul reelei);

    l Nivelul Economic NRW;

    - Metode i practici noi in procesul de reducere

    a pierderilor de ap SEBAKMT Bulgaria prezint

    echipamente inovative de detecie a scurgerilor de

    ap folosite n diagnosticarea pierderilor de ap.

    - Experiena Budapestei: mangementul pierde -

    rilor Budapesta a adoptat o serie de soluii

    tehnice, economice i administrative pentru a de-

    termina o scdere a piederilor de ap care au con-

    dus n final la o eficien optim, la scderea

    cantitii de ap extrase i la diminuarea cantitii

    de energie utilizat.

    - Implementarea cu succes a reformelor n cazul

    serviciilor de utiliti Pe lng managementul

    pierderilor de ap (NRW) lucrarea prezint i

    strategia de management i modalitile de n-

    treinere i operare a serviciilor de utiliti.

    - Modaliti de protecie a rezervorelor de beton

    mpotriva clorului au fost prezentate sisteme ino -

    vative de protecie din polietilen a pereilor re -

    zervoarelor de ap.

    - Analiza vibraiilor n sectorul apei au fost

    prezentate metode de detecie a mbtrnirii con-

    ductelor folosind senzori care detecteaz vibraiile,

    rezistena la torsiune, etc.

    Conferina a scos n eviden dorina tuturor

    participanilor de a participa activ la procesul de

    reducere al pierderilor de ap prin mbuntirea,

    automatizarea i retehnologizarea capacitilor de

    producie, prin marirea gradului de precizie a

    echipamentelor de msur, prin implementarea sis-

    temelor de analiz tip SCADA, GIS, prin mbu n -

    tirea calitii serviciilor i a cunotinelor

    an ga jailor, etc.

    O concluzie dezamgitoare a fost aceea c

    pierderile efective n reelele de transport i dis-

    tribuie se menin, n medie, n jur de 50 60% din

    totalul cantitii de ap ce intr n aceste sisteme.

    WATER LOSS REDUCTION IN WATER SUPPLy SySTEMS

    Conf.dr.ing. DORIN STAICU

  • 29www.romaqua.ronr.1 / 2014

    eveniMente care au Fost

    n perioada 12 13 noiembrie, Asociaia

    Roman a Apei (ARA) a participat prin dl.

    Silviu LCTUU la Seminarul organizat de

    ctre Banca Mondiala n oraul Minsk Bela -

    ru