52200218 Invata Engleza Fara Profesor (1)

8/12/2019 52200218 Invata Engleza Fara Profesor (1)

1/96


2/96

nva#"!i folose!te corectlimba englez"

2


3/96

3


4/96

CuprinsPrefa&$...................................................................................................................................... 4PARTEA I ................................................................................................................................ 6MORFOLOGIA VERBUL - TIMPUL ................................................................................. 6VERB - PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE ..................................................................................... 6VERB - PAST TENSE SIMPLE ............................................................................................. 9

VERB - FUTURE TENSE SIMPLE ..................................................................................... 11VERB PRESENT PERFECT ............................................................................................. 13VERB PAST PERFECT SIMPLE ...................................................................................... 16PARTEA I .............................................................................................................................. 18MORFOLOGIA VERBUL - ASPECTUL .......................................................................... 18VERB - PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS ........................................................................ 18VERB - PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS ................................................................................ 19VERB- FUTURE CONTINUOUS ........................................................................................ 21VERB PRESENT PERFECT COTINUOUS ..................................................................... 22VERB PAST PERFECT COTINUOUS ............................................................................. 24VERB - FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS .................................................................... 25

PERSOANA !I NUM#RUL ................................................................................................. 29ARTICOLUL !I AL%I DETERMINAN%I ........................................................................... 45COMPLEMENTELE CIRCUMSTAN%IALE DE LOC, TIMP, MOD ............................... 67TEST FINAL ......................................................................................................................... 70Cheia exerci&iilor .................................................................................................................... 76TIMPURILE LIMBII ENGLEZE - fi"$exemplu .................................................................. 91Verbul TO WORK -model ..................................................................................................... 93Bibliografie: ........................................................................................................................... 94

4


5/96

Prefa&$

Gramatica de fa&$"i propune s$ofere mai mult dect un simplu set de reguli gramaticaleale limbii engleze, iar prin metoda original$de prezentare s$ajute n crearea unui sentiment desiguran&$n ceea ce prive"te corectitudinea gramatical$n exprimare.

Numai n acest fel adul&ii pot sc$pa de un sentiment de inhibi&ie cu care au r$mas, probabildin "coal$.

Realitatea, situa&iile reale de exprimare de la care se porne"te confer$ originalitate. Secontinu$ cu exemple, modele "i explica&ii gramaticale menite s$ conduc$ la st$pnirea unuiaspect gramatical al limbii engleze.

Aten&ie! Nimic nu se pierde!

Fiecare aspect gramatical este nso&it de cel pu&in un exerci&iu astfel nct punerea npractic$s$conduc$la o finalitate pe termen lung a st$pnirii acelui aspect gramatical. Cel carestudiaz$are de asemenea cheia exerci&iului la sfr"it.

Multitudinea de exerci&ii comparative variate sunt menite s$ sprijine n&elegereaelementelor teoretice prin aplica&ii practice.

Citind aceast$lucrare, ve&i fi confruntat cu probleme de gramatic$"i de vocabular, ve&idescoperi n ce m$sur$pute&i formula idei, v$pute&i exprima corect "i coerent n limba englez$"ive&i afla care sunt aspectele care v$creeaz$dificult$&i. Modelul v$ va nso&i la tot pasul. Lasfr"itul c$r&ii ave&i un model de verb conjugat la timpurile modului indicativ. De asemenea ave&i"i o fi"$cu regulile de formare a timpurilor, la afirmativ, negativ "i interogativ.

Autenticitatea exerci&iilor propuse ofer$o structurare a cuno"tin&elor n seturi grupate peprobleme gramaticale. Scurte prezent$ri teoretice "i o serie de exemple nso&esc aceste seturi deexerci&ii. Acestea vin s$ilustreze tiparele structurale de baz$ale limbii engleze.

Deoarece va trebui s$ folosi&i din cnd n cnd dic&ionarul, ve&i avea ocazia s$ v$ mbog$&iti substan&ial cuno"tin&ele de vocabular.

Timpul pe care sunte&i dispus s$l aloca&i este bine distribuit pe probleme gramaticale.Nu v$ia mai mult de 10 minute s$parcurge&i un aspect gramatical.

Intui&ia dumneavostr$va func&iona foarte bine n st$pnirea corect$a gramaticii.Con"tiinciozitateav$va fi r$spl$tit$printr-un rezultat excelent la testul final propus la

sfr"itul c$r&ii care ofer$ 150 ntreb$ri asupra cuno"tin&elor de gramatic$ "i de vocabular.

Rezolvarea testului v$va da cu siguran&$o imagine satisf$c$toare asupra stadiului la care a&iajuns n nsu"irea limbii engleze.

Atingerea obiectivului dumneavoastr$este scopul principal al acestei c$r&i care v$pune ladispozi&ie ntr-o form$concis$"i accesibil$, informa&iile necesare pentru a putea folosi limbaenglez$corect din punct de vedere gramatical "i pentru a asigura acurate&ea "i nuan&area att denecesare n comunicare prin intermediul oric$rei limbi.

5


6/96

INTRODUCERE

M$numesc Gramatica limbii engleze "i scopul meu principal este s$v$informez asupra

regulilor referitoare la forma cuvintelor. Am dou$ fiice: Morfologia "i Sintaxa. O s$ face&i

cuno"tin&$mai ales cu prima dintre ele.

Ea este deosebit de important$deoarece primul lucru care se nva&$n gramatica unei limbi

str$ine este cum se formeaz$ categoriile gramaticale de baz$: timpurile verbului, pluralul

substantivelor, compara&ia adjectivelor, pronumele, numeralul, etc.Morfologiacuprinde regulile privitoare la forma cuvintelor "i la modific$rile formale ale

cuvintelor studiate pe p$r&i de vorbire; sintaxa cuprinde regulile privitoare la mbinarea

cuvintelor n propozi&ii "i fraze.

6


7/96

PARTEA I

MORFOLOGIA VERBUL - TIMPUL

VERB - PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE

VERBUL TIMPUL PREZENT SIMPLU

CITI%I TEXTUL DE MAI JOS :

READ THE TEXT :

Ilivewith my husband and my children at the countryside. I ama doctor.Iusually go to work inthe morning.Ihavemany friends in the village. My friend, Louise, sheisa teacher. Shegoestoschool in the afternoon, every day of the week: on Monday, on Tuesday, on Wednesday, onThursday and on Friday. Shedoes not goto school in the week end. SheteachesEnglish. Myfather, my mother, my brother and my sister livehere, too. Theyarefarmers.Ilike/enjoylivingin nature.

Haide&i s$observ$m cteva din cuvintele din text, apoi vom analiza verbele.Lets have a look at some words from the text, then we will see the verbs.

a. Pronumele: (Pronouns)

Cuvintele:I, she, they sunt pronume personale.Iat$pronumele personale ale limbii engleze:I euYou tuHe elShe eaIt el/ea (pentru obiecte, animale)We noiYou voiThey ei, ele

b. Zilele s$pt$mnii (Days of the week):Monday - LuniTuesday - Mar &iWednesday - MiercuriThursday - JoiFriday - VineriSaturday - Smb$t$

Sunday Duminic$

7


8/96

c. Momente ale zilei (Moments of the day)- In the morning diminea&a- In the afternoon dup$-amiaza- In the evening seara

d. Membrii familiei (Family members)

father /dad / daddy tat$mother / mum / mummy / mom - mam$parent / parents p$rinte, p$rin&ichild / children copil, copiison - fiudaughter- fiic$

brother - fratesister - sor$grandfather / granddad / grandpa - bunicgrandmother / grandma / granny - bunic$grandson - nepot

granddaughter - nepoat$uncle- unchiaunt - m$tu"$cousin veri"or, veri"oar$nephew - nepotniece - nepoat$

e. Verbele la Prezent Simplu (Verbs at Present Tense Simple) :

Ilive,I am,Igo,Ihave,sheis, Shegoes, Shedoes not go, Sheteaches, They live,Theyare,Ilike

Ilivewith my husband and my children at the countryside.Locuiesc cu so&ul "i copiii mei la &ar$.

I ama doctor.- Sunt doctor.Iusually go to work in the morning. - Eu merg de obicei la lucru diminea&a.Ihavemany friends in the village. - Am mul&i prieteni n sat.My friend, Louise,sheisa teacher. - Prietena mea, Louise, este profesor.Shegoesto school in the afternoon, every day of the week: on Monday, on Tuesday, onWednesday, on Thursday and on Friday.- Ea merge la "coal$dup$-amiaza, n fiecare zi as$pt$mnii: luni, mar&i, miercuri, joi "i vineri.

Shedoes not goto school in the week end. - Ea nu merge la"coal

$n week-end.SheteachesEnglish. - Ea pred$limba englez$.

My father, my mother, my brother and my sister livehere, too.-Tat$l meu, mama mea, fratelemeu "i sora mea locuiesc aici, de asemenea.Theyarefarmers. - Ei sunt fermieri (agricultori).

Ilike/enjoyliving in nature. - mi place s$tr$iesc n natur$.

Verbele accentuate sunt la Present Tense Simple.Folosim acest timp verbal pentru a exprima:

(O ac&iune general$, repetabil$: - exemplu: I read daily. Citesc zilnic.

(Adev$ruri general valabile: The Earth spins round. P$mntul se nvrte.

8


9/96

(O ac&iune regulat$, obi"nuit$, n perioada prezent$. What do you do? (Cu ce te ocupi?) I am a student. Sunt elev. What time do you usually have breakfast? - La ce or$iei de obicei micul dejun?(Ac&iuni viitoare planificate n prezent ca urmare a unui program oficial. The plane takes off at 7:35.- Avionul decoleaz$/va decola la ora 7:35.

Conjugarea unui verb la Present Tense Simple:

To work = a lucra, a munciAfirmativ

I workYou workHe/she/it worksWe workYou workThey workNegativ

I do not (dont) workYou do not (dont) workHe/she/it does not (doesnt) workWe do not (dont) workYou do not (dont) workThey do not (dont) workInterogativDo I work?Do you work?Does he/she/it work?Do we work?Do you work?Do they work?Cu Present Simple Tense folosim adverbe cum ar fi: always, often, sometimes, usually, seldom,on Saturdays, rarely, never, every day, etc.

Examples:

1. Philip gets up at 6 o'clock every morning.(n fiecare diminea&$)2. I go to school every day. (n fiecare zi)3. She sometimes goes out on Friday night (vineri noaptea).

4. I usuallysleep late on Sunday morning.(de obicei)5. Peter works for 8 hours every day. (n fiecare zi)6. My children oftenwatch TV in the afternoon. (adesea, des)7. He alwaysforgets his keys. (ntotdeauna)

Exerci&ii Practice

Situation: My friend and I dont do things in the same way:Example:

Affirmative

get up early/lateI get up early, but my friend gets uplate

9


10/96

Interrogativeget up early/lateDoyou get up early? Does he get up late?

Negativeget up early/lateI dontget up early. My friend doesnt get up

late

1. leave home at 12 oclock/1 oclock2. go to work by car/by train3. speak English well/badly4. get home at six/seven5. have two kids/three

ACUM LUCREAZ#SINGUR !I VERIFIC# LA SFR!ITUL C#R%II!

VERB - PAST TENSE SIMPLE

TIMPUL TRECUT SIMPLU

CITI%I TEXTUL DE MAI JOS :READ THE TEXT :

Last year I livedwith my husband and my children at the countryside. I wasa doctor. I used togo to work in the morning. I hadmany friends in the village. My friend, Louise, she wasa good

teacher in the village. She wentto school in the afternoon every week day. She did not go toschool in the week end. She taughtEnglish. My father, my mother, my brother and my sisterlivedhere, too. They werefarmers. I liked/enjoyed living in nature.

Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul trecut simplu:

I lived - am locuitI was eram/am fostI used to go obi"nuiam s$m$duc/m$duceamI had am avutShe was a fostShe went se ducea/mergeaShe did not go ea nu mergeaShe taught - a predatThey lived - au locuitThey were - au fost/erauI liked mi-a pl$cut

(Verbele la Past Tense Simple arat$o ac&iune trecut$, terminat$, efectuat$ntr-o perioad$detimp trecut$, terminat$. Este timpul nara&iunii.Se traduce, de obicei, cu perfectul compus din limba romn$.

Ex. Yesterday I went for a walk. - Ieri am mers la plimbare.Last year I traveled to England. Anul trecut am c$l$torit n Anglia.

10


11/96

To work (a lucra, a munci) la Past Tense SimpleAfirmativI/you/he/she/it/we/they workedNegativI/you/he/she/it/we/they did not workInterogativ

Did I/you/he/she/it/we/they work?

Forma prescurtat$a lui did noteste didnt(I didnt work).

Verbele limbii engleze pot fi regulate sau neregulate.Past Tense Simple se formeaz$prin ad$ugarea termina&iei ed n cazul verbelor regulate.

Ex. to work workedDac$verbul este neregulat, Past Tense trebuie nv$&at din tabelul de verbe neregulate care

indic$cele trei forme de baza ale verbului: forma I infinitiv, forma II- Paste Tense, forma III participiul trecut.

Ex. to speak spoke spoken

Iat$o list$cu formele de Past Tense pentru verbe regulate "i neregulate:

Verbe regulate:I, you, he, she, it,we, you, they

+ verb +-ed

Aten&ie le pronun&ie! Pay attention to the pronounciation! {t}

a) wash washed washed (a se sp$la)cook cooked cooked (a g$ti)

{d}

b) play played played (a se juca)listen listened listened (a asculta)

{id}

b) need needed needed (a avea nevoie)

skate skated - skated (a patina)

Verbe neregulate:

a)

{e} {e}meet met met (a ntlni)leave left left (a pleca)say said said (a spune)read read read (a citi)send sent sent (a trimite)spend spent spent (a petrece)

b)

{} { }have had had (a avea)sit sat sat (a sta jos)

11


12/96


13/96

3. Then he (wash) and (eat/have) breakfast with his parents.4. After that he (go fishing) with his friends Irina and Larry.5. He (swim) in the Danube in the evening.6. The weather (be) fine all the time.7. Daniel (make) a lot of friends there.8. He (come back) home in September to go to school.

Put the sentences into the negative and interrogative forms.

Examples:Negative form:

Daniel (go) on holiday in July.Daniel did not goon holiday in July.

Interrogative form:

Daniel (go) on holiday in July.DidDaniel goon holiday in July?

VERB - FUTURE TENSE SIMPLE

VERBUL TIMPUL VIITOR SIMPLU

CITI%I TEXTUL DE MAI JOS:

READ THE TEXT:

Next year I will livewith my husband and my children at the countryside. I will be a doctor. Iwill go to work in the morning. I will havemany friends in the village. My friend, Louise, shewill be a teacher in the village. She will goto school in the afternoon every week day. She willnot goto school in the week end. She will teachEnglish. My father, my mother, my brother andmy sister will livethere, too. They will befarmers. I willenjoyliving in nature.

Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul viitor simplu:

I will live eu voi locui

I will be eu voi fiI will go eu voi mergeI will have eu voi aveaShe will be ea va fiShe will go ea va mergeShe will not go ea nu va mergeShe will teach ea va predaTheywill live ei vor locuiThey will be ei vor fiI willenjoy - mi va face pl$cere

13


14/96

(Future Tense Simple (Viitorul simplu) exprim$un eveniment, o ac&iune care are loc ntr-unmoment viitor, apropiat de momentul vorbirii.

Example:

I will visithim tomorrow. - O s$-l vizitez mine. (l voi vizita mine.)We shall overcome. - Vom nvinge.n engleza modern$formashalleste foarte pu&in utilizat$.Cea mai des folosit$n Engleza vorbit$"i scris$este forma prescurtat$ 'll.

I'll goto the seaside next week. - S$pt$mna viitoare voi pleca la mare.You'll spendthe holiday in the mountains. - Voi ve&i petrece vacan&a la munte.Forma negativ$se formeaz$cu will notsau forma won'tn fa&a verbului principal la prezent.

I will not (won't) drinkwine. - Nu voi bea vin.She will not (won't) playfootball. - Ea nu va juca fotbal.Forma interogativ$se formeaz$prin inversiunea dintre auxiliarul will"i subiect.Will you workhere? - Vei lucra aici?

Will she singbeautifully? - Va cnta ea frumos?To work ( a lucra, a munci) la Future Tense Simple:

AfirmativI/you/he/she/it/we/they will work

NegativI/you/he/she/it/we/they will not work

InterogativWill I/you/he/she/it/we/they work?

Adverbele cele mai utilizate pentru a exprima o ac&iune viitoare cu Future Tense Simple sunt:tomorrow, next (month, year)

I'll finish this report tomorrow.- Voi termina acest raport mine.Will he come next week? - Va veni el s$pt$mna viitoare?

Exerci&ii Practice

LUCREAZ#SINGUR !I VERIFIC#LA SFR!ITUL C#R%II!

Situation 1: Grandpa does not hear very well what Daniel is saying. Complete his questions andDaniels answers.Example:

Daniel: Ill go to the Physics lab tomorrow.Grandpa: Where will you go tomorow?Daniel: To the Physics lab grandpa!

Daniel: Grandpa:1. Ill work in the lab tomorrow. Where.........?

2. Ill do an interesting experiment tomorrow. What.........?3. Ill obtain hydrogen in the Chemistry lesson. What .........?

14


15/96

4. Ill learn interesting things next week. When .........?5. Ill study hydrogen next week. What .........?6. Ill ask the teacher a lot of questions. Who .........?

Situation 2. Daniel contradicts everything Irina says about her friend Larry.

Example:

Irina: Larry will go fishing tomorrowDaniel: Larry wont go fishing tomrrow.

1. Larry will read his lesson later.2. Larry will go to the cinema next Sunday.3. Hell go shopping tomorrow morning.4. Hell help you tomorrow evening.5. Hell have an experiment in the chemistry lab next week.6. Hell wash the car on Sunday morning.

7. Hell buy a new car next year.8. Hell take a new project next month.

VERB PRESENT PERFECT

CITI%I TEXTUL DE MAI JOS :READ THE TEXT:

I have livedwith my husband and my children at the countryside for a long time. I have been adoctor. I have gone to work in the morning. I have hadmany friends in the village. My friend,Louise, she has been a teacher in the village. She has goneto school in the afternoon everyweek day. She has not gone/hasnt gone to school in the week end. She has taughtEnglish. Myfather, my mother, my brother and my sister have livedthere, too. They have been farmers. Ihaveenjoyedliving in nature.

Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Present Perfect:

I have lived eu am locuitI have been eu am fost

I have gone eu am mersI have had eu am avutShe has been ea a fostShe has gone ea a mersShe has not gone/hasnt gone ea nu a mersShe has taught ea a predatTheyhave lived ei au locuitThey have been ei au fostI haveenjoyed mi-a pl$cut

(Present Perfect -exprim$o stare care a nceput n trecut "i care nc$se continu$.Weve been friends for a long time. - Suntem prieteni de mult timp.

15


16/96

(- exprim$o stare terminat$n trecut, pentru care momentul cnd a avut loc nu prezint$interes;accentul este pus pe experien&a n sine tr$it$prin ac&iunea respectiv$ Ive never been to China. - N-am fost niciodat$n China.(- exprim$o ac&iune trecut$al c$rei rezultat este vizibil n prezentHes broken his arm. - !i-a rupt bra&ul.

To work (a lucra, a munci) la Present PerfectAfirmativI/you/we/they have workedhe/she/it has worked

NegativI/you/we/they have not worked (havent worked)he/she/it has not worked (hasnt worked)

InterogativHave I/you/we/they worked?

Has he/she/it worked?

Expresii cu care se folose"te adesea Prezentul Perfect Simplu:already, just, yetExemple:1. He has already finished his classes. - A terminat deja orele.2. Tom has just spoken on the phone with Mary.-Tom tocmai a vorbit la telefon cu Maria.3. They haven't written the exercise yet. Ei nu au scris exerci&iul nc$.

never, ever, oftenExemple:1. I have never heard such a thing.- Nu am mai auzit niciodat$un astfel de lucru.2. Have you ever read this news? Ai citit vreodat$"tirea aceasta?3. I have often traveled by car to the countryside. Am c$l$torit adesea cu ma"ina la &ar$.

ever and beforeExemplu:Have you ever heard this song before? Ai mai auzit vreodat$cntecul acesta?

for and sinceExemple:

1. I've had my own car for four years. Am avut propria mea ma"in$timp de patru ani.2. She has been ill since yesterday. Este bolnav$de ieri.

until now, so far, up to nowExemple:1. I haven't had any Math problems up to now. Nu am mai avut probleme la matematic$pn$ acum.2. So far, he hasn't complained about his wage. Pn$acum nu s-a plns de salariul s$u.3. Until now, I haven't heard about this English singer. Pn$acum nu am auzit de acest cnt$re& englez.

Exerci&ii Practice

16


17/96


I. Pune verbele din parantez$la Prezentul Perfect Simplu, ca n exemplul de mai jos:Exemplu:

Tom .......... (write) .......... his homework.Tom has just written his homework.

1. I .......... (fix) .......... my car.2. Father .......... (leave) .......... home.3. They .......... (arrive) .......... to the theatre.4. We .......... (see) .......... our Math teacher.5. He .......... (begin) .......... to cry.

II. Completeaz$urm$toarele propozi&ii ca n exemplul de mai jos, folosind timpul PrezentPerfect Simplu:

Exemplu:This is the most beautiful girl I .......... (see)This is the most beautiful girl I have ever seen.

1. That is the most interesting movie he .......... (see)2. This is the best book she .......... (read)3. This is the biggest mall they .......... (visit)4. These are the most attractive souvenirs they .......... (buy)5. Those are the most wonderful monuments they .......... (see)

VERB PAST PERFECT SIMPLE


I had livedwith my husband and my children at the countryside for a long time before I movedin Pite"ti. I had been a doctor. I had gone to work in the morning. I had hadmany friends in thevillage. My friend, Louise, she had been a teacher in the village. She had goneto school in theafternoon every week day. She had not gone/hadnt gone to school in the week end. She had

taughtEnglish. My father, my mother, my brother and my sister had livedthere, too. They hadbeenfarmers. I hadenjoyedliving in nature. Now everything is over. I have moved in town.

Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Past Perfect, corespondentul timpului mai mult ca perfect dinlimba romn$:

I had lived eu locuisemI had been eu fusesemI had gone eu mersesemI had had eu avusesemShe had been ea fusese

She had gone ea merseseShe had not gone/hadnt gone ea nu mersese

17


18/96

She has taught ea predaseTheyhad lived ei locuiser$They had been ei fuseser$I hadenjoyed mi pl$cuse

(Past Perfect -exprim$o ac&iune anterioar$altei ac&iuni din trecut sau anterioar$unui moment

din trecutThe little boy said that he had seen a fairy in the garden. B$ie&elul a spus c$v$zuse o zn$n gr$din$.The little spoke as if he had seen a fairy. B$ie&elul vorbea de parc$v$zuse o zn$.

(- exprim$o dorin&$nerealizat$I wish/ wished I hadn't missed the flight. mi doresc s$nu fi pierdut avionul.(- exprim$o ac&iune anterioar$unei ac&iuniTom said that he would go to France after he had learned French a little bit.- Tom a spus c $se va

duce n Fran&a dup$ce va fi nv$&at pu&in$francez$.

Verbul to work (a lucra, a munci ) la Past Perfect:

AfirmativI/you he/she/it /we/you/they had worked

NegativI/you he/she/it /we/you/they hadnt worked

InterogativHad I/you/ he/she/it /we/you/they worked?Expresii cu care se folose"te adesea Past Perfect Simplu:Before, never, ever

You had studied English before you moved to New York. Studiasei engleza nainte s$te mu&i n NY.I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Crete. Nu v$zusem niciodat$o plaj$ a"a de frumoas$pn$nu am mers n Creta.Had Susan ever studied Chinese before she moved to China? Studiase Susan vreodat$chineza

pn$s$se mute n China?

Exerci&ii PracticeLUCREAZ#SINGUR !I VERIFIC#LA SFR!ITUL C#R%II!

Situation:Daniel and Irina spent their last summer holiday at the seaside. Irina went there for the first time,Daniel had been there before. Ask and answer questions about them:Example:be to the beachHad Daniel been to the beach before?Yes, he had.

Had Irina been to the beach before?No, she hadnt.

18


19/96

1. see the Black Sea 5. walk down the beach2. swim in the sea 6. stay at a hotel3. sunbathe on the beach 7. make the tour of Constan&a4. go fishing in the sea 8. visit Eforie Nord

19


20/96

PARTEA I

MORFOLOGIA VERBUL - ASPECTUL

VERB - PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS


In this moment I am livingwith my husband and my children at the countryside. My friend,Louise, sheisat school now. She is teachingEnglish. My father, my mother, my brother and my

sister arein the field now. They are wokingin this moment.

Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Present Continuous

I am living eu locuiescShe is teaching- ea pred$They are woking ei lucreaz$

(Present Tense Continuous exprim$o ac&iune desf$"urat$ce are loc n momentul vorbirii.Example: I am writing now.I am studying English now- in this moment

(o ac&iune temporar$ce are loc n prezent ca o excep&ie de la regul$.Example: I usually wake up early but today I am waking up late.

(o ac&iune obi"nuit$care enerveaz$.Example: She is always telling lies.

Verbul to work (a lucra, a munci) la Present Tense Continuous:

Afirmativ

I am workingYou/we/you/they are workinghe/she/it is working

NegativI am not workingYou/we/you/they are not workinghe/she/it is not working

InterogativAm I working?

Are you/we/you/they working?Is he/she/it working?

20


21/96

Adverbele cele mai des utilizate cu prezentul continuu:now, in this moment, always,

She is sending emails right now to all her friends. Ea trimite emailuri acum tuturor prietenilors$i.

We are not working in this moment, we are on strike. Nu lucr$m n acest moment. Suntem ngrev$.

She's always coming in when we talk something important. ntotdeauna trebuie s$ intre ncamer$fix cnd vorbim noi lucruri importante.

Exerci&ii Practice

LUCREAZ#SINGUR !I VERIFIC#LA SFR!ITUL C#R%II

Situation: Today is Monday. All the employees are at work, in various rooms of the building. It isnine oclock in the morning. Say what they are doing at the moment.

Example:

Irina is in the directors office. (give information)She is giving information at this moment/now.

1. Larry is in his office (work)2. Daniel is in the secretariate (type a letter)3. Ioana is in the conference room (present a project)4. Maria is in the hall (speak on the phone)5. Matei is in the guests room (meet some clients)

VERB - PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS


I was livingwith my husband and my children at the countryside while my father, my mother,my brother and my sister were living in town. I was going to work in the morning. I was havingmany friends in the village. My friend, Louise was goingto school in the afternoon every weekday but my sister was goingin the afternoon. They were not goingto school in the week end.Louise was teachingEnglish while my sister was teachingHistory.

Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Past Tense Continuous (echivalentul imperfectului din limbaromn$):

I was living eu locuiamThey were living ei locuiau

I was going eu mergeamI was having eu aveam

21


22/96

Louise was going Louise mergeaMy sister was going sora mea mergeaThey were not going ei nu mergeauLouise was teaching Louise predaMy sister was teaching sora mea preda

(Past Tense Continuous se folose"te pentru a exprima o ac&iune care se desf$"ura ntr-unmoment bine definit n trecut.

Whileshe was watchingTV yesterday, her friend came to see her.

Verbul to work (a lucra, a munci) la Past Tense Continuous:

AfirmativI was workingYou/we/you/they were workinghe/she/it was working

NegativI was not workingYou/we/you/they were not workinghe/she/it was not working

Interogativwas I working?were you/we/you/they working?was he/she/it working?

Adverbele cele mai des utilizate cu past continuous:At this time yesterday, this time last week,

Examples:At seven oclock yesterday morning, I was in the bathroom. I was washing my face. La ora"apte ieri diminea&$, eram n baie, mi sp$lam fa&a.

This time last week you were reading the magazine. Pe vremea asta s$pt$mna trecut$tu citeai

revista.Exerci&ii Practice


Situation: Yesterday afternoon all the employees were at work. Say what they were doing whenMr Smith, the boss, came in.

Example:

Larry and Irina/discuss about a marketing projectLarry and Irina were discussing about a marketing project when Mr Smith came in.

22


23/96

1. Daniel and John / work in the office2. Matei and Maria / speak on the phone3. Ioana /write a report4. Martha / water the flowers5. Victor / talk to his colleague6. Angela/open the windows

7. Mark and Chris /look at some pictures8. Fiona/read the newspapers

VERB- FUTURE CONTINUOUS


I will be livingwith my husband and my children at the countryside at this time next year whenmy father, my mother, my brother and my sister will be living in town. I will be workingin themorning, my friend, Louise will be goingto school in the afternoon every week day but mysister will be goingin the evening. They will not be goingto school in the week end. Louise willbe teachingEnglish while my sister will be teachingHistory.

Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Future Continuous:

I will be living voi locuiThey will be living vor locuiI will be working voi lucra

Louise will be going Louiseva mergeThey will not be going - ei nu vor mergeLouise will be teaching Louise va predaMy sister will be teaching sora mea va preda

Verbul to work (a lucra, a munci) la Future Tense Continuous:

AfirmativI /we shall/will be workingYou he/she/it /they will be working

NegativI /we shall/will not be workingYou he/she/it /they will not be working

InterogativShall/will I /we be working?Will you he/she/it /they be working?

(Future Tense Continuous exprim$o ac&iune n desf$"urare ntr-un moment viitor, posteriormomentului vorbirii.

Exemplu: I shall/will be walking at two oclock tomorrow. at this time next week.

23


24/96

M$voi plimba mine la ora dou$.s$pt$mna viitoare la ora asta.

(- exprim$o ac&iune n desf$"urare ntrerupt$de o ac&iune momentan$.

Exemplu: When he comes, I will be eating. Cnd va veni, eu voi fi n mijlocul mesei.

(- exprim$o ac&iune n desf$"urare n viitor n paralel cu o alt$ac&iune n desf$"urare, deasemenea n viitor.

Exemplu: She will be walking while I am sleeping.- Ea se va plimba n timp ce eu voi dormi.

Adverbele cele mai des utilizate cu Future Continuous:when, while, at his time next week, month, year, etc

Examples: You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. Tu o vei a "tepta cndsose"te avionul disear$.

I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight. Cnd ea va sosi disear$, eu voi fi la televizor.

Exerci&ii Practice


Pune&i verbele din parantez$la Future Continuous.

Example: Mark ______________ on the computer when his mother arrives home. (to play)Answer: Mark will be playing on the computer when his mother arrives home.

1) She ______________ him next week. (to meet)2) We ______________ in Pite"ti just about now. (to arrive)3) At 8 o'clock on Tuesday they ______________ the new song. (to sing)4) He ______________when you call her. (to sleep)5) It ______________ when I reach Madrid. (to rain, probably)6) Mary ______________ a video when I arrive tonight. (to watch)7) You ______________ spaghetti soon. (to eat)8) This time next week he ______________ to Africa. (to fly)9) Mary ______________to the party on Sunday. (to come)

10) Tomorrow at nine I ______________a test paper. (to write)

VERB PRESENT PERFECT COTINUOUS


I have been livingwith my husband and my children at the countryside for 5 years. I have beengoing to work in the morning but my friend, Louise, has been goingto school in the afternoonevery week day. She has been teachingEnglish for 5 years at the same village school and she is

24


25/96

still enjoying this. My father, my mother, my brother and my sister have been livingthere, too.They are farmers. We like living in nature.

Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Present Perfect Continuous:

I have been living eu locuiesc

I have been going eu mergLouise has been going Louise mergeShe has been teaching ea pred$They have been living ei locuiesc

(Present Perfect Continuous -exprim$o ac&iune care s-a desf$"urat pn$acum "i va continuaprobabil "i n viitor.

I have been working in the garden all day long. Am muncit n gr$din$toat$ziua.They have been playing tennis for half an hour Joac$tenis de jum$tate de or$.

(- exprim$o ac&iune repetat$frecvent, ntr-o perioad$de timp care se ntinde din trecut pn$nprezentHe has been writing poems since he was a child.- Scrie poezii de cnd era copil.

(- exprim$o ac&iune trecut$, ncheiat$recent, care este cauza unui efect sim&it n prezentA: Why are your hands dirty?B: Ive been repairing my bike.

To work (a lucra, a munci) la Present Perfect ContinuousAfirmativ

I/you/we/they have been workinghe/she/it has been working

NegativI/you/we/they have not been working (havent been working)he/she/it has not been working (hasnt been working)

InterogativHave I/you/we/they been working?Has he/she/it been working?

Expresii cu care se folose"te adesea Present Perfect Continuous:sinceExemplu: You have been living in Paris since 1996. Locuie"ti n Paris din 1996.

forExemplu: They have been watching TV for 3 hours. Se uit$la televizor de 3 ore.

so farExemplu: So far, there have been arriving 10 passengers from London. Pn$acum au sosit 10

pasageri din Londra.

25


26/96

everExemplu: Have you ever been listening to the radio? Ai ascultat vreodat$la radio?

neverExemplu: I have never been travelling to France until now.- Nu am c$l$torit n Fran&a pn$ acum.

Exerci&ii Practice


Completeaz$spa&iile goale cu "FOR"(de) "i "SINCE"(din, de la). Pune verbele din parantez$laPrezentul Perfect Continuu:Exemplu:Helen (study) English .......... last summer.Helen has been studying English since last summer.

1. We (talk) about that horrible accident .......... half an hour.2. She (cook) a chicken soup .......... 1 hour.3. They (phone) the manager .......... the last five minutes.4. Mary (live) in Manhattan .......... June 1998.5. It (rain) .......... morning.

VERB PAST PERFECT COTINUOUS


I had been livingwith my husband and my children at the countryside before I came in town. Ihad been going to work in the morning. My friend, Louise, she had been goingto school in theafternoon every week day before leaving the countryside, too. She had been teachingEnglish.My father, my mother, my brother and my sister had been livingthere, too. Now everything isover. I have moved in town.

Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Past Perfect Contionuous:

I had been living eu locuisemI had been going eu mersesemShe had been going ea merseseShe had been teaching ea predaseTheyhad been living ei locuiser$

(Past Perfect Continuous -exprim$o ac&iune n curs pn$la un moment dat trecut cnd a fostoprit de o alt$ac&iune a c$rei urm$ri continu$"i azi.

26


27/96

They had been working on the new house before the fire destroyed it.(Ei) lucrau la casa cea nou$nainte s$fie distrus$de foc.

Verbul to work (a lucra, a munci ) la Past Perfect Continuous:

Afirmativ

I/you he/she/it /we/you/they had been working

NegativI/you he/she/it /we/you/they hadnt been working

InterogativHad I/you/ he/she/it /we/you/they been workingExpresii cu care se folose"te adesea Past Perfect Continuous:For five minutes" , "for two weeks", etc

You had not been waiting there for more than two hours when she finally arrived.Ai a"teptat-o cel mult dou$ore cnd n final a sosit.

Exerci&ii Practice


Put the verbs into the correct form (past perfect continuous).

She (sleep) for 10 hours when he woke us up.We (wait) at the station for 60 minutes when the train finally arrived.They (look for) her ring for three hours and then we found it in the bathroom.I (not / walk) for a long time, when it suddenly began to rain.How long (learn / she) English before she went to London?She (drive) less than an hour when he ran out of gas.They were very tired in the evening because they (help) on the farm all day.I (not / work) all day; so I wasn't tired and went to the disco at night.They (cycle) all day so their legs were sore in the evening.

VERB - FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS


When my friends will come to live at the countryside I will have been livingwith my husbandand my children there for 5 years. I will have already been workingfor a couple of years as adoctor, Louise will have been teaching English in theafternoon for 5 years, too. Until next year,we will have been stayingthere for 6 years.

27


28/96

Verbele accentuate sunt la timpul Future Perfect Continuous:

I will have been living voi fi locuitI will have been working eu voi fi lucratLouise will have been teaching Louiseva fi predatWe will have been staying noi vom fi stat

Verbul to work (a lucra, a munci) la Future Perfect Continuous:

AfirmativI / you he/she/it /we /they will have been working

NegativI / you he/she/it /we /they will not have been working

InterogativWill I / you/ he/she/it /we /they have been working?

(Future Perfect Continuous - acest timp se folose"te rar n vorbire, fiind o form$caracteristic$ limbii scrise "i pune mai mult accentul pe perioada lung$ de timp dect Future ContinuousSe traduce tot prin "voi fi lucrat", "i ca toate formele de timpuri continue implic$o ac&iune nderulare.

Exemplu: By 2010 he will have been working for 40 years.- n 2010 el va fi lucrat de 40 de ani

Adverbul cel mai des utilizat cu Future Perfect Continuous: for

Example: By six oclock p.m., she will have been selling blouses for eight hours.- Pn$la ora 18ea va fi vndut bluze timp de opt ore.

Exerci&ii Practice


Pune&i verbele din parantez$la Future Perfect Continuous sau la Future Perfect

Mike: Helen has been in the kitchen all day long.Ross: It doesn't sound like she's having a very good birthday party.

Mike: She (cook) for over five hours by the time everyone arrives for dinner. Hopefully, she(finish) everything by then.Ross: Maybe we should give her a helping hand.

28


29/96

29


30/96

PARTEA I

MORFOLOGIA VERBUL - DIATEZA

I DIATEZA ACTIV!

II DIATEZA PASIV!

I Verbul este la diateza activ$cnd subiectul gramatical s$vr"e"te ac&iunea, care se r$sfrngeasupra subiectului (n cazul verbelor tranzitive).

Exemplu: Lucy has written a letter.- Lucia a scris o scrisoare.

II Verbul este la diateza pasiv$cnd subiectul gramatical sufer$ac&iunea s$vr"it$de obiect.

Exemplu: This letter has been written by Lucy. Aceast$scrisoare a fost scris$de Lucia.

Diateza pasiv$se remarc$prin:- utilizarea verbului be sauget- complementul de agent introdus de prepozi&ia byexemplu: She was met at the station by my brother. Ea a fost a"teptat$la gar$de fratele meu.

Conjugarea unui verb la diateza pasiv$:

Aspectul simplu:

Present simple: I am seen. He is seen. We are seen.Past Simple: I was seen. We were seen.Present Perfect I have been seen. He has been seenPast Perfect: I had been seen.Future I shall be seen. We will be seen.Future Perfect I shall have been seen. He will have been seen.

Aspectul continuu:

Present Continuous: The classrooms are being cleaned now.Past Continuous: The school was being cleaned when we wanted to visit it.

Exerci&ii Practice


1. Trece&i urm$toarele propozi&ii la diateza pasiv$, transformnd complementul persoanei nsubiect.

30


31/96

Exemplu:

The guide is showing them the museum.They are being shown the museum.

They have appointed him president.

She has given me a good dictionary.They will tell you what time the bus leaves.Ill pay the carpenter for his work.He promised them new bicycles.

2. Traduce&i urm$toarele propozi&ii n limba englez$, folosind verbe la diateza pasiv$:Exemplu:

Aceast$problem$trebuie analizat$.This matter must be looked into.

Nu s-a dormit n acest pat.Copiii au fost bine ngriji&i.Cinele a fost c$lcat de un autobuz.Vor rde de tine dac$vei purta rochia asta.

PERSOANA !I NUM#RUL

Spre deosebire de verbul romnesc, verbul englez are pu&ini indici formali care s$ marchezepersoana "i num$rul. Singura desinen&$ specific$ este s/es pentru persoana a III-a singular,

indicativ prezent.I play, you play, he plays, she plays, we play, you play, they play.I wash, you wash, he washes, she washes, we wash, you wash, they wash.

Exerci&ii Practice


Folosi&i pronumele personal corect.

Exemplu: ___ often reads books. (Lisa)

She often reads books.

1) ___is dreaming. (George)2) ___is green. (the blackboard)3) ___are on the wall. (the posters)4) ___is running. (the cat)5) ___are watching TV. (my mother and I)6) ___are in the garden. (the flowers)7) ___is riding his horse. (Marc)8) ___is from Bucharest. (Victoria)9) ___has got a sister. (Diana)

10) Have ___ got a computer, Tom?

31


32/96

MODUL THE MOOD

I. MODUL INDICATIV(The Indicative Mood)

I. Modul indicativ prezint$ac&iunea, starea, etc. exprimat$de verb ca real", ndeplinit$chiar.

Exemplu:- He returnedthe book to the library after he had readit.- A napoiat cartea la bibliotec$dup$ce a citit-o.- I can return the book now. I have read it. Pot s$napoiez cartea la bibliotec$acum. Amcitit-o.- He will returnthe book to the library next Monday. He will have read it by then.- Vanapoia cartea la bibliotec$lunea viitoare. O va fi citit pn$atunci.

II MODUL SUBJONCTIV(The Subjunctive Mood)

Modul subjonctiv prezint$ac&iunea ca posibil" cnd ac&iunea este proiectat$n viitor , sauireal", cnd ac&iunea trebuia s$aib$loc n trecut.

SUBJONCTIVUL PREZENT

(exprim$o ac&iune considerat$posibil$, deci nu contrar$realit$&ii.

Exemplu:It is necessary that he be here.- Este necesar ca el s$fie aici. come in time.- s$vin$la timp.

SUBJONCTIVUL TRECUT

(coincide ca form$cu Past Tense Simple.

Exemplu: I wish he/they told the truth.- A"dori s$spun$adev$rul.Observa&ie: Verbul be are form$unic$pentru toate persoanele: wereExemplu: I wish he/they werehere.

SUBJONCTIVUL ANALITIC

(exprim$o ac&iune posibil$, presupus$, pentru a sublinia ideea de ac&iune "i nu ac&iunea

propriu-zis$sau ndeplinirea ei, care sunt redate cu indicativul.

Exemplu: The idea is that sport facilities should be improved. (subjonctiv)The fact is that sport facilities will be improved. (indicativ)

Exerci&ii Practice

LUCREAZ#SINGUR !I VERIFIC#LA SFR!ITUL C#R%II!1. It is very important that all employees _______________ in their proper uniforms before 6:30a.m.A. are dressed B. will be dressed C. be dressed

2. I wish my sister _________ here.A. were B. was

32


33/96

3. The coach insisted that Mario _______ the center position, even though he's much too shortfor that position..A. plays B. play4. Mary hoped that the meeting _______________.A. was adjourned B. be adjourned5. My mother would know what to do. Oh, would that she _______ here with us now!

A. were B. was6. If only Mark ______ a little more responsible in his choice of courses!A. was B. were7. If Mrs. Smith ________ ill that night, the Smiths would not have gone to the cinema.A. were B. had been8. Her employees treated Mrs. Smith as though she _______ a queen.A. was B. were9. I wish I _________ better today.A. feel B. felt

INFINITIVUL -THE INFINITIVE

to + verb = infinitiveInfinitivul are doua forme: infinitivul lung (The Long Infinitive), marcat de particula to "iinfinitivul scurt (The Short Infinitive) f$r$particula to. Acesta se folose"te de obicei dup$verbede percep&ie : hear, see, watch, notice, observe, perceive, sau dup$have, let, make.Exemplu: To erris human. A gre"i este omenesc.

I made her work harder. Am f$cut-o s$munceasc$mai mult.

GERUNZIUL - THE GERUND

Gerunziul, adesea cunoscut sub denumirea de form$ n ing reprezint$ un substantiv formatdintr- un verb la care se adaug$termina&ia ing.Exemplu: I adore readingyour books.

I detestgoingto supermarkets. I quitsmoking. I cant remember doing/having donethis exercise before.

(- are categoriile gramaticale de timp "i diatez$:

- Diateza activ$:Gerund: I enjoy learningEnglish.- mi place s$nv$&engleza.Perfect Gerund He denies having takenthe books. Neag$c$a luat c$r&ile.-Diateza pasiv$:Gerund: He cant stand being interrupted.- Nu suport$s$fie ntrerupt.Perfect Gerund He denies having been invited. Neag$c$a fost invitat.(- caracteristici substantivale:Exemplu: The sound of a loud knocking at the door interrupted us.

her coming in interrupted us.a babys crying interrupted us.

33


34/96

Exerci&ii Practice


Pune verbul din paranteze la gerunziu sau la infinitivul lung (to-).

Exemplu: They go on _______ (read) the book.They go on reading the book.

1) I can't imagine Peter (go) by bike.2) He agreed (buy) a new washing machine.3) The question is easy (answer).4) The man asked me how (get) to the railway station.5) I look forward to (see) you at the weekend.6) Are you thinking of (visit) Paris?7) We decided (run) through the dark forest.8) The teacher expected Sarah (study) hard.

9) She doesn't mind (work) the night shift.10) I learned (ride) the bike at the age of 3.

PARTICIPIUL TRECUT - PAST PARTICIPLE

- Este forma nepersonal$a verbului care denume"te ac&iunea ca rezultat. Se formeaz$de lainfinitiv la care se adaug$termina&ia ed (n cazul verbelor regulate), "i forma a III-a ncazul verbelor neregulate.

Exemple: He is an agedman. Este un om n vrst$. He is a learnedman Este un om nv$&at. A drunkenman is unpleasant to look at. Un om beat este nepl$cut la vedere.

Exerci&ii Practice


1. Completa&i corect formele de participiu trecut.

the (lose) sonan (interest) audiencea (break) leg

an (empty) bottlea (close) doora (decorate) roomtwo (pack) bagsthe (write) lettersthe (sell) carthe (buy) apples

34


35/96

VERBELE AUXILIARE - AUXILIARY VERBS

Au urm$toarele caracteristici:(sunt golite de sens lexical: I shall leave after he comes.- Voi pleca dup$ce vine el.(nlociuesc verbele no&ionale n r$spunsuri scurte "i ntreb$ri disjunctive:Do you like this book? Yes, I do.

He has written a good composition, hasnt he?(apar adesea sub forme reduse:Ive got a book.- I have got a book.I havent got a book. I have not got a book.Hes come.- He has comeHeshere.- He is here.

Verbele auxiliare:1. be/was/were/been2. have/had/had3. shall/should

4. will/would5. may/might6. let7. do/does

Exemple:1. Infinitive: be reading

Present: He is readingPast: He was readingFuture: He will be readingConditional: He would be readingInfinitive Perfect: have been readingPresent Perfect: He has been readingPast Perfect: He had been readingFuture Perfect: He will have been readingConditional Perfect: He would have been reading

2. Perfect Infinitive: have readPerfect Gerund: having readPresent Perfect: He has readPast Perfect: He had readFuture Perfect: He will have read

Conditional Perfect: He would have read3. Future: I shall giveFuture Perfect:I shall have givenConditional: I should giveConditional Perfect: I should have given

4. Future: I will giveFuture Perfect: I will have givenConditional: I would giveConditional Perfect: I would have given

5. Hurry up, so that we may arrivein time.- Gr$be"te-te ca s$ajungem la timp.They hurried so that we might arrivein time.- S-au gr$bit ca s$ajungem la timp.

6. Let me think! Las$-m$s$m$gndesc.7. Do you live in this town?- Locuie"ti n acest ora"?

35


36/96

Does he work here? Lucreaz$aici?Didhe attend this school? A urmat aceast$"coal$?I dont like it. Nu-mi place.

Exerci&ii Practice

LUCREAZ#SINGUR !I VERIFIC#LA SFR!ITUL C#R%II!Alege&i auxiliarul potrivit:

What ________ you done?I ________ not like this song.

________ she know that you are here?The lesson ________not started yet.________you drink milk?Who ________ eaten my biscuits?It ________ not matter.

They ________ not want to play outside.We ________ not seen you for a long time.My friend ________sent me some photos.The train ________ just arrived.

________ you understand?They ________been learning English for two years.

________ you heard that?My uncle ________ not eat fish.I ________ not live here.________anybody rung up for me?She ________ not play the piano.How ________ we get there?Where ________ he live?

VERBELE MODALE - MODAL VERBS

(Verbele: can, may, must, ought to, shall, will "i par&ial need"i dareformeaz$grupul de verbemodale. Aceste verbe nu formeaz$infinitivul cu particula 'to'.

can- a putea, cu n&elesul de a fi n stare. n vorbirea curent$mai ales n ntreb$ri se folose"te nlocul lui 'may' (nseamn$"i conserv$"i 'to can' = a face conserv$)

may- a putea, cu ntelesul de a avea voie. (nseamn$"i luna mai). n plus se folose"te n ur$ri, deexemplu poate fi tradus prin 'fie' .must- a trebui, a fi necesar (nseamn$"i must- suc de struguri), poate fi tradus uneori "i prin

probabil (sau 'trebuie ca')ought to- ar trebui, ar fi cazulshall- este o nt$rire a unui ordin dac$este spus ap$sat. Altfel formeaz$viitorul persoanei nti.n acest ultim caz de obicei se nlocuie"te cu 'will'.will- formeaz$viitorul, particula 'voi' din romne"te. I will come = Voi veni. Se folose"te "i laformarea viitorului. (nseamn$"i testament "i voin&$).need- a trebui, cu n&elesul de a avea nevoiedare- a ndrazni, a provoca pe cineva

36


37/96

Exemple:I know I can.- !tiu c$pot.

MayI have this dance? (Pot s$am acest dans) - mi acorda&i acest dans?Maythe force be with you! - Fie ca for&a s$te nso&easc$! din filmul StarWars, adic$s$ai noroc.If you must, you must- Dac$trebuie, trebuie.I mustbe dreaming - Trebuie c$visez (probabil c$visez).

You ought tostop smoking. Ar fi cazul/ar trebui/&i recomand s$nu mai fumezi.Youshallnot kill = Nu vei omor (s$nu omori).I willsurvive = Voi supravie&ui.

NeedI go on? - E nevoie s$continui?How dareyou talk like this! - Cum ndr$zne"ti s$vorbe"ti a"a!

(Caracteristicile generale ale verbelor modale

(Nu accept$ particula topentru infinitiv, nu au participiu "i nici forma cu -ing. Din aceast$ cauz$multe timpuri lipsesc acestor verbe.Foarte important: Verbul care urmeaz$unui verb modal nu are ton fa&$. Adic$, n limba romn$

se spune: Trebuie s$m$nnc. n limba englez$se spune: I must eat.Aten&ie: I need to eat - need aici nu e verb modal).Din exemplele de mai sus vedem c$aceast$regul$a verbelor modale e respectat$: I know I can(f$r$'to'), May I have this dance? (f$r$'to') etc.(Forma negativ$nu cere do. Adic$n cazul celorlalte verbe se pune un do not sau does not

pentru nega&ie.I eat meat - M$nnc carne.I do not eat meat - Nu m$nnc carne.I can not eat meat - Nu pot s$m$nnc carne. (particula docade)(Forma interogativ$nu cere do.Do you eat meat? - M$nnci carne?Can you eat meat? - Po&i s$m$nnci carne?Must you eat meat? - Trebuie s$m$nnci carne?(Aceste verbe nu se schimb$dup$persoan$: I can, you can, he/she can etc. Adic$persoana atreia singular nu prime"te 's'.(Aceste verbe se pot contracta cu particula notdin propozi&ii negative.can't = can not, mustn't = must not, won't = will not sunt verbele modale care folosesc cel maimult aceast$regul$.(Pentru formarea celebrului 'nu-i a"a' din englez$e necesar folosirea acestor verbe. Forma 'nu-ia"a' depinde de verbul modal folosit n prima parte a ntreb$rii. I can go, can't I? - Pot s$m$duc,nu-i a"a? sau He will go, won't he? - Va merge, nu-i a"a?

CAN/COULD exprim$(capacitatea fizic$sau intelectual$Daniel can speak three foreign languages. Daniel "tie trei limbi str$ine.Irina could run faster than you last year. Irina putea s$alerge mai repede dect tine anul trecut.

Viitor: Ill be able to skate next year.Condi&ional: Would you be able to manage by yourself if it was necessary ?Could you manage by yourself if it was necessary ?Te-ai putea descurca singur dac$ar fi nevoie ?Observa&ie ! Diferen&a de sens ntre could "i was/were able tose pierde la negativ sau cu verbe

de percep&ie:I couldnt swim yesterday as the weather was very bad.

37


38/96

I wasnt able to swim yesterday as the weather was very bad.I couldnt see him in the dark.I wasnt able to see him in the dark.(permisiuneaA: Can I borrow your pen ? B: Of course you can.(permisiunea n trecut

On Sundays we could stay in bed until ten oclock.- Duminic$aveam voie s$st$m n pat pn$laora 10. n acest sens, can/couldpoate fi nlocuit de be allowed to, be permitted to: On Sundayswe were allowed to stay in bed until ten oclock.

MAY/MIGHT

(folosit pentru a cere (a) sau a acorda (b) permisiunea (mai oficial dect can):a) May I go ? Pot s$plec ?

b) You may go. Po&i s$pleci.(exprim$o cerere, o rug$minte politicoas$(may este mai politicos "i oficial dect can/could):May I use your phone ? mi da&i voie s$dau telefon ?

(exprim$o posibilitate prezent$sau viitoareHe may come today- Se poate s$vin$azi.( might este folosit n cereri insistente sau atunci cnd vorbitorul este iritat de nendeplinireaunei ac&iuniYou might give me an answer. (Please, give me an answer)

MUST / HAVE TO / NEEDMUST

Mustse folose"te pentru a exprima:1) obliga&ia: They must stop because the traffic light is red now.

Mustexprimnd obliga&ia poate fi nlocuit de have tosau ve got to.2. deduc&ia logic$: She must be at home. She left two hours ago.HAVE TO. ntre must"i have toexist$urm$toarele diferen&e de sens:a)Mustexprim$o obliga&ie impus$de c$tre vorbitor, pe cnd have toexprim$o obliga&ie impus$ din exterior:I must go. (Its my decision).We have to go. (The shop is closing).b)Mustexprim$o obliga&ie important$, urgent$:I must be at the hospital at two. Its most important.Have toexprim$o obliga&ie obi"nuit$, repetat$(habitual obligation):I have to be at the hospital at seven oclock every morning. I begin work at seven.

Prezent: You must stay home for a few days. Youve got flu. You have to stay home when you have flu.Past Tense: He had to stay home last week. He was quite ill.Viitor: You must stay home tomorrow if you dont feel better.

Youll have to stay home when you feel feverish again.HAVE GOT TOn vorbirea familiar$, se adaug$gotla have to, iar havese contrage ob&inndu-se

Ive got/I havent gotto phone her.NEED/NEEDNT(folosit pentru a exprima lipsa obligativit$&iiYou neednt come early to work= You dont have to come early. (nu era nevoie)

SHALL/SHOULD.

38


39/96

(Shall este folosit: pentru a exprima obliga&ie, n stil oficial (acte, regulamente, etc. la persoanaa II-a "i a III-a)The employer shall supply the necessary documents in due time.Angajatorul va furniza documentele necesare n timp util.(Shall este folosit n propozi&ii interogative, la persoana I singular sau plural:a)- pentru a cere un sfat, o sugestie, un ordin:

Where shall we put the flowers ? Unde s$punem florile ?Shall we go to the cinema tonight ? (Ce spui), mergem la cinema disear$?What shall we do ? Ce trebuie s$facem ?

b)-pentru a face o ofert$: Shall I help you ? S$te ajut ?(Should este folosit pentru a exprima:a) obliga&ia, necesitatea logic$de nf$ptuire a unei ac&iuni, de obicei sub form$de sfat de c$trevorbitor:The novel is very interesting. You should read it.Romanul este foarte interesant. Ar trebui s$-l cite"ti.He shouldnt tell lies. N-ar trebui s$mint$ .

b) o presupunere: He should be there by now. Ar trebui s$fi ajuns acolo deja.

OUGHT TO(La fel ca "ishould, ought to exprim$obliga&ia sau datoria, de obicei sub forma unui sfat dat dec$tre vorbitor:You ought to start packing before 12 oclock to make the check out.WILL/WOULD(exprim$o comand$:You will do that immediately!(exprim$insisten&a: He will work as a doctor no matter what!(o invita&ie:Will you have another slice of pizza?(o cerere, o rug$minte: Will you sign the papers, please?(o rug$minte foarte politicoas$- cu would: Would you do me a favor?(insisten&a, hot$rrea de a efectua ceva n trecut:He would continue writing for hours, no matter what I said.(probabilitatea: That would be his pen.- Probabil c$acela este stiloul lui.USED TO exprim$(o ac&iune repetat$, un obicei trecut care nu mai este repetat n prezent:I used to call him when I was a student, I dont do this anymore.Obi"nuiam s$l sun cnd erma student, nu mai fac asta acum.(o ac&iune repetat$, un obicei trecut care nc$mai este repetat n prezent:They used to go there every year and it is likely to find them there, too.Obi"nuiau s$se duc$acolo n fiecare an "i e posibil s$i g$se"ti acolo.BE TO folosit pentru a exprima(

o comand$sau instruc

&iuni ntr-un mod impersonal:He is to stay in the building till midnight.

Trebuie/va sta /urmeaz$s$stea n cl$dire pn$la miezul nop&ii.(o ac&iune planificat$: The meeting is to start at 7:30.- ntlnirea urmeaz$s$nceap$la 7:30.DARE(este folosit cu sensul de a ndr$zni, a avea curajul, mai ales n propozi&ii interogative:How dare you say that? Cum ndr$zne"ti s$spui asta?

Exerci&ii Practice

39


40/96


EX. 1. Alege&i varianta corect$de r$spuns.1.We ______________ go to the party. We're going to a wedding. A won't be able to

B will can't

C couldn'tD want be able to2. He __________ pass the exam if he studied harder. A can

B will be able toC would be able to

3. I __________ remember his name. A 'm not able to

B can'tC fish

4. They ____________ go. The weather was too bad.

A weren't able toB can'tC couldn't

5. Sorry, Teacher. I ____________ do it yet. A wasn't able to

B couldn'tC haven't been able to

EX.2. Alege&i ntre must"ihave to:

1. I _______be at the meeting by 10:00. I will probably have to take a taxi if I want to be ontime.2. You _______submit the application if it has not been completely filled out. If the form is notcomplete, you will be rejected and you _______reapply at a later date.3. Tina: Look at these flowers - they're beautiful! But, there's no card. Who could have sentthem?Stephanie: It _______David. He's the only one who would send you flowers, you know.4. You _______forget to pay the rent. Mr Daniel is very strict about paying on time.5. You _______be like this! Why don't you try saying "please" once in a while.

EX 3. Alege&i verbul modal potrivit situa

&iilor de mai jos:

1. Mike's flight from Paris took more than 7 hours.He _________ quite exhausted after such a long flight.2. The books are optional. My teacher said we _________ read them if we needed extra credit.But we _________read them if we don't want to.3. Daniel _________ hear a word because the crowd was cheering so loudly.4. The refrigerator isn't working. It _________damaged during the move.5. Mike: _________you hold your breath for more than a minute?Jack: No, _________.6. You _________be rich to be famous. Some of the most successful people I know haven't got a

penny.

40


41/96

7. I've redone this math problem at least ten times, but my answer is wrong according to theanswer key. So, the answer in the book _________wrong!8. You _________do the job if you didn't speak three languages fluently.9. You _________worry so much. It doesn't do you any good. Either you get the promotion, oryou don't. If you don't, just apply for another job.10. You _________ leave the table once you have finished your dinner and politely excused

yourself.11. Jenny's engagement ring is speechless! It _________cost a fortune.12. _________we move into the living room? There's a beautiful view of the forest from there.13. You had better take along some cash. The shop _________accept credit cards.14. The machine _________start moving by pressing the left button.15. I _________stand these people - I don t understand their priciples, so you get rid of them!16. Do you always have to say the first thing that pops into your head._________ you think once in a while before you open your mouth?17. Daniel and Mathew said they would come over right after work, so they _________be here

by 5:00.18. You _________ no longer suffer this injustice! Freedom shall be yours!

19. If I had gone to an University in England, I _________participated in their Englishimmersion program.20. The lamp _________be broken. Maybe the light bulb just burned out or something.

41


42/96

PARTEA I

MORFOLOGIA - SUBSTANTIVUL

Defini"ie: Substantivul:a) denume"te obiecte n sens foarte larg, adic$fiin&e, lucruri, fenomene (woman, desk, rain, go,happiness);b) are categorii gramaticale de gen, num$r "i caz; c) poate ndeplini n propozi&ie func&iile de subiect, nume predicativ, atribut, apozi&ie,complement, element predicativ suplimentar, sau poate fi echivalentul unei propozi&ii sau fraze.

Clasificare:

a) substantive simple: boy, meal, day;b) substantive formate din derivare cu sufixe sau prefixe: childhood, disgust, unhappiness;c) substantive formate prin compunere (substantivele compuse): schoolboyd) substantive formate prin conversiune, din alte p$r&i de vorbire:- adjective: the good, the evil, the rich, the poor;- verbe la infinitiv: cook, fall;- verbe la Gerund: reading, boxing;- verbe la participiul trecut: the injured;e) substantive formate prin contragere: ad (advertisement), fridge (refrigerator), gym(gymnasium), lab (laboratory), liv (livingroom), poly (polytechnic), pub (public house);f) abrevieri: MP (Member of Parliament), Dr (doctor), Mr Brown (Dl. Brown), Mrs Brown (dna

Brown), Miss Brown (dra Brown), Ms Brown (apelativ pentru femei, c$s$torite saunec$s$torite)g) substantive comune "i substantive proprii- Substantivele comune pot fi:- substantive colective, care denumesc obiecte constnd din mai multe elemente de acela"i fel:family, people;- substantive concrete, care denumesc obiecte sau substan&a constitutiv$a unor obiecte: table,wood, steel;- substantive abstracte, care denumesc abstrac&iuni: difficulty, worry, peaceSubstantivele (numele) proprii au capacitatea de a individualiza un obiect dintr-o categorie deobiecte de acela"i fel, denumind n principiu un singur element dintr-o categorie. n limba

englez$, substantivele proprii denumesc:- nume de persoane: John, Larry, Daniel;- denumiri geografice- nume de localit$&i: London, Paris- nume de &$ri "i continente: Romania, France, Europe- nume de ape "i mun&i: London River, Carpathians- diviziuni temporale- lunile anului: January, February, March, April, June, July, August, September, October,

November, December- zilele s$pt$mnii: Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday- s$rb$tori: Halloween

d) nume de c$r&i, ziare, reviste: The English Magazine, Nine oClocke) nume de institu&ii

42


43/96

Num!rul substantivelor :I. Substantive num$rabile (Count nouns)II. Substantive nenum$rabile (Mass nouns).

I. Substantivele num"rabiledenumesc no&iunile ca unit$&i separate, care pot fi num$rate: a

boy, two boys, a few boys, etc. Au urm$toarele caracteristici:a) sunt variabile ca form$, avnd att num$rul singular, ct "i num$rul plural:museum - museums, child - children;b) pot fi precedate de numerale cardinale sau cuantificatori:one book, three books, several apples, a lot of brushes;

c) la num$rul singular se acord$cu verbe la singular:The book ison the table. /The apples arein the basket.Formarea pluralului substantivelor num$rabile:Formele de plural sunt de dou$feluri:A. regulate, cnd pluralul se formeaz$prin ad$ugarea desinen&ei -s la forma de singular: book - books.B. Neregulate, cnd pluralul se formeaz$n alte moduri:

- Substantivele terminate n -s, -z, -x, -ch, -sh adaug$es: bus - buses; glass - glasses; buzz -buzzes; box - boxes; watch - watches; brush brushes- cnd -oe precedat de o vocal$: cuckoos; kangaroos; radios; scenarios; studios, zoos;- adaug$-es la substantive ca: echoes, heroes, mosquitoes, Negroes, potatoes, tomatoes- Substantivele terminate n -y precedat de o consoan$transform$pe y n i "i adaug$-es: city -cities; factory - factories. Transformarea nu are loc dup$vocale: boy - boys, play - plays;1) -th'ths: bath - baths; mouth - mouths; path - paths;2) -f(e) [f]'ves [vz]: calf - calves; elf - elves; half - halves; knife - knives; leaf - leaves; life -lives; loaf - loaves; self - selves; shelf - shelves;3) -se[s]'ses [ziz]: house - houses

II. Substantivele nenum"rabiledenumesc no&iuni v$zute ca un ntreg.- pot fi concrete: sugar, coal, steel sau abstracte: beauty, kindness.

Substantivele nenum$rabile au urm$toarele caracteristici:a) sunt invariabile ca form$: tea, information, cattle.

b) neavnd contrastul singular - plural, ele nu pot fi num$rate cu ajutorul numeralelor sau alaltor cuantificatori: I need (some) tea. I need (some) information. I need (some) scissors.c) Se acord$cu verbul singular: Chinese tea is very good. Ceaiul chinezesc este foarte bun,sau la plural: The scissors are on the table. Foarfeca este pe mas$.d) Unele substantive engleze"ti fac parte att din clasa substantivelor num$rabile, ct "i din a

celor nenum$rabile, cu diferen

&e de sens:She is a beauty. (Ea) este o frumuse&e.

Beauty is to be admired. Frumuse&ea trebuie admirat$.

She has got a new iron. Are un nou fier de c$lcat.This tool is made of iron. Aceast$unealt$este din fier.

n limba englez$fac parte din clasa substantivelor invariabile la singular unele substantivecare sunt num$rabile sau invariabile la plural n limba romn$:

- advice, business, furniture, homework, income, information, knowledge, luggage,merchandise, money etc

He always gives me good advice. Totdeauna mi d$sfaturi bune.You must do your homework carefully. Trebuie s$-&i faci cu aten&ie lec&iile.

43


44/96

I need further information. Am nevoie de informa&ii suplimentare.His knowledge of English is poor. Cuno"tin&ele lui de englez$sunt slabe.

Num$rul substantivelor invariabileSubstantivele invariabile nu au opozi&ia singular - plural. Ele au numai singular: gold, saunumai plural the police, cattle etc.Cuantificarea substantivelor invariabile la singular se poate realiza cu ajutorul unor

cuvinte ca: a piece of, an item of, a bar of, a bag of etc.

Substantive concrete:a piece of bacona slice of cakea piece of breada loaf of breada piece of landa strip of landa piece of furniturean article of furniture

a bit of grassa blade of grassa piece of papera sheet of paper

Substantive abstracte:a piece of advicea word of advicea piece of informationan item of newsan item of businessa bit of businessa piece of worka bit of work

a word of abusea fit of passionan attack of fever

Genul substantivelor (Gender of Nouns)- genul este marcat formal: boy - girl, lion - lioness,- se poate identifica de obicei cu ajutorul pronumelor care se refer$la substantive "i care auforme diferite dup$gen:The librarian is at his desk. He is writing something. (el)The librarian is at her desk. She is writing something. (ea)Clasificare:A. substantive nume de persoaneB. substantive nume de animaleC. substantive nume de obiecte

A.brother/sisterearl/countessfather/mother

king/queenlord/ladyman/womanuncle/aunt- ess: actor/actresscount/countessgod/goddessmaster/mistresswaiter/waitress-ine: hero/heroine;-er: widow/widower

-groom: bride/bridegroom

44


45/96

- alte substantive nume de persoane au o singur$ form$att pentru masculin ct "i pentrufeminin. Ele apar&in genului comun: artist, chairman, cook, cousin, doctor, foreigner, friend,quest, musician, parent, teacher, writer. Apartenen&a la genul masculin sau feminin se

precizeaz$n context.

B: horse: stallion/mare

ox: bull/cowsheep: ram/ewepig: boar/sowdeer: stag/hindlion/lionesstiger/tigresscock/hendog/bitchdrake/duckcock sparrow/hen sparrowhe goat/she goat

Tom cat/she cat

C: Sunt masculine substantivele care denumesc:a) pasiuni intense "i ac&iuni violente: anger, fear, murder.

b) fenomene naturale puternice: ocean, river, sun.c) nume de fluvii: the Danube, the Thames.d) nume de mun&i: the Carpathians, the Cheviot.

Sunt feminine:a) substantivele care sugereaz$o caracteristic$feminin$, un caracter blnd, afectuos, cele careindic$fertilitatea: affection, devotion, faith, hope, justice;b) substantivele care denumesc tr$s$turi negative de caracter: ambition, folly, jealousy, revenge,vanity;c) substantive abstracte ca: fortune, liberty, mercy, nature, peace, science

Cazul substantivelor:

n limba englez$, categoria gramatical$a cazului este marcat$prin:- desinen&$: the childs book- cartea copilului- topic$: The man (N) opened the window (Ac).- B$rbatul a deschis fereastra.- prepozi&ii: I bought it for Mary.- Am cump$rat-o pentru Mary.Cazul nominativ(The Nominative Case)The girl is waiting for her friend.- Fata "i a"teapt$prietenul.

Cazul acuzativ(The Acusative Case)I ate a pizza an hour ago.- Am mncat o pizza acum o or$.Cazul dativ(The Dative Case)n limba englez$, cazul dativ este marcat de prepozi&ia tosauforsau prin topic$:She gave some sweets to the children. Le-a dat ni"te dulciuri copiilor.I bought a present for my mother.- Am cump$rat un cadou pentru fratele meu.I lent her (D) a book (Ac).- I-am mprumutat o carte.Cazul genitiv(The Genitive Case). Substantivul n cazul genitiv exprim$n principal ideea de

posesiune:Marcs car is new.- Ma"ina lui Marc este nou$.the girls dress; the pupils question rochia fetei, ntrebarea elevului

for goodness sake; for convenience sake pentru numele lui Dumnezeu, de dragul comodit$&iiObserva&ie: Apostroful nu este obligatoriu n acest caz.

45


46/96

Apostroful singur, f$r$desinen&a -sse adaug$:- la forma de plural a substantivelor regulate: the boys bicycles (bicicletele b$ie&ilor);the drivers attention (aten&ia "oferilor)

- la substantivele nume de persoane terminate n -s: Dickens life (via&a lui Dickens);Charles books (c$r&ile lui Charles).

Obs: 1. La numele proprii terminate n -s se poate ntlni "i genitivul cu s:

Dickenss novels

Exerci&ii Practice


EX 1. Scrie forma de genitiv n spa&iile libere:

Example: I met _______ sister yesterday. (Mary)Answer: I met Mary's sister yesterday.

1) This is _______ book. (Peter)2) Let's go to the _______. (Smiths)3) The room is upstairs. (children)4) _______sister is twelve years old. (John)5) _______and _______ bags have blue stickers. (Susan - Steve)6) _______ shoes are on the second floor. (men)7) My _______ car was not expensive. (parents)8) _______CD player is new. (Charles)9) This is the _______ bike. (boy)10) These are the _______ pencils. (boys)

EX 2. Pune&i forma de plural corespunz$toare substantivelor:Put in the correct form of the plural of the given nouns.

Example: car - ___ Answer: car - cars

1) half - 2) kilo -3) woman - 4) mouth - 5) foot - 6) sheep - 7) penny - 8) bus - 9) day - 10) fish

EX. 3.Completa&i spa&iile cu urm$toarele cuvinte:advice, chocolate, jam, lemonade, meat, milk, oil, rice, tea, tennis

Example: a cube of _____Answer: a cube of sugar1) a piece of _____2) a packet of _____3) a bar of _____4) a glass of _____5) a cup of _____6) a bottle of _____7) a slice of _____8) a barrel of _____9) a game of _____10) a jar of _____

EX 4.Crea&i substantive nenum$rabile din literele de mai jos.Exemplu: ira = air

aet ikn ilo fgo eber einw doow acek aclo ahir

46


47/96

ARTICOLUL !I AL%I DETERMINAN%I

Determinan&ii propriu-zi"i ai substantivuluiArticolul hot$rt the childArticolul nehot$rt a child, an elephantArticolul zero men, books, schools

Adjectivul demonstrativ this tree, that tree, these trees, those treesAdjectivul posesiv my, your, his, her, our, your, their car, its tailAdjectivul interogativ what /which/whose car do you want?Adjectivul nehot$rt each, person every, person, either side, some notebooks, any idea ,

no idea, neither studentArticolul nu poate fi o parte de vorbire independent$, el contribuind doar la determinarea unic$sau individual$a substantivului pe care l nso&e"te.Articolul este redat prin articolul hot$rt the, articolul nehot$rt asau ansau prin articolul zero.Aceste articole se folosesc pentru a realiza:1) referin&a unic$(unique reference) "i 2) referin&a individual$(individual reference)

1) The girl was running very fast. - Fata alerga foarte repede.

2) Where are the books I gave you? Unde sunt c$r&ile pe care &i le-am dat?There is a pen on the table. There is an orange on the table.There are (some) books on the table

Observa&ie: a) articolul hot$rt the, articolul nehot$rt a( n)sau articolul zero pentrusubstantivele num$rabile:The cow gives us milk.A cow gives us milk.

Cows give us milk.b) articolul zero pentru substantivele nenum$rabile:Milk is good for our health.

Articolul hot"rt(The Definite Article)Articolul hot$rt are forma unic$theEx:the door, the window, the table, etcThe United Kingdom, the United States, the Art Gallery, The Sahara, etc.

Articolul nehot"rt(The Indefinite Article)Articolul nehot$rt are dou$forme: a"i an

Ex: a story, a magazine; a water-melon, a yearan architect, an egg, an orange, an hour, an heir, an honest man

Articolul zero(The Zero Article)n unele cazuri, substantivele nenum$rabile, substantivele num$rabile la plural "i numele proprii

par nenso&ite de articol:She drinks tea every day. Clothes do not make the man.n astfel de cazuri, absen&a articolului echivaleaz$ca func&ie cu prezen&a unui articol. Acesta estede obicei numit articolul zero.

Omisiunea articolului(The Elypsis of the Article)

Ex: a) I like honey. mi place mierea. (articolul zero = func &ia generic$)I like the honey they sell here. mi place mierea care se vinde aici. (articolul hot$rt the)

47


48/96

Exerci&ii Practice


A, an, the sau articolul zero. Pune r$spunsul corect:

This coat was designed by ___ famous New York artist.Can you tell me how to get to ___ bank from here?

___ city museum is closed today.He is one of ___ smartest people I know.I recommend you eat ___ apple pie at this restaurant.

___ milk is good for you.Would you like to see ___ movie?

___ apple a day keeps ___ doctor away.I can't believe I failed ___ yesterday's test!Do you have ___ dictionary that I can borrow?

AL%I DETERMINAN%I :

Adjectivul demonstrativ (The Demonstrative Adjective)(This acesta, aceasta(That acela, aceea(These ace"tia, acestea(Those aceia, aceleaThis house is more expensive than that one. Aceast$cas$este mai scump$dect aceea.

Exerci&ii Practice


Completa&i cu this/that/ these/ those

1. _______beach was quite empty last year.2. _______exhibition will be open until the end of May.3. _______people come from that hotel over there.4. What does_______ notice say?5. _______exhibition closed a month ago.

6. He was dismissed on the 13th. _______ night the factory went on fire.7. Do you see _______birds at the top of the tree?8. _______are the old classrooms. Those are the new ones.9. _______is my cousin, Jessica.10. Wasn't _______ a horrible thing to say?

Adjectivul posesiv (The Posesive Adjective)(nlocuie"te posesorul "i determin$numele obiectului posedat:Peters bike is excellent for him to keep fit.His bike is excellent ...

Adjectivul posesiv se acord$n gen "i num$r cu numele obiectului posedat:Her book - cartea ei;

48


49/96

His bike - bicicleta lui;Their toys - juc$riile lor.

Compara&i:

Adjectiv posesiv Pronume posesiv

This is mybook. This book is mine.That isyourbook. That book isyours.That is her/his/itsfood. That food is hers/his.This is ourclassroom. This classroom is ours.That is theirclassroom. That classroom is theirs.

Exerci&ii Practice


Completa&i propozi&iile cu adjective posesive:

1 He's from Spain. ____name's Alberto.2 They're married. ____ children's names are Lauren and Daniel.3 We're brothers. ____ parents are French.4 She's eight. ____ brother's nine.5 I'm British. ____ name's Peter.6 You're students. ____ books are in the classroom.

Adjectivul interogativ(The Interrogative Adjective)(determin$numele obiectului asupra c$ruia se cer informa&ii:whoare forme flexionare pentru caz,which"i whatsunt invariabile.Caz Pronume

who what which

Nominativ who what whichGenitiv whose what whichDativ to whom (form$literar$) who ... to (vorbire curent$) what whichAcuzativ whom (form$literar$) who (vorbire curent$) what which

Exemplu: What filmdid you see last night ?- Ce film ai v$zut asear$?

Exerci&ii Practice


Completa&i spa&iile cu adjectivul interogativpotrivit.1. _________________ time is the flight ?2. _________________ girl has a red bag ?3. _________________ mother is a nurse ?4. _________________ subject do you like ?5. _________________ books are these ?

49


50/96

Adjectivul nehot"rt(The Indefinite Adjective)(determin$substantivul ntr-un mod global (all the pens, every child) sau par&ial (each pupil,either side)

Some = ceva, ni"te, pu&in$, unii, unele, c&iva, cteva, vreun, vreo, se ntrebuin&eaz$n propozi&iiafirmative "i indic$existen&a unui num$r restrns de lucruri, fiin&e, a unei cantit$&i restrnse.

There are some books on his desk.Any = vreun, vreo, nici un(ul), nici o, nici una, se ntrebuin &eaz$:- n propozi&ii afirmative cu sensul: oricare, orice: Any student in your class could answer thequestion.- n propozi&ii interogative "i negative: There isnt any milk in the cup.Every = fiecare (se refer$la membrii unui grup f$r$a-i individualiza)Every woman in the room has the right to speak.Each = fiecare (se refer$la membrii unui grup lua&i individual)Each pupil must bring some plants to school.

Exerci&ii Practice


Completa&i cu "any", "some", "no" or "none":

Exemplu: Are there any onions?No, there aren't any.

1. Do ______ black people work in your company?Yes, there are ______.

2. She hasn't ______ clothes to wear to the party.No problem, I can give her ______.

3. Mary, there is ______ gas in the car.Oh, no. We had better get ______.

4. Are there ______ good movies this weekend?No, there are ______.

5. I want to take a shower; is there ______ hot water?I'm sorry, there is ______ hot water.

50


51/96

NUMERALULTHE NUMERAL

(este partea de vorbire care exprim$un num$r, determinarea numeric$a obiectelor (numeralulcardinal) sau ordinea obiectelor prin num$rare (numeralul ordinal)

a. Numeralul cardinal: one, two, three etc.

b. Numeralul ordinal: the first, the second etc.

a. Numeralul cardinal:0 zero (nought)1 one 11 eleven 10 ten2 two 12 twelve 20 twenty3 three 13 thirteen 30 thirty4 four 14 fourteen 40 forty (no "u")5 five 15 fifteen 50 fifty (note "f", not "v")6 six 16 sixteen 60 sixty7 seven 17 seventeen 70 seventy

8 eight 18 eighteen 80 eighty (only one "t")9 nine 19 nineteen 90 ninety (note the "e")

100 one hundred200 two hundred 900 nine hundred1,000 one thousand

b. Numeralul ordinal:

0th zeroth or noughth 10th tenth1st first 11th eleventh2nd second 12th twelfth 20th twentieth3rd third 13th thirteenth 30th thirtieth4th fourth 14th fourteenth 40th fortieth5th fifth 15th fifteenth 50th fiftieth6th sixth 16th sixteenth 60th sixtieth7th seventh17th seventeenth 70th seventieth8th eighth 18th eighteenth 80th eightieth9th ninth 19th nineteenth 90th ninetieth

c. Numeralul frac#ionar(The Fractional Numeral)(sunt redate sub forma unor frac&ii. Num$rul frac&iei este exprimat printr-un numeral cardinal,iar numitorul printr-un numeral ordinal:1/2 = a/one half = o jum$tate, o doime;1/3/ = a/one third = o treime1.5 = one point nought five

d. Numeralul colectiv(The Collective Numeral)(arat$c$obiectele sunt considerate n grup "i nu izolat

Numeralele colective sunt: couple, pair, team, dozen, score, yoke

Ex: two dozen of eggs, several pair(s) of shoes

51


52/96

e.Numeralul multiplicativ (The Multiplicative Numeral)once - odat$; twice - de dou$ori; three times - de trei ori, four times, five times, etc.

Numeralul distributiv (The DistributiveNumeral)

f. Numeralul distributiv (The Distributive Numeral)

$exprim$gruparea numeric$a obiectelor.exemplu: two at a time; two by two; by twos; two and two; in tows (in pairs):The pupils left the classroom two by two/in twos. Elevii au p$r$sit clasa cte doi.

g. Numeralul adverbial(The Adverbial Numeral)$arat$: de cte ori are loc o ac&iune: once, twice, three times (thrice); ten times, a hundredtimes; once more; once again; twice as fast etc.They have French twice a week. Au franceza de dou$ori pe s$pt$mn$.

Exerci&ii Practice


1. ________ of people sat quietly in the hall. ? Hundred ? Hundreds ? Five hundreds ? Five hundred ?2. Eggs are cheap. I bought __________. ? two dozens ? two dozen ? two a dozen ? two dozens of them?3. He wrote a __________ report. ? five-thousand-words ? five-thousands-word? five-thousands-words ? five-thousand-word

4. Next week, we are going to study __________. ? Lesson Nine ? Lesson Ninth ? Lesson Nineth ? the nineth lesson5. About ________ of the workers are young people. ? third-fifths ? three-fifth ? three-fifths ? third-fifth6. About ___________ old people died of the flu last winter. ? two thousand of ? two thousand ? two thousands ? two thousands of7. The scientist is in his _________. ? thirties ? thirtys ? thirty's ? thirtieths8. "C" is _______ letter of the English alphabet. ? a third ? third ? the third ? the third of the9. He's been in the United States for __________. ? one year and a half ? one year and half

? one year and an half ? one and half years10. The experiment will last for one hundred fifty days. Today is __________ day. ? the one hundred fourty-ninth ? the one hundred forty-nineth ? one hundred forty ninth ? the one hundred forty-ninth

PRONUMELE -THE PRONOUN

(poate nlocui substantive: The man is here; He is here(desemneaz$direct vorbitorul "i ascult$torul (I, you) sau desemneaz

52200218 Invata Engleza Fara Profesor (1)

Documents

Transcript of 52200218 Invata Engleza Fara Profesor (1)