01 Genpsyh Intr

8/11/2019 01 Genpsyh Intr

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GENERALPSYCHOLOGYAN INTRODUCTION

MA. LAUREEN SUSAN R. CONDE, MA


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soul or mind

Psyche

science or study

Logos

PSYCHOLOGY


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! Systematic and scientific

study of behaviors andmental processes.

PSYCHOLOGY


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BEHAVIOR

Overt; any reaction or

response that can directly

observe (ex . wa lk ing ,speaking, dancing, running,

using hand gestures and

facial expressions).

MENTALPROCESS

Covert; any mental, social,

or physical action or practice

that is not immediatelyobservable (ex. thinking,

imagining, dreaming, lying).


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GOALS OFPSYCHOLOGY


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GOALS OFPSYCHOLOGY

observing behavior and notingeverythingabout it:

what is happening, where it

happens, to whom it happens,

and under what circumstancesit seems to happen.

OBSERVATION

understanding or finding anexplanation why behavior is

happening. it is an importantstep in the process of forming

theories of behavior.

THEORY

determining when, why, andhow behavior might happen

again in the future.

PREDICTION

change or modification of the

behavior.

INTERVENTION


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HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY:

EARLY ERA AND ROOTS

!Ancient Greece (4th-5thcentury) study of human soul.

! Socrates studied the reincarnation of the soul.

!

Plato expanded philosophy about life and the soul.! Aristotle wrote Peri Psychesmind and the soul.

! Renaissance study of human mind.

!

Renes Descartes mind and body are separate.

! 1800s study of human behavior.


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HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY:

CONTEMPORARY FOUNDATIONS

!Wilhelm Wundt Structuralism

!

William James Functionalism!Max Wertheimer Gestalt Approach

!Sigmund Freud Psychoanalysis

!

John B. Watson - Behaviorism


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A relatively new science that

formally began in 1879 when

Wilhelm Wundt (father of

psychology) established the

first psychological laboratory

in Leipzig, Germany

Analyzed sensations to analyze

structure of the mind

Introspection exploring mental

processes by asking subjects to lookinwards and report their sensations

and perceptions

Structuralismfounded by Edward Titchener

was a student

of Wundts

The study of the most basic elements

(sensations and perceptions) make up our

conscious mental experiences

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founded by William James

The study of the function rather

than the structure of consciousness;

focused on how our minds adapt to

our changing environment

Mental processes develop throughages of evolution because of

adaptive functions; behavioral traits

aid in survival

The Principles of Psychology /

Considered Father of Modern

Psychology


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Gestalt psychology

founded by Max Wertheimer

Emphasized psychological events

resulted from analyzing a whole

pattern and could not be broken

down into smaller elements;

sensations are assembled into

meaningful perceptual experiences

Psychoanalysis

founded by Sigmund Freud

Stressed importance of early life

experiences, the role of the

unconscious, and development

through stages

Considered the Father of

Psychotherapy,

Behaviorism

associated with work of John

B. Watson, who was greatlyinfluenced by Ivan Pavlovs

work in conditioning/learning

Emphasized on objective, scientific

analysis of observable behaviors;

ignore consciousness issue

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PSYCHOLOGY NOW:

MODERN PERSPECTIVES

!Psychodynamic

!

Behavioral!Humanistic

!Cognitive

!Sociocultural

!

Biological


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PSYCHODYNAMIC

based on Freuds theory

Focuses on the influence of unconscious fears,desires, and motivations on thoughts,

behaviors, personality development and life

circumstances

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BEHAVIORAL

based on early work of Watson

and later B. F. Skinner

Focuses on how behavioral responses arelearned through classical or operational

conditioning; learn or modify behaviors

HUMANISTIC

two pioneers are Carl Rogersand Abraham Maslow

Focuses on human potential, free will, andpossibility of self-actualization

COGNITIVE

has roots in Gestalt psychology

Focuses on memory, intelligence, perception,thought processes, problem solving, language,

and learning

SOCIOCULTURALFocuses on the behavior of individuals as theresult of the presence (real or imagined) of

other individuals, as part of groups, or as part

of a large culture

BIOLOGICALFocuses on how hormones, genes, and nervoussystem interact with out environments and

influences learning, personality, memory,

motivation, emotions and coping techniques


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PSYCHODYNAMIC

based on Freuds theory

Focuses on the influence of unconscious fears,desires, and motivations on thoughts,

behaviors, personality development and life

circumstances

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BEHAVIORAL

based on early work of Watson

and later B. F. Skinner

Focuses on how behavioral responses arelearned through classical or operational

conditioning; learn or modify behaviors

HUMANISTIC

two pioneers are Carl Rogersand Abraham Maslow

Focuses on human potential, free will, andpossibility of self-actualization

COGNITIVE

has roots in Gestalt psychology

Focuses on memory, intelligence, perception,thought processes, problem solving, language,

and learning

SOCIOCULTURALFocuses on the behavior of individuals as theresult of the presence (real or imagined) of

other individuals, as part of groups, or as part

of a large culture

BIOLOGICALFocuses on how hormones, genes, and nervoussystem interact with out environments and

influences learning, personality, memory,

motivation, emotions and coping techniques

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PSYCHOLOGY NOW:

AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION

Area in psychology Description of specialization

Clinical diagnose and treat people with psychological

disorders that may range from mild to severe

Counseling help people with problems of adjustment

Developmental study the changes in the way people think, related

to others, and feel as they age

Experimental primarily do research and experiments in the areas

of learning, memory, thinking, perception,

motivation, and language.

Social focus on how human behavior is affected by thepresence of other people

Personality study the differences in personality among people

Physiological study the biological bases of behavior

Comparative study animals and their behavior for the purpose of

comparing and contrasting it to human behavior


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PSYCHOLOGY NOW:

AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION

Area in psychology Description of specialization

Health Focus on the relationship of human behavior

patterns and stress reaction to physical health

Educational Concerned with the study of human learning anddevelopment of new learning technique

School Work directly in the schools, doing assessments,

educational placement, and diagnosing educational

problems

Sports Help athletes and others to prepare themselves

mentally for participation in sports activities

Forensic Concerned with people in the legal system,

including profiling of criminals, jury selection, and

expert witnessing

Environmental Focus on how people interact with and are affected

by their physical environment

Industrial/Organizational Concerned with the relationship between peopleand their work environment


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! Psychiatrist

! Medical doctor (M.D. or D.O.) that specializes in diagnosis and

treatment of psychological disorders, can prescribe medication

!

Psychiatric social worker

! Has training in area of social work (M.S.W.) and often has a

professional license to practice it (L.C.S.W.)

! Psychologist

!

Has a masteral or doctorate degree (M.A, Ph.D., Psy.D., or Ed.D.) andworks with either humans or animals in a variety of settings based on

the area of specialization

! Must be licensed to practice independently; typically does not

prescribe medication but can go through specialized training to do so

in some states

PSYCHOLOGICAL PROFESSIONS


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AREAS FOR A PSYCHOLOGIST

! Clinical Practice! Private practice; mental institutions, specialized hospital

wards; assessment center

!

Corporate Industry! Human resource; organizational and administration

! Educational Settings! Teaching, Research, Guidance & Counseling, Homeroom

!

Government!

Community leader, advocacy expert

! Others! Consultancy; expert witness; volunteer; image consultant

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